"Geographical assessment of migrants in the Suburban district of Mumbai" A Thesis Submitted to Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune. For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph.D ) In Geography Subject Under the Board of Moral, Social & Earth Science Studies Submitted by AKSHATA ARUN KULKARNI Under the Guidance of Dr. H. M. PEDNEKAR December, 2016 FORM – ‘ A ’ GEOGRAPHICAL ASSESSMENT OF MIGRANTS IN THE SUBURBAN DISTRICT OF MUMBAI A Thesis Submitted to Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune for the Degree of Vidyavachaspati ( Ph.D ) ( Doctor of Philosophy ) in the subject Subject : GEOGRAPHY Under the Faculty of Moral , Social and Earth Science Studies Name of the Candidate : Ms. AKSHATA A. KULKARNI Under the Guidance of Name of the Guide : Dr. H. M. PEDNEKAR Name of the Department : GEOGRAPHY Month and Year : DECEMBER , 2016. FORM – ‘ B ’ I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “ GEOGRAPHICAL ASSESSMENT OF MIGRANTS IN THE SUBURBAN DISTRICT OF MUMBAI ’’ completed and written by me has not previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree or other similar title upon me of this or any other Vidyapeeth or examining body. Research Student : Ms. AKSHATA A. KULKARNI Place : Mumbai Date : 19.12.2016 FORM ‘ C ’ C E R T I F I C A T E This is to certify that the entitled GEOGRAPHICAL ASSESSMENT OF MIGRANTS IN THE SUBURBAN DISTRICT OF MUMBAI which is being submitted herewith for the award of the Degree of Vidyavachaspati ( Ph.D.) in GEOGRAPHY of TILAK MAHARASHTRA VIDYAPEETH, PUNE is the result of the original research work completed by Ms. AKSHATA ARUN KULKARNI under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge and belief the work incorporated in this thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree or similar title of this or any other University or examining body upon her. Place : Mumbai Research Guide : Dr. H.M. Pednekar Date : 19th December 2016 Acknowledgment Completion of a voluminous task like Ph. D. research work after 25 years of M. Phil, I feel, is an achievement in itself. There are so many people including students who have helped me throughout this journey of self introspection. I do have a deep sense of gratitude for them all, who directly or indirectly helped me achieve this task within the stipulated time. I take this opportunity to offer them my heartfelt thanks. First and foremost I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my guide, Dr. H. M. Pednekar, Principal, Sonopant Dandekar College of Arts, Commerce, Palghar for his farsighted guidance and moral support, constant encouragement and inspiration in completing my research work. I am taking this opportunity to give my sincere thanks to the Ex- Head of the Department of Geography at Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Dr. B. M. Yargop, who has always helped me in the whole period of Research and also to my ex-principal Dr.M.B.Madlani. Dr. S. N. Karlekar, an expert coastal Geomorphologist, Ex. Head, Dept. of Geography S.P.College & the Ex-Dean of Moral, Social and Earth sciences at Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth has instilled in me the sense of awareness of geographical phenomena. How can I forget to thank him? I am greatly indebted to the veteran journalist from Times of India, Mr. Vidyadhar Date, for referring me to the Urban Design Research Institute at Kalaghoda, Mumbai for not only getting recent and authentic resource materials but also to use the library I owe special thanks to Dr. Madhukar Dalvi, Associate Professor of Mathematics and Statistics in Nagindas Khandwala ,College , Malad(w) Mumbai for statistical assistance. I would also like to thank Mr. Rakesh Patil, library assistant in I.I.P.S.Deonar, Mrs. Varsha Gaikwad, a librarian from UDRI and also the librarian of MMRDA, Mrs. Vasundhara Deshpande and also to Mr. Deepak Choksi of IIT, Powai for cartographic help. My thanks extend to Mr.M.S. Varade, PRO. BEST, Colaba, and Mr .Pravin Shetty, Transport Officer at Wadala for providing the valuable information about BEST organization. The entire period of Research was a great learning experience. I take this opportunity to give thanks to all those who directly or indirectly helped me My special thanks go to the people of Mumbai and of course, the Goddess Mumba Devi. Last but not the least, thanks to all my family members who tried to boost my morale whenever I needed it the most. Mumbai: 15. 12. 2016 Ms. Akshata Arun Kulkarni LIST OF CONTENTS Serial No. Contents Page No. 1 Absract 2 List of tables 3 List of graphs / Figures/ Images 4 List of Maps 5 Chapter 1 :Introduction and Review of Literatute 1 - 24 6 Chapter 2:Historical background,Physical and cultural 25 - 92 Aspets of Mumbai suburban district 7 Chapter 3:Demographic Characteristic of Mumbai 93 - 135 Suburban Disrict 8 Chapter 4: Demographic and social Characteristic of 136 - 187 Migrant population in Suburban District of Mumbai 9 Chapter 5 :The final analysis of migrants 188 - 194 10 Chapter 6 : Summary and conclusion 195 -201 Bibliography 12 Appendix List of Tables Sr. no. Name of table Page no. 1.1 Peterson’s General typology of 5 Migration 1.2 List of Push- Pull factors by G.N. 15 GHOSH 2.1 Tahasil wise land use pattern in Mumbai 28 Suburban District 2.2 Zonal Classification of wards in Mumbai 35 City and Suburban District 2.3 Movement of suburbs in the northern 40 direction 2.4 Comparison of growth Rates of Mumbai 40 (1961-1991) 2.5 Classification of 24 suburbs in Mumbai 41 Suburban District 2.6 List of 15 wards and the areas covered in 42 each ward (2011 census ) 2.7 Growth of BEST Transport system 72 2.8 Comparison among all 5 routes in a 77 nutshell 2.9 Tourist places in various wards 80 2.10 Tourism - 2.11 Ward wise tabulation of open spaces 83 2.12 Ward wise distribution of open spaces 85 List of tables Page no. 3.1 Population of Salsette ( 1941 – 2011 ) 93 3.2 The growth of population in both District 94 3.3 District wise Density of population 95 3.4 Classification of Migrants 96 3.5 Classification of Immigrants from abroad 97 3.6 Migration from other states to Mumbai Suburban District 98 3.7 Percentage share of Migrants to Mumbai Suburban District 101 3.8 Percentage of Males & Females Migrants ( 2001 ) Census 103 3.9 Persons born and enumerated in the district of the state 104 3.10 Migrants from other districts of Maharashtra ( 2001 ) 105 3.11 Relation between volume of Migration and Distance 106 3.12 Population classified by place of Birth , Age and sex 113 3.13 Scheduled Caste migrants 115 3.14 Migrants from Scheduled Tribe Community 115 3.15 Scheduled Tribes 116 3.16 First 10 districts sending Scheduled Tribe population 117 3.17 Occupation of Migrants in Mumbai Suburban District 118 3.18 Marital Status of Migrants 120 3.19 Classification of Married Migrants 120 3.20 Ward wise population in Mumbai Suburban District 121 3.21 Absolute population in East and West Suburbs 122 3.22 Decadal growth in 2 suburbs 123 3.24 Ward wise Absolute Population in Mumbai Suburban District 124 3.25 Ward wise Area Decadal variation of Population ( 1971- 125 2001 ) 3.26 Ward wise area and Density 126 3.27 Ward wise variation in Density 128 3.28 Sex Ratio Comparison 130 3.29 Sex Ratio in Wards 131 3.31 Progress of literacy in Mumbai Suburban District 133 3.32 Ward wise Male –Female share in literacy 134 4.1 Sex Composition of Migrants 137 4.2 Age of Migrants 138 4.3 Education of the Migrants 139 4.4 Education Attainment of the Migrants 140 4.5 Occupational Structure of the Migrants 141 4.6 Migrant & Non Migrant wives 143 4.7A Inland & Foreign Migrants 144 4.7B In Migration from States & Union Territories 146 Table 36 for Z Test 147 4.8 No. of years of Migration to Mumbai Suburban District 150 4.9 Arrival alone or with family 151 4.10 Help rendered by friends & Relatives 152 4.11 Residence Rented & Ownership Houses 153 4.12 Reasons for Migration 155 4.13 Types of First Job 160 4.14 Factors Contributing to Success 161 4.15 Success story of Migrants 162 4.16 Reasons for Selecting of Area for living 163 4.17 Living in the Same place 165 4.18 Peri- Urbanisation 166 4.19 Reasons for Peri Urbanization 165-166 4.20 Co-relation between occupation and Peri-urbanization 168 4.21 Urbanization 169 4.21 Types of Houses 171 4.22 Member of a religious group 172 4.23 Acceptance from Colleagues and Neighbours 174 4.24 Use of language and Mother tongue by Migrant 175 4.25 Frequency of visiting to native place 177 4.26 Mode of transport to Native place 178 4.27 Form of Remittances to the native place 179 4.28 Use of Public transport in Mumbai Suburban District 181 4.29 Time spent on travel within Mumbai Suburban District 182 4.30 Standard of Living 184 4.31 Level of satisfaction 185 4.32 Wishing to stay permanently 187 LIST OF MAPS/ FIGURES/ IMAGES Sr. no. DESCRIPTION Page no. 2.1 Location of Mumbai suburban district 26 2.2 District of Mumbai suburban 27 2.3 Tahasils of Mumbai Suburban DISTRICT 29 2.4 Physical features 32 2.4 A Stages in incorporation of THE suburbs ---- 2.5 Kanheri caves 33 2.6 Mumbai Zones 36 2.7 Physical FEATURES OF Mumbai Suburban District 37 2.10 Images of Gilbert Hill & Sachin Tendulkars Bat 81 2.11 Recreational centre’s 85 2.13 Ward wise distribution of open spaces 86 3.1 Population of Salsette, 1941-2011 94 3.2 Growth of population in both the Districts, 1961-2001 94 3.3 District wise Density f population, 1961-2001 95 3.4 Classification of migrants in Mumbai Suburban District 96 3.5 Classification of migrants in the Mumbai Suburban District, 200197 3.6 A Migrants of northern states to Mumbai suburban district 99 3.6 B Migrants of Southern and Eastern states to M.