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Multiple Glaciation in Alaska

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Multiple Glaciation in Alaska t; r r vy MAYift954 AR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 289 MULTIPLE GLACIATION IN ALASKA A PROGRESS REPORT LEAS! T GEO Fl lCH MON D PET CC. L OF CALII'ORNIA • ~~~~~====~~~\ Fll E~;f FILE NAME IHT No. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Douglas McKay, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrati1er, Director GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 289 MULTIPLE GLACIATION IN i\LASKA A PROGRESS REPORT By Troy L. Pewe and others Washington, D. C., 1953 Free on application to the Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. MULTIPLE GLACIATION IN ALASKA A PROGRESS REPORT By Troy L. Pewe and others CONTENTS Page Page General introduction, by Troy L. Pewe . 1 Nenana River valley, Alaska, by Northern Alaska Peninsula and eastern Kilbuck Clyde Wahrhaftig . 7 Mountains, Alaska, by Ernest H. Muller.... 2 Big Delta area, Alaska, by Troy L. Pewe. 8 Upper Cook Inlet region, Alaska, by Seward Peninsula, Alaska,by ThorN. V. Karlstrom.................... 3 David M. Hopkins. .. 10 Southwest Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, Sagavanirktok:..Anaktuvuk region, northern by Daniel B. Krinsley...................... 5 Alaska, by Robert L. Detterman........... 11 Alaska Range in Upper Kuskokwim region, · Tentative correlation of glaciations in Alaska, by Arthur T. Fernald. .. 6 Alaska, by Troy L. P~we and others........ 12 ILLUSTRA'r:ION . Page Plate 1. Index map of Alaska showing areas of study ........................................ Inside back cover TABLE Table 1. Tentative correlation of glacial sequences in Alaska, 1952. 13 GENERAL INTRODUCTION By Troy L. Pewe Alaska, with its glacier-clad mountains and forms than can be distinguished from other glacial glaciated lowlands, is one of the most promising deposits of different ages. The term glaciation does regions in the world for the study of glaciers and not necessarily imply stadial or substadial rank. In glacial deposits. For over 50 years members of the general, the two youngest advances left festooned mo­ Geological Survey have studied glacial features in the raines in the lowlands; records of older glaciations, course of reconnaissance geological mapping. There however, are scanty and only preserved high on the was little economic incentive for the study of glacial ridges of adjoining mountains or as till remnants deposits, howev~r, and little attention was given to remote from the mountain front. evidences of multiple glaciation. Detailed work has been done in small areas, and The pioneer work of Mendenhall, Brooks, Capps, broader regions have been mapped by ground and aerial Moffit, Mertie, Smith, andotherswas summarizedby reconnaissance; all phases were supplemented by in­ Capps ( 1932). His report signals the closing of the early tensive study of aerial photographs (pl. 1). The reconnaissance phase of the study of glaciation in Alaska. work of Fernald, Hopkins, Karlstrom, .Krinsley, A somewhat different approach was adopted by Gilbert, Muller, Wahrahaftig, and Pewe was supported in part ", Tarr, Martin, Cooper, Field, Wentworth, Ray, Lawrence, by the Engineer Intelligence Division of the C.Qrps of and others who made detailed studies of recent glacial Engineers, U. S. Artny. In the summers of 1949 and fluctuations in the course of glaciological studies in south­ 1950, A. T. Fernald mapped the glacial deposits of central and so utheaste'rn Alaska. the Alaska Range in the Upper Kuskokwim region (pl. 1). D. M. Hopkins studied the geology of the Seward Pen­ A new phase in the study of Quaternary glaciation in insula in 1947-50. T. N. V. Karlstrom studied the Alaska was initiated after World War I! with increased use glacial deposits of the Upper Cook Inlet area during of aerial photographs and more intensive studies of uncon­ the field seasons of 1949-51. The southwest Kenai solidated deposits. Concentration of effort on the lowland Peninsula was mapped by D. B. Krinsley during the areas and their adjacent highlands, revealed a complex field seasons of 1951-52. The glaciated lowland and glacial history. In these studies four distinct major Qua­ hills surrounding Bristol Bay were mapped by ternary glaciations have been recognized. E. H. Muller during th~ summer seasons of 1949-51. The term glaciation is used to denote a glacial The area near Big Delta on the Tanana River and ex­ advance and retreat represented by deposits and land tending south into the Alaska Range was studied by 1 T. L. Pewe during the month of August 1949 and during Okpikruak and West Fork Shaviovik Rivers in 1949- the field seasons of 1951-52. 52 in connection with a study of the petroleum geology of the area for the Office of Naval Petroleum Reserves, Clyde Wahrhaftjg initiated his glacial studies of U. S. Navy. the Nenana River in the central Alaska Range in 1948 in connection with engineering geological studies along the Alaska Railroad. Parts of the seasons of 1949-52 Literature cited were spent on this project. Capps, S. R., 1932, Glaciation in Alaska: R. L. Detterman mapped glacial deposits along U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 170, p. 1-8. the north flank of the Brooks Range between the NORTHERN ALASKA PENINSULA AND EASTERN KILBUCK MOUNTAINS, ALASKA By Ernest H. Muller Four major glaciations are tentatively recognized considered to belong to this advance. Moraine knobs in the northern part of the Alaska Peninsula. The and ridges of this glaciation are so modified that it is distribution of glacial deposits derived from the difficult to differentiate between topography of the Aleutian Range and the Kilbuck Mountains (pl. 1) Johnston Hill and the preceding glaciations. Even the suggests that the greater part of the Nushagak and characteristic topographic expression of glaciated Alaska Peninsula lowlands have been glaciated at one foothill summits, which were not subsequently over­ time or another. The piedmont ice sheet of the ridden, has been destroyed; and the presence of erratic Aleutian Range and the glaciers of the Cook Inlet area material is, in many cases, the only evidence that they were connected through low cols east of Iliamna Lake; were glaciated. and during the most extensive glaciation, the width of the ice sheet normal to the mountain front was more ThE! Mak Hill glaciation w~;:; named by Abrahamson than 150 miles, from Iliamna Volcano southwest to the (1949) for a knoll composed of glacial tili, 8 miles moraines west of Kvichak Bay. east of Naknek. Lateral moraines and glaciated bed-rock surfaces of the Mak Hill glaciation are well preserved Northern Alaska Peninsula below the summits of previously overridden .hills and are more than 600 feet above marginal deposits of subse­ Alpine glaciers exist today in the higher portions quent advances. West of the foothills, moraines of this of the Aleutian Range, particularly in the Cape Douglas glaciation are partly obscured and buried by later out­ and Katmai districts. Westward from the crest of the wash, but where preserved they are characterized by Aleutian Range, mountain summits decrease gradually partly filled kettle basins, incompletely integrated sur­ in altitude across a belt transected by deeply scoured face drainage and knobs, and ridges that have been glacial basins. The eastern slope, on the other hand, considerably modified by subsequent mass wasting. descends steeply to the fiorded Pacific coastline. De­ posits which date from more extensive glaciations lie The Brooks Lake glaciation (Muller, 1952a), below sea level on the Pacific side of the Peninsula named for a large lake 36 miles east-southeast of but are well preserved in the Bristol Bay coastal Naknek, was the last major glaciation of the Aleutian lowlands. Range. Moraine representing this glaciation near Brooks Lake was first mentioned by W. R. Smith Till exposed in bluffs on the west shore of (1925, p. 201). The name "Naknek moraine" suggested Kvichak Bay opposite Naknek represents the earliest by Abrahamson (1949) is not retained here because of and most extensive glaciation. A low drainage divide precedence of the name Naknek formation applied by trending approximately parallel to the coastline a short Spurr (1900, p. 169-171) to Jurassic strata east of distance to the west is considered to be the much mod­ Naknek Lake. In the lowlands the moraine front rises ified end moraine of. this glaciation. Cobbles containing prominently from a well-developed outwash plain. index fossils of the Jurassic Naknek formation occur Clearly preserved push-moraines record minor both in the till of the bluffs and on the drainage divide, fluctuations of the ice margin during a protracted indicating that a part of the material was transported stillstand. This morainic system controls the major from the Aleutian Range about 75 miles to the east drainage in the eastern portion of the lowlands and (Muller, 1952a, 1952b). The relative antiquity of this encloses the basins of Brooks, Naknek, and other early glaciatiou is indicated by the altered topographic large piedmont lakes. The moraines of this glaciation expression of the moraine, by the integrated drainage are the most prominent and the least modified in the of the moraine belt, the partial induration of the till, lowland and in most cases are readily distinguished the scarcity of exposed boulders on the surface of the from older moraines and moraine topography. The drift, and by the remoteness of its terminal deposits frontal ridge of the moraine is nearly continuous; its from the glacial source. knob and kettle topography are well preserved; boulders are abundantly exposed on the surface of the moraine A second early ice ad vance, or a major recessional and the drainage of the moraine belt is completely un­ phase of the preceding glaciation, is the Johnston Hill integrated, indicating a relatively short interval since glaciation, named by Abrahamson (1949) for a prom­ recession of the glaciers from these positions. inent till ridge 12 miles southwest of Naknek. Bouldery A readvance of the ice front near the close of the outwash exposed in shore bluffs west of Johnston Hill Brooks Lake glaciation is inferred from a moraine which and till in bluffs at the mouth of the Naknek River are encloses Iliuk Arm, a headwater bay of Naknek T_,ake.
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