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Introduction to Computer Aided Design What is Computer (CAD) for Archivists Aided Design? Tim Walsh Digital Archivist Canadian Centre for Architecture 9 March 2017

2D Drafting 3D Modeling

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Wireframe Surface modeling

(Extremely brief) Solid modeling History of CAD

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• 1961: Sketchpad (Ivan Sutherland, MIT) “The move to three dimensions was the point at which CAD models stopped being mere conveniences • 1960s-1980s: 2D drafting tools in aerospace and for drawing blueprints and started taking on automotive industries (mainframe applications) importance in their own right. With 3D models, it became possible to design shapes that could not be clearly • 1980s: Introduction on CAD on PCs (AutoCAD introduced or adequately expressed by three 2D elevations. The in 1982) ability to analyze designs in 3D meant that more ambitious designs could be attempted, and also that standards for • 1980s-1990s: Introduction of 3D modeling and 32-bit design checks were raised beyond what could be done by operating systems (e.g. Windows NT) eye.”

• ?: Introduction of parametric design – Alex Ball, Preserving Computer-Aided Design (CAD), DPC Technology Watch Report 13-02 (Digital Preservation Coalition, 2013): 5. (emphasis added)

Competitive Market

CAD Concepts, Features, and Trends

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Complexity NURBS

NURBS (3D) Layers

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External References Parametricism

Scripting Analysis

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Rendering CAD/CAM Integration

Cloud-based software

Overview of CAD Software and File Formats

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CAD/BIM Taskforce Survey AutoCAD

• DWG: AutoCAD's proprietary binary native . De facto industry standard.

• DXF (Drawing Interchange Format, or Drawing Exchange Format): An open data transfer format developed by , with published specifications available online. DXF exists in both ASCII and binary forms. ASCII DXF files are text files that can be read and modified with any text editor.

• DWF (Design Web Format): An open 2D and 3D data visualization format developed by Autodesk. DWF files are highly compressed, and are not intended as a replacement for original design files.

SketchUp

• SKP: Native proprietary (closed) format.

• “Note that every major version of SketchUp (eg, 6, 7, 8, 2013, 2014, 2015) has a unique version of the *.skp file format. As such, the model needs to be saved in the correct version of SketchUp that will open the file.” (SketchUp Help Center)

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3ds Max Rhinoceros

• Previously called 3D Studio (1988-1994) and 3D Studio Max (1995-1999)

• 3DM: Openly documented native file • 3DS: Native binary format of 3D Studio, still in use format which can be read and written by largely as an import/export format for the open-source openNURBS toolkit. All transferring geometry of 3D models between versions (1-5) are supported by Rhino 5. programs. Has limitations related to age.

• STL: Vendor-neutral format commonly • MAX: Native binary format that contains more used in Rhino for 3D printing. complete information about a model than .3ds

• PRJ: Replaced by .max

Microstation FormZ

• Used in many large infrastructural projects (e.g. buildings, highways, bridges)

• DGN: Native binary proprietary format. • FMZ: Native proprietary binary format.

• Intergraph Standard File Formats (ISFF) • Form·Z is notoriously not backwards- specification: Published in late 1980s compatible. Versions of the software (also known as V7 DGN) can typically read the current format and one format versions prior (e.g. • V8 DGN: Changed internal file structure, FormZ 8.5 Pro reads .fmz files from includes Digital Rights and Design versions 7 and 8). History.

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IGES STEP

• Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data (ISO 10303)

• Initial Graphics Exchange Specification • Developed as more fully-featured alternative to existing vendor-neutral exchange format such as IGES. • IGS, IGES: Vendor-netural, lightweight ASCII • STP, STEP: format for exchange of geometric data • AP203: Most widely-implemented part of STEP. “STEP Physical File”. • Published in 1980 and supported as an import/export format in most CAD products. • AP214: Extension of AP203, including additional information such as colors and layers. • Last published version: 5.3 (1996) • AP242: Format in development, with additional functionality for “shape data quality information, semantic 3D product and manufacturing information (PMI), approximate geometry (for visualization) and access rights management” (Alex Ball, “Preserving Computer-Aided Design (CAD)”, DPC Tech Watch Report, p. 15)

Working with Interacting with CAD in CAD Files the Archives

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Identify

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Acquire Software

• Full-fledged versions • Educational discounts • Negotiate licenses with academic departments • Contact development offices/executives directly • Free readers • DWG True View • Bentley View • FormZ Free

Collect Documentation Preserve

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Migrate Virtualize/Emulate

Building Information Modeling (BIM)

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Revit ArchiCAD

• PLN: Proprietary binary ArchiCAD file format

• RVT: Proprietary binary Revit project file • TPL: ArchiCAD template file

• PLA: ArchiCAD Archive file • RTE: Revit template file “When you create a .PLA file, ArchiCAD • RFA: Revit family file saves all library parts, linked images and textures associated with the project. The • RFT: Revit family template Archive file type stores the critical information in one compact location.” (https://blog.graphisoftus.com/archicad- education/tips-and-tricks/-archive- files-lets-talk-about-the-pla)

Digital Project IFC

• CATPart: CATIA V5 Part document • Industry Foundation Classes (ISO 16739:2013) • CATProduct: – CATIA V5 Assembly document • IFC: Vendor-neutral open file format developed by buildingSMART for data • CATDrawing: – CATIA V5 Drawing exchange and interoperability in BIM document

• Increasingly an industry standard (now • CATProcess: CATIA V5 Manufacturing required by some governments) document

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Thank you! Questions?

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