1938 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1439

Minton Pittman Shepl).a:.:d Tydings SENATE Mun:ay Pope Smathers Vandenberg Neely Radcliffe Smith Van Nuys THURSDAY, FEBRUARY ?, 1938 Norris Reynolds Thomas, Okla. Wagner Nye Russell· Thomas, Utah Walsh (Legislative day of Wednesilay, January 5, 1938) O'Mahoney Schwartz Townsend Wheeler Overton Schwellenbach Truman The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian, on the expiration of the recess. Mr. LEWIS. I announce that the Senator from Rhode THE JOURNAL Island [Mr. GREEN] and the Senator from Oklahoma [Mr. LEE] are detained from the Senate because of illness. On request of Mr. BARKLEY, and by unanimous consent, My colleague the junior Senator from illinois [Mr. the reading of the J.ournal of the proceedings of the calendar DIETERICH], the Senator from South Dakota [Mr. HITCH­ day Wednesday, February 2, 1938, was dispensed with, and COCK], and the Senator from Florida [Mr. PEPPER] are de­ the Journal was approved. tained on important public business. MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT The Senator from Nevada [Mr. McCARRANJ is detained on Messages in writing from the President of the United official business in his State. States were communicated to the Senate by Mr. Latta, one Mr. AUSTIN. I announce that the Senator from Minne­ of his secretaries. · sota [Mr. SHIP STEAD J is necessarily absent from the Senate. MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE The VICE PRESIDENT. Eighty-seven Senators have an­ A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. swered to their names. A quorum is present. Chaffee, one of its reading clerks, announced that the House JOHN PROSSER had passed without amendment the following bills of the The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the amend­ Senate: ments of the House of Representatives to the bill (S. 2418) S. 2583. An act to provide for the acquisition of certain for the relief of John Prosser, which were, on page 1, line 7, lands for and the addition thereof to the Tahoe National after "him", to insert "on October 30, 1930", and on page Forest, in the State of Nevada, and the acquisition of cer­ 1, line 8, to strike out "known post-office burglars" and tain other lands for the completion of the acquisition of the insert "criminals who confessed to burglary of the post remaining lands within the limits of the Great Smoky office at Fontanet, Ind., but were prosecuted, convicted, and Mountains National Park, in east Tennessee; and imprisoned for offenses against the State of Indiana, said s. 2759. An act authorizing the sale of certain lands to sum to be in lieu of the Federal reward to which said John the regents of the Agricultural College of New Mexico. Prosser would have been entitled had the criminals been The message aiso announced that the House had passed prosecuted and convicted of the post-office burglary." the following bills, in which it requested the concurrence of Mr. DUFFY. I move that the Senate concur in the. House the Senate: amendments. H. R. 6652. An act to provide for the administration and The motion was agreed to. maintenance of the Natchez Trace Parkway, in the States of Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee, by the Secretary of GEORGE YUHAS the Iriterior, and for other purposes; and · The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the amend­ H. R. 8773. An act to authorize the Secretary of the In­ ments of the House of Representatives to the bill orted by a wealth of precedents, and by the opinion of bluff-a drop-off from the school grounds to the street. She came a respectable body of constitutional lawyers in and out of on uptown. Her car was almost wrecked. I don't know how she Congress. All I ask is that this body exercise its constitu­ made it. tional function by voting upon the measure, so that in due "Outside of her neck being bruised and sore from choking, she wasn't hurt." course the Supreme Court may exercise its constitutional Bloodhounds were called from Meridian, Miss., but lost the tracks function of passing :finally upon the validity of the measure. at a street intersection after following them to one Negro house For myself, I am confident the law will be upheld, if the occupied by three women. The arrest, Sheriff Hollis said, followed a "tip" received at the house and a "test'' to see if the dogs would Supreme Court will bear in mind the memorable warning bay any one of three Negroes found gambling nearby. uttered by Chief Justice Marshall in Gibbons v. Ogden (9 Wheat. 1), over a hundred years ago: Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a quorum. Powerful and ingenious Ininds, taking, as postulates, that the powers expressly granted to the Government of the Union, are to The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. BERRY in the chair). be contracted by construction, into the narrowest possible com­ The clerk Will call the roll. pass, and that the original powers of the States are retained, if The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the following Senators any possible construction will retain them, may, by a course of answered to their names: well digested, but refined and metaphysical reasoning, founded on these premises, explain away the Constitution of our country, Adams Brown, N.H. Donahey Hayden and leave it, a magnificent structure, indeed to look at, but totally Andrews Bulkley Duffy Herring unfit for use. Ashurst Bulow Ellender Hill Austin Burke Frazier Holt Bailey Byrd George Hughes [From the Montgomery Advertiser of January 12, 1938] Bankhead Byrnes Gerry Johnson, Calif. LYNCH BILL PLEA AVERTS MoB THREAT-NEGRO Is SNATCHED AWAY Barkley Capper Gibson Johnson, Colo. TO SAFETY IN SELMA, CAUGHT IN GREENSBORo--KIDNAPING Berry Caraway GUlette King CHARGE-BUSPECT SNARED BY DOGS AS SOUTHERN LEADERS BATTLE Bilbo Chavez Glass La Follette Bone Clark Guffey Lee CAPITAL MEASURE Borah Connally Hale Lewis GREENsBoRo, ALA., January 11.-The :fight of southern Congress­ Bridges Copeland Harrison Lodge men against the antilynching bill was used in a plea against mob Brown, Mich. Davis Hatch Logan 1450 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE FEBRUARY 3

Lonergan Minton Radclifl'e Thomas, Utah enumerated in the Constitution of the United States, ~md Lundeen Murray Reynolds Townsend McAdoo Neely Russell Truman those not granted are reserved to the States and to the people, McGill Norris Schwartz Tydings respectively. McKellar Nye Schwellenbach Vandenberg McNary O'Mahoney Sheppard Van Nuys Yet there are Democrats, some from New York and some Maloney Overton Smathers Wagner from other States, who are perfectly willing to sell out the Miller Pittman Smith Walsh States-in the language of the street, to "sell them down the Milton Pope Thomas, Okla. Wheeler river"-in favor of a strong, powerful, central government, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Eighty-eight Senators hav­ which would usurp the functions of the States, take over ing answered to their names, a quorum is present. their police powers, and superimpose upon them an author­ MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE-ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED ity hateful to democracy and hostile to liberty. A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. Cal­ After I have concluded my discussion of the situation in loway, one of its reading clerks, announced that the Speaker China and Japan, and the obligations under the tr.eaties to had aflixed his signature to the following enrolled bills, and which I referred yesterday, I shall discuss the constitutional they were signed by the Vice President: aspects of the antil~ching bill, and make some remarks in S.1255. An act for the relief of Harold Garr, Chester H. regard to the functions of the Federal Government, and the Peters, Harry B. Swift, Dr. Abraham A. Mills, Charles L. rights, duties, and responsibilities of the States. But it Harris, 0. W. Morgan, F. G. E. Carlson, Harold S. Fraine, would be unfair if I should not continue the discussion which Owen E. Steele, W. C. Mudge, Jr., George F. Poutasse, Paul was broken into yesterday by the recess, because there is P. Pickle, W. D. Hiltbrand, Arthur P. LeBel, K. E. Hill, very much more to be said in regard to the duties of Japan Annie McGowan, Ralph Thompson, and Rosamond M. Mac­ under the Nine Power Treaty, under the Kellogg-Briand com­ Donald; pact, under the Four Power Treaty, and under the Versailles S. 2418. An act for the relief of John Prosser; Treaty, to which she was a party. - S. 2583. An act to provide for the acquisition of certain Returning to the subject which I was discussing yesterday, lands for and the addition thereof to the Tahoe National Japan cannot defend her course in Manchuria upon the Forest, in the State of Nevada, and the acquisition of cer­ ground that she acted in self-defense. That is a hypo­ tain other lands for the completion of the acquisition of the critical assertion. The Lytton report indicates that the remaining lands within the limits of the Great Smoky Moun­ military operations of the Japanese could not be regarded tains National Park, in east Tennessee; "as measures of legitimate self-defense." That indication S. 2602. An act for the relief of George Yuhas; and may be found in chapter IV, as I recall, of the Lytton report. S. 2759. An act authorizing the sale of certain lands to the Secretary Stimson stated that- regents of the Agricultural College of New Mexico. • • • the limits of self-defense had been clearly defined by countless precedents and that a nation which sought to mask PREVENTION OF AND PUNISHMENT FOR LYNCHING imperialistic policy under the guise of the defense of its nationals The Senate resumed the consideration of the bill transform China's own business has in the most extraordinary manner developed the arts· methods and character and culture and to dominate them to her of war and manifested a genius for war and conquest which own national ends. Furthermore, she is not seeking to do this by persuasion or education or other peaceful means but by force one would have supposed fifty or a hundred years ago to and terrorism of the most brutal and barbarous kind. be impossible for a nation which was not militaristically inclined, as was Japan a few decades ago. Mr. Stimson states that he appreciates tpe difficulties . I quote Mr. Stimson furthe!: which confront our Government in this situation and adds The press rep<;>rts teem with evidences of their desperate valor that, in his opinion- and heroic self-sacrifice. But · modern war is a master of ma­ This is not a case where there should be any thought of America' chinery and munitions. These brave me~ are virtually armed cinly with the rifles and machine guns which they carry. Even sending armies to participate in a strife that is going on in their supply of cartridges for these weapons is pitifully inadequate. Asia • • • Their artillery is woefUlly insum.cient, their planes merely a frac­ The future character of the civ111zation of Asia must be deter­ tion in number of the planes of their opponents, and they have mined, whether peacefully or by war, by the men of Asia them­ no tanks. selves. If China is to be saved from domination by force it must Day after day there are being rained upon them bombs from be saved by the courage and sacrifice of armed Chinese men. . The an unobstructed hostile air force and shells from an overwhelming problem of the preservation of China's peaceful civilization cannot mass of artillery, while their lines are being pierced at intervals be solved by the armed intervention of the Occident. by tanks which they have no means of stopping. Yet they have But that is very far from saying that the only alternative 1s made a resistance so far which has won the admiration of the inaction or a passive and shameful acquiescence 1n the wrong that world. The odds against which they are fighting are being made 1s now being done. The lamentable fact is that today the aggres­ possible by us- sion of Japan is being actively assisted by the efforts of men of our own Nation and men of the other great democracy in the Through the sale to Japan of those commodities which world-the British Commonwealth of Nations. It is not only be­ are soon transformed into engines of death and destruction. ing actively assisted but our assistance is so effective and pro­ Mr. DAVIS. Mr. President--- dominant that without it, even today, the aggression would in all probab111ty be promptly checked and cease. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. HILL in the chair). Let me explain this and make it absolutely clear. Japan's posi­ Does the Senator from Utah yield to the Senator from tion as a war-making nation is far from being self-contained. Pennsylvania? 1938 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1453 Mr. KING. For a question only. consideration of the difference between right and wrong, nor is it Wise legislation to attempt to impose upon the President, to whom Mr. DAVIS. I have listened with great interest to the the Constitution gives the duty of the conduct of our international speech the Senator is making, and I should like to know, affairs, shackles of restraint to hold him helpless in all future because I have not heard of it, whether or not Japan has conditions, no matter how complex or unanticipated. declared war on China up to the present time. Finally, in this grave crisis in the Far East we not only must not fear to face issues of right and wrong, but we must not fear to Mr. KING. Mr. ·President, Japan has pursued thus far cooperate with other nations who are similarly attempting to face in this invasion of China the same course she pursued when those issues. The League of Nations was founded upon a covenant Manchuria was invaded. In the latter instance she said which, almost for the first time in human history, attempted to she was acting in self-defense. There was no declaration of base our International civilization upon a reign of law and to make a distinction between a lawbreaker and its victim. Five years ago, war. That was so announced by the Lytton report and by on Japan's first aggression into Manchuria, the League, whlle fail­ the League of Nations. Japan has not declared war upon ing to stop the aggression, did not hesitate to pass judgment upon China in this recent invasion, and has set up the same it in unmistakable language after a full investigation of its facts. hypocritical reason for her invasion she announced when I concede, Mr. Pi-esident, that when two or more men she invaded Manchuria, namely, that she is doing it in self­ engage in a violent confiict, assaulting each other, the by­ defense. stander runs some risks if he attempts to placate the con­ Of course, every person knows that Japan is not defend­ tenders and to promote peace, and yet if the bystander has ing her rights in China. Everyone knows that China is not an agreement with the contestants that they shall work to­ invading Japan. China is not contemplating war against gether for peace, or if the weaker side is being subdued by Japan. China is only now feebly but heroically trying to the use of improper force on the part of the stronger side, defend herself against the aggressions of a powerful military there rests upon the bystander a moral obligation to inter­ nation. pose peacefully with a view to settling the controversy, and Japan has not declared war, but the situation, of course, preventing the wrong being done to the weaker side. is a situation of war. I voted against the neutrality treaty, Mr. Stimson continued: and predicted when that treaty was under discussion that The League did not fail to distinguish between right and wrong it would be employed as a weapon in favor of strong nations in the Far East then, and the American Government, on Feb­ and would prove injurious to weak nations; that it would be ruary 25, 1933, did not hesitate to range itself alongside of the advantageous to nations which had fleets and which could League in that judgment and to declare that its understanding of follow a policy of "cash and carry," buying goods and trans­ the facts was in accord with the findings of fact arrived at by the League and that its conclusions were in accord with the conclu­ porting them in their own ships, but that it would militate sions of the League. against the nations which did not have ships and could not Today on China's appeal the League is again engaged in an purchase and carry in their own vessels the commodities examination of the present crisis and the formulation of its judg­ So ment thereon. Our Government should not hesitate, if the facts which they required. the neutrality treaty, which has are as we believe them, to support the League again by a state­ been eulogized in so many quarters, in my opinion has been ment of its concUrrence. Such a judgment is not futile. In the injurious to China and has been an aid to Japan in her process of time law is built up both within and without national attacks upon China. boundaries by such decisions and such precedents. Japan is far more friendless today before the tribunal of world opinion than Judging from what I read in the press, I presume there are she would have been except for the investigation and judgment forces now in Japan which will soon insist that a declara­ which was rendered against her 5 years ago. We should not fail tion of war be made, hoping, I suppose, that there may be to take our part in laying such foundations of the structure of some advantages under the policy which we have established international law of the future. Since the writing of the foregoing letter has come the Presi­ with respect to ourselves, as set forth in the neutrality dent's Chicago speech. I am filled with hope that this act of treaty, which Japan does not now enjoy. leadership on his part w111 result in a new birthday of American I might add, however, that we are confronted from time to courage in facing and carrying through our responsibilities in this time with the spectacle of nations invading other nations crisis. without a declaration of war, nations carrying on brutal Mr. President, I think the notable address of President wars without a declaration of war. That China is being in­ Roosevelt at Chicago on October 5, last, to which I referred vaded and that Japan is carrying on a war against China yesterday, met with the approval of the lovers of peace everyone must concede, and Japan cannot camouflage her throughout the world. It was regarded as an admonition conduct by saying that she is acting only in self-defense. that the moral sense of the world; and the moral sense and Mr. Stimson said further: consciousness of the people of the United States, would not So I say that the first glaring fact which stares us in the face support nations that run amuck, and that they would favor in our analysis of the situation is that China's principal need is not that something should be done by outside nations to help a policy of--shall I use the word "quarantining"?-at any her, but that outside nations should cease helping her enemy. rate, that they would favor indicating to the world that Given a situation in which the supply of munitions was only this Nation, as well as other civilized nations, looked with somewhat less unequal, China's bravery has already shown that concern upon aggressions, particularly by powerful nations Japan's task would be hopeless. In the light of these facts, the first question that I should ask against weak nations--aggressions for the purpose of taking of the American and British people is, Does the safety of the from weak nations territory to which those powerful nations American Nation and the safety of the British require that we go were not entitled. on helping Japan to exterminate, by the methods she is daily employing, the gallant Chinese soldiers with whom she is con­ Protests were made by our Government and by the League fronted-not to speak of the civilian Chinese population that she of Nations against Manchuria's invasion by Japan, and such 1s engaged in terrorizing? Is the condition of our statesmanship steps were taken as were deemed appropriate, under existing so pitifully inadequate tp.at w_e cannot devise the simple means of international cooperation which would stop our participation in treaties, to protect China from Japan's aggressive course. this slaughter? I, for one, do not think so. I believe ~t can be As a matter of fact, our fleet was held at Hawaii for some done, and done effectively, without serious danger to us. time, and, as I recall, was not withdrawn until after the • • • • • • bloody conflicts in and about Shanghai were ended by the Our recent neutrality legislation attempts to impose a dead level withdrawal of Japan's forces. Since the conquest of Man­ of neutral conduct on the part of our Government between right and wrong, between an aggressor and its victim, between a breaker churia by Japan, the military group, it appears, has acquired of the law of nations and the nations who are endeavoring to stronger control of the Japanese Government. It will not uphold the law. It won't work. Such a policy of a moral drift o! be forgotten that elements in the. military group assassinated such a safe and powerful nation as our own will only set back the a number of the more moderate and able statesmen of hands of progress. It will not save us from entanglement. It will even make entanglement more certain. History has already Japan, and it is to be noted that since then the military amply shown this last fact. policies of Japan have been more aggressive, and its appro­ Af3 if to teach us the folly of our ways, since this legislation was priations for military and naval purposes greatly incre~ed. adopted, fate has paraded before our shocked consciousness two instances of glaring aggression, in Ethiopia and the Far East. The Senator from Arizona [Mr. AsHURST] stated a few days Progress is not made in the world by attempting to exclude a. ago that if Great Britain had united with the United States, 1454 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE . FEBRUARY 3 when the latter protested against Japan's invasion of Man- : Attempts were made ·to set up an independent· ·north churia, a different result would have followed. I think there · China, for the purpose· of strengthening Japan's economic .ar.e.evidences .tending to show that; if the United States and . and political control· over -additional · ehinese territory. Great Britain had joined in their protests, and particularly if This movement was inspired,· if not controlled, by Japanese other signatories to the Nine Power Treaty had joined with agents, consisting of local garrison commanders, representa­ them, the entire course of events in the Orient would have tives of the Kwantung Army, and officers of indeterminate .been difierent. But the failure of the signatories to the Nine status. Japan sought to include in this autonomous govern­ Power Treaty to take a definite and united stand against ment the Provinces of Chahar, Suiyua.n, Hopei, Shansi, and Japan's contemptuous disregard of the terms of the treaty, Shantung, comprising more than 600,000 square miles. undoubtedly influenced Japan's conduct then, as well as Incidents created by Japan were seized upon as pre­ since, and doubtless has led her to the belief that she may texts for further penetration of Chinese territory and for :flagrantly violate treaties, and pursue without molestation the attempted control of the Chinese Government. It was . a plan to .conquer and control China. manifest that Japan entertained the purpose of undermin­ - Since Japan occupied Manchuria, in 1931, the facts prove ing, if not destroYing, the Central Government of China, that she has systematically pursued a course looking to the which would result in confusion and chaos, and produce a absorption of the northern provinces of China, if not ulti- situation which would be seized upon as a further pretext for mately the control of all Chinese territory. Her armed Japanese penetration and the exercise of governmental au­ aggressions upon Chinese territory since then, if temporarily thority over Chinese territory and citizens. -suspended, have never been terminated. Although her as- As indicated, further invasions of Chinese territory were sent was given to the Lytton Commission to investigate the made and a considerable part of Chahar was seized and questions in dispute between China and Japan, Japan pre- brought within the so-called Manchukuo territory. Japan, sented to the League of Nations and the United States a dec- iD. the latter part of 1935, as I have indicated, regarded the laration that Manchukuo had been recognized by her. time as propitious to set up an autonomous movement for Shortly after the adoption of the Lytton report in February the control of the five northern Provinces of China. Major 1933, Japan flouted the pro•ouncements of the League, and General Tada, commanding the Chinese garrison in north her armies entered the Chinese Province of Jehol, and China, openly advocated the political and economic separa­ brought a considerable portion of that Province under the tion of north China from China proper. A military confer­ control of the Japanese Manchukuo regime. Her troops ence was held by Japan to devise a program to carry out the further penetrated Chinese territory, and military operations separatist movement and a series of demands were formu­ were extended southerly and southwesterly, constituting a lated and presented to China which, if accepted, would be threat to Peiping. The Great Wall of China, which had held regarded as equivalent to a cession of Chinese territory. back alien forces for centuries, no longer constituted an Large military troops were massed upon Chinese soil south obstacle to Japanese military penetration of China, and in of the Great Wall of China. This warlike movement of May 1933, Japan's military forces advanced to within a few Japan brought some repercussions in other countries. miles of Tungchow, a city less than 20 miles east of Peiping. The Secretary of State on December 5, 1935, stated, among In 1934 Japan submitted a statement indicating her pur- other things, that the fact stands out that an effort is being pose to control China. It stated, in substance, what its posi- made and resisted to bring "about a substantial change in tion and mission in east Asia were to be, regardless of legiti- the political status and condition of several of China's mate interests of other powers, and to the exclusion of their northern Provinces." He pointed out the fact that such cooperation. This statement was unmistakable in its an- unusual developments in any part of China were a concern nounced purpose to dominate east Asia, and subsequent to the many powers having interests there, including the developments demonstrate that the words "east Asia" were United States. He further stated: so elastic as to embrace a considerable part of the territory In the area under reference, the interests of the United states of China. are similar to those of the other powers. In that area there are located, and our rights and obligations appertain to a considerable Mr. Hirota, the Japanese Foreign Minister, in the fall of number of American nationals, some American property, and sub- 1935 further revealed the ambitious schemes of Japan. He stantial American commercial and cultural activities. The Amer­ stated that-- lean Government is, therefore, closely observing what is happen­ ing there. Political disturbance and pressure give rise to uncer- China must definitely abandon her policy of playing off one tainty and misgivings and tend to produce economic and social foreign nation against another and must not ·again attempt to dislocations. They make difficult the enjoyment of treaty rights check the influence of Japan by cooperation with Europe and and the fulfillment of treaty obligations. ·· America. Friendship with Japan should be exclusive of that with European and American powers. The statement of the Secretary of State concluded as follows: He further demanded that China "must show her sincerity ·t· f Ma huk , • • • In international relations there must be agreements t owards J apan b Y a f ormaI recogm Ion ° nc uo. in order that there may be the confidence and stability and sense That is a declaration which is not susceptible of miscon- of security which are essential to orderly life and progress. This struction. It means that European powers must keep out · country has abiding faith in the fundamental principles of. ita of China, that they must not cooperate with China for traditional policy. This Government adheres and continues to China's good,· that China can cooperate with Japan alone·, emnlybespeak entered respect intoby allfor nationsthe purpose for the of provisionsfacilltating of andtreaties regulat-; sol- that Japan's influence must dominate to the exclusion of the ing to the reciprocal and common advantage the contracts be- influence of other powers. , tween and among the countries signatory. These demands, together with the menacing attitude of I digress, Mr. President, to observe that the progress of Japan's military forces, produced, as was to be anticipated, civilization to the heights where there will be a truer and the deepest concern on the part of the Chinese and the better civilization than that which we enjoy today is meas­ Chinese Government. They knew of their unpreparedness ured in part, at least, by the respect which nations have for to cope with a military power such as Japan, particularly treaties and obligations which they enter into. The civiliza­ when the latter was animated by a spirit of ·conquest and tion of a city, a county, or a State is measured by the respect territorial aggrandizement. The Chinese Government at- which their inhabitants have for law and for covenants and tempted to mollify Japan and to abate, oftentimes by agreements which have been entered into by them. We humiliating concessions, the increasing demands of the must import ·into our international relations something of Japanese Government, but all to no avail. Japan denounced the spirit of municipal law under which we live, which guides the efforts of China in seeking cooperation with foreign · us in our daily relations with our neighbors, and which leads ·nations, particularly the United States and Great Britain. us to better social and political conditions. When China reformed its currency, this act aroused the · But there are some who believe that while respecting hostility of Japan. municipal ordinances and laws we can flout international 1938 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1455 agreements; that we ought not to make international agree­ Manchuria and constitutes a strategic, commercial, and military key to that great northern region as well as to the Gulf of Pechili ments, because they represent international entanglements. and thence to the old capital of China, Peking. Representations Mr. President, it must be manifest to all familiar with made to Japan by Russia, Germany, and France compelled Japan events in China and Japan that during the past few years to .forego this last continental acquisition, but, as a. result of the Japan has pursued an undeviating .course looking toward war between Japan and Russia which occurred in 1904-5, Japan was able to secure transfer to herself of a. lease previously ob­ the subordination of China to her exclusive interest and con ... tained by Russia from China. of this Lia.otung Peninsula at the trol. The frightful conditions now prevailing in China have .tip of which lie Port Arthur and the city of Dalny or Darien. been brought about by reason of Japan's imperialistic This lease, while not divesting China. of her sovereignty over this area, placed it under tl;le effective occupation and administration purposes. of Japan. As a. result of the Russo-Japanese War, Japan also ob­ May I revert to the period preceding by a year or two the tained the transfer to herself from Russia of the southern half of immediate situation in Japan? On November 24, 1935, Yin the island of Sakhalin in the north. Also it should be noted that, before this time, Russia and Japan had conflicting interests with Ju-keng, then special inspector of a given area, unlawfully regard to the establishment of so-called "spheres of influence'' proclaimed the formation at Tungchow of the so-called East­ within the northern provinces of China, known collectively as ern Hopei Anti-Communist Autonomous. Council. Manchuria. As has to By the Treaty of Portsmouth, which terminated the Russo-Japa­ I have indicated, Japan been seeking organize nese War, Russia recognized that Japan's railway, mining, and segments of territory in China, ostensibly as autonomous other interests in the southern half of Manchuria should be governments, but really puppet governments under Japanese deemed dominant. Both natiqps declared, however, that they control, and dominated by Japanese representatives. would not obstruct any general measures, common to all countries, which China might take for the development of the commerce This was a revolutionary movement against the Chinese and industry of Manchuria.; and both nations also engaged them­ Government and in the interest of Japan. This and other .selves to exploit their respective railways in Manchuria. (except movements, which I have not time to detail, tended to those in the Lia.otung Peninsula) exclusively for commercial and industrial purposes and in nowise for strategic purposes. weaken the Nanking Government and to drive a wedge into I have thought it necessary to mention these provisions of the Chinese territory in order to detach from China Provinces treaties terminating the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wa.rt1 .to be controlled by the Japanese Government, either directly since they serve to show that, certainly a.t those dates, Japan or as puppet states. There is abundant evidence tending to already had international ambitions which included the acquisi­ tion of territories along the Chinese coast and upon the eastern show the movements instigated by Japan to detach Chinese mainland of the Continent of Asia.. Provinces from the Central Government and to bring them • • • under the influence and control of Japan. In fact, Japan went far beyond this, and occupied with her In World Affairs for December 1935 will be found an arti­ troops and her civilian authorities areas far outside of the terri­ tory that had been leased by China to Germany. I shall not take cle by Ambassador Chengting T. Wang entitled "Japan's Ag­ time to describe. how Japan, at the time of the discussion a.t Paris gressions UPOn China," from which I desire to read a few of the treaty terminating the war between Germany and the paragraphs. Allies-<>! which China had become one--Japan refused to return the Shantung leased area.; how this injustice to China constituted What is important is that the world should know the present one of the chief criticisms in America. of the treaty drawn up a.t extent of Japan's intentions with regard to the subjugation and Paris and was influential in causing the United States Senate to domination of China. To learn this it will not be necessary to refuse its approval of . the treaty. go further back than the Sino-Japanese War of 189~95. Indeed, it would be possible to begin with the 21 demands presented to Senators who were Members of the body at that time China by Japan in 1915, but the exposition can be made more complete by saying at least a word with regard to the results of will remember the criticisms that were made of the Ver­ the Sino-Japanese War of 189~95 and of the Russo-Japanese sailles Treaty because of the fact that there seemed to be a War which followed 10 years later. recognition of the right of Japan to occupy and assert con­ If time permitted, I should like to advert to those 21 trol of Shantung, one of the richest and most populous demands which were made in 1915 by Japan upon China. Provinces of China. I do not think I am betraying any We recall that at that time Great Britain and the Allied confidence when I say that I talked with President Wilson, as Powers--Great Britain and France, the Netherlands and I was disposed to vote against the treaty, because I believed Belgium-nations which had interests in the Orient, were that it was a recognition of a violent assault by Japan upon locked in deadly embrace with the Central Powers. Japan China and a recognition of the right of Japan to wrench took advantage of that situation feeling that those powers from China that rich Province and annex it to Japan. I would not or could not protect their interests in the Orient, had the assurance, I may say, of the President that there and that then .was · the time for Japan to strike at China was an understanding-and I think it was embraced in and to bring her under exclusive Japanese control. So she written communications between representatives of Japan submitted the 21 demands, and, after long negotiations, a and representatives of the President--that Japan would Fabian policy being pursued by China in the effort to pre­ relinquish her control of Shantung and that that situation vent recognizing the demands or assenting to them, finally, would not be an obstacle to approval of the treaty. There- under pressure and coercion, ·with some slight modification, • upon I voted for its ratification. I wish to say, to the credit China signed, but said over and over and over a.gain that of Japan, that subsequently, pursuant, I believe, to the she repudiated the demands and would not submit to them. 'understanding which had been reached through the inter­ Those demands would have made China a mere puppet state position of President Wilson, Japan withdrew from Shan­ of Japan, the same as Manchukuo, and would have brought tung, and the control of Shantung and her resources reverted the territory of China and her millions of people and her to China, to which they belonged. resources into the hands and power of the Japanese Gov­ It is a fact, as stated by Ambassador Wang, that that situation was seized upon by a number of Senators-and I ernment. make no criticism-and led them to oppose the treaty with The Sino-Japanese War grew out of conflicting claims and interests of China and Japan in the Kingdom of Korea. great vigor and great ability, and, doubtless, influenced their final vote in opposition to the treaty. We remember the war between Japan and China, as a • The whole story covering these events placed Japan in result of which Formosa and Korea were taken away from a. very unfavorable light, but I have no disposition to review it at China; and Korea, while ostensibly becoming a quasi­ this time. independent nation, as a matter of fact became a Province In 1915 Japan suddenly presented to China 21 demands-- of Japan. To which I have referred- China was defeated 1n that war, and, by the Treaty of Shimono· which, had they been conceded by China in their entirety, would seki, which brought it to an end, China, 1n addition to the payment have brought all China under the dominant control of Japan. of a large indemnity, was obliged to recognize the independence of The present Chinese Minister of Foreign .A1fa1rs, Dr. Wang Chung­ Korea over which she had previously claimed a species of suze­ hui, in his justified description of those demands in the Washing­ reinty, and to cede to Japan the great island of Formosa, which ton Conference, after pointing out that they were put forward, lies along the southern coast of China, together with the small not in satisfaction of any pending controversies, or in exchange Pescadores Islands in the same region. Also, China was compelled for any offered quid pro quo, said: "History records scarcely an­ to cede to Japan the Liaotung Peninsula., which juts south from other instance in which demands of such a. serious character a.s 1456 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE FEBRUARY 3 those which Japan presented to China in 1915, have, without even as France and Germany taken together and inhabited by a popula­ pretense of provocation, been suddenly presented by one nation tion of 30,000,000 of Chinese. to another nation with which it was at the time on friendly China was not able in 1931 to offer effective resistance to the relations." Japanese invasion and military occupation of her northern Prov­ China made what resistance she could to these demands and inces. Only when Japan made her onslaught upon the great managed to secure the postponement of the consideration of the commercial city of Shanghai was she able, in 1932, to hold the fifth of the groups into which they were divided-the group which Japanese in check. Even when the Japanese extended their mlll­ contained the most general of the demands and which, if yielded tary occupation outside of Manchuria and overran the important to, would have made Japan politically dominant over and through­ Province of Jehol, China had to yield to superior military force. out China. Most of the other specific demands China was com­ Finally Japan breached the Great Wall of China, which marks, in pelled to concede after an ultimatum threatening war Within a few part, the southern boundary of Manchuria, and began to overrun hours had been presented by Japan. Thus, by bald force majeure, the Provinces of China which lie south of the wall. Finding her­ China was compelled to sign in May 1915 a series of treaties and self unable at that time to offer further effective resistance to the notes the essential validity of which, because of their immoral armies of Japan, China, in May 1933, agreed to a "truce agreement.. basis, China has continued to deny. By the treaties thus exacted with the Japanese military authorities. of China, Japan was able, among other things, to increase her claim to railway rights in Manchuria and the right of her na­ I shall not take the time of the Senate to read further the tionals In that area to acquire lands for agricultural and manu­ description of that agreement, other than to say that it was facturing purposes. Also she obtained a formal extension of the term of her lease of the Llaotung Peninsula. violated by Japan, and in one or two instances was used as a In the washington Conference of 1921-22, China, aided by the pretext to justify her further military invasions of the pressure brought to bear upon Japan by the other nations repre­ northern Provinces of China. sented in that conference, and especially by the United States, was able to obtain a number of important concessions from Japan, The writer continues: but with regard to Japan's treaty rights in Manchuria, including By July of this year, however, the Chinese came to the desper­ those obtained as a result of the 21 demands, Japan showed her­ ate determination that it would be fatal for them to make fur­ self unyielding. It is, however, to be noted that none of these ther concessions and, therefore, that to the extent of their mili­ alleged treaty rights, important though they were, impaired the tary power they would oppose the invading forces of Japan. essential sovereignty of China over the Manchurian provinces. When this resolve became evident to Japan she, in turn, came Not even by Japan was the continued sovereignty of China over to the determination which she has openly avowed, that the time Manchuria at that time contested. had come for her to obtain in their totality, all that she wished Most important of the political results of the Washington Con­ from China. A typical instance of the avow:al of this determina­ ference was the Nine Power Treaty, later adhered to by five other tion is that of M. Yosuke Matsuoka. M. Matsuoka is one of the powers. The provisions of article I of this treaty have been often leading public men of Japan. He is now president of the Great quoted, but because of their importance, they cannot be too often South Manchurian Railway Co. and was the leader of the Jap­ repeated. By them, the contracting powers, which, of course, in­ anese delegation during the later discussion by the Assembly of cluded Japan, agreed: the League of Nations of the Manchurian controversy, and he it "(1) To respect the sovereignty, the independence, and the ter­ was who led his delegation out of the Assembly and his country ritorial and administrative integrity of China." out of the League when that body adopted its report of February 24, 1933, condemning Japan for what she had done. Our country was a party to that treaty; and therefore, in view of its t€rms, we have a right at least to confer with As we all know, Mr. Matsuoka played an important part Japan and to ascertain her reasons for violating a treaty to in the subjugation of Manchuria. which we were a party. In the course of a statement prepared for distribution by the "(2) To provide the fullest and most unembarrassed opportunity Associated Press, and published in the newspapers of October 10, 1937, M. Matsuoka said, "At last Japan is in for the final, for to China to develop and maintain !or herself an effective and the knock-out, decision." stable government. "(3) To use their influence for the purpose of effectually estab­ That was his interpretation of the present great invasion ' lishing and maintaining the principle of equal opportunity for the commerce and industry of all nations throughout the territory of of China. This is to be the final knock-out, and China. is to 1 China." be brought under the control of Japan! As I said a few minutes ago, Mr. President, we have The statements in the article to which I have referred, I treaties With China under which we have rights in Shanghai, and from which I have read, corroborate the observations in the International Settlement. American citizens have which I have made with respect to the course pursued by property rights in China. They have done much, as I have Japan with respect to Japan's Chinese policy for the past I indicated, for educational and cultural development in China. quarter of a century, and I submit that the Senate and the Americans have erected and maintained schools and hos­ country should give due consideration to it. pitals and institutions of learning in various parts of China. The conduct of Japan was formally brought to the atten- . All those rights are there in virtue of treaties which we have tion of the League of Nations by Dr. V. K. Wellington Koo i had with the Chinese Government, which rights have been on September 27, 1937. Documents had been presented by . recognized by Japan and by other countries which have China bearing upon Japan's conduct, and officially commu­ special rights in China. But Japan now declares that our nicated by the Secretary General, at the request of the nationals must get out. She is asserting jurisdiction over • President of the Council of the League of Nations, to the · the International Settlement and over the whole of China Far East Advisory Committee. where her troops are; and. of course, her purpose, as indi­ It is a work of supererogation for me to call attention to the I cated from day to day by the announcements of the military fact that the Leaooue of Nations has an advisory committee leaders in Tokyo, is that she will prosecute the war until which deals with far eastern problems and questions and the whole of China is conquered. controversies, just as it has other advisory committees dealing With other parts of the world in which members of the League By her 21 demands presented to China in 1915, Japan had made perfectly plain the extent of her aggressive ambitions with regard of Nations are concerned. This advisory committee consists to China. However, the world had ground for believing, when of able men, who keep in touch with conditions in the Orient; Japan gave her adherence to the doctrines and undertakings em­ and, as I stated, when an appeal was made by China to the bodied in the Covenant of the League of Nations, and especially League of Nations calling attention to the violations of the when she had voluntarily and freely given the pledges contained 1n the Washington Nine Power Treaty, that she had abandoned treaties upon the part of Japan, the advisory committee had these ambitions. Indeed, for a number of years Japan's actions these appeals referred to it for examination and for report. were not such as definitely to refute this belief, although those On the 27th of September of last year Dr. Koo addressed who kept themselves currently informed of conditions in Man­ churia, and also of the efforts from time to time made by Japan the advisory committee. Prior to that time he had addressed to hinder China's progress toward political unity. and economic the League of Nations; and, as I stated, his petitions had been development, were not without fear that there had been no real sent to the advisory committee. As suggested by my colleague surrender of her intention. when the time should seem ripe and a good opportunity should be offered, again to advance her conti­ the able Senator from Illinois [Mr. LEWis], Dr. Koo at one nental aims without regard to the sovereign rights of China. time was the representative here of the Chinese Government, That there were grounds for this fear was made evident when, in the Chinese Ambassador. He is a man of great ability, high September 1931, Japan made her sudden attack upon Manchuria, integrity, and great courage; a man who had the confidence and, by successive steps, and undeterred by the efforts of the League of Nations and the condemnation of the whole world, and esteem of all with whom he came in contact, and of all effected mllitary occupation o! all of Manchuria-an area as large governments to which he has been accredited, and of the gov- 1938 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1457 ernments with whose representatives he came in contact at machine to "beat China to her knees." Let me ask, what sins has China committed to deserve "punishment" from Japan? Is it be­ the League of Nations at Geneva. cause she has refused to kneel down on her own initiative and kiss Dr. Koo addressed the advisory committee and stated, the feet of Japan? What sincerity does Japan expect from China? among other things, that the Japanese troops in China num­ Is it that of taking orders from Tokyo and doing its bidding? bered 350,000. That was last September. Now they greatly The Foreign Minister of Japan, in his reply to the invitation of this committee, tries to disguise the Japanese wolf in the lamb's exceed that number, and Japan is augmenting her military coat by complaining that the Chinese Government makes opposi­ and naval force. She has blockaded the coast from the tion to Japan and anti-Japanese agitation the basis of its national north to the south, and perhaps now has in China 500,000 policy, and professing a desire that the Chinese Government should entertain other sentiments. But what other sentiments China troops, and all modem equipment . uSed in warfare--tanks should entertain toward Japan are not specified. I presume it is and airplanes and all the other scientific developments which not meant that the Chinese Government should cherish nothing are employed to destroy human life. but friendship, love, and even perhaps gratitude to Japan for her never-ending invasion of China's territory, for her ruthless Dr. Koo stated they had attacked and occupied more cities slaughter of tens of thousands of innocent Chinese men, women, and towns in the north and penetrated farther into the in­ and children, for her wanton destruction of hundreds of millions terior. Remember, this statement was made by him to the of dollars worth of property, and for her tearing away from the League last September, and we learn of the bloody march of Chinese body politic one province after another by the power or the mighty Japanese arms. Is it by such methods of devastation the Japanese troops since then into various parts of China, and spoliation that the Japanese Foreign Minister expects to estab­ the bombing of cities, peaceful cities, where there were no lish "a harmonious cooperation between China and Japan"? troops, cities of three and four and five hundred thousand The declaration of responsible Japanese statesmen betray inhabitants-Canton, in the south, with a million inhabi­ the existence of a war mania and the lust for conquest in Japan as clear as the actions of the Japanese armed forces in China tants-raining down from the skies bombs for the destruc­ constitute a. most flagrant form of international aggression. This tion of thousands of innocent men, women, and children. · attitude and this policy must be denounced, because they are in Mr. President, when Germany, soon after the World War violation of the principles of international law and treaty obliga­ tions, including, particularly, the Kellogg-Briand Pact of Paris and began, dropped a few bombs upon Belgian and French ci.ties, the Nine Power Treaty of Washington, to which Japan is still a the American people not only were shocked but they were party, because they are responsible for the hostilities in my coun­ highly indignant and denounced the barbarity of Germany try and the sufferings of the Chinese people, and because they for the course which she was pursuing. But we say nothing menace the peace and security of other nations. What shoUld the League .do? I know there are people who a.re now. We know that thousands and tens of thousands of devoted to the cause of peace, but who before answering this poor Chinese, in cities and towns which are not fortified, and question would like to ask, What could the League do? While I where there are no military forces, are being bombarded realize that the experience of the League in the past years calls forth prudence and circumspection on our part, it does not follow from the skies, and noncombatant men, women, and children that nothing could be done, and, therefore, nothing should be are being killed by the hundreds and thousands. attempted in the presence of a. grave danger alike to the safety Dr. Koo stated that the Japanese air force intensified its of a member state and the peace of the world. inhuman method of terrorization and mass murder on the If the League cannot defend right in the face of might, it can at leas_t point out the wrongdoer to the world. If it cannot stop civilian population, notably in Naiiking, Canton, Nanchang, aggression, it can at least denounce it. and I:Iankow. Dr. Koo's address presents the situation in China and presents facts which should be brought to the I may say parenthetically that I think that is the attitude attention of the Senate and of the country. which our Government would be w:;trranted in taking. We Mr. . President, I take the liberty, with apologies for tres­ do not want war with Japan or with any other nation, but passing on the time of the Senate, to call attention to this when we are parties to treaties, and when one of the treaties, address, which was delivered on the 27th of September by to wit, the Briand-Kellogg Pact, in part was originated by Dr. Koo to the advisory committee of the League of Nations. this Government, and when we see those treaties violated, I shall pretermit reference to the greater part of it. He and at least two of them call for consultation among the states in his presentation: signatories, we can at least denounce those who violate the treaties and brand them before the world as treaty vio- Japan's armed invasion of Chin~'!> on land, on the sea, and from lators. · the air is a clear case of aggression. Whatever incidents there were at the beginning, they were of Japanese creation in order to I have no doubt Japan's present aggressive attitude toward have an apparent pretext for their plan of territorial conquest. China is in part due to the laissez faire policy which we Even if the incidents. had been free from Japanese instigation, they pursued when Manchuria was invaded. A number of per­ could not justify such a formidable invasion of the territory cf a peace-loving neighbor. Given peaceful intentions on the part of sons whom I met in the Far East a few years ago, and a Japan, every incident, however serious it might appear in character, number whom I have met since who were acquainted with could have been settled amicably and without disturbing the peace the conditions in China and Japan at the time of the Man­ between the two countries, for China had from the very beginning churian invasion, stated that if our Nation and Great Britain proposed and insisted, in the case of the Hungjao airdrome inci­ dent in Shanghai, just as in the case of the Lukouchiao incident had protested against that infraction of the treaty Japan in the north, to settle these questions through the normal diplo­ would have hesitated and probably withdrawn. Certainly matic channels. It is also a fact on record that even after Japan she would not have continued her course of depredation and had concentrated 20,000 troops and 100 war planes in the Peiping­ Tientsin area, China, after failing to persuade Japan to accept a devastation from that time to the present. peaceful settlement, had appealed to the governments of the powers I continue to read from the speech by Dr. Koo: signatory to the Nine Power Treaty of Washington, and the govern­ In the moral and juridical fields there is nothing that prevents ments of the two other powers having important interests in the Far East--Germany and the Soviet Union-announcing her readi­ the League from discharging its obligations under the Covenant. ness to settle her differences With Japan by any peaceful means On the contrary, in the interest of its own prestige and of the known to international law or treaties. cause of peace, the safeguarding of which is the raison d'etre of But Japan persisted in her policy of force and plunged forward its own existence, there is every reason that, confronted with a once more to invade China in her attempt to realize her fixed grave situation such as the present one in the Far East, tt program of conquest on the Asiatic mainland. Her action consti· should pronounce its condemnation of the flagrant violations of tutes an aggression, pure and simple, against the territorial in­ international law, treaty obligations, and the elementary principles tegrity and existing political independence of China, a member of justice and humanity. of the League, and a challenge to the League of Nations, whose Tl!is is particularly true as regards the necessity of voicing its members undertake under article X "to respect and preserve as liorror and indignation at the inhuman method of air bombing against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing on cities and towns by the Japanese air force. The ruthlessness of political independence of all members of the League." It also the Japanese war aviation in China has evoked strong protests constitutes a violation of the peace of nations which, under article from the governments of the principal powers and called forth XI, is a matter of concern to the whole League. t]:le condemnation of the whole civilized world. The press in the The real intention of Japan is obvious. It is the subjugation leading capitals, regardless of its political complexion or its tradi­ and conquest of China as an essential step to the fulfillment of her tional pqlicy on foreign questions, has lifted its voice in unison so-called sacred mission to dominate Asia, the Pacific, and eventu­ against it in demanding of the peoples in their respective countries ally the world. It may prove to be a mere dream on her part, but to. deno~ce_it, to take concrete action, ·and cooperate in order to 1t nevertheless constitutes a real menace to the peace and security bring about its abandonment. · of nations. The responsible leaders of the Japanese Government · It is to be noted, too, that the American Secretary of State, Mr. have repeatedly and publicly declared their desire to "punish Cordell Hull, folloWing a warning given by the commander in China" for lack of "sincerity", and relying upon their mighty war chief of the Japanese fleet at ShanghaJ. of the intention of the I.XXXUI 93 1458 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE FEBRUARY 3 Japanese air force to bomb Nanking, the capital, out of exist­ government concerned responsible for the consequences of such ence, states that "the Government of the United States disap­ bombing. proves of this imperiling of its citizens and of all the other non­ combatants in general, as well as the suggestio'n that its civil * • • • * * • servants and citizens at present residing in Nanking should evacu­ His Majesty's . Government in the United Kingdom desire here ate the region in which they continue legally their legitimate in Geneva to place on record their profound horror at the bombing occupations," and that "the Government of the United States of open towns which .is now taking place In China, and to express holds that any general bombardment of an extensive region in their hope that this committee may condemn such practices in no which a large civil population resides is unjustifiable and contrary uncertain terms. Their effect on world opinion is, I silggest, a to legal and humanitarian principles." factor which those responsible would do well to take into account. Mr. President, some Americans believe that our Govern­ M. Delbos, of France, who was one of the members of the ment would not be justified in severing diplomatic relations ~dvisory committee, stated, among other things: with Japan. It is the view of many that Japan's continued All that he- violation of the rules of civilized warfare, the violation of Referring to Dr. Koo's statement- treaties, the course which she is now pursuing would justify pictured before us profoundly disturbs the conscience of the world that course. and it is to this aspect of the conflict that I should like to con~ The note of the British Government to the Japanese Government fine myself for the moment until we examine the other aspects 1n regard to the attack on the British Ambassador in China by at a later stage. To military operations there have been added Japanese war planes states that "it is one of the oldest and best horrors, the atrocious character of which is increasing day by day. established rules of international law that direct and deliberate As if the massacre which takes place on battlefields were not attacks on noncombatants are absolutely prohibited, whether in­ enough, the civilian populations are in their turn victims of the side or outside the area in which hostilities are taking place." most powerful and most bloodthirsty means of destruction. No It considers the practice of bombing noncombatants "as illegal as one can read, without being filled with profound pity and a. senti­ 1t is inhuman." ment of indignation, the accounts that have reached us of the According to the press, on the occasion of the recent bombing of air bombardments of Nanking, Canton, and Hankow. Nanking and Canton by Japanese airmen, the British Government It is our duty to condemn these methods, which are directed to instructed its Ambd.ssador at Tokyo to express to the Japanese the ruin and extermination of innocent populations. If we closed Government "the horror and indignation felt in Great !Britain at our eyes we should be guilty toward China and toward ourselves the deplorable loss of life among the civilian population." of a :failure in our duty. The whole of ciVilization would be threatened if we did not totally condemn such methods of con­ I remember reading dispatches from Canton telling of the ducting hostllities. The French Government has expressed its reprobation of such procedure. It repeats the reprobation, and 1s slaughter of men, women, and children in the congested prepared to associate itself in its solemn condemnation, which parts of the cities, where there were no military fortifica­ will be the expression of the voice of the whole civilized world. tions, where there were no troops. Thousands of helpless Other members of the advisory committee, Mr. President, women and children and noncombatant men were killed in expressed at that time views in harmony with those of the those aerial raids. two members of the advisory committee to whom I have just Since the announcement of their sinister intention to resort to referred. wholesale butchery of Chinese civilian population, Japanese war planes have already made nine bombing raids on Nanking- The Japanese military forces have invaded a considerable part of the territory of China. Among the Provinces so They have made many since this document was published, invaded are Manchuria, Liaoning, Kirin, Heilingkiang and which was last September- Jehol, with an area of more than 1,285,000 square 'kilo­ ftve on Canton and extended their ruthless attacks to Soochow, meters and a _population of nearly 34,000,000 people; also Hankow, Nanchang, Tsinan, Hsuchow, and a dozen other cities the Provinces of Hopei, with an area of nearly 140,000 square levying in the few days alone a toll of death of perhaps 10,000 innocent men, women, and children. A number of nonmilitary kilometers and a population of 26,740,391 ;. Shantung, with objectives, including the Central Institute of Hygiene and the an area of 152,496 square kilometers and a population of Central Hospital in Nanking, have been damaged or destroyed by 34,536,907; Shanshi, with an area of 161,842 square kilo­ Japanese air raids. meters and a population of 10,881,690; Suiyuan, with an area • • • • • • • of 304,058 square kilometers and a population of 2,156,529; In conclusion- and Chahar, with an area of 258,815 square kilometers and Dr. Koo states-- a population of 1,782,913. let me emphasize again that the situation in the Far East created In the Yangtze Valley a number of Provinces have been by the Japanese axmed invasion is very grave. It calls for urgent invaded, among them being the following: consideration and action by this committee. Every new day means to China, without counting the loss of life on the field of hos­ tilities, the killing of more hundreds, nay thousands, of innocent Area Population men and women whose eyes are turned on the civilized world and whose hopes are pinned upon this great Institution dedicated to 104,962 31.455,565 the principles of peace and humanity, praying that one and the 101,061 20,208,429 other will hasten to do something to restrain the unbridled forces 143,447 22,020,591 of aggression, to rescue them from indiscriminate slaughter and to mitigate their suffei'ings. In the name of -humanity as well as in the interest of justice to my country and peace in the world, The total population affected would be considerably more I earnestly hope that this committee will not let the ·main issues than 150,000,000. be lost in a labyrinth of procedure but will act speedily as well as My information is that the Chinese casualties have been effectively. very heavy, numbering more than 300,000. Indeed, I have Lord Cranborne, who was a member of the advisory com­ seen some press reports stating that the total number would mittee and to whom this address was delivered, stated: exceed 1,000,000. We have all, I am sure, listened with deep concern to the state­ Also there are casualties among the noncombatants, the. ment made by the delegate of China, whose presence at the com­ extent of which I am not able to state. Hundreds of thou­ mittee we welcome today. sands of Chinese have lost their homes and have been com­ He further stated: pelled to flee. I have been modest in that statement. Mil­ The bombing of open towns which has stained the present con­ lions have lost their homes and have been compelled to flee. filet is an a.trair of less wide scope perhaps than the g.eneral prob­ The havoc and ruin wrought by Japan's invasion can scarcely lem, but it has even greater urgency. Words cannot express the be described. :feeling of profound horror With which the news of these raids has been received by the whole civilized world. They are often di­ Puppet governments have been established by the Japan­ rected against places far from the actual area. of hostWties. The ese, including Manchuria, Kiangsu, Chekiang, and various military objective, where it exists, seems to take a completely sec· segments in Shanghai; and, as I have indicated, the coast ond place. The main object seems to be to inspire terror by the line of China, more than 2,150 miles in length, with all its indiscriminate slaughter of helpless civilians. Insofar as the lives and property of British nationals have su.!· indentations, estimated at 5,000 miles, is blockaded by Japan. :fered or been in danger His Majesty's Government has already pro­ Following the address of Dr. Koo, the advisory committee tested. and has reserved all its rights as regards holding the adopted a _resolution against aerial bombardment oi open 1938 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1459 I towns and- noncombatants. I may add that Japan treated . so planes were. counted as they passed Wusih. T_wenty-four pl_an~ . 'th tem t Th 1 t· 1 f 11 s actually reached the city, dropping a large number of _bombs. -th e d ec1 ara t Ion WI con P • · · e reso U Ion 8 as 0 ow : · · The raid lasted an hour and a half; during which· the city rocked The advisory committee, ta.king into. urgent consideration the c • With bomh explosions and antiaircra!.t .and machine-gunfire.-- Four question of the aerial bombardment of· open towns in China by raiders were shot down, one at Pukow and another at ~1akuan Japanese aircraft, expresses its profound distress at the loss of life outside Nanking. The extent of the casualties and of damage is caused to innocent civilians, including great numbers of women great, especially among the civilian population and dwell1ngs. · and children, as a result of such bombardments; declares that no Less than an hour after the :first attack a group of about a dozen excuse can be made for such acts which have aroused horror and planes. again raided Nanking. The bombs dropped fell mostly in indignation throughout the world, and solemnly condemns them. the Hsiakuan district. One improvised shelter for local inhabit- . . ants was smashed and over 100 people who had sought safety Hon. Leland Harrison, the representative of our country at therein were instantly killed. the third meeting of the Far East Advisory Committee, on 3. Since September 22, the Japanese have been making daily September 29 1937 made the following statement: an~ nightly air raids on the densely populated areas of Canton, ' ' the great city of south China, deliberately Wiping out numerous Under instruction from my Government, I take leave to read the dwellings and places which were entirely of no military importance, text of the statement made public by the Secretary of State and killing or wounding thousands of civillans. I shall feel yesterday: obliged if you will transmit this note to the advisory committee as "The Department of State has been informed by the American well as to the members of the Council and the Assembly for their Minister to SWitzerland of the text of the resolution unanimoUslY information and consideration. adopted on September 27 by the Advisory Committee of the League . of Nations on the subject of aerial bombardment by Japanese air On September 26, Dr. Koo submitted a further statement forces of open towns 1n China. to the secretary general, which is as follows: "The American Government, as has been set forth to the Japa­ nese Government repeatedly, and especially in this Government's I have the honor to inform you that the Japanese Air Force, note of September 22, holds the view that any general bombing of entirely ignoring the protests of the governments of the various an extensive area wherein there resides a l_arge populace engaged in friendly powers as well as the world-wide exhortations against peaceful pursuits is unwarranted and contrary to the principles of indiscriminate aerial attacks, has replied with even more intensi­ law and humanity." fied bombing on open cities and towns in China, with the result that civilian casualties are being daily increased- by hundreds and I am very glad, Mr. President, that our Government took in certain cases, even thousands. The facts are briefiy as follows: cognizance of the frightful conditions in China and was will­ 1. On September 23, the residential and business sections of the city of Canton were bombed in three successive raids, resulting in ing to join with the advisory committee, speaking for the a very heavy toll of death amongst the civilian population. League of Nations, in condemnation of the cruel and inhuman Although the list of casualties has not been completed, already methods pursued by Japan in carrying war to noncombatants 2,000 of the killed, wounded, or maimed have been counted. and in killing innocent women and children. 2. On the same day, over 100 Japanese war planes took part in a series of raids over a number of other cities, including Nanchang, On September 21, 1937, Dr. Koo submitted to the secretary in Kiangsi Province, Yenchow and Tsinln in Shangtung Province, general of the League of Nations a communication regarding and Kiangyin, Hsuchow; and Haichow in Kiangsu Province. About Japan's indiscriminate aerial warfare in China. The com­ 50 machines were employed in the raid on Kiangyin where 20 munication is as follows: bombs were dropped. 3. On September 24, the two cities of Hankow and Wuchang, in I have the honor to inform you that as a further proof of acts of Hupeh Province, were bombed by 21 bombers, killing and wounding wanton destruction and terrorization on the part of the Japanese . over 500 civi11ans, as a large number of_ bombs were dropped on forces, and in utter disregard of all rules of international law, the the densely populated districts. Japanese Third Fleet announced their intention to bomb from the 4. On the same day, 12 bombers and 10 pursuit planes visited air on a large scale Nanking, the capital of the Republic of China, Nanchang dropping bombs and causing a dozen of civ111an in addition to the almost daily raids previously carried out in the casualties. past 6 weeks, and notified all the embassies and legations of the 5. At the same time many points along the Tientsin-Pulow various powers to that effect, at the same time demanding the railway were also bombed. Twelve planes attacked the vicinity of evacuation of the foreign diplomatic and consular otficials and Lienyunkang, eastern terminus of the Lunghai railway, and residents before noon September 21. dropped numerous bombs on the railway building. Our diplomats are told to get out of China. Towns where 6. On the 24th Canton was again raided, resulting in the destruction of a part of the Chungsan Memorial Hall. there are no military forces are to be bombed, and death and destruction are to be rained from the skies, in violation of I may say in passing, Mr. President, that the press reports international law and solemn treaties which have been which I have attempted to verify indicate that hospitals, in­ entered into. stitutions of learning, properties belonging to the nationals Continuing the statement of Dr. Koo: of other countries, seem to have been the special objects of Even before the specified date, however, a number of intensive attack by the raiders under the control of the Japanese raids were carried out on Nanking on the 19th and 20th. In Government. the course of the attacks on the 20th, about 80 war planes took part in the raid, causing an appalling loss of ·civilian life and 7. On the 25th, resuming the attempt to destroy Nanking after property. an interruption of 2 days, a large number of Jap~nese planes again It is needless to add that if such indiscriminate air attacks on raided the capital at 9:45 in the morning. The raiders were en­ the capital of a country, as such, were to be tolerated, a most gaged by the Chinese combat planes outside Nanking, but 31 of dangerous precedent would be created in the practice of aerial them succeeded in reaching the city in two groups. Bombs warfare. dropped mostly fell on the densely populated districts of Hsiakuan I shall feel obliged if you will transmit at once this note to the and Futsemiao. Four raiders were shot down in flames by anti­ advisory committee for consideration with a view to taking urgent aircraft shells. measures to stop such 1llegal and inhuman practice and circulate 8. Between 12:30 and 16:00 o'clock on the same day, the Japanese it to the members of the Council and the Assembly for their planes made two more raids on Nanking, With the national health information. administration and the central hospital as their principal targets. On the 24th of September Dr. Koo submitted a further Mr. POPE. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? statement to the secretary general in relation to th bom­ The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. DAVIS in the chair). Does bardment of Nanking, Canton, and Soochow by Japanese the Senator from Utah yield to the Senator from Idaho? war planes. The communication is as follows: Mr. KING. I will yield for a question, but I do not care to I have the honor to send you some further information con­ lose my right to the :fioor. cerning the wanton bombardment of Nanking, Canton, and Boo­ Mr. POPE. I desire to ask the Senator a question. Does chow by Japanese war planes in the last fe.w days, as follows: he come to the conclusion, from reading these reports, that 1. On September 20 the railway station of Soochow was reduced to shambles as a result of a Japanese air raid at 4 p. m. Twenty the Japanese are pursuing a policy of pure frightfulness, bombs were dropped, killing and wounding a large number of dropping bombs on residential districts and on innocent . refugees, mostly women and children, a waiting trains to leave women and children, for the purpose simply of crushing the the city. On the same day numerous bombs were dropped at seven places within the city of Nanking. Fifteen civilians were spirit of the Chinese population, without any military objec­ killed and 16 injured. Fifty · private houses were destroyed. tive in connection with the bombing raids? . Japanese planes also made numerous reconnoitering fiights over Mr. KING. I think the question which my friend from Shantung during the last 2 days, foreshadowing the further exten­ Idaho asked is warranted by the statements which I sion of bombing operations in north China. has 2. On September 22, fiying from their base in Shanghai, a large have been making. I regret having to reply that, in my number of Japanese planes raided Nanking at 10:30 a. m. Over opinion, as was stated by Mr. Stimson in the letter to which 1460 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE FEBRUARY 3 I have called attention, many of the Japanese attacks upon Within the past 2 years Italy has violated several treaties, helpless men, women, and children, and densely populated and has openly and avowedly attacked an independent coun­ districts where no military operations were being conducted, try and subjugated her. Now the action of Japan in violat­ were for the purpose of spreading fear, for the purpose of ing half a dozen treaties, and committing the acts which terrorizing the inhabitants, and causing them to feel that the Senator has pointed out, seems to me not to stir as much any resistance by their Government would be in vain. It indignation among the people of the world as was aroused was a method of carrying on warfare designed to terrorize when Germany marched into Belgium. the people and to make them feel that any resistance would Mr. KING. Mr. President, undoubtedly the Senator cor­ be impotent. Lord Cranborne's statement and M. Delbos' rectly appraises the situation, and at this point I desire to statement, to which I have referred, condemn these policies take the liberty of paylng tribute to my friend from Idaho. and indicate that they are for terroristic purposes and not He has b~en a student of international affairs, and particu­ in furtherance of any military objective. larly of questions bearing upon peace. I know that he views Fifteen bombs were landed on the compounds of the hospital with deep concern violations of international law, and envi­ and the health administration, with the result that the latter sions the evil consequences which flow therefrom. was badly damaged while the kitchen of the hospital was de­ It is true, as indicated by the question of the Senator, stroyed. The patients are being evacuated by the hospital· author­ ities. The offi.ces of the Central News Agency and the neighboring that human nature becomes inured to wrong. We shudder, houses were wrecked, resulting in the killing and wounding of a express horror and indignation, but become insensitive to the large number of civllians. The power station at Hsiakuan was situation. also damaged. 9. At 10:10 this morning, two Japanese monoplanes flew low Men who were in the World War have told me that when over Kwangteh in Anhwei Province and dropped two bombs they saw the first man killed, and saw the mutilated body, it before they left. These two Japanese planes had the Chinese excited . their horror and indignation, and all the emotions national emblem distinctly painted on their wings, betraying a that come to a highly civilized and sensitive man, but as sinister intention to shift responsib111ty to China in the event damage should be caused to life and property belonging to foreign the war went on, and they saw thousands of poor human nations. bodies wounded and destroyed, they became inured to it. It I shall feel obliged if you will transmit this note to the advisory no longer provoked the sentiments which first arose when committee as well as to the members of the Council and the Assembly for their information and consideration. they saw the horror of war. So it is with nations. I recall, since the Senator has On October 3, 1937, a further report was submitted by challenged our attention to it, that when the great Louvain Dr. Koo, which is as follows: Cathedral was bombed during the World War, people In continuation of the notes which I had the honor to address throughout the world denounced that act of vandalism in to you on September 21, 24, and 26, I now have the honor to inform of the following facts: connection with a great cathedral, one of the greatest in the 1. Belated reports from Chingeuen in the interior of Kwangtung world, perhaps one of the highest forms of architecture that Province stated that over 200 civilia.ns were kllled and wounded on the genius of man had devised. But we became used to the September 26 when 3 Japanese planes bombed that defenseless bombing and destruction of cities, villages, and towns, and city. 2. On the same day, Nanking was again subjected to aerial bom­ the killing of thousands and, indeed, millions of persons. bardment by Japanese war planes, resulting in kllling and wound­ Nearly 10,000,000 persons were killed in the World War, and ing at least 600 civilians. 20,000,000 were wounded. As the war dragged on, we lost 3. On September 27, when the German liner Scharnhorst called at Hong Kong, it was revealed that on September 22 a Japanese the keen feeling of indignation and horror by which we were submarine had attacked 12 Chinese fishing junks off Cheelongkau influenced in the beginning; and so it is here. We read Point, with the result that only 10 survivors of the total crew of reports of the massacre of poor, innocent Chinese women over 300 fishermen were picked up by the liner and landed at and children in congested districts, not engaged in war; not Hong Kong. Those who perished included the wives and children of the fishermen. Two days later, two more of the fishermen, who in the field of military operations. We read every day of were rescued by the steamer Katming, of the Butterfield & Swire these massacres, but we finally become calloused, and they Co., also arrived at Hong Kong. fail to excite our indignation as they did at the beginning. 4. On September 27 another number of fishing junks were at­ tacked off Kwangtung coast and destroyed by armed pinnaces Mr. President, I hope there will be a rise in the great tide which were lowered from three Japanese destroyers, again resulting of civilization; that it will ultimately lead to the abolition in the drowning of several hundreds of fishermen, of whom a of war and to the condemnation of the wicked instrumental­ large number were women and children who lived with their bread­ ities utilized for the destruction of human life. There is a earners aboard the fishing craft. long way yet to climb to the summits where the light of Persons who have been along the coast of China, at peace and Christian joys and civilization shall reign; but, Shanghai and farther down toward Hong Kong and Canton, notwithstanding the fact that the future is dark we should will remember that there are, I was about to say thousands­ hope and fight harder for peace, for the abolition of war, and I do not think I am exaggerating, for it seemed to me there and for the unification of the peoples of the world. were thousands-of fishing boats plYing along the coast, and 5. On September 28, 12 Japanese planes raided Nanking at noon thousands of Chinese fishermen with their wives and chil-­ and dropped some 50 bombs. dren live upon those boats. They make their living by fur­ 6. On the same day at 1 o'clock p. m. 15 Japanese bombers vis­ ited Wuhu and rained down no less than 100 bombs, setting fire nishing :fish for the inhabitants on the mainland; and yet to many houses, and kllling a large number of civilians. those poor fishermen are slaughtered by the aerial raids con­ 7. On September 29 Canton experienced four air raids, while ducted by Japan. other cities raided included Hsuchow and Tsingkiangpu in Kiangsu Mr. POPE. Mr. President, will the Senator yield for a Province. I have the honor to emphasize the fact established above that question? the Japanese air force has been continuing its indiscriminate at­ The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. SMATHERS in the chair). tacks on Chinese cities, in disregard of the appeal contained in the Does the Senator from Utah yield to the Senator from Idaho? resolution adopted by the advisory committee on September 27, and by the Assembly the following day, solemnly condemning such Mr. KING. I yield. acts. Mr. POPE. I wonder if it has occurred to the Senator, as it has many times occurred _to me, that the public con­ At a meeting of the Far East Advisory Committee on Sep­ science is becoming lulled in its attitude toward this sort of tember 29 Hon. M. Quevedo, a representative upon the com­ warfare. mittee from Ecuador, stated: I recall that when Germany marched into Belgium and The !acts of the situation as set forth by the Chinese delegation are so clear that it is impossible to hide them. There can be no violated one treaty, and marched on through Belgium as a question of having to find out where the truth lies. It strikes us matter of necessity, she said the people of America and of .in the eyes, and places in imminent danger the effi.cacy of the the rest of the world rose in indignation at a nation making League of Nations. If the League Wishes to exist it must, at least a treaty a "scrap of paper," even for the necessity from morally, and with the promptitude that is a guaranty of effi.cacy, put international law into operation wherever breaches of the the· standpoint of Germany marching into and through a Covenant occur. It must proclaim condemnation of such action, peaceable neutral country. without respect for special interests of any one or several govern- 1938 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1461 ments. If the League of Nations did not at alf events give moral · The report shows the predetermination of Japan to invade aid to a state, such as Chin~a great nation with many mi~lions China. In July Japan occupied Peiping and Tientsin, and of inhabitants, and a country in which several of the great powers have considerable econ6mio interests-what can weaker and less ·seized the railroad lines running south which connect these wealthy states hope from the League of Nations in future in a two cities with central China, and a pro-Japanese govern­ simllar case, if they are the victims of aggression in which other ment was established. The military forces continued west states do not experience loss? and penetrated into inner Mongolia. The report states: The League of Nations is going through one of the most dan­ gerous passages in its existence. If aggression occurs, it must be The operations of the Japanese troops in north China provoked condemned. If law is violated, we must have the courage to say a lively reaction in China. By the declarations of Japanese states­ so. The principle of legal equality between nations does not allow men to the effect . that China must give way, the emergency finan­ any state to try to punish another because of the feelings of the cial measures taken at Tokyo, and the departure of the Japanese second toward the stronger. nationals resident in China, the Government and the people of T4erefore, the representative of Ecuador, just as with his vote as China were led to the conclusion that Japan was determined to a member of this committee he supported the resolution approved break their resistance by force of arms. at the last meeting with regard to bombardment by aircraft of · They were confirmed in this conviction, when at the end of the open towns, which was expressly and solemnly condemned, will second week of August, the Shanghai region became a second always be on the side of right, justice, and the ·higher interests theater of operations, despite the efforts that were made to keep of civ111zation. It is for that reason, moreover, that I desire to hostilities at a distance from a city in which the interests of China express the sincere hope that this committee may-and quickly­ and those of other nations are so closely interlocked. do a positive work, such as may place the prestige of the League of Nations on a level with the humanitarian and strictly juridical The report further states, quoting from the Chinese note: ideals which constitute the very basis of the Covenant. Japan concentrated 30 warships at Shanghai within 48 hours and had her armed force there increased by several thousand, and At the same meeting Hon. M. de'Tessan, representative of at the same time demands were made upon the Chinese to calcu­ France, stated: late to remove or undermine their defense. At our first meeting • • • we considered the subject of bom­ The report states: bardment from the air, a subject about which the conscience of the At the beginning of July, the strength of the Japanese troops whole world was roused, and we very soon and very easily agreed stationed in the International Settlement and on the extra-Settle­ upon a unanimous resolution. • • • ment roads amounted to 4,000, but at the end of September under the protection of 38 Japanese warships assembled at woosdng, re­ I have heretofore read the resolution, which strongly con­ inforcements had been landed which the Chinese authorities esti­ demned the policy, and denounced it in the most vigorous mated at over 100!000 men. language. Lord Cranborne, representing the United Kingdom, among The report continues: That Japan had developed her military action, not only in the other things, stated: Yangtze Valley, where for several days Japanese aircraft have • All efforts to secure the cessation, or even the modera­ several times bombed the capital of China, but along the Chinese tion, of the. conflict have, unhappily, failed. • • • coast and in the interior, where numerous aerial bombardments have been carried out. That is to say, this advisory committee representing the • • • during the last few weeks Japan has developed her League of Nations--that great organization of which China military action, not only in the Yangtze Valley, where, inter aua, Japanese aircraft have several times bombed the capital of China, and Japan had been members-had challenged attention, but along the Chinese coast, and in the interior, where numerous after examining the facts, to the course which Japan was aerial bombardments have been carried out • • •. pursuing, and had denounced that course. But Japan paid no The report further states: attention whatever. Lord Cranborne continued, referring to • • • As. regards the a.ctivity of the Japanese aircraft, the the incident of July 7, that "it was, in itself, insignificant": advisory committee, in its resolution of September 27, condemned The action taken by Japan in reply to that incident has been out the aerial bombardments of open towns in China and that the of all proportion to it. The conflict has continued to be waged with· Assembly has endorsed such resolutions • • •. ever-increasing ferocity and lack of all regard for the accepted stand­ ards of humanity. The committee has already placed upon record The report further refers to the Nine Power Treaty vvith in its resolution of September 27 its solemn condemnation of meth-. respect to· the sovereignty, independence, and the territorial ads which have been followed in the present fight. There can be no and administrative integrity of China, and to the Pact of difference of opinion on the fact that that resolution expresses a Paris, where the parties solemnly declared that they con­ feeling which is shared by all civ111zed peoples. The committee would have falled in its duty had it not placed its views on record. demned recourse to war for the solution of international con­ troversies. A resolution was proposed by the Chinese representative, The report continues: which expressed the views of the advisory committee, reading • • • Prima facie, the events described in the first part of as follows: this report constitute a breach by Japan of her -obligations toward. Whereas Japan has taken the initiative of sending to China China and toward other states under these treaties. The con-· powerful armies which have invaded large portions of Chinese duct of hostllities by Japanese forces ·under the circumstances· described by land, water, and air throughout China is prima facie territory; inconsistent with an obligation to respect the sovereignty, the inde­ Whereas Japan has proclaimed a maritime blockade of China, pendence, and the territorial integrity of .China, and also with the and her fleet has bombarded various Chinese ports; obligation never to seek the solution of a dispute with China, of Whereas the Japanese air force has also proceeded in Chinese whatever origin or character, except by pacific means • • •. territory to aerial bombardments, the 1llegal character of which has been condemned by a resolution of this committee dated Here is a specific condemnation of Japan's course. She September 27, 1937, which was endorsed by the Assembly at its is branded as a violator of a treaty, a solemn international meeting on September 28; obligation, and, in my opinion, the judgment of this report Whereas Japan has rejected the overtures made to her with a view to arriving at a pacific settlement of the dispute; will be the judgment of civilized nations. Whereas she has in particular declined the invitation made to The report refers to the speech made by the President of her on September 21 to participate in the work a! the advisory the Executive Yuan, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, on July committee; 17, 1937, in which he emphasized that national existence and Whereas Japan has undertaken hostilities in defiance of the pro­ visions of the Washington Treaty of February 22, 1922, and of the international coexistence were the twin aims of the external the fundamental rules of international law; policy of the Chinese National Government. He further The advisory committee condemns these violations of interna­ stated that China was not seeking war; that she was merely tional law and of contractual obligations, condemns the illegal meeting attacks on her very existence, and was still seeking blockade of the Chinese coasts, and declares that the facts noted peace. above constitute a case of external aggression against a member of the League of Nations under article 10 of the Covenant. The report refers to the speech on July 27 of Prince Konoye, in which he said that-- The subcommittee submitted a report to the advisory com­ • • • not only must problems with China be settled locally, mittee on October 5, 1937, which was adopted by the ad­ but also we must go a step further and obtain fundamental solu­ visory committee and by the assembly on October 6. tion of Sino-Japanese relations. • • • 1462 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE FEBRUARY 3 Mr. Hirota made a speech in the Diet on September 5, invitation. The subcomrrilttee would further express the hope that which is quoted in the report, and stated: the States concerned wlll be able to associate with their work other States which have special interests in the Far East to seek • • • We firmly believe that it is in accordance with the right a method of putting an end to the conflict by agreement. of self-defense as well as with the cause of righteousness that our country is determined to deal a decisive blow to such a country The advisory committee set up by the Assembly approved (China) so that it may reflect upon the error of its ways. • • • the r~ports of the subcommittee of the Far East advisory; The sole recourse open to the Japanese Empire is to administer the foregoing blow to the Chinese Army, so that it may lose completely committeee, and the Assembly adopted the reports and re• its wm to fight. • • • solved itself as follows: Expresses its moral support for China, and recommends that Such a statement, so at variance with the attitude of China, members of the League should refrain from taking any action completey reveals the aggressive, militant attitude of Japan. which might have the effect of weakening China's power of re­ It is a declaration to conquer China and to subject it to sistance and thus of increasing her dl11lculties in the present con4 fiict, and should aJso consider how far they can individually extend Japanese rule. The report states that Japan's course may. aid to China. not be justified in international law and certainly is to be condemned under the treaties. It will thus be seen, Mr. President, that the advisory com­ It further states: mittee, which was set up, made reports, and subcommittees It cannot, however, be challenged that powerful Japanese armies made reports, and their reports were approved by the As· have invaded Chinese territory and are in military control of large sembly and also by the Council of the League of Nations, areas, including Peiping itself; that the Japanese Government has so that there was a practically unanimous condemnation by taken navaJ measures to close the coast of China to Chinese shipping; and that Japanese aircraft are carrying out bombard­ all of the elements of the League of Nations of Japan's ments over widely separated regions of the country. After ex­ aggressive course in connection with her invasion of China.. amination of the facts laid before it, the committee is bound to Mr. Hirota, on September 25 wrote to the secretary gen­ take the view that the military operations carried on by Japan against China by land, sea, and air are out of all proportion to the eral of the League, acknowledging receipt of an invitation incident ·that occasioned the conflict; that such action cannot to take part in the work of the advisory committee, and, possibly facilitate or promote the friendly cooperation between the among other things, stated: two nations that Japanese statesmen have affirmed to be the aim of their policy; that it can be justified neither on the basis of As regards the settlement of the present affair, the Imperial existing legal instruments nor on that of the right of self-defense; Government, as it has stated on many occasions, is firmly con4 and that it is in contravention of Japan's obligations under the vinced that a just, equitable, and practical solution of the ques­ Nine Power Treaty of February 6, 1922, and under the Pact of tions concerning Japan and China can be found by the two Paris of August 27, 1928. • • • countries. Consequently, the Japanese Government, seeing no reason to de­ The second report of the subcommittee of the Far East part from the line of conduct it has hitherto followed with regard Advisory Committee on October 5, 1937, states that a former to the political activities of the League of Nations, regrets ·that it is unable to accept the advisory committee's invitation. • • •. report shows that the action taken by Japan is a breach of Japan's treaty obligations and cannot be justified. Japan refused any policy of conciliation, refused to par­ The establishment of the understandings of international ticipate with the advisory committee, with the League, or law as the actual rule of conduct among governments and with any of its instrumentalities, refused to consider herself the maintenance of respect of treaty obligations in the deal­ bound by the Versailles Treaty, by the Nine Power Treaty, ings of organized peoples with one another ar·e matters of by the Four Power Treaty, or by the Kellogg-Briand Pact, vital interest to all nations. to consult with the parties signatory to those treaties, with The present situation in China is a matter of concern not the view of reaching an amicable settlement of controversies only to the two states in conflict, but, to a greater or lesser with the Chinese Government. Her course has been arbi­ degree, to all nations and their material interests. Many trary, capricious, and defiant in the highest degree, and, in powers are already affected in the lives of their nationals my opinion, calls for the severest condemnation. and in their material interests. But even more important It will thus be seen that Japan has refused all efforts to than this is the interest which all states must feel in the settle the conflict in China. She ignores her treaty obliga­ restoration and maintenance of peace. This, indeed, is the tions under the Versailles Treaty and the League, her obli­ fundamental purpose for which the League eXists. It has gations under the Kellogg-Briand Pact, and her solemn obli­ thus the duty, as well as the right, to attempt to bring about gations under the Nine Power Treaty. a speedy restoration of peace in the Far East in accordance The Department of State, on October 6, 1937, submitted a with existing obligations under the Covenant and the treaties. statement on the situation in the Far East. It cannot be admitted that the present conflict in the Far I read this statement to show that our Government has East, which has been shown to involve an infringement of been concerned, as it had a right to be concerned, with the Japan's treaty obligations, is one which can, as of right, situation in China, in view of the Nine Power Treaty and the only be settled by direct methods between the Chinese and Four Power Treaty and the Kellogg-Briand Pact. The state­ Japanese Governments. On the contrary, the whole situa­ ment is as follows: tion must be taken into the fullest consideration, and in The Department of State has been informed by the American particular any appropriate means by which peace may be Minister to Switzerland of the text of the report adopted by the advlSory committee of the League of Nations setting forth the reestablished in conformity with the principles of the Cove­ advisory committee's examination of the facts of the present situa­ nant and of international law and with the provisions of tion in China and the treaty obligations of Japan. The Minister existing treaties, must be examined. has further informed the Department that this report was adopted and approved by the Assembly of the League of Nations today, The report of the subcommittee stated: October 6. The subcommittee is convinced that even at this stage of the Since the beginning of the present controversy in the Far East conflict, before examining other possibilities, further efforts must the Government of the United States has urged upon both the be made to secure the restoration of peace by agreement. Chinese and the Japanese Governments that they refrain from • • • The subcommittee notes that under the Nine Power host111ties, and has offered to be of assistance in an effort to find Treaty signed at Washington the contracting powers, other than some means, acceptable to both parties to the conflict, of composing China, agreed, inter aJia, to respect the sovereignty, the inde­ by pacific methods the situation in the Far East. pendence, and the territorial and administrative integrity of China, The Secretary of State, in statements made public on July 16 and and that all contracting powers, including China, agreed that August 23, made clear the position of the Government of the whenever a situation should arise which involved the application of United States in regard to international problems and international the stipulations of the treaty and rendered desirable the discussion relationships throughout the world and as applied specifically to the of such application there should be full and frank communication hostilities which are at present unfortunately going on between between the powers concerned. It appears, therefore, to the sub­ China and Japan. Among the principles which, in the opinion of committee that the first step which the Assembly should take in the Government of the United States, should govern international the name of the League would be to invite those members of the relationships if peace is to be maintained, are abstinence by all League who are parties to the Nine Power Treaty to initiate such nations from use of force in the pursuit of policy and from inter­ consultation at the earliest practicable moment. The subcommit­ ference in the internal affairs of other nations; adjustment of tee would suggest that these members should meet forthwith to problems in international relations by process of peaceful negotia­ decide upon the best and quickest means of giving effect to this tion and agreement; respect by all nations tor the rights of others, 1938 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1463- and observance by all nations of established obligations; and the John Hay, Secretary of State, with the concurrence of upholding of the principle of the sanctity of treaties. On October 5 at Chicago the President elaborated these prin­ Great Britain, . urged the open-door policy toward China, ciples, emphasizing their importance, and in a discussion of the which provided for equality of commercial opportunity world situation pointed out that there can be no stability or among all nations dealing with China and the preservation peace either within nations or between nations except under laws of the territorial integrity of China. and moral standards adhered to by all; that international anarchy destroys every foundation for peace; that it jeopardizes either the In 1921, at the Washington Conference, our Government immediate or the future security of every nation, large or small, was a shield of protection for China and not only emphasized and that it is therefore of vital interest and concern to the people the open-door policy but secured, through the Nine Power of the United States that respect for treaties and international morality be restored. Treaty as well as the Four Power Treaty, protection for In the light of the unfolding developments in the Far East, China against predatory nations. As I have indicated, there the Government of the United States has been forced to the was an agreement to respect the sovereignty, the independ­ conclusion that the action of Japan in China is inconsistent with ence, and the territorial and administrative integrity of the principles which should govern the relationships between · nations and is contrary to the provisions of the Nine Power Treaty China. The treaty was not only signed by the so-called of February 6, 1922, regarding principles and policies to be fol­ nine powers but also by Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Mexico, lowed in matters concerning China, and to those of the Kellogg­ and Bolivia. Germany has signed it but has.not yet ratified Briand Pact of August 27, 1928. Thus the conclusions of this Government with respect to the it. This treaty had for its object the stabilization of China foregoing are in general accord with those of the Assembly of and the elimination of any post-war jealousies relating to the the League of Nations. Far East. The treaty also limited fortifications by the Mr. President, that is a statesmanlike pronouncement by United States and Great Britain in the Pacific, based upon our honored and distinguished Secretary of State, and indi­ the understanding that China· would be free from invasion cates the course which our Government has taken and and left alone for internal development and to carry on, as should take with respect to the breach of international she saw fit, trade and commerce with all nations. obligations. Japan, for a number of years, observed the terms of the Japan is making extensive preparations for further attacks treaties to which reference is made-not onlY' the Nine Power upon China. In the meetings of her statesmen and her Treaty but also the Versailles Treaty. But in 1931 Japan Parliament measures are being devised to raise revenue for indicated a purpose to seize large areas in China and to the prosecution of the war. and she has indicated that she subject them and their inhabitants to Japanese control. will continue the war until China is completely overwhelmed It has been said that 90 years ago Japan was a purely mili­ and her military power destroyed. tary autocracy, organized upon the feudal lines of the medie­ Japan has built plants for the manufacture of implements val ages; and, although she has adopted a constitution with of war and has acquired enormous quantities of equipment parliamentary features, she is still influenced by the spirit for war purposes. She sent a large number of war vessels to of militarism. I have referred to the attack upon Man­ Shanghai and to other Chinese ports and launched a vigorous churia and also upon other parts of China, and the persistent attack upon Shanghai and contiguous territory. She availed encroachment by Japan upon Chinese territory. Japan has herself of the most modern military equipment--cannon, claimed an economic and political hegemony over China and tanks, and airplanes. Indeed, she demonstrated that she had has recently announced her purpose to destroy the Nanking made ample preparations for a long and vigorous military Government. Undoubtedly, Japan purposes to impose her campaign, both land and sea. will upon China and to set up puppet governments or She knew of the inadequate military forces of China and assert military" control over all Chinese territory. the latter's lack of cannon, tanks, airplanes, and military I might mention that neither the United States nor the equipment. League of Nations has accorded recognition to the so-called Manchukuo Government. Upon the contrary, in identic In my opinion, history will condemn Japan's part and notes to Japan and China on January 7, 1932, our Govern­ purpose in the invasion of China. ment declared that- The Japanese Government, on the 15th of August last, com­ • • • It does not intend to recognize any situation, treaty, or plained of the alleged increasingly "arrogant and inSulting agreement which may be brought about by means contrary to the attitude of China toward Japan," seeking, as I have indicated, covenants and obligations of the Pact of Paris. • • • a pretext for her invasion of China. It is also stated that the And in endorsing the doctrine of nonrecogntion the As­ Japanese Government advised the Nanking Government to sembly of the League of Nations on March H, 1932, adopted put an immediate stop to all provocative acts and to refrain a resolution reading: from obstructing the negotiations being conducted "on the spot." That is, she was attempting to' organize puppet gov­ The Assembly • • • declares that it is incumbent upon the members of the League of Nations not to recognize any situation, ernments in Jehol, Hopei, Shantung, and other Provinces, treaty, or agreement which may be brought about by means which she occupied by military forces, to detach them from contrary to the Covenant of the League of Nations or to the Pact China, and, of course, to weaken China; and because the of Paris. • • • Chinese Government was remonstrating against her military So there has been harmony of action between the League course and her policy of organizing puppet governments, and our Government in refusing to recognize aggression and Japan gave that as an excuse for her continued military territory seized by force from other nations. operations. · As indicative of the lack of sincerity in the contention The Japanese Government also gave out a statement on that Japan has invaded China in self-defense, attention is the 9th of October 1937 in answer to the League of Nations called to the statement of Foreign Minister Hirota, who charge that Japan had violated the Nine Power Treaty and said: the antiwar pact. The statement claims that this was due • • • We are fighting anti-Japanese movements in China. to a "misunderstanding of Japan's true intentions." These exist largely in the Chinese Army, and General Chiang Ka1- In my opinion, the character· of the Chinese has not been shek· is their spearhead. By a fundamental solution of the Chinese question we mean a state of a.ft'airs in which there will be no fully understood by many occidentals. For thousands of danger of a repetition of the present circumstances. • • • We years China has maintained a cultural solidarity, regardless want to see China governed by statesmen who can maintain of the attacks made upon her. · The people are devoted friendly relations with us. • • • (New York Times, September mainly to agriculture and have manifested a desire for peace 3, 1937.) a.nd family stability. The patriarchal system has tended to That is to say, China is to be subjugated and placed under promote family unity and rather colloquial thinking. The the control of those who will cooperate with Japan, or rather wars in China have been defensive. The Chinese have never who will accept Japan's dominion over China and her re­ attacked other nations or sought to interfere with the lives sources. The interpretation of this -statement is that the or conduct of other peoples. Unfortunately, some occidental Chinese Army is to be destroyed, and the control of China nations regarded China as a subject for exploitation. dictated by Japan. 1464- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE FEBRUARY 3 - Hirota, in his speech to-the Imperial Diet, said: The motion was agreed ·to; and (at 5 o'clock and 2 min­ • • • The urgent need of this moment is ·that we take utes p. m.) the Senate took a recess until tomorrow, Friday, resolute attitude and compel China to mend her ways. Japan has February 4, 1938, at 12 o'clock meridian. no other objective than to see a happy and tranquil north China and all of China freed from the danger of a recurrence of such calamitous hostilities as at present and Sino-Japanese relations so NOMINATIONS adjusted as to enable us to put into practice our above-mentioned policy. Let us hope that the statesmen of China be brought to Executive nominations 1·eceived by the Senate February 3 take a broad view of east Asia, tha_t they speedily realize their (legislative day of January 5), 1938 mistake, and that turning a new leaf they will act in unison with the high aims and aspirations of Japan. • • • (New York Times, COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS September 5, 1937.) Agnes M. Hodge, of Minneapolis, Minn.; to be collector of We are aided in interpreting the Foreign Minister's re­ customs for customs collection district No. 35, with head­ marks by the course of Japan in establishing a new govern­ _quarters at Minneapolis, Minn. Capt. John James Gorman, Infantry, from February 1, RECESS 1938. Mr. BARKLEY. I move that the Senate take a recess until Capt. Rodney Campbell Jones, Coast Artillery Corps, from 12 o'clock noon tomorrow. February 1, 1938. 1938 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 1465 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES adopted on yesterday by the oldest legislative body in Amer­ ica, the Legislature of Virginia, noting that a strong navy is THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 3, 1938 a safeguard of peace and calling for the establishment of a The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Montgomery, D. D., fleet sufficient to protect both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. offered the following prayer: The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Virginia? Blessed Lord God, we thank Thee for this day. May it be There was no objection. unto us a priceless privilege. We pray that we may use it The resolution referred to follows: for Thee, for humanity, and in Thy name. Deliver us from all narrow hopes and narrow faiths that fetter our spirits Senate Joint resolution in reference to a stronger United States and enable us to stand in the glorious liberty of those who Navy Resolved by the senate (the house of delegates concurring), fear only Thee. Open our eyes that we may see the best That it is the consensus of the members of the General Assembly in heart and mind. We entreat Thee, our Father, that we of Virginia, now in session, that a strong United States Na~ 1s may realize that the glory of life is to love and not to be a safeguard for peace; and to Resolved further, That it be, and is hereby, recommended to the loved, to give and not to get, to serve and not be served. Congress of the United States that a division of the fleet be desig­ Oh, may we not be less than ourselves. Holy Spirit, may nated for duty on the eastern coast of the United States, provided we see Him who is all-glorious in truth, holiness, and right­ such designation does not affect the efficiency of the Grand eousness, a grand ideal that inspires the best in human na­ Fleet 1n emergency operations, and that the clerk of the house of delegates send a copy of this resolution to each Member of ture; and Thine shall be the praise forever. Through Christ Congress from Virginia. our Savior. Amen. TAXATION The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and Mr. RICH. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to approved. proceed for 1 minute. MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the A message from the Senate, by Mr. Frazier, its legislative gentleman from Pennsylvania? clerk, announced that the Senate disagrees to the amend­ There was no objection. ments of the House to the bill (S. 1043) entitled "An act for Mr. RICH. Mr. Speaker, you will soon be called upon the relief of A. C. Williams," requests a conference with the to make your income-tax returns, a difficult and an arduous House on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses thereon, task for most of us, although we have two or three internal and appoints Mr. BAILEY, Mr. BURKE, and Mr. CAPPER to be revenue men at our disposal in the Sergeant at Arms' office the conferees on the part of the Senate. downstairs. When you Members of Congress cannot make The message also announced that the Senate agrees to the out your own income-tax returns, what are the people back amendments of the House to bills of the Senate of the follow­ home going to do when they have not the opportunity to ing titles: secure the help that we have here in the Congress? When S.1255. An act for the relief of Harold Garr, Chester H. Members of Congress must have help to fill out a return Peters, Harry B. Swift, Dr. Abraham A. Mills, Charles L. that they are responsible for, it is unfair to the people of Harris, 0. W. Morgan, F. G. E. Carlson, Harold S. Fraine, America who have to make out a return that they are so Owen E. Steele, W. C. Mudge, Jr., George F. Poutasse, Paul P. complicated. Pickle, W. D. Hiltbrand, Arthur P. LeBel, K. E. Hill, Annie It seems to me the income-tax laws of this country ought McGowan, Ralph Thompson, and Rosamond M. MacDonald; to be simplified-and at once--so the ordinary man of in­ S. 2418. An act for the relief of John Prosser; and telligence can prepare his own tax statement. We ought to S. 2602. An act for the relief of George Yuhas. do away with some of these tax laws that this administra­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS tion ha.s passed in the last 4 years, especially the undis­ Mr. COCHRAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent tributed-profits tax which is one of the most ridiculous to extend my remarks in the RECORD and include therein a pieces of legislation this Congress has ever enacted. It speech delivered by the Secretary of Commerce. destroys labor and it will ruin industry eventually. It may The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the take some time, but it will certainly do it in the end. gentleman from Missouri? [Here the gavel fell.J There was no objection. EXTENSION OF REMARKS Mr. CULKIN. Mr. Speaker, I a.sk unanimO-us consent to Mr. RICH and Mr. MEAD asked and were given permis­ extend my remarks in the RECORD and include therein a sion to extend their remarks in the RECORD. brief nonpolitical editorial from the New York Herald Tri­ TAXATION bune. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the Mr. HOFFMAN. Mr. Speaker, I a.sk unanimous consent gentleman from New York? to proceed for one-half minute. There was no objection. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the Mr. ANDERSON of Missouri. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ gentleman from Michigan? mous consent to extend my remarks in the RECORD and There was no objection. include therein a speech by Mr. Steve Kriwanek, president Mr. HOFFMAN. Mr. Speaker, I want to ask my friend of the Independent Retail Food Dealers of Greater St. Louis, the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. RICH] what differ­ at the convention which met here yesterday. ence will it make to the folks back home, if they have no The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the income on which to pay taxes, as it is apparent will be too gentleman from Missouri? often the case if the present policy of this administration There was no objection. continues. Mr. EICHER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to Mr. RICH. There are just a few of them that are sup­ extend my remarks in the RECORD and include therein an posed to, who so far have escaped the ax. article in the magazine Common Sense by our distinguished [Here the gavel fell.J colleague the gentleman from California [Mr. VooRHis]. EXTENSION OF REMARKS The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the Mr. SNELL. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to gentleman from Iowa? extend my remarks in the RECORD by inserting a statement of There was no objection. my own. THE UNITED STATES NAVY The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the Mr. HAMILTON. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con­ gentleman from New York? sent to insert in the RECORD at this point a resolution There was no obj~ction. 1466 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE FEBRUARY 3

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA APPROPRIATION BILL, 1939 morrow to finish it up. I do not think that the reading of The SPEAKER. The unfinished business is the vote on the the bill itself will take a very long time. motion to recommit the District of Columbia appropriation Mr. TAYLOR of Colorado. Mr. Speaker. that is agreeable. bill. I ask unanimous consent that general debate may run along Mr. COLLINS. Mr. Speaker, I make the point of order . during the day, the time to be .divided equally between the there is not a quorum present. gentleman from New York and myself. The SPEAKER. Evidently there is not a quorum present. The SPEAKER. ·The gentleman from Colorado moves Mr. COLLINS. Mr. Speaker, I move a call of the House. that the House resolve itself into the Committee of the A call of the House was ordered. Whole House on the state of the Union for the consideration The Clerk called the roll, and the following Members failed of the bill H. R. 9306, the first deficiency appropriation bill. to answer to their names: Pending that he asks unanimous consent that general debate [Roll No. 14] may run for the remainder of the day, to be equally divided Ashtfrook Douglas Knutson Pfeifer between himself and the gentleman from New York [Mr. Beam Drewry, Va. Lamneck Rankin TABER]. Is there objection? Bell Eberharter Lucas Sabath There was no objection. Biermann Evans McGroarty Seger Buckley, N.Y. Flannery McLaughlin Shannon The SPEAKER. The question is on the motion of the Cannon, Wis. Gasque McM1llan Short gentleman from Colorado. Celler Gavagan McSweeney Spence The motion was agreed to. Champion Goldsborough Mason Sullivan Clark, Idaho Hartley, N.J. Mosier, Ohio Swope Accordingly the House resolved itself into the Committee Cole, Md. Jenkins, Ohio Mouton Thomas, N.J. of the Whole House on the state of the Union for the con­ Colmer Johnson, Lyndon O'Brien, Dl. Tinkham Creal Johnson, Minn. O'Connell, Mont. Wearin sideration of the bill H. R. 9306, with Mr. WILcox in the Daly Kelly, m. O'Connor, Mont. Whelchel chair. Deen Kelly, N.Y. O'Toole Wood The Clerk readthe title of the bill. The SPEAKER. On this roll call 371 Members have an­ Mr. TAYLOR of Colorado. Mr. Chairman, I ask unani­ swered to their names, a quorum. mous consent that the first reading of the bill be dispensed Mr. COLLINS. Mr. Speaker, I move to dispense with fur­ with. ther proceedings under the call~ The CHAffiMAN. Is there objection? The motion was agreed to. There was no objection. Mr. SCOT!'. Mr. Speaker, I rise to a parliamentary in­ Mr. TAYLOR of Colorado. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 min­ quiry. utes to the gentleman from Virginia [Mr. WooDRUM). The SPEAKER. The gentleman Will state it. Mr. WOODRUM. Mr. Chairman, just a few words about Mr. SCOT!'. If the motion to recommit is successful, as this bill. This is the first deficiency appropriation bill, and, I understand it, the committee will report the bill back forth­ I believe, the smallest first deficiency appropriation bill we with with an increase of $1,000,000 for relief purposes in have had in many years-if we can take any consolation the District of Columbia. from that, and I hope we can. The SPEAKER. The Chair directs the Clerk to read the Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? motion of the gentleman from Illinois to recommit for the Mr. WOODRUM. Yes. information of the House. The motion itself answers the Mr. TABER. I remind the gentleman that we got off to a gentleman's parliamentary inquiry. flying start with an appropriation of $75,000,000 in one reso­ The Clerk read as follows: lution. Mr. DIRKSEN moves to recommit the blll to the Committee on Mr. WOODRUM. Yes; protecting the deficit in the Appropriations with the instruction that the committee report Treasury. Mr. Chairman, this is really a deficiency appro­ the bill back forthwith wtih the following amendment: On page 67, line 19, strike out "$900,000" and insert in lieu thereof priation bill. There are no items in here except deficiency "$1,900,000." items. The total amount carried in the bill is $27,638,524.92. Twenty percent of that is for the payment of judgments or The SPEAKER. The question is on the motion to re­ authorized claims. Of the remaining twenty-two-million­ commit. and-odd dollars, $19,000,000 is for reimbursement to the The question was taken; and on a division (demanded by Farm Credit Administration for the repayment of interest Mr. DIRKSEN) there were-ayes 54, noes 283. on mortgages, and that leaves a very small amount for odds Mr. Mr. I DIRKSEN. Speaker, demand the yeas and nays. and ends for the various departments provided for. I do not The SPEAKER. The gentleman from lllinois demands the think there is a controversial item in the bill. yeas and nays. As many as are in favor of taking the vote Just a word of explanation about one item which appears by the yeas and nays will rise _and stand until counted. on page 3 of the bill, which seeks to appropriate the remain­ [After counting.] Twenty-nme Members have risen, not a ing amount authorized by Congress for the United States sufficient number, and the yeas and nays are refused. . Constitution Sesquicentennial Commission. The deficiency So the motion to recommit was rejected. subcommittee which handled this item held a short hearing The SPEAKER. The question is on the passage of the upon it and reported the item as contained in the bill. bill. Since that time facts have come to our attention which lead The bill was passed. us to believe that the language-and it is largely a matter A motion to reconsider the vote by which the . bill was of language to be used-does not accomplish the purpose the passed was laid on the table. committee intended. When that item is reached in the bill FIRST DEFICIENCY APPROPRIATION BILL, FISCAL YEAR 1938 the committee expects to ask the Committee of the Whole Mr. TAYLOR of Colorado. Mr. Speaker, I move that the to strike it out of the bill in order that the deficiency sub­ House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole House committee may have further hearings upon it and get further on the state of the Union for the consideration of the bill additional information and get the language in shape before (H. R. 9306) making appropriations to supply deficiencies we bring it back at a later day. May I say this, and I say it in certain appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, advisedly, that this action which the committee shall take 1938, and prior fiscal years, to provide supplemental appro­ today is in no sense of the word intended by the committee priations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1938, and for to reflect in any way upon the Commission or upon anyone other purposes. Pending that I ask the gentleman from connected with it, and it has no connection whatevf'r with New York [Mr. TABER] whether we can agree on the time for any charges which may have been made about the manner general debate? in which this business has been hitndled. Mr. TABER. I suggest that we let it run along today dur­ Those charges, whatever there is or is not to them, can rest ing the day, and then we might have an hour or so to... on their own merits and the House can be the judge. but the 1938 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 1467 committee is endeavoring· to bring language• here that will to anyone:. Furthermore, ·Mr; Chairman·, remember ~hat effectuate its purpose, which is speedily to conclude· the oper­ · evenr ·pe~ every dollar that comes iilto .. the United states ations of this committee and to carry out the celebration · Constitution Sesquicentennial · Com.znission goes into the within the purpose and intent for which' Congress created it. · Treasury of the United States; and all checks are made pay­ So when the time comes in the reading of the bill the com- able to the Treasurer of the United States. All the money . mittee will make the appropriate motion asking that the is there now. House send this item back to the committee for further In November of 1925 the idea came to me-'-and I ask· you consideration. to remember this--that no one before lias ever had an exact [Here the gavel fell.J reproduction, any place in-the world, of the Constitution of Mr. TAYLOR of Colorado. Mr. Chairman, I yield 20 min­ the United States. I made a statement on the :floor of this utes to the gentleman from New York [Mr. BLOOM]. · House sometime ago that there were not 5,000 people in· the Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent to United States who could have told me how many pages there revise and extend my remarks -and to insert therein certain were to the Constitution. So, in November of 1935, when the letters and editorials about which I shall speak. · idea came to me I wrote first to the Adler Manufacturing The CHAIRMAN. The Chair will· state to the gentleman Co. in Kentucky, a firm with which we had done business from New York that consent to insert extraneous matter years ago, kindly to make up a sample according to a design must be secured in the House, not in the Committee. we furnished; and, by the way, the design was made in the Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, I further ask that I be per­ office otf the Architect of the Capitol, by one of Mr. Lynn's mitted to proceed without interruptions; then, if I have time men. The price of that in wood was $28. Please remember left after I have made my statement, I shall be pleased to this price. The sample submitted was such, however, that answer any questions. it could not be used; so I asked the firm of Fidot & Altman, of 737 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, on January 10, 1936, The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from New York is to quote me prices and submit sketches of a shrine that was · recognized for 20 minutes, and requests that he be not intended to be sold. interrupted. The price submitted at that time in wood was $370 each. Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, I rise at this time to give in.. Please remember these figures, then you may come to a con­ formation to the House about certain articles that have clusion in your own mind as to what justification there is appeared in the Scripps-Howard newspapers--not all of the for these Scripps-Howard articles. As I stated, the pro­ Scripps-Howard newspapers, of course, but in a few of them, posal was $370 each, or $495 each for another kind of a. one in New York City, Washington, and a few other cities­ wood shrine. These are prices from Kentucky and Chicago. and also with reference to certain editorials that have a~ I then asked the Flower City Ornamental Iron Co., of peared in certain Scripps-Howard newspapers throughout the Minneapolis, Minn., for a price. All of these bids are in country criticizing me and my work with the United States my office, and you are welcome to see them at any time you Constitution Sesquicentennial Commission. desire. The proposal from this firm in Minneapolis went The editorials are what might be called canned editorials; from $135 each to $174 each. Again get these prices in your in other words, the same editorial is sent out to all the papers· mind. Then there was another proposal on April 13, 1936, in question and published without a word being changed. ~ of from $71 to $156 each. Remember, I am buying these They have appeared in these Scripps-Howard papers shrines now for $20 each. throughout the country. Another proposal was submitted by Walter M. Ballard, The charges, if they could be called charges, or the 347 Madison Avenue, New York City, quoting a price of inferences, or insinuations that have been made, are abso­ $78 each for 300 standard shrines made of wood. lutely false in every particular except the fact that I do These prices were all too high. We could not use them. know the people mentioned in these articles. The first It was out of the question. They were not satisfactory and charge or insinuation was with reference to the purchase of they were not practical: or the order for shrines of the Constitution. These Scripps­ At that time it occurred· to me that I might be able to get Howard newspaper articles claim that I went to one Mr. the manual-training cla.Sses in the different schools through­ James J. Hines, who was one of the political leaders in my out the country to make these shrines if we furnished them district, and in some way gave to Mr. Hines' son the contract the wood so they would have a place to exhibit the Declara­ . to make these shrines. These articles also say that the firm tion of Independence and the Constitution in order that of Hines & Schenker was to get a commission of $2.50· on they might be read by the scholars and studied. I went to every shrine sold, and that there would be at least 100,000 of the head of ·the National Lumber Dealers' Association here these shrines sold, which would give them a profit of $250,000. in Washington and I had him send out to get prices for The shrines were purchased for $20 under competitive wood to be cut to a certain size so that we could send the bidding that lasted for a year and a half; and please re­ wood to the manual-training schools throughout the country member, Mr·. Chairman, that any statement I make today and have them make their own shrines. I thought at that I can prove by documents I have with me. For one year time we might be able to get them cheaper. Remember the and a half we were trying to secure the proper kind of following prices. I have the bids in my office. shrine in which we could place the four pages of the Con­ The bids were as follows: Mahogany wood alone was $8(' stitution, the one page of the Declaration of Independence, rough and $85 dressed. Spruce, $42 rough and $46 dressed. and the portraits of the signers, a shrine that we could Birch, $42 rough and $46 dressed. Maple, $43.50 rough and resell at a price to enable them to be distributed through- · $47.50 dressed. California white pine,· $18 and $19 for each out the country. These shrines are sold by the Commis­ shrine. That is for the wood alone, without anything else; sion for $25. I want you to remember this price, $25, be­ no hardware or other attachments. Eighteen dollars and cause it is very important. The Government pays $20 for nineteen dollars were the lowest price for the wood alone, them, and I want you to remember this price also. and -remember we are buying them ·for $20 now complete. The order that was given for these shrines, a signed order, I asked Palmer -& Parker, of Boston, Mass., · to submit a was for 1,250 shrines; so if there was a commission of $2.50 bid. Mr. Chairman, just note how I have gone all over the on each shine the most they could have made would have country to try to get a shl'ine at a price that would be prac­ been about $3,000. But had the order gone through, or if tical and at a price that would permit them to be resold. It there are 100,000 shrines or more sold and their commission was not a question of how cheaply we could buy them. It was supposed to be $250,000, the Government would make was not a question of where they were going, or anything $500,000, because we are getting $25 for something that costs else. · It was a question whether· we could· sell these shrines us $20. The commission of $2.50 comes off the $20, not off and whether the people would buy them. The price of the the $25 the Government gets, but I want to impress upon above-mentioned firm was for wood, $27. ' you that I know nothing about any commission to be paid That was out of the question. 1468 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE FEBRUARY 3 Mr. Chairman, I did not stop there. I went to the Bureau Mr. Krueger came down to see me, and then at great ex­ of Prisons and asked what they would charge for the making pense he made the shrine we are selling now. He received of these shrines, to be used in the prison libraries, the C. C. C. an order for 1,250 shrines at $20 each. camps, and other places where the Government could use At this point I am going to read a letter that tells the them. With the use of prison labor, the price was $23 and story of how this Mr. Schenker came into this deal, and these could not be used because they had no style. We could ·I am going to show you there is no truth to these news­ not resell them. paper stories and that the articles are false in every I have a letter here written by James V. Bennett, and I particular. will read part of it, if I may have consent to insert the whole [Here the gavel fell.] letter later in the RECORD. Mr. WOODRUM. Mr. Chairman. I yield 10 additional The CHAIRMAN. Under the rules, consent will have to be minutes to the gentleman from Ne.w York. given in the House to insert extraneous matter in the REcoRD. Mr. BLOOM. This is a letter to Mr. Howard Comstock, The gentleman may read pertinent portions. managing editor of the Bridgeport Herald, 299 Lafayette Mr. BLOOM. I do not want to take the time to read the Street, Bridgeport, Conn., under date of January 20, 1938. whole letter, but I would like to have the letter incorporated I did not know anything about this letter. In fact, I never in the RECORD, because I want to call the attention of the even heard of it until the writer, Mr. Krueger, sent me a Committee to what the pertinent facts are. copy. I did not know he was writing it. There are a few The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman can read the pertinent statements in here I know you will laugh at when I read parts and I am sure he will have no trouble in securing them. The letter states: unanimous consent in the House to have it inserted in the .JANUARY 20, 1938. RECORD. MR. HOWARD COMSTOCK, . Mr. BLOOM. Would you call it extraneous matter when Managing Editor, the Bridgeport Herald, · Bridgeport, Conn. it is the subject I am talking about and I have the letter DEAR MR. CoMSTOCK: You have asked me -about the steel floor here? stands with swinging frames which we make in Shelton for the The CHAIRMAN. As the Chair stated, I think the gen­ United States Government, and which the Government, through its United States Constitution Sesquicentennial Commission, is dis­ tleman may read the pertinent parts and may comment OJl tributing to schools, libraries, universities and patriotic organiza­ it all he pleases. tions throughout the country .in connection with the one hundred Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Bennett in his letter says: and fiftieth anniversary of the forming of the Constitution of the United States. Early l.a.st year we delivered samples of display standards and bust stands in which we submitted our quotation. We quoted The United States COnstitution Sesquicentennial Commission was created by an act of Congress about 2 years ago and is headed by the walnut Constitution- the President of the United States, the Vice President, a number This is wood. of Senators and Representatives from all parties, and is actively managed by Representative BLooM, of New York City. We are We quoted the walnut Constitution display standard 1n lots of rather proud of our part in this matter, not only because our com­ 100 or more at $28 each, prison labor. We also quoted you on a pany here in Connecticut succeeded in getting the bid for this similar stand of steel in lots of 100 at $20 each, with an addi­ work, but also because we created the design which the COmmission tional charge of $3 for the nickel and bronze braces, s_amples of adopted. which were supplied to you. Enclosed herewith is a photograph of this fixture, which the That is $23, using prison labor, for a shrine we could not Comm;ssion calls the Constitution shrine. It consists of a very strong floor stand with a vertical steel p1llar which supports three use or resell. swinging bulletin board frames. In these frames are mounted My recollection is that we indicated we would not be able to full-size replicas of the Constitution, the Declaration of Inde­ meet your tentative delivery requirements on these stands and pendence, and a page of portraits of the signers of the Consti­ asked for as much time as possible 1f you should decide to give tution. These pages are print~d by the Government. We under­ us the order under the provisions of the act of Congress approved stand that this is the first time that full-size replicas of the May 27, 1930. Constitution have ever been made. It took almost 2 years to make the plates, and we are told that it was nece.:;;sary to use Please pay attention to this, Mr. Chairman. This is Mr. special cameras furnished by the War Department to do the Bennett, Commissioner of Prisons, speaking: · work, since the original documents have changed so w!th age that in many places it is very difll.cult to read them. I remember also that your interest in coming to us was that The page of portraits of the signers of the Constitution, we are you might be able to secure through our institutions the mate­ told. involved an 1mmen~ amount of searching before all the rial you would need at a favorable price and thus conserve the portraits were assembled. The D . A. R., the Order of the Cin­ limited funds at your disposal. cinnati, several universities, including Yale, and the descendants of some of the signers coopera·ted in furnishing paintings which That is what I said to him. I wanted to save the money were used in making up this page of portraits. Even at that, the of the Government and of the Commission. portraits of two signers are mtssing, since none could be found. You will find our exact quotations and conditions under which These documents are sent to our plant in Shelton by the we could supply you with these stands in .our letter to you dated Government, where we mount them with specially-built ma­ January 11, 1937. chines, operated by compressed air, onto mounting boards. Each document is then covered with a thick sheet of transparent Mr. Chairman. let me say here that the final order was for film, similar to the noninflammable movie film. 1,250 shrines at $20 each. We could not buy one additional Note the detail of the process which is necessary to make shrine unless we were to go into the open market again one of these shrines. under competitive bidding. To do otherwise would be They are then inserted into the enameled steel swinging frames against the law. The General Accounting Office would not and packed in a special nesting carton, which carries them to have approved the bill in its preaudits. Therefore, Seal, any part of the United States in good. condition. These cartons Inc., under his order could never have made over 1,250 were worked out for us in the container-testing laboratories of shrines and could never have been paid for more shrines. the Robert Gair Co., at New London. · After that, Mr. Schenker came into my office and said, Remember all these things, and then in your own minds "Congressman, what are you doing with that thing?" I had decide whether it is right to atta:ck me for what I have been one of the samples in my office. I said, "I am getting prices trying to do and what I have done. on those." He said, "I represent a very large manufacture-r. At the top of the shrine is a large American eagle, which is We would like to give you prices." I said, "Fine, go ahead.'' a close copy of the official eagle in the Library of Congress. We So they made blueprints and gave prices that were just out had a Connecticut sculptor work on this for us so as to get these of the question. The shrines could not be sold at all at such eagles perfect. Below the swinging frames on each shrine is a polished chromium name plate, onto which we engrave the name prices. The price was similar to some of these other prices of any donor who presents such a shrine to a school, a library, we have been quoted of $300 or $400. or other organization. Each plate, of course, has to be indi­ I said, "Well, your prices are too high." Resaid, "I have vidually engraved. firm We are rather proud of the fact that while this type of fixture another headed by a practical man, a man who knows sells in the open market without any documents, without any orna­ the business. I would like to bring him down and let him mental eagles, and without any name plates, for $80, we were have a talk with you." I said, "Fine, bring him along." So able to furni'Sh this to the Government for $20, including the 1938 CONGRESSIONAL· RECORD-HOUSE 1469 · eagle, the mounting of the documents, the celluloJ>e acetate, . and, After we. had submitted our material we saw the fixture in which packing it in four separate specially designed containers. · these documents were to be framed; namely, crude, and, in our During the whole Supreme Court controversy last year, one of ' opinion not very handsome fixtures. Since one of our company's these Constitution shrines, made here in Shelton, with copies of executives had been trained· as an architect and since our other the Constitution mounted in it, stood on the :floor of .the United company is in the-business- of making articles of steel, we decided States Senate, and another on the :floor Qf the House of Represen-. that we could make a better and handsomer fixture. we designed tatives. Many leading libraries, universities, high schools, clubs, and made a model. and industrial concerns throughout ·the coti:ntry have gotten these The day we submitted it in Washington, some o! the officers of Constitution shrines from the Government. . We are proud- of the the D. A. R. and the Librarian of the Congressional Library were fact that Yale University has one, that another stands in the New in the office of-the CommisSion. Their comments were to the effect Haven Public Library, another in Radio City, another in Walter that it was the most beautiful and most dignified thing of its Chrysler's office, and so on. With Mussolinis, Hitlers, and Stalins kind they had ever seen. enjoying such a vogue today, we have an idea that we are doing our Shortly afterward the other concerns in this field submitted bit in helping to remind the citizens of our country that our form their fixtures. We got the award, not only because ours was far of government and our Constitution are worth holding on to. better, but also because it cost much less. The market price of You have called my attention to certain articles in a New York competitive fixtures, as Said before, is about $80. We sell ours for newspaper, criticizing the Director General of the Constitution . $20. Commission. In view of the political harangue of the New York newspapers attacking the Director General of the Commission, we would like Mr. Chairman, this is the crux of the whole matter. This to say that we have met Congressman BLOOM many times in Wash­ is why I am being attacked. They are not attacking SoL ington in connection with this work. He is a very likable old BLOOM. They are not attacking this Commission. I will gentleman who is fanatically devoted to delving into the early h istory of America. He is a wealthy man who works daily from prove they are attacking me to hit at somebody else. · early morning until almost midnight on this hobby of his. His Some time ago a reporter from that paper came up to Shelton wealth, incidentally, came from his marketing of the Victor talk­ and explained to us that his publishers, the Scripps-Howard papers; ing machine years ago, from the creation of the little dog which "helped to elect Roosevelt but we are about ready to dump him millions of us have seen listening to "His master's voice," and overboard now," and he indicated that along with Roosevelt his from the building of more theaters than anyone else in New papers were also planning to try to prevent the reelection to Con­ York City-not from his directing the Constitution Commission gress of Director General BLooM of the Constitution Commission. which the New York newspaper is now using as a political foot­ He asked us whether our sales representative in New York, Mr. ball. Joel Schenker, was not connected with Tammany Hall, and whether As for us, we will continue to make the best fixtures we can he was not in partnership with the son of a prominent Tammany make for the mounting of these Constitution replicas, whether Hall leader, James Hines, and shortly after his call, several articles the New York papers succeed in "dumping Roosevelt overboard" appeared in his paper, which left the reader to infer that there or not. And we are proud of every one we make. was decidedly too much close harmony between the Constitution Respectfully, Sesquicentennial Commission and several prominent members of T. H. KRUEGER, Tammany Hall. President, Seal, Inc. We have known for some time that our sales representative, Mr. Schenker, was active in Democratic circles in New York, although That is the story of how Mr. Schenler came to figure in we did not know it for some time after he was _employed by us. this matter and how the firm he represents received the Mr. Schenker's work for our company in New York and Chicago is order for the shrines. primarily along an entirely different line of work and has to do with heat-sealing sheet materials. Since we are the ones who In the 14 years that the Shrine of the Constitution has make these fixtures, you may be interested to know how we first been in the Library of Congress we figure that 14,000,000 met. Mr. Schenker and what his connection with our company is. have visited the shrine, or an average of about 1,000,000 a The facts are as follows-- year. We will say that all visitors to the Library also visited Remember, this letter is from Mr. Krueger, who happens the Shrine of the Constitution, but if they did they could to be a Republican·leader in Connecticut, whom I never saw only see the first page of the Constitution. They cannot or heard of before he quoted prices. This is his story of even read the first page; they can only see it. They can how Mr. Schenker came to work for him: see only the signatures on the last page. They cannot see Three years ago a large filing cabinet mazmfacturing C'Oncern the second .or third page because they are covered. was confronted with a new problem in the posting of ledger rec­ Over 700 of these shrines .have been sold throughout the. ords which seemed to require a device for gluing a narrow paper country, and any of you gentlemen can give me the name tape onto ledger cards, in the way that telegrams printed on ribbons are glued onto telegraph blanks. The man in charge of your State and I can tell you where these shrines are of the work for this file cabinet company was Mr. SC'henker. In located. his quest for· a gadget to glue printed strips onto ledger cards, They have been sold in ev-ery State of the Union but one, he went to the Western Union Telegraph Co., whose engineer­ ing department advised hJm to go to us, since we had helped and that is Vermont. [Laughter.] · And over 40,000,000 have them years before to develop the gadget they use everywhere for seen these shrines of the Constitution and the Constitution, "posting" ribbon messages onto telegraph blanks. or 25,000,000 more during the 5 months that these shrines He took the train for Shelton. We undertook the job of de­ have been exhibited than have seen the Shrine of the Con­ signing the gadget, which proved so successful for the purpose that the filing cabinet company, which employed Schenker (the largest stitution in the Library of Congress. I have the list here and in the world) became a licensee under our patents. I shall be very pleased to put it in the RECORD. You should An essential feature of the system we worked out was a new also bear in mind that this has ail been done without one kind of adhesive paper which is not moistened but which is penny of expense to the Government of the United States, pressed on With a small ~eat pencil. Schenker saw the possi­ b111ty of this new paper and asked for the chance to sell it for and every check received is deposited in the Treasury of us in connection with the ledger posting system which his com­ the United States, and there are 700 or more of these shrines pany had been licensed to sell. And we hired him. throughout the country. One form in which our new heat-healing paper is made is a new mounting tissue for quickly mounting photographs in albums Now, insofar as the post~r. We the People, is concerned, and lithographs or documents on mounting board. Schenker heard I have a reproduction of it here. This is the poster they are that replicas of the United States Constitution were to be printed talking so much about, stating that I conspired with the and mounted on wallboard in connection With the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Constitution, and since Tammany leader, William Solomon for its purchase and ex­ our mounting tissue is faster and avoids Wrinkling of such docu­ ploitation for profit. ments, he did what he was supposed to; namely, he tried to sell In 1935 in cooperation with Howard Chandler Christy I en­ our paper for the work. It is, of course, possible that he may have· heard of the mounting of these documents from some Democrat deavored to get a correct picture of the signing of the Con­ in Washington, where the documents were iJeing printed. It may stitution. There is no such picture of the signing of the Con­ even be that he heard of it because the Director o! the Commission stitution that is correct outside of the two pictures painted by comes from New York and is a Democrat, but that.ts not the reason Howard Chandler Christy, and please do not confuSe this he was able to sell the material; because no other material can be gotten anywhere which does what our material does; and any­ poster with the Christy painting that you saw in the corridor body who wants to get the result it gives has to come to us or to of the Capitol-depicting the signing of the Constitution. one of our representatives for it, or else use old-fashioned expenf:ive [Here the gavel fell.J mounting methods. That is how we came to bid on the mounting of the Constitution Mr. WOODRUM. Mr. Chairman, I yield 10 additional replicas. minutes to the gentleman from New York. 1470 CONGRESSIONAU RECORD.~HOUSE FEBRUARY 3 Mr. BLOOM. This poster was painted by Howard Chan­ sen ·souvenlrs and coins and things of that kind which had dler Christy, and I tried to get several people to buy it from been gotten out to commemorate it, and these are all things Christy, because the Commissioner had no funds available that were gotten out in England for the coronation. to purchase it, and at last I got William Solomon to buy We are not doing anything different in this celebration it. I said, "Bill, I would like to have you buy that poster from what we did during the bicentennial celebration. We­ and let the Commission use it"; he· paid Christy $1,300 got out a catalog. Nobody said anything about . it then. for the poster and also paid for the frame. The Commis­ Nobody would have said anything about it now if the sion uses it on the front cover of the Constitution book Scripps-Howard newspapers did not want to "dump Roose­ and as its official poster. We also sell these poster re­ velt and get BLOOM." That is all there is to it. Here are productions and the money goes into the Treasury of the suggestions from merchants and department-store owners United States and Mr. Solomon has received not one penny in the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the from the Government of the United States or from anyone birth of George Washington, and they were issued by the else who has used it. Every newspaper that has used the Bicentennial Commission, and millions and millions of dol­ picture has used it without paying one cent to Mr. Solomon. lars worth of material were sold by our suggestions for the The picture has never been out of the possession of the celebration and no one criticized it and no one could United states Constitution Sesquicentennial Commission. It criticize it. · has been exhibited all over the country and we carry $2,500 I have a letter here from Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart, the of insurance on it to protect the Government in case anything historian for the Bicentennial Commission, dated March 13, should happen to it, but not a single cent has been paid to 1934, written to me, complimenting me on my work and what anyone for its use. I had done for education and for history, and this is what The question also has come up of Mr. Solomon copyrighting he said then, and that is what we have to contend with now, the picture in his own name. WhY, of course he copyrighted and I read from a portion of the letter: the picture in his name. Whose name would he use in copy­ MY DEAR MR. BLooM: Your devotion to the cause was unceas­ righting it? If he copyrighted it in the name of Tom Jones ing and gave confidence to all those connected with the enter­ there might have been something suspicious about it; and, prise. You were open-minded toward. all propositions for carry­ ing on the celebration and unflinching in rejecting those that by the way, I may say that I attended to the copyright because seem to be planned for making money for private individuals I wanted to be sure the Commission was protected so that rather than carrying on the celebration. no one could use it for any advertising purpose that was not proper. That is all there is to the story of this poster. We had trouble with people then, the same as in this Friedman matter, to keep people from trying to commer­ Now, with reference to my copyrighting certain material cialize the celebration improperly. Professor Hart con­ in my own name, I thought at that time, and I believe tinues: today, although I may be wrong, that the Government could Your energy, vigor, and power of decision were the life of the not copyright. celebration. You gave an opportunity for all concerned to make On November 27, 1931, President Hoover was chairma..'l suggestions, to state their case, and go over it with you. You of the George Washington Bicentennial Commission, Senator relentlessly set aside all propositions which seemed to be in the nature of advertising the proposers of new plans rather than Fess was vice chairman, and Tyler Page was the executive celebrating the unusual services of George Washington to the secretary. I was the director at that time and with a view United States, of his own time and of all succeeding generations. to protecting all the copyrights I wrote a letter to Senator Fess for his approval, and on November 27, 1931, received Let me turn now to Mr. Friedman. On May 29 I wrote this reply: a letter to Mr. Friedman, and this is addressed to the Ad­ vertising Associates, 267 Fifth Avenue: MY DEAR MR. BLOOM: I have your letter of the 23d explaining why you are having I note your letter dated May 26 is addressed to Mr. Solmson. copyrighted 1n your own name the ·publications of the Commission In the future please be advised that all mail should be addressed so that the use of the material for advertising purposes might be to the Director General of the Commission and not to an individual. prevented. I also take notice of your statement that all copy­ What I want to say is, that I notice you sign your letter right issues to you, in your name, are the property of the Bicen­ Sesquicentennial Merchandising Corporation. This I very strenu­ tennial Commission which you have assigned to them. This will ously object to because the impression might be given out that have the double purpose of protecting the material and at the you are directly connected with this Commission and this im­ same time securing to the Commission the possession of the pression must be eliminated immediately. property. Please be advised, furthermore, that your statement that you Yours very truly, have exclusive rights for the reproduction of anything is in SIMEON D. F'Ess. error. This Commission will see that you are protected on any merchandise that you get out, but the Government does not . Exactly the same procedure was gone through with in re­ and cannot allow anyone to have exclusive rights on anything spect to the Constitution Commission. in which they are participating. I have been accused of saying that this book which I hold The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from New in my hand is mine. Yes; I conceived the book, I planned York has again expired. the book, I wrote part of the book, I edited the book, and I Mr. TAYLOR of Colorado. Mr. Chairman, I yield to the produced the book. Whose name should be on it? But let gentleman 5 minutes more. me read to you from the preface: Mr. BLOOM; Mr. Chairman, on June 7, I wrote to the Upon application, permission will be granted for the reprint or Advertising Associates: use of any por~ion of this book, provided no change be made and full credit giv.en to the Commission. Replying to yours of June 2, 1937, in which you present me reasons for your action in incorporating under the name of the Not to SoL BLooM, but to the Commission. Sesquicentennial Merchandising Corporation, beg to adVise that I Now we are getting down to the Friedman matter, and I · am of the same opinion as expressed in my previous letter to you, that such procedure could not be approved, and your letter has hope I have time enough left to tell you about this . .They in nowise changed my viewpoint. In everything we do we are say that we commercialized this celebration. I hold in my very careful to avoid any appearance whatsoever of commercial­ hand a catalog of the coronation of the King and Queen of IZation in the activities or atnllations of the United States Con­ England. '!his is a catalog of merchandising issued by the stitution Sesquicentennial Commission. I made myself plain in my first objection to your action, and I am not inclined to view Army and NavY stores of Great Britain. They had every the matter in any other way. kind of merchandising, not only our kind of merchandising, selling it through England and throughout the w9rld, cups, On June 22, 1937, Mr. Friedman wrote to me: china plates, mugs, jewelry, flags, tree markers, garden MY DEAR MR. BLooM: In compliance with your wishes, we have discontinued! the name Sesquicentennial Merchandise Corporation, seats, even toothbrush holders, and so forth, as high as $25 and after a great deal of delay due to the rejection of several other apiece, and yet we are criticized for what we did. Mr. proposed names, we are filing the following: current Merchandise Chairman, no celebration was ever held that they did not Corporation. 1938 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 1471 The day this c~talog reached me I thought it was terrible. Why Current Merchandise Corporation was allowed to issue a catalog advertising for sale the shrines, the Story of the Constitu~ I was as angry as a man could be. So I sent Friedman this tion, and products of Hines & Schenker, which catalog stated: "Be telegram: · patriotic," "BUild good will and make a profit," "Patriotic partie!~ JULY 30, 1937-Time filed, 1:50 p.m. patton presents profitable promotion possibilities," "Sell the Consti~ Mr. JOSEPH FRIEDMAN, tution." 267 Fifth Avenue. New York, N. Y. (8) Whether Friedman's assertion is true that Solomon had sold You must-- the rights to the Christy painting back to the Commission. On this point I add · that a check~up at the Copyright Office this And remember, I say "must"- morning revealed that the title to the painting is still recorded as not send out any catalogs or any advertts1ng matter regarding in Mr. Solomon. any material manufactured, or controlled. or sold by, or through (9) Whether Seal, Inc., which was given the contract to manu­ the United States Constitution Sesquicentennial Commission; and facture the shrines, was represented by the firm of Hines & you have no right to send out any advertising matter or catalogs Schenker, made up of James J. Hines, Tammany political boss, for goods manufactured by yourself that are either in part or and Joel Schenker, another Tammanyite political supporter of Mr. in whole the property of or under the control of this CommisSion BLOOM. without first receiving my written approval. Unless immE}diate (10) Whether Schenker was given a contract whereby he re­ assurance is given to this Commission that you are going to stop ceived a commission from Seal, Inc., for each shrine sold to Mr. sending out material I shall place the matter in the hands of the BLooM's commission. Department of Justice. I told you and you promised me that all All of these inquiries are based upon definite charges which advertising matter of every kind would be submitted to me for have been made and published and distributed through the coun­ my written approval before distribution of your goods or any try. The issue is whether there has been collusion between a other goods. Member of Congress, given a great trust by the Congress, and his SoL BLoOM, Director General. Tammany political supporters, who .are largely responsible for keeping him in office, whereby profl.t~making opportunities have Mr. Chairman, it would be ridiculous, if this fellow were a been given to such Tammany supporters. friend of mine, or if there were any connection with him I take up now, if you please, the George Washington Bicen­ that I would threaten the man. I was going to put the tennial copyrights, to which he alluded in his remarks. If matter in the hands of the Department of Justice if he you recall his remarkS made here today, you will remember did not stop. And that was 5 months before the Scripps­ that he brought out the fact that back in 1931 the question Howard newspapers started to attack me regarding this was raised-and the record shows this-about his copyright­ matter. ing in the name of SoL BLOOM 10 or 12 articles put out by Why, the whole thing is nothing less than an effort on the George Washington Bicentennial Commission. The ap­ somebody's part to get back at somebody else. The Scripps­ propriateness of the proceeding was questioned at a meeting Howard newspapers evidently do not like President Roose­ of the Commission. It appears in the records that he certi­ velt. That., however, is no reason why they should attempt fied to the fact that these copyrights were the property of the to destroy me. It is not me, I am not concerned about SoL George Washington Bicentennial Commission and that he BLooM; I am concerned about the patriotic educational had assigned them over to said Commission. . A detailed list work that I started to do; I have worked day and night ever Of these copyrights appears in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of since to bring to the people of America the true history of January 6, 1938, on page 104, and numbered from 1 to 10. the formation of our Government and the glory of our These copyrights cover music of George Washington's time; Constitution. [Applause.] the George Washington play and pageant costume book; [Here the gavel fell] painting, We, the People; painting, Boy Scout and the Con­ Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 15 minutes to the stitution of the United States of America; Album of Military gentleman from New Hampshire [Mr. ToBEY]. Marches; Music from the Days of George Washington, in Mr. TOBEY. Mr. Chairman, I have listened with great dance music; painting, Washington the Mason; print of interest to the remarks of the gentleman from New York. George Washington; Washington and Uncle Sam; and a pub­ He has gone to great detail in setting forth his views and lished version of Washington the Mason. declaiming on the conduct of the Commission, of which he You will recall that he read into the RECORD a statement is Director General, partly in reply to my remarks in the saying that· he had assigned the copyrights to the Commis­ House on January 6. In these remarks I made certain sion; that was said to have been done 6 years ago, but up to charges as to the conduct of the Commission. In my remarks this morning no assignment had been recorded. Therefore I referred to certain acts and deals which involved well­ the Government's Washington Bicentennial Commission known Tammany politicians, and I read now a summation of would have no good title to the copyrights on the foregoing this: publications as a,gainst any subsequent purchaser who was a Serious charges against Mr. BLOOM have been made and pub­ holder in due course. lished throughout the country. The people have the right to have I quote from section 44 of the copyright law of the United the truth or falsity of these charges determined by an impartial investigation made by the Congress. This investigation should be States: made to determine, among other things- Every assignment of copyright shall be recorded in the Copyright (1) Whether Mr. BLooM called upon and arranged with Howard Office within 3 calendar months after it's execution in the United Chandler Christy to do the painting. We, the People, for the States or within 6 calendar months after its execution without the Commission. limits of the United States, in default of which it shall be void as (2) Whether, after Mr. Christy had nearly completed the paint­ against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable con~ ing, Mr. BLooM went to Christy with his Tammany political sup­ sideration, without notice, where assignment has been duly porter, William Solomon, who is largely responsible for keeping Mr. recorded. BLooM in office, and arranged for the sale of the painting to Solo­ mon at the low figure of $1,300. Mr. Chairman, if we could :roll away the veil that stands (3) Whether the painting was copyrighted in Tammanyite Solo­ between the terrestrial and the celestial today and gaze into mon's name by an employee of Mr. BLooM. (4) Whether Dermac Corporation was formed by Mr. Solomon's the Elysian fields I think that we very probably would see attorneys and spread the word that it would sell to manufacturers there gathered together a group of immortal~Washington, the rights to use the painting on their sesquicentennial mer­ Madison, Randolph, Franklin, Hamilton, Gouverneur Morris, chandise. in (5) Whether Sesquicentennial Merchandise Corporation was and others-those who bore the brunt of the trying days formed by one Joseph Friedman, friend of Tammanyite William Philadelphia 150 years ago, who, under a sense of awareness Solomon, and took over the rights of the Christy painting from the of what has been going on in connection with this constitu­ Dermac Corporation by means of a contractual .agreement. tion sesquicentennial celebration would be heard to say the­ (6) Whether Joseph Friedman's Sesquicentennial Merchandise Corporation proceeded to offer for sale the rights to the painting same words which I am informed Artist Howard Chandler and also offered to sell to stores copies of BLooM's Story of the Christy used when he really became a ware of what was Constitution, which had been copyrighted by BLOOM in his own going on, "My God! Making a racket out of the Constitution." name. Today the gentleman from New York makes his plea. He (7) Why the name of Current Merchandise Corporation was formed as a new form of the Sesquicentennial Merchandise Cor­ denies the truth of the allegations made and disclaims them poration. all along the line. He drew red herring after red herring 1472 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE FEBRUARY 3 across the trail; but those things are beside the question; tleman from New York [Mr BLooM] that other bodies and that is throwing sand, creating smoke screens. Members were concerned with such matters, and that his Speaking only for myself, there :flashed through my mind personal wishes in the situation did not control. He there­ as he spoke the words of Shakespeare, "Methinks he doth upon, on my advice, -did not make the unanimous-consent protest too much." request. The issue is a simple one. Boiled down, it is this: Mr. Chairman, I have been a Member of this great body Whether or not the gentleman from New York, as Director for 15 years, and in all that time I have never heard such General of the Constitution Sesquicentennial Commission, an attack on a colleague ever made by any Member as the by alliances, or should I say, mesalliances, made by him gentleman from New Hampshire has just made. It is be­ with certain Tammany politicians who were leaders in his yond my comprehension. Of course, his constant reference district and largely responsible for keeping him in office, to my colleague from New York as "BLooM" violated the gave these same gentlemen opportunities for profit from the rules of this body. operations and assets of the Constitution Sesquicentennial For what purpose the gentleman from New Hampshire Commission. committed this dis.courteous, unparalleled offense I cannot He has not categorically denied this, and I do not believe divine, unless he thinks the constant repetition of the word he · can so do, and, Mr. Chairman, because such action, if "Tammany" may ingratiate himself back home in New true, is reprehensible and unworthy of a Member of Con­ Hampshire. Someone has suggested the attack represents gress, and because, further, the men who comprise the the gentleman's attitude toward the racial background of membership of this Commission are of such high standing the distinguished gentleman from New York. In any event, and repute, including in their number the President of the such an attack is startling. United States, the Vice President, the Honorable Speaker of It is outrageous for the gentleman to make such a per­ this House, distinguished Members of both branches of Con­ sonal attack on the :floor of this House rather than make it gress, it seems to me that the only fair thing to do is to before some other body. cause an investigation to be made by a committee of Con­ Mr. Chairman, from the depths of my heart, because I gress with power to go into the matter and make a full and respect my colleagues, I would cut off my right hand before I impartial investigation and to ascertain thereby whether would do what the gentleman from New Hampshire has done these charges are false or are true. here today. In answer to the impertinent question ·of the Let me give you the statement of two members of the gentleman from New Hampshire directed to me, an innocent Constitution Sesquicentennial Commission, which were made but shocked listener to his speech here today, let me say after the charges had been published. Here is what one of that I shall be compelled to consult all of the members of the the members said on January 7, 1938: Rules Committee to find out whether they will· grant a hear­ Everybody left the whole thing up to Sol. We should blame ing on the proposed investigation requested, especially in ourselves for not .watching his operations. view of the disgraceful proceedings .here today toward which Here is what another member said: adequate vehemence fails me. [Applause.] . I have wondered for a long time how it happens that I am on Mr. TOBEY. Does the gentleman want my reply to that? that Commission. I don't remember being asked about it. I Whether he does or not, he is going to get it. The dis­ think I will look into the situation. I don't want to get mixed tinguished gentleman from New York who has just addressed up in any slimy Tammany affair. the Committee is chairman of the most powerful committee Mr. Chairman, if the charges are false and but figments in the House, namely, the Rules Committee, which acts as a of someone's imagination, no one can be hurt by an investi­ strainer for all matters com!ng on the :floor of the House gation; but if they are true, the Congress and taxpayers who for consideration. are paying the ·bills have a right to know thereof, and, above The matter in question involves a Member of this House. all, the man who should most welcome an investigation, who It involves questions as to the expenditure of a large sum of himself should join me in demanding it, is the honorable the taxpayers' money which had been appropriated by Con­ gentleman from New York who is involved in this matter. gress. If this whole thing is as clean as a hound's tooth, In conclusion, when a man is given a position of great what harm will an investigation do? honor and trust and entrusted with handling large sums of . I may say to the gentleman from New York [Mr. O'CoN­ the taxpayers' money, as is true of the gentleman from New NOR] that his duty is, as I see it, not to stand up here and cry York, then, like Caesar's wife, all conduct of that position but against the procedure or the way I brought this matter must be above suspicion, and I hope that, and will be de­ up, but rather to join with me in getting at the truth of the lighted if, an investigation may be held and the charges charges and make that truth very, very clear, whether it disproved. involves Mr. BLooM or any other man. [Applause.] Therefore, I now turn to the gentleman from New York [Here the gavel fell.] [Mr. O'CoNNoR], chairinan of the Rules Committee, and ask Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 15 minutes to the him if he proposes to take up the resolution which I offered gentleman from Michigan [Mr. ENGEL]. and have it presented to the House and bring about such PUBLIC DEBT AND NATIONAL SOLVENCY an investigation. Mr. ENGEL. Mr. Chairman, much has been said in the Mr. O'CONNOR of New York. Does the gentleman want Halls of Congress during the past several sessions concern­ an answer? ing the public debt, particularly the national debt, the rela­ Mr. TOBEY. Yes. tionship of that debt to the prosperity of the country, and Mr. O'CONNOR of New York. The distinguished gentle­ the effect of that debt upon business in general and the wel­ man from New York [Mr. BLooMJ, seated beside me, stated fare of the Nation in particular. While there were many on the :floor of the House on the occasion when the dis­ who discussed the matter in a serious vein, the great major­ tinguished gentleman from New Hampshire [Mr. ToBEY] ity of the Members of this House have been inclined to introduced his resolution to investigate these newspaper as­ minimize the effect of the national debt upon the prospe1·ity persions that· he welcomed an investigation. He then con­ of the Nation. sulted with me toward asking unanimous consent for the im­ During the past 6 months I have devoted a great deal of mediate consideration of the resolution. I told him I would time and effort to this subject. It is my purpose to discuss oppose the granting of such a consent, because the usual today not only the national debt but the National, State, and procedure was to refer such a resolution to the Rules Com­ local public indebtedness, together with the private indebt­ mittee for the purpose of thorough consideration, especially edness of America, the effect of that debt upon the Nation when one Member did the most unusual thing of making a at large, and who will pay that debt when the day of personal attack on a colleague. I told the distinguished gen- reckoning comes. 1938 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 1473 The daily statement of the Secretary of the Treasury Mr. PAT.M:AN. Does the gentleman realize that the debts shows that our national debt on January 21, 1938, reached enumerated by the gentleman today· are lower in terms of the colossal sum of $37,429,450,693. wha.t the people have to pay with, considering prices than The annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury for they were in 1932? ' the fiscal year ending June 30, 1936, shows that the State Mr. ENGEL. The figures show they absolutely are not and local public indebtedness had reached the sum of $19,- lower. 876,000,000, making an aggregate total public indebtedness--­ Mr. PATMAN. Considering prices? National, State, and local-of $57,305,450,693, not including Mr. ~NGEL. Again answering the gentleman, the gentle­ approximately $5,000,000,000 contingent liability of the man Will find that the national wealth in the days of which United States Government on guaranteed loans of the Fed­ he speaks, or 1929, was $361,800,000,000, and in 1934 it was eral Farm Mortgage Corporation, Federal Housing Admin­ $286,000,000,000. istration, Home Owners' Loan Corporation, and so forth. I want to complete my statement at this time and will be Domestic Commerce Series, No. 96, under the heading pleased to yield later. of "Long-Term Debts of the United States for 1937," shows It is a fair question to ask, How long can this country that on December 31, 1935, the private long-term indebted­ stand up under a burden such as this? How long can we ness of the United States amounted to $73,400,000,000. In pay interest on this tremendous public and private debt and other words, the public and private indebtedness of the avoid national disaster? United States has reached the unbelievable sum of $130,- 705,450,693. I am placing in the RECORD a table compiled by myself, I personally compiled figures showing the assessed valua­ of the 48 States, giving the following information as to each tion of the 48 States as fixed by the local assessing officers State: Population, assessed valuation, share of the national and equalized by the several State boards of equalization. debt on a per capita basis, percentage that the share of the· These figures show that the tt>tal assessed valuation of all ~ational debt is of the assessed valuation, the State and local the property, real and personal, placed upon the assessment mdebtedness, the combined National, State, and local in­ roll by the local assessing officers as equalized by the several debtedness, the percentage that the combined indebtedness­ State boards of equalization was valued at $134,144,084,126. National, State, and local-is of the assessed valuation, the Comparing these figures, it shows that the national debt has share of the New Deal debt on a per capita basis, and the reached a point where it amounts to 28 percent, and the percentage that the New Deal debt is of the assessed valua­ National, State, and local public indebtedness has reached tion. I am giving the latest figures available. There is no a point where it equals 43 percent, and the National, State, claim made by me that these are infallible and if I made and local, plus the long-term private indebtedness, has an error, either in computation or in the State or local reached a point where it equals 98 percent of the a.sSessed indebtedness, I hope that you will obtain the figures and valuation of every piece of real and personal property figure out for yourself just what the percentages are in your placed upon the assessment roll by our local assessing -own State. officers. · I want to point out as an 1llustration just what it means The private debt of the United States in 1912 was $31,300,- to my own State of Michigan. The figures I have given for 000,000. In 1922 it was $51,200,000,000. In 1930 it was Michigan in the table are the latest available according to $84,600,000,000. In 1934 it was $74,900,000,000, and in 1935 the manuals I have had on hand. The figures I am giving it was $73,400,000,000. here are perhaps a little later than the ones in the table. At That $84,000,000,000 debt was the debt which helped to the time I computed the tables, I had taken the national bring about the depression. · debt as of November 1937, and did not include the amount The difference of $10,000,000,000 between the 1930 and that the Reconstruction Finance Corporation will be com­ the 1934 debt was brought about, not by payment, but with pelled to charge off the books as Mr. Jones' testimony was a few exceptions, by foreclosure and charge-offs. not then available. The figures I am giving for Michigan The private debt herein referred to covers railways, public and have given heretofore include the national debt down utilities, industrials, farm mortgages, nonfarm home mort­ to January 22, 1938, and also the Reconstruction Finance gages, and other urban real-estate debt. Corporation debt that Mr. Jones said would have to be It does not include short-term indebtedness, such as bank charged off. notes, installment contracts, and so forth, nor does it include Taking the 1930 census figures, Michigan's share of the debts of financial corporations which are largely duplicated national debt on a per capita basis is $1,583,440,275. Mich­ in other debts; nor does it include bonds, notes, or debentures igan's State and local public debt on June 30, 1935, was $691,- of Government corporations. 688,899, or her total public debt-National, State, and local­ The National Industrial Conference Board cited in Moody's amounts to $2,275,129,174, or $470 for every m9.n, woman, Investment Guide for 1937 estimates the national wealth of and child in Michigan. Her equalized valuation as fixed by the United States at $286,200,000,000 for the year 1934. the State board of equalization in 1936 was $5,630,426,000. Again comparing these figures, it shows that our national Her share of the national debt equals 28 percent, while her debt equal 14 percent, our National, State, and iocal public share of the National plus her State and local indebtedness debt equals 21 percent, and our National, State, and local pub.. equals 40.4 percent of the assessed valuation of every piece lie debty plus our long-term private indebtedness, equals 46.5 of real and personal property placed upon the assessment percent of our national wealth. These items are all the more rolls by the local assessing officers as equalized by the State astonishing when you take into consideration the fact that board of equalization. we exclude short-term indebtedness, installment contracts, The county of Wayne, in which is located the city of De­ and so forth. This indebtedness amounts to more than $1,000 troit, had a population in 1930 of 1,888,946. Her equalized for every man, woman, and child in America. The interest valuation, according to the latest figures, is $2,905,960,128. at 4 percent per annum, which I think would be a fair aver­ Her share of the national debt on a per capita basis is age, on the public and private indebtedness would amount to $617,461,692. Her share of the State, plus her county and more than $5,000,000,000 a year. We owe $57 public debt for local indebtedness, equals $492,452,452, or her total public every $73 we owe in private indebtedness. indebtedness equals $1,109,914,144, or 38.2 percent of the Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? value of every piece of real and personal property on the Mr. ENGEL. I would prefer to complete my statement assessment roll of the county. before yielding. Michigan's share of the national debt is more than twice Mr. PATMAN. Will the gentleman permit a question re­ the amount of her State and local indebtedness, which in­ garding this particular matter? cludes bonds for roads, schoolhouses, soldiers' bonus bond Mr. ENGEL. Yes; I yield. issues, highway bonds, a.nd so forth, and that of Wayne LXXXIII--94 1474 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE FEBRUARY 3 County is more than $100,000,000 more than her county and this tremendous debt? It is ridiculous to argue that wealth local indebtedness. can be compelled to pay it when you issue $60,000,000,000 in The extra session of the legislature in Michigan for 1934 tax-exempt securities to which wealth can go to evade taxa­ passed Act No. 40, which provided for a bond issue of $37,- tion. Business passes taxes on down to the consumer. 874,458, against which was to be offset the public grant by the A year ago I heard a lecture on taxation. The lecturer Federal Government, leaving a net bond issue of approxi­ had a pair of blue denim overalls and a gingham ·dress on the mately $20,000,000. As provided by the constitution, this platform. He had placed a patch on the pair of overalls law was submitted to the public by referendum in the April and on the gingham dress for each tax-direct and indirect­ 1934 election. Remember, this was a proposed bond issue to that was represented in the cost of that garment, with the borrow money to match Federal funds. The people of Michi­ name of the tax on each patch. There were 47 patches on gan voted it down by a vote of 6 to 1. They will be astonished the pair of overalls and 43 on the gingham dress. In the to know that Michigan's share of the New Deal debt on a final analysis, the man who works with his hands pays the per capita basis amounts to $663,083,175, or more than 33 tax, or, using the President's own language in his speech on times the bond issue they rejected by a vote of 6 to 1. This October 19, 1932: $663,083,175 is just as much their debt and they are just as Taxes are paid in the sweat of every man who labors. If exces­ responsible for it and they will be compelled to pay it just as sive, they are reflected in idle factories, tax-sold farms, and hence though they had voted a bond issue in that amount. In view in hordes of hungry tramping the streets and seeking jobs in vain. of the 6-to-1 vote against the $20,000,000 bond issue, it is a I need not ask whether taxes raised to pay the interest and fair question to ask, Would the citizens of Michigan have principal on this tremendous debt in addition to the present voted this bond issue for $663,000,000, or 33 times the amount waste in the cost of government are excessive. I am willing of the bond issue they turned down by a vote of 6 to 1, had to accept the statement of the President that the idle fac­ ·they had an opportunity of voting on it and knowing how the tories we are now seeing, the tax-sold farms we shall see money was to be spent? again, and the hordes of hungry tramping the streets are and Wayne County's share of the New Deal debt was $262,- will be the result of this excessive taxation. I want to join 563,494. Would the citizens of Wayne County have voted him in saying that "our people and our business cannot ca:p-y to bond Wayne County for more than $262,000,000 had they its excessive burdens of taxation." Unless drastic steps are known the money was to be spent as it was spent? Would taken to cut and economize, I see nothing ahead but finan­ they have added that tremendous burden on top of their cial disaster. already existing National, State, and local indebtedness, placing their total public indebtedness up to more than Paraphrasing the President's first message to Congress $1,000,000,000? in 1933, I join him in saying that not for three but- While the assessed valuation does not necessarily in all For "five long years" the Federal Government has been on the road to bankruptcy. With profound seriousness I point out to the cases represent 100 percent of the actual value, this is the Congress the profound effect of this fact upon our national only case where we have someone actually placing a valua­ economy. Too often in recent history liberal governments· have tion on property who has viewed it and exercised his judg­ been wrecked on the rock of loose fiscal policy. We must avoid ment as to the value of that property. It is interesting to this danger. note that according to the tables referred to and included And the greatest question before the Nation today is, herein there are 18 States in which the combined National, Can we avoid this danger? State, and local public debt .exceeds 50 percent of the as­ The next interesting question is, Whose money purchased sessed valuation. In five of these the public debt exceeds the this $37,000,000,000 in Federal bonds? Carter Glass, Secre­ assessed valuation. tary of the Treasury under President Wilson and chairman In Alabama the combined public debt equals 110 percent of the Finance Committee of the Senate, stated on the :floor of the assessed valuation, or exceeds the assessed valuation of the Senate on March 13, 1935, that- by $83,446,000. In Arkansas the combined public debt equals Many banks have as high as 60, 70, and even 75 percent of their 198.8 percent of the assessed valuation, or exceeds the as­ securities in the shape of Government securities. sessed valuation by $404,500,000. In Florida the combined public debt equals 191.7 percent of the assessed valuation, He further stated that a 10-point drop in the Government or exceeds the assessed valuation by $457,000,000. In Mis­ bond market would put every bank in the United States sissippi the combined public debt equals 144 percent of the into insolvency, because during the past few years, he said, assessed valuation, or exceeds the assessed valuation by $241,- the portfolios of the banks have been filled with Govern­ 000,000, while in· South Carolina the combined public debt ment bonds and notes. In January 1920 some Government equals 192 percent of the assessed valuation, or exceeds the bond issues dropped as low as 82. I wonder what would assessed valuation by $334,000,000. happen if we had a drop of 18 points in the Government The assessed valuations were taken from Moody's Invest­ bond market. ment Guide of 1937 and represent, with a few exceptions, . In discussing the $1,500,000,000 relief bill in the Senate, the 1935 or 1936 assessed valuation. the late Senator Joe Robinson, while majority leader, said: Pennsylvania's share of the national debt is nearly $3,000,- Gentlemen may laugh about a $36,000,000,000 debt hanging 000,000, or 24 percent of the assessed valuation, and her share over the Treasury -of the United States if they wish t.o, but With of the New Deal debt is $1,339,000,000, or 11 percent of the all my refined and expanded sense of humor I find it impossible to laugh about such a thtng. I recall the time when our armies assessed valuation. New York's share of the national debt came out of the bloodiest and most cruel war that was ever waged is $3,801,000,000, or 14.5 percent of her assessed valuation, on this earth to find a debt far below f".he amount the Government and her share of the New Deal debt is $1,649,000,000, or 6.4 now owes, and we worried about it then. But now nobody seems to worry about the debt. We spend and we spend and we spend, percent of the assessed valuation. Ohio's share of the na- and there are some who vote for all appropriations and against all . tiona! debt is $2,007,000,000, or 23 percent of the assessed taxes. valuation, and her share of the New Deal debt is nearly $1 ,000,000,000, or 11 percent of the assessed valuation. Again he said: Massachusetts' share of the national debt is $1,282,000,000, Let me ask what would happen if another depression such as that which began in 1929 or 1930, and which has continued until or 20 percent of the assessed valuation, while her share of recently, should strike the people of the United States? What if the New Deal debt is $590,696,000, or 9 percent of the assessed our revenues from incomes should fall off? What if the sources of ' valuation. It is very easy to figure out other States in a taxation for the United States would dry up to an extent, as they did dry up in 1930 and in the years which immediately followed similar way. that year? In view of all of these facts it is further a fair question to ask whether or not America is solvent or insolvent. Every This statement was made by the then majority leader of dollar of this indebtedness--all of this tremendous interest the Senate on the floor of the Senate. The depression. that on bonds--must be paid through taxation. Who will pay Senator Rob~son said might come is here. 1938 CONGRESSIONAL. RE_CORD-HOUSE 1475 Let us suppose that the Government bond market does Mr. ENGEL. Mr. Chairman, as far as I am concerned, drop 10, 15, or 18 points. Suppose these banks do become I am not responsible for any Democrat who comes from insolvent. Suppose we have to make good. on ·ot.ir guaranty -Michigan who makes any such request. I am discussing the deposit insurance iaw on all deposits up to $5,000. There · question of public debt, and I am saying to the gentleman are two committees in the House upon which this responsi­ if we do not quit borrowing and appropriating money disas­ bility will fall-the Ways and Means Committee and the · ter will befall us. Appropriations Committee. These are what we call in the 1 Mr. PATMAN. Which appropriation would the gentle­ Army the "buck privates" of Congress. Members of Congress man stop first? can pass the buck to each other and from committee to com- · Mr. ENGEL. The first thing I would do would be to stop mittee, authorizing sums, but these two coriunittees cannot this sending of about 3,000,00D,OOO pieces of mail through the pass the buck. They must act. I happen to be a member post otlice free from the various departments of the Gov­ of the Appropriations Committee. In the face of a $40,000,:- ernment, which cost the Government $220,000,000 during 000,000 national debt and a $20,000,000,000 State and local the past 4 years; and if the gentleman will go right back to public debt, what would you do if you were in my place, his own party platform in 1932, he will :find an answer at sitting on that committee and asked to make good on these least to his question. · I would suggest that the Democratic deposits? Should we issue more bonds to drag the market Party take the medicine it prescribed for the Republican down still further? Should we issue new paper !Doney and Party in their 1932 platform. bring about infiation? You ask for more taxes. What Mr. PATMAN. The gentleman has named $3,000,000. I would you tax when we are now collecting six and a half ask him to name some more. billion dollars a year from the people for the National Gov­ The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Michi­ ernment alone, or approximately 10 percent of the national gan has again expired. Does the Chair understand that income and running $7,000,000 a day behind? What would the gentleman from Michigan desires _to renew his request you tax to replenish the sources of taxation that have been to extend his remarks in the RECORD and to include certain and will dry up? I want you to advise me as a member of tables? the Appropriations Committee. Write me and tell me what Mr. ENGEL. I do. to do. I am frank to say I am unable to answer the question. The CHAIRMAN. The Chair misunderstood the gentle­ Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield ·man.- The Chair now understands that the tables which the now? gentleman desires to incorporate were prepared by himself. Mr. ENGEL. Mr. Chairman, I now yield to the gentle­ Mr. ENGEL. They were. Every figure quoted today in man from Texas. the tables or elsewhere were the result of my own personal Mr. PATMAN. The gentleman realizes that Mr. Homer research. Martin, of the C. I. 0., was in town the other day and asked The CHAmMAN. In that case the request is in order. for $130,000,000 from the Government for Michigan. Is the Without objection, the request of the gentleman from Michi .. gentleman in favor of appropriating that much money for gan will be granted. Michigan, and if not, how much money would he appropri­ There was no objection. ate for relief purposes in Michigan? The tables referred to ar.e as follows:

Share of na- Percent of Combined Share of New Assessed tional debt State and National, Percent of Deal debt on Percent of State Population I assessed assessed assessed valuation2 on per capita valuation a local debt 1 State, and per capita basis local debt valuation' basis valuations

Alabama_ ___ --- ___ _--- __ __-- ______---- 2, 646, 248 $917, 543, 734 $799, 166, 896 87. 1 $210, 822, 063 $1, 000, 989, 959 110.0 $367, 828, 472 40. 0 Arizona __ _------______------__ __ 435,573 357, 966,807 131, 543, 04fl 36.7 71, 777,316 . 203, 320, 362 56.8 60,544,647 17.6 Arkansas ______------1, 8.'i4, 482 411, 419, 430 560, 053, 564 136.1 25.'i,868, 988 815, 922, 552 198.8 257, 772, 998 62.2 Calitorrlia ___ ----______------____ -----_ 5, 677,251 7, 258, 146, 172 1, 714,529,802 23.6 1, 099, 416, 000 2, 813, 945, 802 38.8 789, 137, 889 10.9 Colorado ______----___ --__ -----_------1, 035,791 1, 088, 350, 535 312, 808, 882 28.8 129, 504, 338 442, 313, 220 40.7 143, 974, 949 13.2 School Connecticut ______1, 606,903 2, P43, 537, 356 485, 284, 706 16.5 160, 700, 082 808, 718, 512 27.4 223, 359, 517 7.6 { 162, 733, 030 f Delaware.------238,380 297,692,266 71,990, 760 24.0 29,087, 587 101, 078, 347 33.9 33,134,820 11.1 l<'lorida ___ ------1, 468,211 499, 372, 925 443, 399, 722 88.9 513, 022, 736 956, 422, 458 191.7 204, 0!!1, 329 40. 9 Georgia.------2,~ . 506 1, 059, 819, 000 878,368,812 82.9 106, 985, 539 985, 354, 351 93. 0 404, 282, 334 38. 1 H5,02a 369, 506, 621 134, 399, 664 36.3 78,449,967 212, 849, 631 57. 6 61,859,448 16.7 7, 630,654 5, 269, 827, 000 2, 304,457,508 43.7 1, 290, 545,'000 3, 595, 002, 508 68.2 1, 060, 660, 906 20.0 IndianaHi~~iS======___ -----______------======______3, 2.18, 503 3, 693, 896, 218 97&, 027, 906 26.2 199, 034, 882 1,177, 062,788 31.9 450, 151, 917 12. 2 Iowa ______------_------2, 470,939 2, 915, 453, 234 746, 223, 578 25. [, 241, 990, 759 9b8, 214, 337 33.9 343, 460, 521 11.8 Kansas ______---___ ------1,880, 999 2, 710, 976, 546 568, 061, 698 20.9 156, 104, 613 724, 166, 311 26.7 261, 4n8. 861 9. 6 2, 614,589 2, 470, 506, 437 789, 605, 878 32.0 135,051,887 924, 657, 765 37.7 363, 427. 871 14. 7 f~~~~;~K~ :::::::::::: : ::::::::::=:: 2,101, 593 1, 348, 163,553 634, 681, 086 47.1 360, no, 495 995, 091, 581 73. 8 292, 121, 427 2L 7 Maine ___------979,423 653, 532, 161 240,821,746 36.3 64,529,415 305, 351, 161 46. 0 110.841,797 16.5 Marylanrl ______----_ 1, 631,526 2, 629, 049. 410 492, 72AJ, 852 18.6 ' 261, 167, 767 753, 888. 619 28. 6 226, 782. 114 8. 6 Massachusetts._------4, 249,614 6, 444, 000, 271 1, 283, 383, 428 19.9 436, 599, 54 7 1, 719, 982, 975 26.6' 590, 698, 346 9.1 Michigan __ _------4, 842,345 5, 659, 727, 087 1, 462,388, 190 25.8 782, 305, 782 2, 244, 693, 972 39.6 673, 085, 955 11.9 MississMinnesoippi__ta __ --___ ------______• -___------______------2, 563, 958 1, 957, 812, 381 774, 315, 316 39. 5 285,111, 357 1, 059, 426, 673 54.1 356, 390, 162 18.2 2, 009, 821 545,_649, 495 606, 965, 942 111.2 179, 361, 169 786, 327, 111 144. 3 279, 365, 119 51.0 Missouri ______-- ____ 3, 629,367 3, 821, 563, 766 1, 096, 068, 834 28.7 334, 264, 904 1, 430, 333, 738 37. 4 504, 482, 013 13. 2 Montana------537,606 1, 049, 612, 827 162, 357, 012 15.5 71, 269,403 233, 626, 415 22. 3 74, 727,234 7.1 NebraskNevada _a.______- - ---__ ------______- -- - __------______~ - 1,377, 963 2, 060, 835, 168 416, 144, 826 20.2 110,506, 087 526, 650, 913 25. 5 191, 536, 857 9.3 New Hampshire ______91, 058 184, 531, 441 27,499,516 14. 9 9, 945,219 37,444,735 20.3 12, 657,062 6.8 465,293 558, 986, 024 140,518,486 25.1 31,735, 605 172, 254, 091 30.8' 64,675, 727 11.6 New JerseyMexico ______------______4, 041,334 5, 879, 166, 815 1, 220, 482, 868 20. 8 1, 151, 231, 000 2, 371, 713, 868 40. 3 561, 745, 426 9.5 423,317 282, 430, 833 127, 841, 734 45. 3 36,942, 977 164, 784, 711 58.3 58,841, 063 20.8 N ew York __ ------12,588, 066 25, 667, 925, 760 3, 801, 595, 932 14.-8 3, 948, 983, 914 7, 750, 579,846 30.2 1, 749,741, 174 6. 8 North Carolina ___ ------3,170, 276 2, 184, 061, 652 957, 423, 352 43.9 545, 423, 034 1, 502, 846, 386 68.8 440, 668, 364 20. 2 N orth Dakota ____ ------680,845 489, 895, 606 205, 615, 190 42. '0 36,211,431 241, 826, 621 49.3 94,637,455 19. 3 0 hio ______------6, 646,697 8, 683. 851, 057 2, 007, 302, 494 23.1 875,036,27.1 2, 882, 338, 765 33.2 923, 890, 883 10. 6 Oklahoma __ ._------2, 396,040 1, 233, 781, 471 723, 604,080 58.6 194,084,886 917. 688,966 74.4 333, 049, 560 27.0 Oregon ______------______953,786 924, 071, 621 288, 043, 372 31.2 198, 849, 130 486, 892, 502 52. 7 132, 576, 254 14.4 Pennsylvania ______9, 631,350 12, 065, 399, 666 2, 908, 667, 700 24.2 1, 213, 706, 000 4, 122, 373, 700 34.4 1, 338, 757, 650 11. 1 Routb bode Carolina Island ___ ------___ _; ______687,497 1, 335, 295, 386 207, 624,094 15.5 110, 352, 432 317,976, 526 23.8 95,562,083 7.1 s 1, 738,765 362,934, 109 525, 107, 030 144.6 171, 698, 350 696,805,380 192. 0 241, 688, 335 75.5 s outbennessee Dakota ______------• ______692,849 969, 908, 600 209, 240, 398 21.6 51,086,516 260,326,914 26. 8 96,306,011 9. 9 T 2, 616,556 1, 480,430,481 790, 199, 912 53.4 323, 496, 009 1, 113, 695, 921 75.-2 363 701 284 25. 2 I Population and State and municipal debt taken from 1930 census. 1With a few exceptions, the 1935 or 1936 assessed valuation is taken from Moody's 1937 Investment Guide. •This column gives percentage that national debt is of total assessed valuation of State. •This column gi ves percentage that National, State, and local public debt is of total assessed valuation. GT!Us column gives percentage that New Deal debt incurred since Mar. 4, 1933, is of total assessed valuation of State. 1476 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE FEBRUARY 3

Share of na- Combined Share of New Assessed tional debt Percent of State and National, Percent of Deal debt on Percent of State Population valuation on per capita assessed local debt State, and assessed per capita assessed basis valuation local debt valuation basis valuation

Texas------$5,824,715 $3, 157, 529, ISS $1, 759, 063, 930 55.7 $74.8, 390, 932 $2, 507,454,862 79.4 $809, 635, 385 25.3 Utah------507,847 518, 830, 745 153, 369, 79oi 29.5 46,149,913 199,519, 7r:rl 38. 4 70,590,733 13.6 Vermont------Virginia ______359,611 272, 872, 962 108, 602, 522 39.9 27,179,482 135, 782, 004 49.8 49,985,929 18. 3 Washington______2,421,851 2, 064, 049, 259 731, 399, 002 35.5 181, 242, 324 912, 641, 326 44.2 336, 637, 289 16.3 1, 563,396 1, 083, 329, 750 (72, 145, 592 (3.6 217,430,541 689, 576, 133 63.7 217,312,044 20.0 WisconsinWest Virginia------______1, 729,205 1, 729, 495, 451 522, 219, 910 30.2 151,593,880 673, 813, 790 39.0 240, 359, 495 13.9 Wyoming ______2, 939,006 4, 263, 845, 401 887, 579, 812 20. 8 205, 234, 228 1, 092, 814, 040 25. 7 408, 521, 834 9.6 225,565 308, 500,347 68,120,630 22.0 43,009,299 111,129,929 36.0 31,353,535 10.2

Statement showing each county's (1) population, 1930 census,· (2) Mr. WIGGLESWORTH. Mr. Chainnan, I yield 15 minutes assessed vaLuation,· (3) share of nationaL debt; (4) share of New to DeaL debt the gentleman from Kansas [Mr. GUYER]. Mr. GUYER. Mr. Chairman, I do not care to dwell upon Share of the controversy which occurred on the :floor awhile ago, but Counties of Michigan Popula- 1936 assessed Share ofna- New Deal I think it is very unfortunate for any Member of this House tiqn valuation tiona! debt debt to make charges against a fellow Member unless he has the most indisputable ground for it, and, for one, I do not care Alcona------4,989 $3,854,400 $1,506,678 $693,471 whether it is a Tammany Congressman or anyone else, if Alger_------9,327 7, 066,755 2, 816,754 1, 296,453 Allegan ______38, 97( 34,000,000 11,770,148 5, 417,386 anybody wants to do what SoL BLOOM has done, spend his AlpAntrimena ______------18,574 16,478, 167 5, 609,348 2, 581,786 own money and his own energy to bring the Constitution 9,979 8,854, 470 3, 013,658 1, 387,081 grass him. Arenac ____ ------8,007 5, 254,610 2, 418,114 1, 112,973 to the roots, I am for Baraga ___ ------9,168 7, 590,000 2, 768,736 1, 274,352 I often go over to the Library of Congress to see the Con.. Barry_------20,928 16,000,000 6, 320,256 2, 908,992 stitution. People have said to me, "You have no Constitu­ BenzBay ___ie ______------69,474 59,924,531 20,981, 148 9, 656,886 6, 587 4, 371,183 1, 989,274 915,593 tion," but I go over there to assure myself that we still have a Berrien_------81,066 70,803,000 24,481,932 11,268, 17( Branch __ ------23,950 21,959,944 7, 232,900 3, 329,050 Constitution. I stand there with uncovered head before that Calhoun------87, 043 95,076,432 26,286,986 12,098,977 Constitution because I know that whatever security of life Cass __ ------20, 888 17,067,902 6, 308, 176 2,1103, (32 Charlevoix.. ______11,981 8,838,520 3, 618,262 1,665, 359 and property and liberty I have I owe to what is written on Cheboygan_------11,502 6, 814,455 3, 473,604 1, 598,778 those four pieces of parchment, and I thank SoL BLooM for Chippewa ______25,047 21,895,294 7, 564,194 3, 481,533 Clare ______7,032 4,446, 329 2, 123,664 977,448 taking thos~ four pieces of parchment out of the Library and Clinton______24, 174 21,937,183 7, 300,548 3,360,186 sending them out to the school children of this country, so Crawford __ ------3,097 2, 634, 765 935,!!94 430,483 Delta ______32,280 16,380,170 9, 748,560 4, 486,920 that they, too, can read the ·charter of their liberty, the Dickinson______9,042,182 4, 161,799 Eaton.. ______29,941 15,858,015 charter to which they are going to owe everything they have 31,728 30,000,000 9, 581,856 4, 410,192 in life, the security of life and liberty and property. EmmeL------Genesee ______------______15,109 12,651,855 4, 562,918 2, 100,151 211,641 208, 000, 000 63,915,582 29,418,099 In the latter part of November I went over to the Corcoran Gladwin------7,424 4, 220, 102 2,242,048 1,031, 936 Gogebic ______31,577 36,941,845 9, 536,254 4, 389,203 Gallery of Art to see the collection of paintings and portraits Grand Traverse ______20,011 15,247,030 6,043,322 2, 781,529 of the signers of the Constitution of the United States and Gratiot __ ------30, 252 29,000,000 9, 136,104 4, 205,028 li, 3, 810,963 also of those delegates who did not sign the Constitution, and Hillsdale..------Houghton.. ______27,417 23,140,904 279,934 Huron ______52,841 18,838,832 15,961,002 7, 346,289 they also included the signers of the Declaration of Inde­ 31,132 26,770,649 9,401,864 4, 327,348 Ingham__.______116,587 145, 680, 023 35,209,274 16,205,593 pendence and many members of their families. Ionia------35,093 26,517, 162 10,598,086 4, 877, 9'n I say to you that if the Sesquicentennial Commission had Iosco __ ------7, 517 7, 500,000 2, 270,134 1,044, 863 done nothing else but gather together these great pieces of IsabellaIron __------______20,805 21,980,784 6, 283,110 2, 891,895 21,126 18, 151,995 6,380,052 2, 936,514 American art it would have justified its existence and what­ Jackson..------92,304 100, 000, 000 27,875,808 12,830,256 ever cost it has been. They are portraits that exhibit the KalamazooKalkaska ______------· 91,368 111,278,956 27,593,136 12,700, 15!1 3, 799 2, 535,454 1, 147,298 528,061. school of the early American artists. They are not merely Kent ____ ------240,511 243, 931, 485 72,634,322 33,431,029 a collection of historical paintings; they constitute a study LakeKeweenaw------______5,076 3, 854,010 1, 532,952 705,5M 4,006 2, 479,635 1, 209,812 556,834 of early American art. In those days before the birth of Lapeer______28,348 23,422,755 8, 561,096 3,940,372 LeelanaU..------8,206 5,539,000 2, 478,212 1,140,634 photography of necessity there were a great many portrait Lenawee------49,849 50,172,137 15,054,398 6, 929,011 painters. 'l;'hey became very skillful, and there is a great Livingston.. ______19, 274 20,000,000 5, 820,748 2,679,086 Luce __ _------· 6, 528 5, 623,305 t,m,456 9<11, 39!1 di1Ierence between a painted portrait and a photograph. MacombMackinac------______8, 783 6,116,056 2, 652,466 1, 220,837 One is the result of fine art done by hand. The other is a 77,146 81,700.316 23,298,092 10,723, 2!K Manistee------17,409 12,386, 163 5,257, 518 2, 419,851 mechanical process. These invaluable, priceless pictures MasonMarquette------______44,r:rl6 46,364,000 13,310,952 6, 126, 5M have been gathered here and every Member of this Hcuse, 18,756 13,500,000 5, 664,312 2, 607,084 Mecosta __ ------15,738 10,000,000 4, 752,876 2, 187, 58!1 if he ha.s not availed himself of the opportunity to see these Menominee------23,652 18,651,097 7, 142,904 3, 287,628 pictures, should go there and study them. They are great Midlanerie~ce ·has been nately do not take into consideration any amounts repaid. that while Congress intended to provide relief for small busi­ The aggregate amount of loans made against this $300,- ness in the past, these applications would be approved by the 000,000 which we authorized, and I do not include the branch offices, but when they came here to Washington the . amounts we authorized for the fishing industry, is $175,- Reconstruction Finance Corporation directors would not ap­ 248,739.89. I believe we can take for granted that the figure prove them. They had regulations more ·stringent than any in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation's report for the banking house' would put into effect. month of November 1937 is nearly correct, inasmuch as Mr. WOLCO'IT. I think if there is any criticism of the under tbe order of the President very few, if any, loans have procedure in that respect, we are equally to blame with the been made since that time. Reconstruction Finance Corporation for it. [Here the gavel fell] [Here the gavel fell] Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, -I yield- the gentleman 5 Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, I yield the gentleman 2 additional minutes. additional minutes. Mr. WOLCO'IT. Now, I do not like to see the small in­ Mr. WOLCO'IT. Because in the law we have established dustrialists and the small-business men called down here to restrictions--and I am saying this now to be absolutely fair Washington with the mistaken idea that they are going to to Mr. Jesse Jones and his Board, because I have a great get something from the President, or that they should have deal of respect for him as an individual and for the manner beg the President to give them something, wliich has to in which the Board has operated. I do not believe any already been provided for them by the Congress of the agency of the Government has functioned more effectively United States. than the · Republican-created Reconstruction Finance Cor­ . If the P.resident is sincere in wanting to do something for poration. small business and for industry, and I have no right to: assume he is not sincere in this respect, then he should give We provided, for example, that these loans should be ade­ the "Go" sign to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation quately secured. Undoubtedly the Reconstruction Finance and make available for financing the expansion of small Corporation has placed certain restrictions on the security, business the figure which I have given you of over $213,000,000. which might seem to us to work to the disadvantage of small With the knowledge of this condition the small-business business and industry, but by a simple amendment to the and industrial men who are here in Washington should im­ act we might relieve the Reconstruction Finance Corpora­ mediately pass a resolution, if any one of them can get the tion and the President from any embarrassment in that floor for the purpose of offering it, memorializing the Presi­ respect, and we might also extend from 5 years the time dent of the United States to rescind the order which he within which the loan should be repaid. I think it advisable .. gave to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation which dried that this be done immediately. · up this $213,000,000 of credit, and I am sure that with the Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? pressure behind the resolution the President will see the de­ Mr. WOLCO'IT. Yes . . sirability of again making these funds available for business Mr. PATMAN. It is a fact that under the Republicans and industrial expansion. only the insurance companies, the banks, and the railroads, You ·will recall that at the same time we authorized the the big boys, were provided for and the little fellows were not Federal Reserve banks to make available for direct loans to provided for at all. small businesS and industry all over 6 percent of the profits Mr. WOLCOTT. Mr. Chairman, I think the gentleman of ·the· ·Federal Reserve banks which must otherwise be paid from Texas has made a very unfair statement, inasmuch as into the Treasury of the United States upon the liquidation when the necessity for making loans to small industry and of Federal Reserve banks. These profits are literally held in businessmen came up on this floor the gentleman from trust for the Treasury of the United States and amounted Massachusetts [Mr. MARTIN], who is probably as outstanding to a little over $139,000,000 when we passed the act. The a Republican as there is on our side of the aisle, and I, Federal Reserve banks have loaned against this figure $105,- another Republican, in my own feeble capacity, led the fight 404,000, which is the aggregate, and I have no knowledge to authorize the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to make of how much has been paid back; but we can assume that, loans to small business; and I thoroughly resent the state­ deducting the aggregate from the total amount which was ment made by the gentleman from ·Texas that the Recon­ available, there is still about $35,000,000 which is available struction Finance Corporation Act was amended at the through the medium of the.Federal Reserve banks. instance of the Democratic Party, because the gentleman So these two sums put together, the $213,000,000 which is will recall that there was no enthusiasm upon the part of the available through the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, President or upon the part of Mr. Jesse Jones for this act, and the $35,000,000 which is available through the Federal and it was passed by this House with the help and at the Reserve System, give us pretty· close to $250,000,000 which · instance of the Republican side of the aisle. is at this moment available to small business and industry Mr. PATMAN. But what I said is a fact, that under the if the President will release it. Republicans only. those three classes were provided for. Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. Mr. Chairman. will the Mr. WOLCO'IT. I think the fact as stated by the gentle­ gentleman yield? man needs a great deal of explanation. [Applause.] 1482 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE FEBRUARY 3 The CHAIRMAN. The. time of the gentleman from Mich­ PIERCE] that these businessmen who are here come from the Igan has again expired. small communities where these small corporations are, that Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the are suffering tremendously because of this undistributed­ gentleman from Michigan [Mr. DoNDERo]. profits tax law? Mr. DONDERO. Mr. Chairman, the little-business men Mr. DONDERO. That is exactly the case. from 45 States of the Union have been in conference here in Mr. MICHENER. That is the case of one man from my Washington to the number of about 1,000. I understand that district who is here. that conference very suddenly an~ unexpectedly ended its Mr. DONDERO. And that is the case with one man in deliberations about an hour ago and that the convention has my district which I am going to submit to the House. come to an end. They are here from all parts of the coun­ try to discuss their common and mutual problems, to con­ Another thing that was suggested in my letter to the sider questions that vex them, to come to some conclusion, President was either a modification of the law known as the · and offer suggestions to the President and to the Congress Wagner Labor Act, or a complete repeal of it; and, further, of what might be done in order to solve the problems which· that a helpful attitude on the part of Government, and not confront them. a policy of threat, strangulation, and reprisal, was needed When the special session of this Congress .came to an end not only to encourage big business, but little business as on the 21st day of December I went back home to my district, well; that competition on the part of Government with all as did many other -members of this House, and I made it my business had to cease before times would be better; that too business to talk with big-business men and little-business men, many laws were bemg passed by Congress to regulate, laboring men, men and women of all walks of life, for the strangle, and dry up the business interests of the country. purpose of obtaining from them, if I could, what their prob­ This morning I received a letter from a little-business man, lems were, what their opinions were, and what they thought an ordinary American citizen, from a typical American city ought to be done in order to help make conditions better in of about 20,000 population. This businessman is represented this country. I came back to Washington for the regular in the congressional district of every Member of this House, session and wrote a letter to the President and included in and it illustrates what is going on in the Nation, in my State, that letter the result of my efforts and what the opinion was and in my congressional district, in the world of business. I which I obtained from all walks of life in various parts of am going to read one paragraph of this letter to you in my district. It was rather refreshing and illuminating last order that you may understand the true condition of ·busi­ night to read the public press and find that the things which ness--little business--back home. . I quote as follows: the small-business men in convention here were discussing So far as business is concerned there is no business. We have and the problems that they voiced very nearly corresponded never found the automobile business as tough as it is at present. with the very things that I included in my letter to the Just as one little dealer, I have over 100 used cars on hand and 40 new cars in stock which means that I cannot do any more President of the United States. When I wrote that letter trading due to the fact that I am loaded with used cars. I do not it was my desire, and now it is my desire, to be helpful, see any outlet for used cars until perhaps the last of May or the to lay before our President such things that are coming from first of June. * * * We cannot lay it to the factories as they have tried to do their part to take care of us. It would not sur­ back home which are annoying and holding back the people prise me a bit, and I do not think I am- far wrong, when I say of this country from going forward to a better day. Among that approximately 50 percent of the automobile dealers will be the things included in the letter--and it is in the RECORD­ out of business if this lasts another 90 days, because the repos­ was the suggestion of the repeal or a radical modification sessions are coming back so fast and the finance companies are selling them at such low figures that they. are in competition with of the undistributed-profits-tax law. That was one of the us and everyone is looking for a repossessed bargain. things voiced by the little-business man or men representing little business in conference here yesterday. That comes from a little-business man in a little town; Mr. PIERCE. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? and he lives in your congressional district in large numbers Mr. DONDERO. Yes. as well as he lives in mine. Mr. PIERCE. Was that propaganda that caused them to I have a little concern in my home city that employs 38 do that? Certainly a large majority of them have no finan­ people. That is small business. They run a printing shop and cial interest in the undistributed-profits tax. a newspaper. Last year they declared a substantial dividend, Mr. DONDERO. I would say to the gentleman from but it was to my surprise to learn that this year they Oregon that it could hardly be called propaganda for the went out and borrowed 85 percent of that dividend in order reason that the convention as I understand it claimed its to pay it. Why? Because if they had not done so the own chairman was hand-picked and they had no choice undistributed-profits tax would have taken the most of it in In his selection. Federal taxes. This year they have been compelled to resort Mr. PIERCE. But that is not an answer to the question. to another expediency, if you want to call it that, because Mr. DONDERO. I appreciate the gentleman's attitude they could not meet the tax. Because of debts every penny and understand the implication of his question, and I feel I of profit they made had to be paid out; so this year they have know what the gentleman had in mind by . way of .implica­ issued what looks like a gold bond, which I hold here in my tion which is that that convention came down here and that hand. It is entitled "Debenture Warrant." ·t suppose if we somebody placed in the hands of its members propaganda were to apply the language of the street we would call it just to cause them to raise that question, but the · reverse of an ordinary I 0 U. Why did they issue these? Let me read that is true, because the fact is that the chairman of the to you a letter which accompanied this particular warrant convention was selected for them and even the chairmen of for the dividend. the committees, 10 in number, were not selected by the [Here the gavel fell.] convention. Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 additional minutes Mr. PmRCE. Is it not true that there is scarcely one of to the gentleman from Michigan. them who would come under the undistributed-profits tax Mr. DONDERO. I quote: law at all? They have no interest in it. They just yielded You will remember that a year ago the So-and-So Publishing Co. to the propaganda of the press. paid an unusually good dividend. This was made possible by bor­ Mr. DONDERO. I shall put into the RECORD and speak rowing 85 percent of the funds necessary from 5ome of the other in a moment on the question of a small business concern in stockholders; but that action was deemed advisable to avoid the heavy tax-the so-called undistributed-profits tax-that would my home city. I have brought with me papers which I otherwise have been assessed by the Federal Government. think will answer the question of the gentleman and show More than ·half of this loan is still unpaid, and the company that what he believes to be the fact is not the fact, but again faces the necessity of paying out considerably more in divi­ the reverse of it is true. · dends than it has in cash, if it is not to pay this heavy extra tax. The directors have therefore voted to pay these dividends in Mr. MICHENER. . And does not the gentleman think in interest-bearing debentures, issuance ot. which has been duly answer to the question of the gentleman from Oregon [Mr. authorized. • 1938 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOU-SE 1483 Mr. PIERCE. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? · shackles that have been put on business in the way of bur­ Mr. DONDERO. I yield to the gentleman from Oregon. . densome taxation, undue governmental regulations, and Gov­ Mr. PIERCE. It seezps to be a queer process of bookkeep.. ernment competition with private business, the sooner we do ing that makes them go out to borrow money to keep from that, whether we be Republicans or Democrats, in my judg­ paying an undistributed-profits tax. ment, the sooner will come a better day for the American Mr. DONDERO. The answer to the gentleman's question Nation. [Applause.] is that the company, like many others, has obligations to meet [Here the gavel fell.l · which they could not offset against the profit they showed Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the on their books. The money went to pay those obligations. gentleman from New York [Mr. REEDl. It did not have cash on hand. Mr. REED of New York. Mr. Chairman, I listened with Mr. PIERCE. They certainly could have paid their debts a great deal of inlerest to the very fine remarks of the dis­ before they showed a profit. It is just camoufiaging their tinguished gentleman from Texas [Mr. Su:MNERSl. He is bookkeeping. always more or less of a philosopher. He usually stimulates Mr. DONDERO. Not at all. thought. He mentioned the necessity of the people of this Mr. PIERCE. Certainly; it is nothing else. country doing their own thinking at the present time, which Mr. DONDERO. Not at all, because some of the obliga­ is splendid advice. tions cannot be used as an offset against the tax. The busi­ I think we are facing not only one crisis but several crises. ness may show a profit at the end of the year but no cash I am going to confine myself in the few minutes I have to a to pay the tax or even a dividend. discussion of war and to the danger that our people Will run Mr. PIERCE. That is no excuse at all. as a result of propaganda. Mr. WOODRUFF. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman Quite a number of years have intervened since the last yield? war. A new generation of young men has arrived upon the Mr. DONDERO. I yield. scene. Mr. WOODRUFF. There are many members of the WaYs It is a strange bit of psychology when we realize that the and Means Committee, as well as other Members of the youth of· the land are not so opposed to war as we might House, who entirely agree with. the gentleman from Oregon imagine. I have received from mothers in my district let­ in that there was no excuse at all for such a law. ters calling my attention to the fact they are disturbed Mr. DONDERO. I want to say further in this connection because their boys are hoping there will be a war so they that the proposed suggestion to eliminate or exempt busi­ may get into it. ness making a profit up to $25,000 may be of some help, but When the last war broke I was a tenderfoot and knew it will be of very little help to the larger corporations which nothing of war. All I saw was the excitement at home. employ the greater number of men. Everybody was organized for some war purpose. We all Mr. TABER. Will the gentleman yield? remember the picture of the lads going away and the bands Mr. DONDERO. I yield to the gentleman from New York. playing and the local orators making speeches telling them Mr. TABER. In my territory a very large number of cor- how they loved the boys and assuring them that when they porations have had to dissolve because of the excess-profits came back they could have everything in the world. tax and go out of business. They could not afford to pay I had a chance to see the war at close range and learn the tax. something about it. Arriving in Liverpool, we went out to a Mr. DONDERO. Undoubtedly what this company did has colonel's estate. I remember that we drove up a great, beau­ been done by many companies throughout the United States tiful highway leading to a stately home. The thing that first in order to stay in business. impressed me was the fact that along the whole length of Mr. BATES. Will the gentleman yield? that driveway were two rows of trees that hS.d just been cut Mr. DONDERO: I yield to the gentleman from Massa­ down. In this country we would have said it was virgin chusetts. timber, because of the size and age of the trees. Now, I have Mr. BATES. Can the profits of the present year be used always loved trees. I never did like a sawmill. I was very to offset the losses of a previous year? much impressed With the fact that those trees had so re­ Mr. DONDERO. I do not thin~ so. I think it is on the cently been cut down, destroyed. After visiting for a time, I same basis as the income tax. asked the colonel, who, by the way, had lost a son in the war, Mr. BATES. That answers the question of the gentleman why all of the beautiful, ma.gni:ficent shade trees had been from Oregon. cut down. He said, "I have given those to the Government." Mr. DONDERO. You may take a loss that accrues in the And then not being tactful at all and somewhat curious, I year against your income in that year. said to the colonel, "What does the Government intend to do Mr. BATES. You may suffer a loss of $200,000 this year with the trees?" He said, "My dear sir, those are going to and have a profit of $300,000 next year, but you cannot offset be used to make coffins for our boys." against that profit the loss of a previous year? It so happened I was in London at the time of the largest Mr. DONDERO. I think that is_correct. air raid. The next morning I went out and saw a section Mr. Chairman, I received a letter on the 31st of January, of London that had literally been blasted to pieces, including just 3 days ago, from this company stating as follows: schoolhouses and everything else. The raid had occurred in the night, so the children fortunately were not in the school I have no doubt that our experience is paralleled by hundreds of thousands of other small companies which barely pulled through buildings. But I saw the inhabitants, boys and girls, with the depression. We might have come through a little easier, if hands mangled, scarred, bloody, no place to go. This was we had been more ruthless in the discharge of employees. But far removed from the battle front. we felt a definite obligation to them, and did not lay o1f a single I also had occasion to visit the hospitals in France and one. the front-line trenches. It is my opinion that we can do much in this Congress to I recall being in the hospital just outside of Calais, pre­ alleviate business and bring back better days by repealing sided over by the Duchess of Sutherland, a marvelous and some of the laws which we have passed and which we now beautiful woman. The soldiers almost worshipped her as find are not working to the advantage of our people but an angel of mercy. I heard and .saw the trucks rolling in rather to their disadvantage. So far as my State and my hour after hour. I saw the boys taken out and taken in. ·district are concerned, in my judgment, industrial warfare will They had been gassed. I went into the room, and may God have to cease before happier days will come again, and that spare me from such a sight again. I saw eyelids eaten away is true particularly of that great industry,. the automotive by poison gas and men living on oxygen, breathing it through industry, the largest in the Nation at the present time. glass tubes. The thing that got on my nerves worse Another thing we could do to help in this country is to than anything else was the fact that the. phonograph was emancipate business from politics. When we take otr the ~ . all the time, playing familiar tunes. I turned to a • 1484 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE FEBRUARY 3 nurse and said, "Why all this music amidst all this terrible certain appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, suffering?" She said, "My dear man, don't you know that 1938, and prior fiscal years, to provide supplemental appro­ the phonograph is the greatest blessing of the war?" I - priations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1938, and for said, "How do you explain it?" She said, "They beg for this . other purposes, had come to no resolution thereon. music, for familiar tunes. They would become raving LEAVE OF ABSENCE maniacs if it were not for the steadying influence of the home tunes with which they are familiar/' By unarumous consen~ leave of absence was granted to Mr. LYNDON B. JoHNsoN on account of illness. I went into the operating rooms. I was at the receiving stations. I saw the cords of amputated legs and arms. I EXTENSION OF REMARKS went through areas where there were millions of little crosses Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to marking the graves of the dead. · revise and extend the remarks I made in the Committee of I happened to be in Rheims the day of the great bom­ the Whole today and include therein certain letters and bardment, when 200 houses went down in dust under the editorials. heaVY explosions. I was in the Cathedral of Rheims when The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the it trembled from end to end. The rose window had been gentleman from New York? shattered and the glass scattered in the debris on the :fioor, There was no objection. the choicest statuary destroyed, and great gaping holes made Mr. O'CONNOR of New York. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ in the roof. One could look up through them to the sky mous consent to revise and extend the remarks I made to­ and see the little pu:tis of smoke as the shrapnel burst to day in the Committee of the Whole. keep hostile planes away. The old choir loft, that it took The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the 500 years to carve, had been burned. . gentleman from New York? An incendiary bomb had come down through the roof There was no objection. and set fire to the cathedral. Great strings of melted lead Mr. SHAFER of Michigan. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani- , were hanging down like streamers, like torn battle flags, mous consent to extend my remarks in the REcoRD and in­ which were referred to as the tears of Rheims. The great clude therein a statement made today by one of the small­ bronze bells, whose peals had so long resounded, had been business men from my district. melted by the :fiames and were an inert mass upon the :fioor. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the There, amid the dust and. dirt and confusion, to the accom­ gentleman from Michigan? paniment of the explosions outside,. were men and women There was no objection. of the old school, a part of the 3,000 people who had re­ mained in a city that prior to the war had a population of SENATE ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED 120,000. What were some of these people doing? They The SPEAKER announced his signature to enrolled bills of were creeping around en the :fioor like ghosts, carrying little the Senate of the following titles: receptacles, picking up little pieces of broken glass. These S.1255. An act for the relief of Harold Garr, Chester H. broken fragments were taken to the artist who had drawn on Peters, Harry B. SWift, Dr. Abraham A. Mills, Charles L. canvas a design of the rose window. The artist was mark­ Harris, 0. W. Morgan, F. G. E. Carlson, Harold S. Fraine, ing each piece and looking forward with hope to the pos­ Owen E. Steele, W. C. Mudge, Jr., George F. Poutasse, Paul P. sible restoration of the window. These pieces of glass, after Pickle, W. D. Hiltbrand, Arthur P. LeBel, K. E. Hill, Annie being marked, were taken to Paris or some other place of McGowan, Ralph Thompson, and Rosamond M. MacDonald· safety, with the hope and expectt~.tion that some day the S. 2418. An act for the relief of John Prosser; ' rose window would be restored. S. 2583. An act to provide for the acquisition of certain May we not draw a moral from all of this? What is an­ lands for and the addition thereof to the Tahoe National other war going to do to us? We are still living in the Forest, in the State of Nevada, and the acquisition of certain aftermath of the war we went through, with a colossal debt, other lands for the completion of the acquisition of the re­ with post-war insanity, and with some people even now maining lands Within the limits of the Great Smoky Moun­ rattling the saber and looking to another war. Where is an­ tains National Park, in east Tennessee; other war like the last one going to leave us? We are 3,000 S. 2602. An act for the relief of George Yuhas; and miles removed from the scene of wars on each side .of us. S. 2759. An act authorizing the sale of certain lands to the If there is any leadership in Congress it should be exercised regents of the Agricultural College of New Mexico. now to cause the people to stop and think what war means. ADJOURNMENT Are we going to destroy civilization with another war? Are Mr. RAYBURN. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House do we going to be the bright star of hope in this mad world, with now adjourn. common sense enough to preserve peace here and protect The motion was agreed to; accordingly

COMMITTEE ON THE POST OFFICE AND POST ROADS · 1065. A letter from the president, the Chesapeake & Po­ A meeting of Subcommittee No. 10 of the House Commit­ tomac Telephone Co., transmitting a statement of expendi­ tee on the Post Office and Post Roads, will be held Tuesday, tures and receipts of the Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone February 8, 1938, at 10 a. m., to consider Postal Service mat­ Co. for the year 1937; to th~ Committee on the District of ters relative to conditions complained of on floor of House Columbia. when Post Office appropriation bill was under consideration. COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS The Committee on Foreign Affairs will hold public hear­ ings Tuesday, February 8, 1938, in the committee room, the Under clause 2 of rule XIII, Capitol Building, at 10 a. m., on H. R. 9154 to provide for Mr. GRISWOLD: Committee on World War Veterans' cooperation between the United States and foreign nations Legislation. S. 2383. 4 bill to amend the act authoriz~ng producing tin ore and other materials to assure to the United the Attorney General to compromise suits on certain con­ States continuing supplies of the same to supplement defi­ tracts of insurance; without amendment