SOILS OF THE ROGERSVILLE-RICHIBUCTO REGION OF NEW BRUNSWICK
C. Wang Land Resource Research Institute Ottawa, Ontario
H. W. Rees Land Resource Research Institute Ottawa, Ontario (Formerly with New Brunswick Department of Agriculture and Rural Development)
LRRI Contribution No. 89 New Brunswick Soil Survey Report No. 9
Research Branch Agriculture Canada and New Brunswick Department of Agriculture and Rural Development 1983 Copies of this publication are available from: New Brunswick Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Box 6000 Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5Hl
@Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1983 Cat. No. A57-178/1983E ISBN O-662-12631-9 CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 6
INTRODUCTION ,,,...... ,,...... ,,,...... ,,,...._.,,,,.... 7
CHAPTER ONE: (;ENERAL DESCKIt”I‘ION OF THE AREA Locatton of the arc;1 and its principal towns ...... 7 Geolop~ ...... Lsrldxcapc ...... 7 Soil parent material ...... IO Vepetation ...... IO Climate ...... IO
CHAPTER TWO: SOIL FORMATION AND SURVEYING METHOD I2 Soil l’ormation and classification ...... I:! Survey method ...... Ii
CHAPTER THREE: THE SOIL MAP LEGEND AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOIL ASSOCIATIONS ...... I6 Gcncralircd soil map legend for the Ro~eraville-Rlchibucto region. I6 Cicncral characteristics of each association ...... I7 Acadic Siding (AS) ...... I7 Hawdu-Vin (HV) ...... IX Barr&u (BA) ...... I9 Big Hole (BH) ...... I9 Buctouchc IBU) ...... 21 Caraquct(CR) ...... ?I (‘hclmal’ord (CM) ...... 21 f:air I\le (FA) ...... 22 Fundy (FU) ...... 12 (iagetoi~n (ci) ...... 17 Galloway (GA) ...... 24 (iuimond River (GR) ...... 34 Harcourt (HT) ...... 74 Interval (IN) ...... 26 Kouchibouguac (KO) ...... 76 Lagacdvillc (LG) 26 Lavillcttc (LV) ... 28 Lord and Fey (1-F) 2x Mount Hope (MH) 28 Rcecc~RE) ...... 28 Richibucto (RB) 29 Riverbank (R) ...... 31 Ropersvillc (KS) .... 31 St. Gabriel (SG) .... 31 Stony Brook ISH) ... 32 Sunbury (S) ...... 32 Tracadic (TD) ...... 3.7 Upper Caraquet (UC) 33
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERPREI‘ATION OF SOILS FOR VARIOUS USES 34 Dcgrce and kind of limitation\ affecting farmland. community development. and recreation uses ...... 34 USC of the soil limitation tables ...... 34 Soil limitations for agriculture ...... 34 f-icld crops ...... 34 Vqctable crops ...... 34 Soil limitations for septic tank ubwrption fields ...... 35 Soil limitations for housing ...... 36 Soil limitations for area-type sanitary landfill ...... 31 Soil IImitations for trench-type sanitary Irlndfill ...... 39 Soil limitations for local roads and street! ...... 3Y Soil limitations for recreation ...... 40 Athletic fields ...... 40 Outdoor living ...... 40
3 Soil limitations for forestry ...... 40 Construction of access roads ...... 44 Equipment limitations ...... 14 Erosion hazards ...... 54 Windthrow hazards ...... 14 Species suitability ...... 45 Land capability classifications for forestry .... 4b Forest capability classification of organic soils 16 Suitahilif)J of soil as 3 source of materials 46 Topsoil .._...... 47 Sand ._...... ,...... ,,, 47 C;ravcl 48 Road fill 48 Some physical and chemical properties 3’) Bulk density 3’) Unified classification 4Y AASHO classification 51 Percent coarse fragments 51 Soil ,,,...... ,,,,...... ,,.,...,,,...... ,,,,,.....,,,,...... 51 Permeability 51 Available water Sl pH value ...... 51 Soil interpretation guide sheets l.or each rnincral soil association 51 Baie-du-Vin (BV) 53 Barrieau (BA) sx Big Hole (BH) 66 Buctouchc (BU) 70 (‘araquct (CR) lb Fair Isle (FA) x2 Fundy t FU ) 88 Gapetown (Ci) 94 Galloway (GA, 100 Guimond River (CR) IO6 Harcourt t HT) II’ interval (IN) 110 Kouchiboupuac (KO) 128 Lord and Fey (LF) I34 Mount Hope (MH) I.36 Rcccc (RE) I42 Kichihucto (RB) I48 Kivcrbank (R) IS6 Kopersville (RS) lb? St. Gabriel (SG) IhX Stony Brook (SB) I74 Sunhury (S) ,...... IX1 ‘I‘racndie ITD) IXX LIpper Caraquet (UC) 192
CHAPTER FIVE: ENGINEERING DATA. SOIL DESCRIPTIONS. AND ANALYTICAL DATA 200 Engineering test data for soil parent materials 200 Soil descriptions and analytical data 700 l3aic-du-Vin t BV) XX~ Barrieau CBA) 102 Big Hole ,BH) 204 Buctouche (BU) 20s C’araquct (CR) 207 Fair isle (FA) 307 Fundy (FU) _. 209 tiapeto\vn (G) 112 Galloway (GA) 113 (iulmond River (GR) 213 Harcourt IHT) 216 Kouchiboupuac t KO) 220 l,ord and Fey (LF) ---177 Mount Hope (MH) 7’. 1 Recce (RE) --.715 Richibucto (RB) 27x
4 Riverbank (R) ...... 230 Ropersvillc (RS) ...... 231 Stony Brook (SB) ...... 23s Sunbury (S) ...... 237 Tracadie (TD) ...... 239 Upper Caraquet (UC) ...... 239
LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. I- Areas for which soil survey reports have been published ...... x 1 Typical Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock ...... Y ; Drainage pattern of surveyed area ...... 0 4 Soil zones of the surveyed area ...... II 5 Accessibility map ...... I3 h Soil description sites ...... I4 7 Soil iample sites ...... IS 8 Sketch of the landscape relationships between the Acadie Siding and Chelmsford associations and associated soilscapes ...... I8 Y Sketch of the landscape relationships among the Acadie Siding. Laga&ville. and Lavillette associations and associated soilscape:, ...... 18 IO Sketch of the landscape relationships among the Baie-du.Vin. Galloway, and Richibucto associations and a\soclatcd soilscapes ...... I9 II Sketch of the landscape relationships among the Barrieau, Buctouchc, and Richibucto association\ and associxed soilwapes ...... 20 12 Sketch of the landscape relationships among the Big Hole. Fair Isle. and Sunbury nsxociations and associated aoilscapcs ...... 20 13 Sketch of the landscape relationships among the Caraquet. Fundy. and Upper Caraquet associations and associated soilscapes ...... 23 I4 Soilscape of the Fundy association with characteristic low beach ridge ...... 33 I5 Sketch of the landscape of the Gagetown. Guimond River, and Riverbank associations 2s lb Soilscape of the Harcourt association ...... 25 17 Sketch c!f the landscape relationships among the Harcourt. Stony Brook. and Sunbury associations and awxiated soilscapcs ...... 27 IX Soilscapc of the Kouchihoupuac association ...... 27 I!, Sketch of the landscape rclationshipx among the Mount Hope. Upper Caraquet. and Caraquet association5 ...... 29 20 Soilscapc of the Recce association ...... 30 21 Sketch of the landscape relationships nmony the Rccce. Rogcrsville. and Sunhury associations ...... 30 22 Soilscape of the Rogersville association ...... 32
LIST OF TABLES Table No. I Mean monthly temperature. precipitation. and snowfall for five long-term weather stations in or near the survey area ...... 7 Soil limitations for field crops ...... i Soil limitations for vegetable crops ...... A Soil limitations for septic tanks ...... s Soil limitations for housmg ...... h Soil limitations for area-type snnltary landfill ...... 7 Soil limitations for local roads and streets ...... H Soil limitations for athletic field5 ...... Y Soil limitations for outdoor living ...... IO Soil limitations for construction ot access roads ...... II Soil limitation\ for equipment uw ...... I2 Soil susceptibility to erGon ...... I3 Soil susceptibility to windthrow ...... I4 Soil suitability as a wurce for topsoil ...... IS Soil SUMMARY This soil survey report of the Rogersville-Richibucto region covers an area of about 405 000 ha located in the eastern central portion of New Brunswick. The survey area is bordered by the Miramichi River in the north. south to latitude 46”30’, west to longitude 6S”-t5’. and east to Northumberland Strait. The climate of the area is relatively uniform. Mean annual temperature i\ about 4.W and annual precipitation is about 1050 mm (about one-third is snow). Average degree-days ubov,e5°C are 1400-I 525. average growing season is 170-I 85 days. and average number 01 frost-free days. 120-130. Mean annual soil temperature is about S-8°C. Two main forces have shaped the landscape of the region: the Wisconsin Glaciation and the postglacial marine or tluvial deposition or both. Along the east coast. where the landform is usually flat to undulating, the dominant soils are sandy podzols and organic soils (bogs). The sandy podzols are developed in shallow acidic marine-modified outwash material underlain by soft Pennsylvanian sandstone: the organic soils are about 5 m deep and are mostly undecomposed sphagnum moss. There is a distinct lacustrine basin in the north bordered by the Miramichi River. Soils are mostly fine-textured and poorly drained and are classified as Gleysolc: the parent materials of these soils are usually neutral in reaction and relatively rich in natural t’ertility. The rest of the region (most of the survey area) is covered by thin (usually less than 2 m) ground moraines: most of them are fine loamy, but some are coarse loamy. The till is usually very compact and acid, and the subsoils of most of this region are impermcablc to water and roots. Landforms are undulating to slightly rolling. The dominant soils of this till area are classified as Podzolic Luvisols. Many also have weakly developed fragipan. Interpretation guide sheets were made for individual soil units of each mineral association. Interpretation sheets include 0 limitations for farmland. community development, and recreation uses 0 degree of limitations affecting woodland uses 0 suitability of soil as source of material 0 soil features affecting specitied engineering uses. The criteria used to determine and rank the limitations and the method used to rate the suitability of soil as source of material are discussed in detail. INTRODUCTION In response to the increasing demand for soil informa- This report is divided into five chapters. Chapter one is tion to accommodate the development of this region and for the general description of the area. It contains information more accurately assessing the agricultural potential of this concerning the soil environment in general, such as location, area. a soil survey project (scale I:50 000) for the Rogers- geology, landscape, parent material, vegetation, and cli- ville-Richibucto region was initiated jointly by the New mate. Brunswick Soil Survey Committee and the Land Resource Chapter two deals with soil formation, classification, Research Institute. Ottawa. in the spring of 1973. I’his proj- and surveying methods and procedures. It includes maps of ect was financially supported by Agriculture Canada and the soil description sites. soil sampling sites, and road accessibil- New, Brunswick Department of Agriculture and Rural De- ity. This chapter explains the accuracy of this soil map. velopment. Chapter three deals with mapping units and soil associa- The Rogersville-Richibucto region is located in eastern tions. It includes the soil map legend. general characteristics central New Brunswick: south to latitude 46%‘. west to of each soil association. and block diagrams of parts of the longitude 65’45’. east to Northumberland Strait. and north landscape, which show soil distributions. bordering the Miramichi River. It includes the northern halt Chapter four is devoted to land use. Land use in- of Kent County and the southeastern portion of ~orthumber- terpretations for each mapping unit of each soil association land County. are tabulated. The criteria used for each land use interpreta- The survey fieldwork was started in the summer of I Y73 tion and the limitations of each mapping unit are described and completed by November 1976. Soil correlation and spot and discussed in detail. checking were carried out during the field seasons of I977 Chapter five contains detailed soil descriptions and and 197X. chemical, physical. and engineering analytical data. CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA Location of the area and its principal towns Geology The RogersvilleeRichibucto soil survey area encompas- The bedrock geology is simple. In almost the vvhole ses about 405 000 ha of land on the east coast of New survey area, thin deposits of unconsolidated material arc Brunswick. It is bounded by the Mirantichi River and Mira- underlain by horizontally bedded Pennsylvanian sandstones michi Bay on the north, Northumberland Strait on the east. (Fig. 3). There are, however. some minor areas underlain by latitude 46”30’ on the south, and longitude 65’45’ on the soft red shale of Pennsylvanian age. west. This includes the northern half of Kent County and the There are two types of Pennsylvanian sandstone. one southeastern portion of Northumberland County (see Fig. I). greenish gray and the other red. The greenish gray sandstone The principal centers of population within the area are is dominant: the sand grains are mostly medium and line size the town of Chatham (pop. 7635) and the villages of- Buc- petrographically it has about 60-X5% quartz. l&30% feld- touche (26 14). Loggieville (905), Nelson-Miramichi ( 1590). spars, S- 10% biotite and muscovite, and minor amounts of Roxton (858). Richibucto (2032). Rogersville (1114), and chlorite; it is noncalcareous. The red sandstone occurs much Saint-Louis-de-Kent ( 1262). Of these. all but Rogersville are less often: it is found mostly along the coast, particularly on iocatcd close to waterways. reflecting the dependence of the eroded coastal plain; it is only obvious where the over- early settlements on oceans and rivers for a livelihood (the lying greenish gray sandstone has been eroded; the sand fishing industry) as well as for transportation. Even today grains of the red sandstone are somewhat finer than those in fishing is the primary industry of most of the smaller coastal the greenish fray type: detailed data are not available on its communities. with forestry. agriculture. recreation, and petrographic components. but it contains less quartz and tourism playing lesser roles. Chatham. on the mouth of the more mica and iron-rich minerals such as hornblende. Miramichi River. is the largest town in the area. As well as magnetite, and hematite; it is noncalcareou\. hut softer than being more industrialized than other towns it also is the site of the greenish gray sandstone. an airbase. It has docking facilities for ocean-going vessels, The soft red shale is found only in small pockets on the but Newcastle. which is about 8 km away and just outside the southern part of the survey area. It is noncalcareous and survey area. is the center of shipping activity. Rogersville, usually contains more than 35% clay and less than 10% sand. the principal inland village. is dependent on a combination of agriculture and forestry, and is probably best known as a center for the production of brussets sprouts. Landscape Also of interest is the Kouchibouguac National Park, The two main forces that shaped the landscape of the vvhich occupies about 22 000 ha of coastline from just north region are the Wisconsin Glaciation and a marine transgres- of Saint-Louis-de-Kent IO just south of Point Sapin. The sion. Postglacial rivers have made important modifcations ob.jective of the park is to preserve the natural flora and fauna (Fig. 3). of the coastal environment for public display. This aspect, The entire survey area was at one time covered by coupled with a high-quality beach. is rapidly making Wisconsin glacial drifts. The glacier may have been fairly Kouchibouguac National Park the ma,jor tourist attraction in thin. because with the exception of the glacial tluvial de- the area. posits, the glacial drift material (mainly ground moraine) is 7 .-: RESTIGOUCHE ‘\. , ,< GLOUCESTER ST LAWRENCE MAINE px;:;:j !--A Madawaska Rogersvllle-Rlchibucto 11111111l11Northern Victona p--yy Fredencton-Gagetown .:.. “; 1; y ‘; , Andover-Plaster Rock l’~.~.:.:~‘~: Southwest New Brunswick Woodstock c << LRRi Fig. I Areas for which soil survey reports have been published commonly less than 2 m and occasionally less than I m wide along the coast on the eastern part of the survey area. thick. The topography varies from nearly level to gently undulat- There are three main geomorphic landscape types: the ing. but in some areas, especially where the parent material is morainal till plain, the outwash coastal plain, and the smaller marine clay, slopes are steep and the landscape ha\ a hum- areas of lacustrine plain. mocky appearance owing to postglacial erosion. Most of the survey area is covered by undulating to The lacustrine plain is confined mainly to the northern gently rolling morainal till plain. Steeper slopes are found half of the survey area, and is almost exclusively associated only on the banks of rivers or streams. There are only a few with a nearly level landscape. Relatively inconspicuous kames and eskers that break up the otherwise monotonous till beach ridges (usually no more than 60 cm high and IO- plain landscape. 100 m wide) can often be detected along the rim of isolated The outwash coastal plain occupies a strip 15-30 km portions of the lacustrine plain. 8 Fig.2 Typical Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock Fig. 3 Drainage pattern of surveyed area 9 Soil parent material both, windthrow is common, particularly near the shore. where strong winds produce open stands in many places. Glacial till. marine-intluenced outwash sand, lacustrine Although black spruce is commonly found in poorly clay, and marine clay are the four ma,jor types of mineral soil drained soils and yellow birch and beech are found only on parent materials. About 5% of the survey area is occupied by better drained soils, the correlations of vegetation with soils organic soils. and tandform are poor. Grey birch, trembling aspen, and balsam fir are found on all mineral soils. regardless of drain- Glacial till age and landform. The poor correlations could be attributed Glacial till. the most widespread type of parent mate- to the frequent forest fires that have occurred in the surveyed rial. covers most of the survey area with the exception of the area. According to Wein and Moore ( 1977). ’ the surveyed eastern coastal plain and the northern basin (Fig. 4). There area had an average fire rotation period of only 230 years. By are two types of till: dense. compact lodgment tills and less comparison, the fire rotation periods in northern New Bruns- dense, friable ablational tills. The lodpment tills are acid. of wick were over 1000 years. fine loamy particle size, and slowly to very slowly perme- Trembling aspen is commonly the first species to re- able. Three types could be distinguished according to litho- generate after a forest fire, but jack pine. grey birch. red logical composition of the coarse fraction: mostly Pennsylva- maple, and yellow birch are also common. Comferous trees nian greenish gay sandstone in coarse fragments: mostly a follow aspen and other broad-leaved trees in the succession. mixture of red shale and Pennsylvanian greenish gray sand- White spruce and balsam fir are found usually on better stone in coarse fragments: and mostly fragments of nonlocal drained sites. black spruce on poorly drained sites, and bedrock such as granite. volcanic. schist. and slate. The eastern white pine and jack pine on sandy sites. Mature ablational till is acid, of coarse loamy particle size. mod- stands of these conifers are less common ovving to the fre- crately to highly permeable, and dommated by PennsyJlva- quent incidence of forest fires. nian greenish gray sandstone coarse fragments. Climate Marine-influenced outwash sand This material is most commonly found on the undulat- There are three weather stations within the surveyed ing coastal plain. It is acid. loose. and derived from weath- area: Rexton and Chatham, where data are recorded all year, cred Pennsylvanian sandstone. The lithologic composition is and Point Escuminac. where data are not recorded during the almost the same as that of the underlying sandstone bedrock. winter months. The stations at Rexton and Point Escuminac are located on the Eastern Coastal Plain (Fig. 4). and the Lacustrine clay station at Chatham is in the Northern Basin. There is no Lacu\trine clay occurs on level terrain in the northern weather station on the Till Plains. basin of the survey area. It ranges from neutral to slightly Two weather stations, Harcourt (south of Central Till calcareous and is olive brown, slowly to very slowly perme- Plain) and Renous (west of Western Till Plain). located just able. and dense. Although it is high in natural fertility, outside the surveyed area, are thought to have a climate natural drainage is poor. similar to the two Till Plains. Their climatic information is summarized in Table 1 together with those of the other three Marine clay weather stations. .As shown in Table I, the climatic diifer- This material is found mainly on the coastal plain. It is ences among the five weather stations are slight. Precipita- calcareoux. reddish. slovvly to very slowly permeable, and tion is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. dense. The natural fertility IS high. Although it is associated Within the surveyed area, the average degree-days mostly with level landforms. it is also found on dissected. above 5°C are 1400-1525; the average growing season is hummocky terrain. 17(&1X5 days above 5°C: and the average number of frost- free days is 120-140 (Agroclimatic atlas of Canada 1976).’ Vegetation The average number of degree-days is usually higher on the inland than on the coastal area, but the average growing In the wooded area. white spruce (P&N glolrc~r), black season and number of frost-free days are usually longer on spruce ( P~CYY~mnric~zc~), balsam fir (Abies holsomc~r), and the coastal area. ,jack pine (Pirtlrs htrrrksirrrrcc)are the dominant coniferous The mean annual soil temperature (MAST) is estimated trees. Grey birch (S~TIIIN ~~~/~tl+Jicr) and trembling aspen at 558°C. It varies somewhat, depending on site characteris- (PO/XJ/USrr.r~nllloick,.s) are the dominant deciduous trees tics such as moisture, texture, vegetation, and soil color. mixed with coniferous. Red maple (Awl- mhrmr) and yellow Generally, the MAST is lower in tine-textured poorly birch (HcJtr,lr/ r,//r:/~c~,~i~r~si.s)are found locally on better dmined soil and higher in coarse-textured well-drained soil; boils. Eastern wihite pine (Pijr~.s .sr~o/~r.s).beech (FNXIIS the MAST is also lower in the woods than on cultivated land; ,puwdj/o/i~O. and eastern hemlock ( Tsugc~cc7rzc&r7.~i.s) can be and soils with a darker surface have a higher MAST than soils found along the inland border. Because many soils in the with a lighter surface. surveyed area are shallow to bedrock or dense subsoil OI IO Table 1. Mean monthly temperature,’ precipitation. and snowfall for five long-term weather stations in or near the survey area -YY III.3 76.5 pY.7 Y3 7 57.2 9.7 8’1.2 71.4 -Y.X YX 6 60.7 ~-4.3 X6.1 63.0 4.0 71.1 4, 1- 79 Xh.6 37.x 3.0 S6 I l5.S 9.7 5X.Y I.5 Y.l 71 h I s 4.6 77.5 0 IS.6 Xi.! 0 79 x5.1) 0 IX x x3.4 (I 6.7 x97 0 Ih 9 X9.2 0 2.2 ?I.6 0 I? s xx.1 0 6.6 Y7.8 0.x 6 9 93 5 I.5 0.7 151.1 25.9 0.X Il.5 X I'lh CHAPTER TWO: SOIL FORMATION AND SURVEYING METHOD Soil formation and classification horizons. The soils developed in marine clays are therefore mostly Podzolic Gray Luvisols and Luvic Gleysols. The Soil is defined as “. the naturally occurring. uncon- organic matter parent materials are mostly associated with solidated mineral or organic material at least IO cm thick that domed bogs. The age varies from over 7000 years old near occurs at the earth‘s surface and is capable of supporting the bottom of the bog to less than 1000 years old near the plant growth” (Canada Soil Survey Committee 1978).’ surface. Most of the organic soils are classified as Typic Soil is a dynamic natural body that continuously de- Fibrisols. velops and differentiates itself. Climate, vegetation. Areas of ortstein soils, which have cemented podzolic B topography. parent material, and time are the five factors that horizons (Wang et al. 1978).” are common on the outwash contribute to the processes of soil formation (Brady 1974).“ sands of this zone. The relative importance of each soil-forming factor on the properties of a soil vary widely. For example, age has a much Central till plain greater influence on the properties of an older soil than of a With the exception of small patches of lacustrine and very young one: poor drainage (largely controlled by outwash material. this zone is covered mainly by a gently topography) tends to subdue the other soil-forming factors. undulating to slightly rolling ground moraine. Elevations are Detailed dlscussions of the soil-forming factors and their 40-I 00 m above sea level. interactions can be found in Buol et al. ( 1973)5 and Simonson The dominant type of parent material found in this zone (1978).” consists of two materials in a thin mantle 30-X) cm thick of Because most of the survey area was covered by Wis- friable. acid, fine loamy, brownish, ablational till overlying a consin glacial drifts and the elevation throughout the survey compact, acid. fine loamy, reddish, lodgment till. In well area was relatively low. three of the five soil-forming fac- and imperfectly drained soils, there is a podzolic B horizon in tors--climate. vegetation, and age-played minor roles in the friable ablational till and a luvisolic B horizon in the differentiating the various soils found on this surveyed area. compact lodgment till. For soils developed on poorly drained Therefore. the differences among the soils of this area are sites the podzolic B is weak or nonexistent. but the luvisolic mainly attributed to the difference of parent material and B is usually still moderately well developed in the lodgment topography (drainage). till. In this report. all soils are classified according to The Gray Luvisol and Luvic Gleysol are common where Crrtzdim .s~‘.stert?of soil class~ficatiotr (Canada Soil Survey minor areas of lacustrine clay occur, and Humo-Ferric Pod- Committee 1Y7X).3 Technical terms are defined in the Munlc- zols are most commonly found on areas of outwash sand and tr/,fiw rlvsc~rihitzg soils in thr,field (Agriculture Canada 1978)’ thick ablational till. and Glossat-J, of tmm it1 soil .sc.imce (Agriculture Canada All the luvisolic B horizons found in this zone are weak. 1Y76).‘These three publications are also available in French. and all the luvisolic B horizons found in the Maritime prov- The surveyed area. wjhich falls within the region gencr- inces are usually weak ones. Generally. the Bt horizons that ally known as the Eastern Lowlands, can be subdivided into developed in the marine clays of the eastern coastal plain and four zones (Fig. 4). in the lacustrine clays of the northern basin are better de- veloped than those in the lodgment till of this zone. Eastern coastal plain This plain occupies the eastern half of the survey area. It Northern basin is level except for small areas ofdissected marine clay, which The landforms within this zone are level to slightly are usually along tidal rivers and have a hummocky appear- undulating, except for areas dissected by rivers and streams. ance. It is less than 40 m above sea level. Elevations are usually less than 40 m above sea level. Three kinds of parent materials are found in this coastal The dominant parent material is lacustrine clay, with plain: marine-modified outwash sand, organic matter (bogs). smaller but significant areas of glacial till and outwash mate- and marine clay. There are also minor amounts of alluvium rials. The lacustrine material is clayey, compact. weakly and till. The mineral soils (except alluvium) are about IO 000 calcareous. and brownish in color. It has a higher natural years old. In the sandy soils, concentrations of organic matter fertility than the acid, fine loamy till that commonly occurs and amorphous Al and Fe are evident in the B horizons. and on both central and western till plains. However. owing to most of them are Humo-Ferric Podzols. The marine clays are the heavy texture and flat topography. most soils developed about the same age as the sandy soils. However, besides the on this type of lacustrine material are either poor or imper- concentrations of organic matter and amorphous Al and Fe. fectly drained, with Luvic Gleysols and Gray Luvisols being the marine clays have oriented clay in the lower B horizon, the soils most commonly formed. The till found in this area is and when found on level landforms. commonly have gleyed similar to the dominant type of till found in the central till ‘Canada Soil Surve) Committee The Cam&m ay\tem of soil claa\~ticatwn Ottaua. Ont.. Supply and Services Canada. Can. Dep. Agrlc. Publ. 1646: 197X: I64 p. ‘Brady. N. C. The nature and propelties of wil\ 8th ed New York: MacMillan Publishing Co. Inc.: lY73: 639 p. ‘Buol. S. U;.: Hale. I;. D : McCracken. R. J. Soil genesis and claaification. .Ames. IA: The Iowa State Univ. Press: 1973. “Simon~w~. R. W. A multiple-proccs model of wil genesis Quaternarv w11*1. Norwick. Eng.: Gco. Ahstracts; 1978: I-25. -Agriculture Canada. Manual tbr dercr~bmg soils in the field. Dumanski. J.. ed. Otta~ba. Ont.: Land Rewurce Research Institute. 197X. XAgriculture Canada. Closwry of terna in wil x%x~ce. Can. Dep Agric. Pub 1459. rev. 1976 “Wantl. C‘ : Beke, G J.. McKeaye. I. A. Sitechxacterwric\, morpholorv <, and phv!,lcal propertlesoi\ele~lcdort~tein wils from the Marnime province\. Can. J. Soil 51. S8.435-320. IY7X. 12 LEGEND /pL Routes 01 acccx (by both fool and vehlclel Fig. 5 .4ccessibility map plain. The outwash material found here is similar to the In this zone, there is a significant area of organic matter outwash sand found in the eastern coastal plain. Consequent- parent material, mostly in the form of domed bogs. Morpho- ly. the soils developed on these materials are also similar to logically, the organic soils developed on these bogs were those in the other two zones on comparable topography. similar to the organic soils found on the eastern coastal plain. However, the ages of the bogs vary, with these being older Western till plain than the bogs on the eastern central plain. This zone consists of a slightly undulating to undulating ground moraine plateau. It is 50-140 m above sea level. The reddish fine loamy lodgment till that dominates the Survey method Central Till Plain is rarely found here. Instead, an acid. fine loamy. somewhat compact, brownish lodgment till is most Field data collected during the summer months con- common; also very common is a layer of X&6() cm of acid. sisted of routine observations of the soil. which were located coarse loamy, friable, ablational till overlying the acid. fine and recorded on aerial photographs (scale I cm to 0.32 km loamy. brownish lodgment till. Most of the soils developed or I:3 1 680). With the use of the road system in the region as on these tills have a weakly to moderately developed fragipan a basis. examinations of the soil were made at about 0.4-km with characteristics similar to the ones described hy Wang et intervals, which varied with the simplicity or complexity of al. ( 1973). “’ There are significant accumulations of organic landforms in each area. Because the survey was heavily matter and amorphous Al and Fe in the B horizons of the\e dependent on accessibility. the areas of intensive use (farm soils. However, accumulations of silicate clay in the B hori- fields and cleared land) were mapped in greater detail. The /on\ are not well pronounced. accessibility map (Fig. 5) reflects the intensity ofobservation 13 Fsg, 6 Soil description sites of the survey area. In tnost cases a pit was dug to expose the During the survey season, one or two detailed soil soil profile. but where possible (in stone-free material), an descriptions per field party were made each week on the soil auger or probe was used. Such identifications involved the or soils that occurred most often during that week (Fig. 6). soil to a depth of 1 m for mineral soil and 160 cm for organic Some common soil mapping units may have many detailed soil or to a lithologic contact in shallow soils. soil descriptions in one season. This provides an accurate Soil delineation lines were drawn on the aerial photos in estimate on the range of characteristics of soil mapping units the field. where possible. However. because the majority of over four field seasons. However. the minor soils may have the area is wooded, most of the soil delineation lines were only very few descriptions over the years and consequently located under stereoscopic examination. Photo interpretation have a less accurate range of soil characteristics. played a major role in delineating the various soils as did the By the end of each survey season, the most commonly field observations. These two factors, along with the sur- occurring soils were sampled at S-10 sites for chemical and veyor’s familiarity of the area. were the basis for determining physical analysis. Also each season. IO-20 soil parent mate- the locations of the boundaries. Some soil changes are more rial samples of ma.jor soils were sent for testing of engineer- obviously marked in nature and can be delineated accurately; ing properties. Figure 7 shows the sampling sites; Chapter 5 others are gradual and the boundary lines are not sharp or gives the results of the analyses and tests. well defined. 14 *: ,,/ . ;,/-I ” Ai?/ 1.5 CHAPTER THREE: THE SOIL MAP LEGEND AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOIL ASSOCIATIONS The generalized soil map legend follows. There are eludes a number of soil associates (as indicated by numeric twenty-four mineral soil associations, four organic soil asso- modifier on page 17). provided they are all present in sig- ciations. and three land types. nificant proportions. A soil associate is a cartographic group- A soil association is considered in this report to be a ing of soils or land segments that combines related soils into natural grouping of soil associates based on similarities in units having similarity in geographic position. physiographic factors and parent materials. It usually in- The mapping unit is defined on page 17. Generalized soil map legend for the Rogersville-Richibucto region Swhol Soil or tzotwoil tncrlerifrl Acadie Siding AS less than 160 cm of humic or mesic fen peat over undifferentiated mineral material Baie-du-Vin BV lo-50 cm of sandy glaciofluvial material over sandstone Barrieau BA 20-50 cm of sandy glaciofluvial over fine loamy lodgment till Big Hde BH lo-50 cm of coarse loamy ablational till over sandstone Buctouche BU SO-100 cm of sandy glaciofluvial over fine loamy lodgment till Caraquet CR SO-100 cm of sandy glaciofluvial over clayey marine material Chelmsford CM more than 160 cm of humic or mesic fen peat Fair Isle FA SO- 100 cm of coarse loamy ablational till over sandstone Fundy FU clayey lacustrine or marine material Gagetown G sandy skeletal glaciolluvial material over sandstone Galloway GA SO-100 cm of sandy glaciofluvial material over sandstone Guimond River GK sandy skeletal glaciofluvial material Harcourt HT 3045 cm of fine loamy ablational over lodgment till Interval IN coarse siltv alluvium Kouchibouguac KO sandy glaciofluvial material Lagaceville LG less than 160 cm of fibric sphagnum peat over undifferentiated mineral material Lavillette LV more than 160 cm of fibric sphagnum peat Lord and Foy LF sandy skeletal glaciofluvial material Marsh undifferentiated marine deposits along coast or tidal river, periodically submerged by salt water Mount Hope MH clayey glaciomarine material Keece RE 40-60 cm of coarse loamy ablational over fine loamy lodgment till Richibucto RB sandy glaciofluvial material Riverbank K sandy glaciofluvial material Rockland RK less than 10 cm of unconsolidated material over mainly sandstone bedrock Rogersville RS fine loamy lodgment till Sandy beach sandy marine beach periodically submerged by salt water St. Gabriel SG SO-100 cm of fine loamy till over sandstone Stony Brook SB fine loamy lodgment till Sunbury S coarse loamy ablational till Tracadie TD clayey marine material Upper Caraquet UC 20-X) cm of sandy glaciofluvial over marine clay 16 Single mapping unit numeric modifier* average surface texture \/ association s2 SL or land type lx s?. El Rl / slope ‘rockiness I I stoniness erosion Complex mapping unit average surface texture numeric modifier*~ 1 ~~~~~~~~a~~ssociation dominant tjT3 SL + S2 SL- average surface association or bc S3 El RI texture land type / slope !ockiness I I stoniness erosion In a complex mapping unit, the first soil association is the most dominant, i.e., more than 40%, followed by one or two significant (20-40%) soil associations. *Numeric modifiers for soil associations: I. Well and excessively drained 2. Dominantly (4CHO%) well drained with significant (2&4O%‘c) imperfectly drained 3. Dominantly imperfectly drained with significant well drained 4. Imperfectly drained 5. Dominantly imperfectly drained with significant poorly drained 6. Dominantly poorly drained with significant imperfectly drained 7. Poorly dramed 8. Very poorly drained GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH ASSOCIATION Acadie Siding Association (AS) and lower tiers, the organic material is moderately to well decomposed and the rubbed fiber content is less than 40% by Soil unit: AS-dominantly either Terric Humisol or volume: the upper tier may or may not be significantly Terric Mesisol or both, and always decomposed. The terric layer varies widely in texture: it is poorly drained usually slightly heavier than the texture of the surrounding mineral soils (see Fig. 8). General This association usually is closely associated with fens. Acadie Siding is a minor organic soil association both in The age of the fens is not known. but we believe that in a the size of it5 area and in its agricultural or commercial similar climatic zone. the fens are probably somewhat importance. There are about 11 XOI ha. ?.KSr/; ot‘the survey \‘ounger than the bogs. area. .4lthough the total area of this soil is small. it is x~attsred over the whole map area. Associated soil unit Acatlie Siding soils are extremely acid. with h&l 60 cm Acadie Siding is most often associated with Chelmsford of organic material over mineral material (terric layer). The soil. which is similar to Acadie Siding except for the lack 01 organic material is dominantly sphagnum. but some sedge. terric contact (Fig. Y). It is also associated with poorly woody. and shruhby materials may bc present. In the middle drained mineral soils. 17 Mineral , Acadie Siding , Chelmsford I p Mineral Soil 1 Acadie Siding Mineral Soil Soil , !bE I I m 2m 2m lm lm Om Om lm lm 2m 2m 3m -I- 3m 4m Bedrock (Pennsylvanian Sandstone) in 4m 5m i 5m 6m Fig. 8 Sketch ofthe landscape relationships between the Acadie Siding and Chclmsl’ord associations and ajsociatcd soilscapes Mineral Acadie Siding ,Lagacbville I Lavillette 1 E 1 Mineral Soil I I 1 $ I Soil I g 6m I I I‘ : I 6m 4m 4m 2m 2m Om Om 2m 2m 4m 4m 6m Bedrock(Pennsylvanian Sandstone) --%RI 6m Sketch of the landscape relationships among the Acadie Siding. Lagaccville. and Lavillettc associations and associated Baie-du-Vin Association (BV) coarse fragments. but may contain as much as 20% by volume of sandstone grave1 and cobbles. Soils units: BVl, BV2 -dominantly Orthic The upper 50-100 cm of the sandstone bedrock is easily Humo-Ferric Podzol split. can even be broken by hand. and there are many BV3, BV4, fracture planes between rocks. However, at a greater depth. BV5 -dominantly Gleyed the rocks become much harder and the fracture planes fewer. Humo-Ferric Podzol The well-drained and imperfectly drained members of BV6, BV7 -dominantly Gleyed this association usually have a Bf horizon that just meets the Eluviated Dystric Brunisol thickness and chemical requirements for a podzol. However, they may be underlain by a Bfj horizon morphologically General almost identical with the overlying Bf horizon. The poorly Haie-du-Vin association is commonly found on the drained member usually does not meet the requirements of a southeast section of the survey area and some is also found in podzolic soil. the northeast section. There are 13 989 ha, about 3.35% of the map area. Almost all the Baie-du-Vin soils are mapped at Associated soil unit less than SO m above sea level. Baie-du-Vin soils are commonly found in association Haie-du-Vin soils are very shallow lithic. well-sorted with soils of the Richibucto and Galloway associations (Fig. marine-influenced outwash sand over Pennsylvanian sand- IO). stone bedrock. These soils usually occur on nearly level All three soil associations are developed on the same (OS-2.5% slope) coastal plain. The sandy outwash layer is type of outwash sand over sandstone bedrock and all are IO-SO cm thick. acidic, petrologically similar to the under- found mainly on the Eastern Coastal plain. However. Baie- lying sandstone. and rich in biotite. It is generally free of du-Vin has only 2CL50 cm of outwash sand, whereas Gallo- I 18 Richibucto Association I Galloway Association I Baie-du-Vin Association 1 Galloway I I Association >lOO cm of marme or outwash sand 50-100 cm of marme or I 20-50 cm of marme or 1 outwash sand over bedrock I outwash sand over bedrock ) O.Om OSm 1 .Om 1.5m 20m Bedrock (Pennsylvanian Sandstone) ~ 2.5m 3.0m L / 3.0m f’ig. 10 Sketch of the Iand\cape relationship\ among the Baie-du-Vin. Galloway. and Richihucto as\ociationc and associated way has SO-100 cm and Richibucto has more than 100 cm fine loamy, acidic, and commonly has IO-20% coarse frag- ov& bedrock. ments, nearly all sandstone. Sources of the till are mainly As a result of frost heaving. root action, tree throw, or Pennsylvanian sandstones, red shale, and siltstone. plowing. coarse fragments of platy bedrock are often moved The well-drained and imperfectly drained members of upward into the profile: therefore. Baie-du-Vin soils often this association usually have a Bf horizon that just meets the have more coarse fragments (sandstone) than either Richi- thickness and chemical requirements for a podzol. However, hucto or Galloway soils. Where the coarse fragments in- the Bf may be underlain by a Bfj horizon that is morphologi- crease. the sand layer has the appearance of ablational till. cally almost identical. The poorly drained member usually which can be mistaken for Big Hole soils. However, the Big does not meet the requirements of a podzolic soil. Hole soils are rarely found on the coastal plain and they have a more undulating surface expression. Associated soil unit Barrieau soils are commonly associated with soils of the Buctouche association (Fig. 11). Both Barrieau and Buc- Barrieau Association (BA) touche associations are developed on the same type of shal- Soil units: BA2 -dominantly Orthic low outwash sand over the same kind of lodgment till. but the Humo-Ferric Podzol sand layer is only 2&SO cm thick in Barrieau soils, whereas BA3, BA4, it is 50-100 cm in Buctouche soils. BA5 -dominantly Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol Big Hole Association (BH) BA6, BA7 -dominantly Orthic Gleysol Soil units: BHl, BH2 -dominantly Humo-Ferric General Podzol The Barrieau association is widespread in this region BH3, BH4 -dominantly Gleyed (23 067 ha. 5.52% of the map area). Most of this association Humo-Ferric Podzol is mapped as poorly drained soil units (BA6 and BA7) in the northeast of the map area. Minor areas of well-drained and General imperfectly drained units are scattered over the map. They Only relatively small areas (3 I2 I ha. 0.75% of the area) are usually- near or along the rivers. Most of the Barrieau soils have been mapped as Big Hole association. Many of them are are at XL40 m above sea level. found near or along rivers. They usually occur at 40- I20 m Barrieau soils are developed on very shallow well- above sea level. sorted marine-modified outwash sand over dense lodgment Big Hole soils are very shallow,, developed in thin till. They are usually associated with almost level (0.52.5% ablational till over Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock. and slope) landforms. except for some small sloping areas along usually occur on undulating to rolling (3315%) landforms. the rivers. The outwash sand layer is about 3-O-50 cm thick. The ablational till overlay is about l&SO cm thick, coarse mostly fine and medium sand. free from coarse fragments. loamy, acidic, and contains about 1040% coarse fragments. acidic, and rich in biotite. The underlying till is very dense, Usually all the coarse fragments are angular and subangular. 19 Stony Brook I Barieau Association Buctouche I Richibucto Association Galloway Association Association Association 50-100 cm 50-100 cm >lOO cm lodgmenttill 20-50 cm marme or outwash marme or >lOO cm marine or outwash sand marine or sand over lodgmenttd outwash sand outwash sand over lodgment over bedrock till O.Om O.Om 0.5m 0.5m 1 .Om 1 .Om 1.5m 1.5m 2.0m 2.0m Bedrock (Pennsylvanian Sandstone) 2Sm 2.5m 3.0m 3.0m Fig. I I Sketch of the landccape relationships among the Barrieau. Buctouche. and Kichibucto aawciation~ and associ~~ted roilscapes Sunbury Association I Fair Isle Association I Big Hole Association > 100 cm ablatlonal tdl I 50&100 cm ablatlonal tdl I 20-50 cm ablattonal trll I over bedrock I over bedrock ~ O.Om ~ l.Om ~ 1.5m Bedrock (Pennsylvanian Sandstone) 2.0m 2.5m ~ 3.0m 3.0m .- Fig. 1 Sketch ot‘the landscape relationships among the Big Hole. Fair Isle. and Sunbury associations and associated soilscapes 20 platy Pennsylvanian sandstone in cobble and gravel size. The Caraquet Association (CR) first 50 cm of the sandstone bedrock has many fracture planes and is easily split. The sandstone becomes harder and Soil units: CR2 -dominantly Orthic the fracture planes disappear with depth. Usually there is a Humo-Ferric Podzol significant amount of surface stone (stony phase I-3) associ- CR3, CR4, ated with this association. CR5 -dominantly Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol Associated soil unit CR6, CR7 -dominantly Orthic Gleysol Big Hole soils are commonly associated with soils of Sunbury and Fair Isle associations (Fig. 17). General All three soil associations are developed on the same The Caraquet soil association is of minor extent in this type of ablational till over Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock, region (5945 ha, I .42’% of the map area); it is found mostly but Big Hole soils have only 20-X) cm of till. Fair Isle has near the northeast coast. These soils usually have severe SO--i00 cm. and Sunbury ha\ 100 cm. drainage problems. They are found below 30 m above sea Sometimes. the very shallow ablational till of Big Hole level. is difficult to differentiate from the very shallow outwash Caraquet soils are developed on shallow, well-sorted material of’ the Baie-du-Vin association. However. the Baie- marine-modified outwash sand over dense marine and lacus- du-Vin soils are associated with the almost level coastal plain trine clay. They usually occupy an almost level landform and rarely occur at over 30 m uhovc sea level. (O-2% slope). The outwash sand layer is about 5GlOO cm thick, mostly fine and medium sand, free of coarse frag- ments, acidic, and rich in biotite. The underlying marine clay Buctouche Association (BU) is dense, acidic to neutral at about 2 m below the surface, and Soil units: BU2 -dominantly Orthic free from coarse fragments. Humo-Ferric Podzol The well-drained and imperfectly drained members of BU3, BU4, this association usually have a Bf horizon that just meets the BU5 -dominantly Gleyed thickness and chemical requirements for a podzol. However, Humo-Ferric Podzol they may be underlain by a Bfj horizon morphologically BU6, BU7, almost identical with the overlying Bf horizon. The poorly BU8 -dominantly Orthic Gleysol drained member usually does not meet the requirements of a podzolic soil. General Buctouche soils are common in this region (16 607 ha. Associated soil unit 3.97% of the map area). They occur mostly on the northeast Caraquet soils are commonly associated with soils of section of the map area. but some are found also on the the Upper Caraquet association (Fig. 13). northwest and southeast of the map. Most of the Buctouche Both Caraquet and Upper Caraquet soils are developed soils are at IO-60 m above sea level. on the same type of outwash sand over marine and lacustrine Buctouche soils are developed on shallow. well-sorted clay. However, the outwash sand layer is S&t00 cm thick in marine-modified outwash sand over dense todgment till. The Caraquet soils and only 25-50 cm thick in Upper Caraquet. landform is almost level to undulating (0.55% slope). The outwash sand layer is SO-100 cm thick, mostly fine and Chelmsford Association (CM) medium sand, free of coarse fragments, acidic, and rich in biotite. The underlying till is very dense, fine loamy. acid. Soil unit: CM -typic Humisol or Typic and commonly has l&20% coarse sandstone fragments that Mesisol or both and are mostly of cobble and stone size. Sources of the underly- always poorly drained ing till are mainly Pennsylvanian sandstones. red shale, and siltstone. General The well-drained and imperfectly drained members of Because of its limited area and more advanced decom- this association usually have a Bf horizon that just meets the position stage, this organic soil has limited importance or thickness and chemical requirements for a podzol. However, commercial value. Although there are 3702 ha covering they may be underlain by a Bfj horizon morphologically 0.89% of the survey area, it is rarely found in large blocks. It almost identical with the overlying Bf horizon. The poorly was found at nearly all elevations of the surveyed area. drained member usually does not meet the requirements of a Chelmsford soils are extremely acid; the organic mate- podzolic soil and is classified as an Orthic Gleysol. rial is dominantly sphagnum, but there are some sedge, woody, and shrubby materials. In the middle and lower tiers, Associated soil unit the organic material is fairly well decomposed, the rubbed Buctouche soils are commonly associated with soils of fibercontent is less than 40% by volume, and the bulk density the Barrieau association (Fig. II). is more than 0.1 g/cm’; the upper tier may or may not be Both Buctouche and Barrieau soils are developed on the significantly decomposed. same type of outwash and over the same kind of lodgment The association is usually closely associated with fens. till. However, the outwash sand layer is XL-100 cm thick in The age of the fens is not known, but we believe that in a Buctouche soils and only 20-50 cm thick in Barrieau. similar climatic zone, the fens are somewhat younger than the bogs. 21 Associated soil unit sected by rivers or creeks, Fundy soils are found on much Chelmsford is most often associated with Acadie Siding steeper slopes. The lacustrine parent material is neutral (the soil. which is very similar to Chelmsford soil, but the shallow pH increases with depth) and usually more than 2 m thick. sand over the mineral material (terric layer) is 6&160 cm Because of the uniformity in landform, parent material. deep (Fig. 8). Also it is commonly associated with poorly and drainage. a single delineation of a Fundy soil unit often drained mineral soils. covers a large area. In many places, the boundary of these delineations is marked by a low (30-60 cm) gravelly or sandy beach ridge (Fig. 14). which appears to be the remains Fair Isle Association (FA) of a lakeshore or strandline. Soil units: FAl, FA2 -dominantly Humo-Ferric From the geographical position of the Fundy soils. it is Podzol logical to expect that the lacustrine material was subject to FA3, FA4 -dominantly Gleyed some marine reworking. Humo-Ferric Podzol Associated soil unit. General Soils of Upper Caraquet and Caraquet associations are A relatively minor soil association of this region commonly associated with Fundy soils (Fig. 13). Upper (6983 ha. 1.67% of the map area), Fair Isle soils are Caraquet soils have a 25-50 cm sand layer over marine or commonly found near rivers. However. the Fair Isle lacustrine clay or both and Caraquet soils have a S&100 cm association is also found on terrains with a till veneer and no sand layer over marine or lacustrine clay or both. rivers nearby. These soils usually occur at 40&140 m above Mount Hope (reworked marine clay) and Tracadie sea level. (marine clay) soils are similar in texture to Fundy soils. but Fair Isle soils are shallow lithic with thin ablational till they are redder and the Tracadie soil is alkaline in the control over Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock and usually section. associated with undulating to rolling (&IS% slope) landforms. The overlain ablational till is about 50-100 cm Gagetown Association (G) thick. coarse loamy. acidic. and with about 10-40% coarse fragments consisting mostly of cobbles with some gravel and Soil units: Gl, G2 -dominantly Orthic stones. Usually all the coarse fragments are angular and Humo-Ferric Podzol subangular, flaggy Pennsylvanian sandstone. The first SO cm G3, G4, G5 -dominantly Gleyed of the sandstone bedrock is easily split and has many fracture Humo-Ferric Podzol plants. but at greater depth the sandstone becomes harder G6 -dominantly Gleyed and the fracture planes disappear. Usually there are. Humo-Ferric Podzol significant amounts of surface stone (stony phase l-3) associated with this association. General In spite of the small area (976 ha, 0.23% of map area). Associated soil unit the Gagetown soils are important as a source of high quality Fair Isle soils are commonly associated with soils of gravel, which is rare in this region. The largest concentration Sunbury and Big Hole associations (Fig. 1.2). of Gagetown soils are located near the center of the map area. Aff three soif associations are developed on some type northwest of the small village of Rosaireville. Smaller areas of ablational till over Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock. are also found along the Miramichi River and west of Des- However, Fair Isle soils have SO-100 cm of till. Big Hole pres Lake in the southwest section of the map, but these are soils have 25-50 cm of till. and Sunbury soils have more usually too small to delineate at the published map scale. No than 100 cm of till over bedrock. Gagetown soils were mapped along the east coast. Gagetown soils are developed on well-sorted glacioflu- Fundy Association (FU) vial material. associated with a wide range of landforms from almost level outwash plain and river terraces to hummocky Soil units: FU4, FU5 - dominantly Gleyed Brunisolic kames and eskers and low beach ridges. The parent material Gray Luvisol is loose gravelly and very gravelly sand. acidic. and usually FU6, FU7, more than 2 m thick. The coarse fragments (rounded gravel, FU8 - dominantly Humic Luvic 40-X0% with the majority over 60%) are dominated by hard Gleysol rocks such as quartzite, granite. gneiss, schist, diorite. and siltstone with minor amounts of softer rocks such as Penn- General sylvanian sandstones and shale. The Fundy association is comtnonly found in the north- ern halfof the map area. There are 20 708 ha or about ~.96% Associated soil unit of the map. The soils are imperfectly and poorly drained; no Gagetown soils are commonly associated with River- well-drained soil units of this association have been mapped bank soils (Fig. IS), which occur on the same kind of land- in this region. The Fundy association is found only at below forms and materials. These two associations are often map- 35 tn above sea level. ped in a complex mapping unit. Riverbank soils. unlike Fundy soils are developed from lacustrine clay on level Gagetown, contain less than 20% coarse fragments, and or almost level plains. Where the lacustrine plains are dis- often less than 5%. 22 Fundy Association Upper Caraquet Caraquet Association Richibucto Association Association :z. 100 cm marme or lacostrme clay 50-100 cm marrne or >I00 cm marrne or 20X10 cm marine or outwash sand over outwash sand outwash sand over marrne or lacustrrne marme or lacustrme clay clav OOm 0.5m O.Om l.Om 0.5m 1 5m 1 .Om 20m 1.5m 2.5m 2.0m 3.0m 2.5m Bedrock (Pennsylvanian Sandstone) 3.0m Fig. I! Upper Caraquet Stony Brook Association and 1 Fundy Association Barrieau Associations ~ J 100 cm lodgmenttdl > 100 cm marme or lacustrtne clay 20-50 cm Note relatrvely thrck when comparedto Ml depth marrne or outwash sand over marine or lacustrme clay or Mwt till Marine or Lacustrine Sand O.Om 05m O.Om Lodgment 05m 1 Om 1 .Om 1.5m 1.5m 20m 2.0m 25m Bedrock (Pennsylvanian Sandstone) 2.5m 30m 3.0m 23 The Guimond River association occupies similar land- General forms and has similar texture to the Gagetown association. Although only a small area of this soil was found in this However, Guimond River materials are dominated by soft region (4659 ha. I I 17~ of the map), Guimond River is an round gravel of Pennsylvanian sandstone and. therefore. a important soil association in this map area. The material is a poorer quality of gravel than Gagetown material. fairly good source of gravel, which is rare in this region. The Guimond River association is found more often in the Galloway Association (GA) southwest section and along the east coast; smaller areas are also scattered throughout the area. Soil units: GAl, GA2 -dominantly Orthic Guimond River soils are developed in well-sorted gla- Humo-Ferric Podzol ciofluvial material on a wide range of landforms from almost GA3, GA4, level outwash plains to hummocky kames. The parent mate- GA5 -dominantly Gleyed rial is gravelly and very gravelly sand, loose, acidic. and Humo-Ferric Podzol usually more than 2 m thick. The coarse fragments (4(X30%, GA6, GA7 -dominantly Orthic Gleysol rounded gravel) are dominated by Pennsylvanian sandstones with minor amounts of harder rocks such as granite, quar- General tzite. and gneiss. The Galloway association is commonly found in the Guimond River soils are always associated with gla- southeast of the map area. with some also in the northeast. ciofluvial features, such as outwash plain, esker, kame. and There are 3 I 184 ha, about 7.46% of the map area. Almost river terrace (beach ridge). all the Galloway soils are located below SO m above sea level. Associated soil unit Galloway soils are shallow lithic with well-sorted Guimond River soils are often mapped in association marine-influenced outwash over Pennsylvanian sandstone with soils of the Riverbank (Fig. 15) and Richibucto associa- bedrock. They are found usually on almost level (O.S-2.0% tions. Although they occupy similar landforms. Riverbank slope) coastal plains. The outwash layer is sandy (mostly line soils have little or no gravel and are usually more than 80% and medium), SO-100 cm thick, acidic. petrologically sim- sand. Along the east coast, Guimond River is commonly ilar to the underlain sandstone bedrock. and rich in biotite. It associated with the Richibucto association, which is marine- is usually free of coarse fragments, but could have up to 20% influenced outwash sand with little or no coarse fragments. coarse sandstone fragments. The Gagetown association occupies similar landforms The upper S&100 cm of the underlying sandstone be- and has similar texture to the Guimond River association. drock is easily split, can be broken by hand. and there are However, Gagetown material is dominated by harder gravels many fracture planes. However. below 100 cm the rocks of quartzite. granite, gneiss, and schist and is, therefore, a become much harder and the fracture planes are greatly much better quality of gravel than Guimond River. decreased. The well-drained and imperfectly drained members of Harcourl Association (HT) this association usually have a Bf horizon that just meets the thickness and chemical requirements for a podzol. However. Soil units: HT2 -dominantly Podzolic Gray they may be underlain by a Bfi horizon morphologically Luvisol almost identical with the overlying Bf horizon. The poorly HT3, HT4, drained member usually does not meet the requirements of a HT5 -dominantly Gleyed Podzolic podzolic soil. Gray Luvisol HT6, HT7, Associated soil unit HT8 -dominantly Orthic Luvic Soils of Baie-du-Vin and Richibucto associations are G leysol commonly associated with Galloway soils (Fig. IO). All three soil associations are developed on the same General type of outwash sand over sandstone bedrock, and all occur Harcourt is a major soil association of this region mainly in the eastern coastal plain. The Baie-du-Vin soils (64 816 ha. 15.50% of the map area). Most of the Harcourt have a sand layer only 2&5@ cm deep, whereas the Gallo- soils are found in the south central area, with smaller areas in way soils have N-100 cm, and the Richibucto soils have the north central, southeast, and southwest parts of the sur- over 100 cm. vey area. With a few exceptions. the Harcourt soils are found at 40-140 m above sea level. Guimond River Association (GR) Harcourt soils are developed on undulating (commonly 2-5s slope) glacial tills consisting of thin ablation over Soil units: GRl, GR2 -dominantly Orthic lodgment material (Fig. 16). The ablation till is about 3% Humo-Ferric Podzol 50 cm thick, fine loamy. friable, acidic, and has about 5- GR3, GR4, 15% coarse fragments (mostly gravel with some cobbles). GR5 -dominantly Gleyed The underlying lodgment till is very dense, fine loamy, firm Humo-Ferric Podzol to very firm. acidic, and with about l&25% coarse frag- GR6, GR7 -dominantly Orthic Gleysol ments (mostly cobbles and stones). The petrological sources of both the tills are Pennsylvanian sandstone. red shale. and 24 Guimond River, Gagetown or Riverbank Associations Guimond River, Gagetown or Riverbank Associations Om Om Im Im 2m 2m 3m ~3m 4m 4m 5m 5m 6m 6m SpotId katurer Harcourt Association Imperfectly 1 Mod. Well Drained I Imperfectly Drained I Poorly Drained Drained I I I O.Om 0.5m l.Om 1.5m 2.0m 3.Om Bedrock (Pennsylvanian Sandstone) 2.5m 3.5m Fig. I6 Soilscape of the Harcourt association 25 some siltstone. A weakly developed stoneline between abla- Kouchibouguac soils are developed on marine in- tional and lodgment tills is common (Fig. 16). The total fluenced glacial outwash sand. The parent material is acidic thickness of the two tills is usually 2 m or less. and loose, with small amounts (CS%) of coarse fraqlents. Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock is usually within 2 m of Associated soil unit the soil surface. The first X-100 cm ofthc bedrock is usual- The Harcourt association is commonly found in associa- ly easily split. but it becomes harder with depth. tion with the Sunbury and Stonybrook association (Fig. 17). The outstanding feature of the Kouchibouguac soils is The Sunbury association has ablation till more than I m an ortstein horizon. An ortstein horizon is a Bh. Bhf. or Bf thick and is coarser in texture. The Stonvbrook association horizon at least 3 cm thick that is strongly cemented (by Al. has ver!’ little or no ablation till on top of the lodgment till. Fe, or an organic complex) and occurs in at least one-third of .4140, Sunbury soils usually havtl more surface stone5 and a the lateral extent of the pcdon. The ortstein horizon is de- more undulating surface. signated as Bhc. Bhfc. or Bfc. depending upon the organic C and extractable Fe contents. Ortstein horizons usually occur within 30 cm of the mineral soil surface; they are reddish Interval Association (IN) brown to verv dark reddish brown, verv hard but moderatelv Soil units: IN2 -dominantly Orthic Regosol to slowly pe&eable. and not penetrated by roots. In the IN3, IN4, IN5-dominantly Gleyed Regosol poorly drained members of the association, the ortstein be- IN6, IN7, IN8-dominantly Rego Gleysol comes harder and almost covers the whole lateral extent of and Rego Humic Gleysol the pedon (Fig. IX). General Associated soil unit Only minor areas of this association are found in this Small areas of Kouchibouguac soils are often mapped as region ( I91 X ha, 0.46% of the map area). It is dominated by, inclusions in the soils of the Richibucto and Galloway asso- poorly and very poorly drained soil units. and therefore is of ciations. which have similar parent materials but no ortstein little agricultural sipnlficance. It can bc found over a wide horizons. range of elevations. Interval soils are found on young alluvial plains: they LagacClle Association (LG) have little ot- no soil horizon development. The control sec- tion of Interval soils is coarse silty. acidic to neutral. friable. Soil unit: LG -Terric Fibrisol with minor inclusions rich in organic carbon. and free from coarse fragments. of Terric Humisol and Terric Interval soils are always associated with ri\,er terrace\ 01 Mesisol, and always poorly drained floodplains. and therefore have high risk of flooding. General Associated soil unit LagacCville is a relatively minor organic soil mapping SOIIX of Riverbank. Gagetown. and Guimond River unit. There arc X59 ha. about 0.2 I o/cof the survey area. It is as\ociatlona of‘ten occupy similar geographic positions (such found most often on the eastern coastal plain and the western a\ a river terrace) to Inter\,al soils. However. Interval soils till plain from almost sea level to over 100 m above sea level, art‘ distinguished t-13,a tack of‘ soil development and silt) LagacCvitle is a shallow organic soil. with mineral tcxturc. material (terric contact) 60- 160 cm deep. The organic part ot the soil profile is dominantly slightly decomposed sphagnum moss. with a rubbed fiber content of more than 40% by Kouchibouguac Association (KO) volume; it is extremely acid throughout the profile. with a Soil units: K02 -dominantly Ortstein bulk density of less than 0. I g/cm’. Humo-Ferric Podzol and The underlying mineral layer is usually strongly acid. Eluviated Dystric Brunisol and its texture is variable. generally similar to that of the K03, K04, surrounding mineral soils. K05 -dominantly Gleyed Ortstein LagacCville soils are closely associated with domed Humo-Ferric Podzol bogs. but the bogs are smaller and much shallower than those K06, K07, associated with Lavillette soil. Because of their shallowness, K08 -dominantly Gleyed Ortstein the organic material in the smaller bogs are much younger Humo-Ferric Podzol than the large deep bogs on a comparable location (or cli- mate). LagacCville is also mapped on the rim of some large General bogs. Only a small area has been mapped as the Kouchi- houguac association (788 ha. 0. 19% of the map area). The Associated soil unit r-eal area is considerably Iargcr because many Kouchi- LagacCvilte is most often associated Mjith Lavillette soil. which is very similar in texture and other soil chemical and houguac \oil\ that were ton small to delineate wcrc mapped as inclusions of the Richibucto association. Almost all of physical properties except that there is no terric contact in them art’ founcl on the eastern half of the area and art below Lavillette soil (Fig. 9). J-0 Ill atw\YJ sea Icvel. St. Gabriel I Stony Brook Harcourt Association I Sunbury Association Association j Association I I 50-100 cm lodgment j > 100 cm lodgmentttll 25-50 cm ablatlonai Ml over lodgmenttill >lOO cm ablatlonal till Ml over bedrock i I OOm 0.5m i.Om 1.5m 1 1.5m 2.0m 2.0m 2.5m 2 5m 3.0m : Bedrock (Pennsylvanian Sandstone) 3.0m Kouchibouguac Association Well Drained Imperfectly Drained Poorly Drained O.Om 0 5m l.Om O.Om 1 5m 0.5m 2.0m LOm 2.5m 1.5m 30m Bedrock (Pennsylvanian Sandstone) 2.0m LodgmeL Till 25m 27 Laviilette Association (LV) Mount Hope Association (MH) Soil unit: LV -dominantly Typic Fibrisol, with minor Soil units: MH2 -dominantly Podzolic Gray inclusions of Terric Fibrisol, Mesic Luvisol Fibrisol, Typic Mesisol, and Fibric MH3, MH4, Mesisol, and always poorly drained MH5 -dominantly Gleyed Podzolic Gray Luvisol General MH6, MH7 -dominantly Orthic Luvic Lavillette is the most dominant and most commercially Gleysol important organic soil of the survey area. There are 24 021 ha. about 5.36% of the map. It is found in large General blocks of land usually on the eastern lowland and on the The Mount Hope association is commonly found in the plateau of the western till plain. It was mapped from almost southeast of the surveyed area. There are 13 256 ha. 3.17% sea level to over 100 m above sea level. of the map area. This association is restricted to the eastern The parent material of Lavillette soil is deep (about coastal plain. at less than 30 m above sea level. 5 m), slightly decomposed mosses. dominantly sphagnum Mount Hope soils are developed on firm, acidic, reddish spp., with some shrubs. The typical Lavillette association is clayey glacial marine deposits. They are found on many parts found on domed bogs. As a result of climatic differences the of the dissected eastern coastal plain and along tidal rivers on bogs along the coast developed at a much faster rate than the almost level to hummocky landforms (l-9% slope). ones further inland. For example, the bogs on the eastern The parent material rarely contains coarse fragments. coastal plain are 4000-7000 years old. whereas the bogs on but occasional surface stones (gray sandstone) are not un- the western till plain are about 10 000 years old; both are usual. There is usually 30-3.5s clay in the parent material equally developed. and usually more than 35% in the Bt horizon. The clay Lavillette soil is extremely acid and has more than 60% fraction is dominated by vermiculite in the topsoil and mica- rubbed tiber by volume in all three tiers. Unless it has been illite in the subsoil. culrivatcd, the bulk density of this soil is usually less than 0. I g/cm’. Associated soil unit Mount Hope is only one of the several soil associations Associated soil unit found on the eastern coastal plain. Caraquet and Upper Lavillette soils are most often associated with the Caraquet soils (sand over marine clay) are often mapped in LagacCville soils in which the fibric organic material is sim- association with Mount Hope (Fig. 19). Other associations ilar. but shallow over mineral soil (aterric contact) (Fig. 9) at such as Richibucto. Galloway, and Baie-du-Vin soils (sand 60-160 cm deep. and sand over Pennsylvanian sandstone) are also common. In the eastern coastal plain some poorly drained soil Because the contrast of textures, particularly the surface units of Kichibucto and Caraquet associations are also often textures, between Mount Hope and its commonly associated associated with Lavillette soils. soils (such as Richibucto and Caraquet) are very strong, the boundary between the associations is usually abrupt. Lord and Foy Association (LF) Fleece Association (RE) Soil units: LFl, LF2 -dominantly Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Soil unit: RE2 -dominantly Fragic Humo-Ferric Podzol General RE3, RE4, Only a minor area of Lord and Foy soils is found RE5 -dominantly Gleyed Fragic (202 ha. 0.04% of map area). They are usually associated Humo-Ferric Podzol with glaciofluvial features such as eskers and kames at all RE6, RE7 -dominantly Gleyed Fragic elevations in the region. Humo-Ferric Podzol Lord and Foy soils are developed on well-sorted out- wash materials of gravel and cobbles. The parent materials General are fragmental, acidic, loose. and almost all of the coarse Reece is one of the major soil associations of the sur- fragments are rounded Pennsylvanian sandstones. The veyed area (62 458 ha, 14.95% of the area). It has been gravel and cobbles are usually more than several metres found on every section of the surveyed area with the excep- thick. These soils are well or rapidly drained. tion of the eastern coastal plain. However. it is most com- monly found on the central and southwestern part of the Associated soil units survey area. Reece soils usually occur at 40-140 m above Soils of the Gagetown, Guimond River, and Riverbank sea level. associations are formed on glaciofluvial materials and are Reece soils are developed on undulating (commonly therefore commonly found in association with Lord and Fop 2-5% slope) glacial tills, consisting of thin ablation over soils. It is easy to distinguish Lord and Foy from other soils lodgment material. The overlying ablation till is about 40- by their content of gravel and cobbles; Gagetown and 50 cm thick, coarse loamy, friable. acidic, and with about Guimond River are gravel and sands, Riverbank is mostly 10% coarse fragments (mostly gravel with some cobbles). medium and fine sands. The underlying lodgment till is fine loamy, dense, firm, 28 Upper Caraquet Association Mount Hope Association I 1 Caraquet Association 1Upper Caraquet ‘Mount Hope I I ) Association / Association I ’ -,lOO cm lodgmentMl 50-100 cm marme or outwash 20-50 cm marme , I Note relatively stone free clayey sand over lodgmentMl or outwash sand , lodgmenttill I i over lodgmentttll , I O.Om 0.5m O.Om l.Om OSm 1.5m 1 .Om 2.0m 1.5m 2.5m 2.0m 3.0m 2.5m 3.0m Bedrock (Pennsylvanian Sandstone) LRRI f’i_s. 19 Sketch of the Iztndsicape t-elationhhips xnong the Mount Hope. Upper Carayuet. and Car-aquet zis\ocintionh acidic. and with about 1.5% coarse fragments (mostly cob- General bles). The petrological sources of both tills are Pennsylva- Richibucto association is most commonly found on the nian sandstone and siltstone. In moderately well-drained or eastern coastal plain in the eastern part of the survey area. imperfectly drained soil units, Reece commonly has a mod- There are 18 8 I6 ha, about 4.50% of the map. Almost all the erately developed fragipan about 4&60 cm below the sur- Richibucto soils are located at less than 50 m above sea level. face (Fig. 20). The fraeipan becomes weaker a%the drainage The parent material of Richibucto soils is well-sorted become\ either better Gr worse than modera;:ly well-drained marine-influenced outwash sand, more than 1 m deep. These to imperfectly drained. The total depth of the two tills is soils almost always occur on the nearly level (0.5-276 slope) about 7 or 3 m over bedrock. eastern coastal plain. The outw,ash sand is acidic and rich in biotite. It is free of coarse fragments. but sometimes it has Associated soil unit some gravel or cobbles of Pennsylvanian sandstone origin. Reece soils are commonly associated with the Rogers- The well-drained and imperfectly drained members of ville and Sunbury (Fig. 21) associations. They occupy sim- this association usually have a Bf horizon that .just meets the ilar landform (undulating ground moraine). However. the thickness and chemical requirements for a podzol. However. Rogersville soils have no thin ablation till on top and have a they may be underlain by a Bfj horizon morphologically more compact subsoil than Reece soils. Rogersville soils almost identical with the overlying Bf horizon. The poorly have a weak Bt horizon as well as a fragipan. Reece soils drained member usually does not meet the requirements of a have no Bt horizon but do have a fragipan. Sunbury soils podzolic soil. have a coarser texture and no fragipan. On a given landscape position, Reece soils are usually Associated soil unit better drained than Rogersville soils. Richibucto soils are most commonly associated with soils of the Baie-du-Vin and Galloway associations (Fig. Richibucto Association (RB) 10). All three soil associations are developed on the same Soil units: RBl, RB2 -dominantly Orthic type of outwash sand and are found on the eastern coastal Humo-Ferric Podzol plain. Baie-du-Vin soils have only 2G-50 cm of outwash RB3, RB4, sand over sandstone bedrock. whereas Galloway soils have RB5 -dominantly Gleyed SO-100 cm. Richibucto has more than 100 cm of outwash Humo-Ferric Podzol sand over bedrock, and in some places, till. RB6, RB7, Also commonly associated with the Richibucto associa- RB8 -dominantly Gleyed Eluviated tion are the Barrieau and Buctouche (Fig. 1 I ) and the Cara- Dystric Brunisol quet and Upper Caraquet (Fig. 13) associations. 29 Reece Association Imperfectly Well Drained , Imperfectly Drained , Poorly Drained 1 Drained , Well Drained I I I I I I I I I I I 2.0m 1.5m 25m 2.0m 3.0m 2.5m Bedrock (Pennsylvanian Sandstone) Sunbury Association Reece Association Rogersville Association I I , Note: surfrcral mantle of ablattonal tdl or reworked lodgment Ml 1 , presenceof fraglpan I Bedrock (PennsylvanianSandstone) Riverbank Association (R) compact. and with 5-25s coarse fragments by volume (mostly gravel and cobbles with a few stones). The coarse Soil units: Rl I R2 -dominantly Orthic fragments are quartzite, gneiss, granite, volcanic, argilite. Humo-Ferric Podzol and some sandstone. R3, R4, R5 -dominantly Gleyed In about 40% of the soils, a weakly to moderately Humo-Ferric Podzol developed fragipan is located at about 40-60 cm below the R6, R7 -dominantly Gleyed Eluviated surface (Fig. 22). The pan is undetectable when wet. but it Dystric Brunisol becomes hard and brittle when dry or moist. Also. Rogersvil- le soil often has a weak Bt horizon, especially when drainage General is poor. Although covering a relatively small arca (2977 ha, 0.7 I% of the survey area). Riverbank soils are widely scat- Associated soil unit tered over the map area, except for the eastern coastal plain. Rogersville soil is most often associated wlith soils of the Typically. Riverbank soils are found along the river valleys Reece association (Fig. 2 I). both commonly found on un- or associated with glaciolluvial features such as kames and dulating till plain. The main difference is the petrological cskers. compositions of the till. Reece soils are derived from sand- Riverbank soils are developed from more than I m of stone and have a slightly coarser texture than Rogersville well-sorted glaciofluvial acidic sand (mostly fine and soils. Rock fragments in Rogersville soils are mostly of medium size). The sand fraction usually has a wide variety of metamorphic, granitic, and volcanic origin. Other soil char- minerals such as quartz. hornblende, biotite. and various acteristics such as Bt horizon, fragipan, and permeability f~ldspars. it is usually free of coarse fragments. but in places also are different. A weak Bt is often present in Rogersville may contain as much as 70% bv volume of gravel and soils, but rare in Reece soils. However, fragipan is very cobble5. common in Reece, but less common in Rogersville soils. The well-drained and imperfectly drained members of Both Reece and Rogersville soils are considered to be very this association usually have a Bf horizon that just meets the slowly permeable. but Reece soils are the more permeable of requirements for a podzol. However, the poorly drained the two. members usually do not meet the requirements. St. Gabriel Association (SG) Associated soil unit Rivcl-bank soils have been found acsociatcd with many Soil units: SG2 -dominantly Humo-Ferric other Lila. but usually with soils developed from glacioflu- Podzol vial material such as Gagetown and Guimond River associa- SG3, SG4, tions (Fig. IS). These two soils. although also well sorted. SG5 -dominantly Gleyed are dominantly gravel. Humo-Ferric Podzol Richibucto soil\ are very similar to Riverbank soils; SG6, SG7, both dc\elop on well-sorted sand and are similar in texture. SG8 -dominantly Gleyed However. unlike Riverbank soils, Richibucto sand has a Humo-Ferric Podzol more limited variety of minerals that are closely relatcti to the composition of the biotite-rich Pennsylvanian sandstone. General Moreover. Richibucto soil is restricted to the eastern coastal The St. Gabriel association is a relatively minor associa- plain. tion, mostly found in southern parts of the survey area, but with scattered areas elsewhere. There are 6 129 ha, 1.37% of Rogersville Association (RS) the map area. It is usually found at 4&130 m above sea level Soil units: RS2 -dominantly Humo-Ferric St. Gabriel soils usually occur in thin till over Penn- Podzol and Fragic sylvanian sandstone bedrock and are classified as shallow Humo-Ferric Podzol lithic. They are almost always associated with undulating RS3, RS4, terrain (2-5s slope). The shallow till layer (SO-100 cm) is R-35 -dominantly Gleyed Podzolic tine loamy, acidic. and contains S-25%, coarse fragments by Gray Luvisol volume. mostly sandstones of cobble and stone size. RS6, RS7 -dominantly Orthic Luvic Although the surface layers (A and Bf horizons) are Gleysol and Fragic Luvic friable and have good soil structure, the subsoils 3040 cm Gleysol below the mineral soil surface are usually very dense and compact and have poor soil structure. General The Rogersville association is most commonly found in Associated soil unit the west central and northwest parts of the survey area. There St. Gabriel soils are the shallow lithic phase of the arc 27 488 ha. 6.58% of the map area. Alnwst all the Hal-court and Stonybrook associations (Fig. 17). with which Rogeraville soils are lhund at 3&lOO m above sea level. they are associated where the undulating ground moraine Rogcrsville soil\ are developed on undulating glacial till thins out to a veneer. plain. The till. usually l-3 m thick. is tine loamy. acidic. 31 Rogersville Association 2.5m 0 hard, nonsandstones 2.5m Bedrock (Pennsylvanian Sandstone) ’ I3.0m Fig. 2:! Soilscape of the Kvgersville associ:ltion Stony Brook Association (SB) Associated soil unit Stony Brook soils are commonly associated with soils Soil units: SB2 -dominantly Podzolic Gray of the Harcourt association, and to a lesser degree with soils Luvisol of the St. Gabriel association (Fig. 17). SB3, SB4, The upper 3WO cm of soil of the Harcourt association SB5 -dominantly Gleyed Podzolic is ablation till, and there usually is a weak stoneline between Gray Luvisol the ablation till and the underlying lodgment till. St. Gabriel SB6, SB7, soils are the shallow lithic phase of Stony Brook soils. SB8 -dominantly Orthic Luvic Gleysol Sunbury Association (S) General Soil units: Sl, S2 -dominantly Orthic Stony Brook is a common soil association of this region Humo-Ferric Podzol and is found mostly in the central and southeastern part of the S3, S4, S5 -dominantly Gleyed survey area. There are 20 201 ha, about 4.83% of the map Humo-Ferric Podzol area. It is usually found at 40-120 m above sea leavel. S6, S7 -dominantly Gleyed Stony Brook soils are developed on a blanket, l-2 m Humo-Ferric Podzol thick, of lodgment till on undulating terrain. The lodgment till is fine loamy, acidic. with 5-25s coarse fragments of General mostly sandstone and some soft red shale. The underlying Sunbury soils are commonly found in the southwest of bedrock is easily split Pennsylvanian sandstone. the survey area, although smaller delineations were often The A and Bf horizons of the Stony Brook soils are mapped in other parts of the map area, except on the eastern friable and have good soil structure, but the Bt and C hori- coastal plain. There are 24 462 ha, about 5.86% of the map zons are usually compact and very slowly permeable. 32 area, Most of the Sunbury soils are situated at SO-140 m Fundy soils are similar in texture and landform toTraca- above sea level. die soils, but they are yellowish brown and the parent materi- Sunbury soils are developed on ablation till on strongly al is only weakly calcareous or neutral. Upper Caraquet soils undulating landforms. The till is coarse loamy, acidic. fri- arc the sandy phase of Fund? and Tracadie soils, with 20- able, and rapidly permeable. The ablation till is commonly 50 cm of marine sand overlylng the compact clayey marine less than 2 m thick overlying easily split Pennsylvanian deposit. The Bt horizon in Upper Caraquet soils is only sandstone bedrock. Sunbury soils usually have significant weakly developed, and the well-drained soils have a podzolic amounts of surface stone (almost exclusively sandstone). and B in the sand layer. there are about IO-30% coarse fragments (dominantly cob- ble and stone size) in the control section. This association usually has strongly developed podzolic B hori7ons. Upper Caraquet Association (UC) Soil units: UC2 -dominantly Orthic Associated soil unit Humo-Ferric Podzol Sunbury is most often associated with the Big Hole, Fair uc3, uc4, Isle (Fig. I?). Harcourt (Fig. 17). and Keece (Fig. ?I) UC5 -dominantly Gleyed associations. Big Hole is a very shallow lithic phase (?(I- Humo-Ferric Podzol 50 cm of till over sandstone bedrock) of Sunbury soils. Fair UC6, UC7, Isle is a shallow lithic phase (SO-100 cm of till over sand- UC8 -dominantly Orthic stone bedrock) of Sunhury soils. Harcourt is a finer textured Gleysol soil than Sunbury and has a very compact subsoil. Harcourt soils also have much less surface stone. On similar undulat- General ing till plain, Sunbury soils are usually better drained than Upper Caraquct soils were found almost exclusively on Harcourt soils. Reece soils, while similar in color to Sunbury the eastern coastal plain in the northeastern part of the survey soils, arc easily distinguished from them by a finer texture, area. There are 3643 ha. 0.85% of the map area. Almost all presence of a fragipan. a more compact subsoil. and fewer of the Upper Caraquet soils were mapped at less than 40 m surface stones. above sea level. This association is developed on two contrasting tex- Tracadie Association (TD) tured marine deposits: 2(r-50 cm of sand overlying compact marine clay. The sand is mostly fine, medium grade, and Soil units: TD3, TD4, acidic. and contains X(X20% quartz, with some feldspars and TD5 -dominantly Gleyed Gray micas (Hamilton and Sutherland 1968). ” The underlying Luvisol marine clay is u~ally more than 2 m thick. slightly acid in TD6, TD8 -dominantly Orthic Luvic the upper part, and becoming calcareous or neutral deeper. Gleysol The well-drained and imperfectly drained members of this association usually have a Bf horizon in the sandy layer that General just meets the thickness and chemical requirements for a Tracadie soils arc a minor soil of this region, found pod7ol. This horizon may be underlain by a Bfj horizon that mainly on the northeastern part of the survey arca. There are is morphologically almost identical. The poorly drained I Ic)I ha. 0.29% of the map area. Almost all the Tracadie member usually does not meet the requirements of a podzolic soils were mapped at less than SO m above sea level. soil. Tracodie soils were developed on calcareous marine clay rich in mica-illite and chlorite. reddish in color. and free Associated soil unit ot‘coarse fragments. Although the parent material is neutral Soils of the Upper Caraquet association are usually to strongly calcareous, the surface soil (Ae and upper B) is associated with Fundy and Mount Hope soils (Figs. 13 and strongly acid. The Bt horizon is usually well developed. with 19). common thick clay films. and is only slightly acid. The Upper Caraquet association is a sandy phase of both No well-drained Tracadie soils were mapped in the Fundy and Mount Hope associations. The Fundy and Mount survey area. Ilopc soils have much better developed Bt horizons. Fundy soils lack the podzolic B horizon that is found in Mount Hope Associated soil unit and Upper Caraquet soils. There are 20-50 cm of a marine Soil3 of Fundy and LJpper Caraquet associations are sandy layer on top of the clayey marine or lacustrine materi- often associated with Tracadie soils. als in the Upper Caraquet association. 33 CHAPTER FOUR: INTERPRETATION OF SOILS FOR VARIOUS USES Degree and kind of limitations affecting downgrading a soil’s degree of limitation are arbitrary. The farmland, community development, and severity of the combined effects of several limiting factors recreation uses will determine whether downgrading is warranted. This is left up to the discretion of the interpreter. The soils are evaluated and placed into interpretive Caution: It is incorrect to assume that each of the tnajor groupings, which are expressed in terms of degree of limita- soil properties influencing use has an equal effect. Class tion. The interpretations apply to the soils as they are found in limits for the degree of limitation of individual soil their natural states. properties were established taking this into account and Four degrees of soil limitations are used: thus. in fact. weighing each property separately. Slight-The soil is relatively free of problems or the limitations can be easily overcome. Soil limitations for agriculture Moderate-Limitations exist, but they can be overcome with good management and careful design. Input costs Soil interpretations for agriculture have been divided should be carefully assessed. into field crops and vegetable crops. Soil limitation guides Severe-Limitations are severe enough to make use have been established for each separately. No ratings were questionable. because of costs ofovercoming them or of established for pasture lands. continuing problems expected with such use. Severe The soil capability classification for agriculture in the dots not mean that the soil must be excluded from a interpretation sheets are based on Soil crppcrhility c~lass~fica- particular use. but it indicates the difficulty of attempt- riotl,for ag~icnlru,-e, The Canada Land Inventory Report No. ing to put the soil to that use. 2, 1965; Queen’s Printer, Ottawa. IJnsuitable-Although modern equipment and knowl- In the Canada Land Inventory (CLI) system. Class 6 edge make it possible to overcome most limitations, this land is for land that has sustained natural grazing capacity. In limitation means that the input required to utilize soils the surveyed area, there is no Class 6 land. rated as unsuitable is too great to justify the effort under existing conditions. Field crops Various soil properties are evaluated in establishing the The degree of limitation for field crops is based on the degrees and kinds of limitations for the following uses: field CL1 report Soil ctrpbility c,lcrs,s~~~ation~~t- qt+clllture. The crops. vegetable crops. septic tank systems. housing, sani- limitation ratings are as follows: tary landfills. local roads and streets. athletic field\. and Slight-Capability Class 2 outdoor living. With theso: interpretations. it is possible to Moderate-Capability Class 3 select from a soils map those areas that have the least limita- Severe-Capability Class 4 tions for each of the above uses. Allowance also must be Owing to climatic limitations in the Maritime region, no made for the scale of the map. which prevents areas smaller soils are classified as having an agricultural capability of than about 35 ha to be shown. However, the soils in these Class 1: the best agricultural land is Class 2. Mineral soils in small areas can often be identified from the descriptions in Classes 2. 3. and 4 are considered capable of sustained use Chapter 3 of soils associated with those shown for any for cultivated field crops. particular area on the map. The soil properties used in the ratings are based on the These ratings are based only on soil and landscape limitations recognized at the capability subclass level. Range criteria. The soil rating indicates the severity ofthe limitation limits are set accordingly. This results in a very general if the soil is used without corrective or precautionary mea- scheme in which a soil is rated for the average field crop. sures. Socioeconomic factors are ignored. The size. shape. These interpretive soil limitation classes are not applied and location of a soil area are not taken into consideration to organic soils. because, in general, there is insufficient when it is evaluated for a particular use. information on these organic soil areas to make such an interpretive judgment. Use of the soil limitation tables See Table 2 for criteria used in rating soils for field crops. The degree of limitation (slight to none. moderate, severe. or unsuitable) is determined by the most restrictive or Vegetable crops severe rating assigned to any of the listed soil properties. For Because of the variability in soil requirements of example: If the degree of limitation is “slight to none” for all vegetable crops. the rating of soils for such production can but one soil property. and its degree of limitation is “severe,“ only be gcneralized. Soils rated as having slight to no limita- then the overall r&g of the soil for that given use is “se- tion are suited to a wide variety of vegetable crops. Produc- vere.” However. the degree of litnitation of the individual tion for early markets is not used as a rating criteria. On the soil properties can have a cumulative effect. This applies average. vegetable crops are more demanding of soil quali- only to limitation ratings of “moderate” and “severe.” If the ties than arc field crops and so a soil’\ degree of limitation most severe rating of all the soil properties is “moderate.” but tends to be more severe. or at least as severe. for vegetable several properties are rated as such, then the overall rating for crop production as it is for field crop production. This the soil can be downgraded to “severe.” The satne applies to relationship was considered when class limits were es- downgrading “severe” to “unsuitable.” The requiretnents for tablished, The soil criteria used in “Soil Iimitations for field 34 Table 2. Soil limitations for field crops’ Dcprec of limitation Slight to none Moderate Severe greater than 0.75 m less than 0.40 m greater than 0.5 cm:hr (moderately lw than 0.5 cm:hr. greater than less than 0. I cm:hr (extremely slou I slou or faster) 0. I cm:hr (very slow) moderate moderately severrl wverc wil\ modcratcly rebponhlw to few cannot he tmproved wth feavble lixr “la”apme”t occarional Hoodmg. ntr crop damage frequent Hoding. some crop daniapc frequent flooding. w c‘re crop dmnge not atf’ected by drwghtmes (greater moderately affected by droushtiness moderately ww2rc 01 aeverel) than 9 cm of available moisture) (Y--S cm of available motstut-c) af’fcctcd h> drouphtmcss (lea than 5 cm of a\ailnhlc moisturel SO. S I. SZ (stones 2- IO m apart imcl S4 (htone\ 0. I-O.5 n,t grcatcrl greater than I 0 m I .(Ml.5 111 5 -Y ‘i imperfectly drained crops” are used to rate soils for vegetable crops, but the usually be found or established within the boundaries of even ratings are more restrictive. Also, some additional soil prop- the poorer grade soils. er-tics considered to be of significant importance in vegetable See Table 3 for criteria used in rating soils for vegetable production are included. crops. These interpretive soil limitation classes are not applied to organic soils. because. in general. there is insufficient inli)rmation on these organic soil areas to make such an Soil limitations for septic tank absorption interprctivc judgment. Some experimentation has been car- fields ried on within the survey area (at the experitnental peat hog. Saint-Charles); howcvcr, various production and manage- A septic tank absorption field is designed to dispose of ment problems have arisen. effluent or sewage by soil absorption. The effluent from the These limitations deal wjith the soil’s ability to produce septic tank is distributed as uniformly as possible throughout vcgctable crops on a viable commercial basis. Home gardcn- the natural soil medium by means of a subsurface tile system. ing i\ a different matter. Family gardens are relatively small The soils are rated according to their abilities to absorb and in sixc. receive more intensive soil manipulation. and most filter this effluent. The major soil properties affecting the important. arc not governed by the “produce or else” aspect movement of effluent from a septic tank are the permeability of business. Although the interpretations for vegetable crops of the soil at and below the depth of the tile line and the slope. can be ussd as a suidc to locate soil units most suitable fol Other criteria used for rating the soils are related to either the home gardens. remember that relatively suitable plot\ can construction and maintenance or the prevention of con- 35 Table 3. Soil limitations for vegetable crops’ Ma.jor Soil Properties mfluencing u~c\ Slight to none Depth to compact layer greater than I .(I m less than 0.5 m greater than 0.3 m Permeability csuhsoil) greater than O..? cm;hr (faster than less than 0. I cm:hr (extremely \Iou 1 \IOW I moderate xverc wit? highly reqxxlsive to fertilvet cannot he improved with feahihlc mana@ement occasional Roodinp frequent Hoodmp. severe crop damapc ncl need for Irrigatwn (greater than may need trrigatwn in wme years irrigation is ncccsq for wcce\\ful IO cm of available molsturc) ( IGh cm of availahlc moisture1 crops (less than 6 cm ol sailahlc moiwrel less than 59 le\s than 2% SO. Sl (ame\ IO-30 m apart and greater) Depth ta bedrock greater than I 0 m I .(M.S “1 le\s than 0.5 m greater than 0.3 m Topoftxph) (b-z? 2 5 ‘i s-124 Exces\ v,atcr well and moderately well drained rapidly and imperfectly dramed poorly drained Surface texture loam. silt loam. \andy loam loamy sand silty clay, clay. clay loam. silty clay loam. sandy clay loam. wnd A fourth degree of soil limitation is also defined for vegetable crops: I’nwitahle: less than 0.3 m to compact layer flood risk throughout much of growing searon greater than 50% gravel m surface layer greater than 30% cobbles in surface layer atoninesr SJ and SS (stone\ O.lM~.S ml Ica than slopes greater than 9% veils with very poor drainage xvere droughtine\s plant requirement\. tamination of water supplies, streams, rivers. and lakes. Basements are considered to be at least 1.5 m deep. Standard These criteria are permeability, depth to seasonal high construction practices are assumed. such as dampproofing groundwater table (either continuous or perched), depth to and installation of foundation drains. The emphasis in rating bedrock. slope, flooding hazard, and stoniness. soils for housing is placed on the properties that affect See Table 4 for criteria used in rating soils for septic suitability for foundations. Properties influencing the ease or tanks. difficulty of excavation and construction are evaluated for both the building and the installation of utility lines. Ex- cluded from soil limitation ratings for housing are soil Soil limitations for housing suitability for septic tanks and access roads, water supply potential, and factors of location desirability. These are The soil limitation ratings for housing are for homes general ratings. It is important to note that on-site in- (single-family dwellings) and other structures (buildings of vestigations are necessary for specific placement of buildings three stories or fewer) with similar foundation requirements. and utility lines and for detailed design of foundations. The soils are rated for buildings with and without basements. 36 Table 4. Soil limitations for septic tanks’ Shght to none greater than 2.0 cm,hr /xc/ les\ than 1.0-0.5 cm:hr less than 0.5 cm:hr or greater than I2 cm:hr’ IZ cm:hr’ Depth to \easonal htgh ground- greater than I .S m (rapidly dramed) I .5-O.!? m (~vvell and moderately well less than 0.5 m (imperfectly and water tnhle’ drillmxJl poorly drainorl) Depth to bedrock’ greater than I .5 m 1.5-l 111 les\ thdn I m SlOp2” less than 9’2 (a h.c . d) Y-15% ICI I S-301 If) Flooding hazard not subject to foodinp thi\ rating not used suhjcct to flooding tilooding once m 5 years or less frequently) SO. SI. S2 (!,tone\ 2LlO m apart and S3 (axis 0.5-I m apart) S4, SS (stones 0. l-O.5 m apart or greateri less) Lnwltablc: sloper greater than 30% pcrmeahility greater than 25 cm:hr flooding more than onct‘ m 5 years depth to hedn~ck lea than SO cm organic x111\ permanently jet ’ Llmitatton baaed on Rose. R. D.. et al. Use of .wils irl f/w fhltrrc,rn-(,ololr! App~/nd~i~r rc’xw~ of /Va\ York SIU~P. Agronomy Mimeo. 69-S: 1969. Dept. of Agronomy, Cornell Univ. USDA Soil Conservation Service. GUI& fi~r i/lrw/~wfiyy er~,qrr~e~~i~~ IOOS q~soils. Soils Memorandum SCS-4S (Rev. 2); Holland. W. D. and Coen. G. M.: Soils of Wutc~rro~ Lukrs ~Vatiowl Pork. A/hew Alberta Institute of Pedology. Information Report NOR-X-65: 1976. ‘Thl\ rating refers to the pcrmcability (au determined by the constant head method using core samples of the whsoil at and heIon the depth of the tile line). ‘Soils wth pcrmrability raws greater than 12 cm/hr arc considered possihlc groundwater pollution hazards. ‘The depth to the seawnal high water table should be at least I 0 m below the depth of the tile (which is assumed to be at a depth of at least 0.S III). While the pre\ence oi a high groundwater table level, either continuous (true) or perched. is a serious problem to the functional operatwn of a xptic tank. the contmuous water tahlc also prewnts the hazards of polluting the groundwater. Perched w’atcr tables do not pow thl> problem and can he rated more leniently. ‘The bedrock. an earl) split Pennsylvanian sandstone in thl\ area. tends to be readily pcrmeahle in the upper 0.5-I m but i, very slowly permeable below. “U:IQ dclinttions: Canada Soil Survey Committee. Subcommittee on Soil Cla<\ification. T/w C‘tr/~c/dic~~ .\vsrw~ of wC/ ~~hsifrcurior~. Can. Dep. Agric. Puhl. 1646. 197X. Ottawa. Ont.: Supply and Services Canada: I64 p. ‘In thik area the ~rf’acr stones tend to he relativclv small m \~ze (Ioh than 50 cm). They are easily moved wth light equipment and pose a Ias severe Iunitaticm The features that affect the rating of a soil for dwellings are each covered by about 15 cm of soil until several suc- are classed as those related to capacity to support load and to cessive layers of waste and soil are built up to the ultimate resist settlement under load and those that relate to ease of thickness. Then a final cover of about 50 cm of soil is placed excavation. Soil properties that affect capacity to support over the fill. The soil used for covering is either the material load are wetness (depth to seasonal high water table), flood- left over from preparing the landfill area (stripping) or it can ing. plasticity, and texture (as indicated by the Unified Soil be hauled in. Classification System” rating). shrink-swell potential, and The features considered in rating the soils are pre- potential frost action. Those that affect excavation are wet- dominantly associated with potential pollution hazard. Thor- ness, slope. depth to bedrock, and surface stoniness. ough evaluation of site hydrology is essential beforehand, because if pollution problems arise, it is not practical to See Table 5 for criteria used in rating soils for housing. remove the refuse owing to the size and character of the landfill, but it may be possible to install barriers (berms). A seasonal high water table may be controlled by a perimeter Soil limitations for area-type sanitary landfill drain. Because a sanitary landfill is a waste disposal area, it Because landfill areas are subject to heavy vehicular should be operated in such a way as to minimize its offensive- traffic, soil properties that affect trafficability are also of ness (i.e.. smoke, odor , appearance, pollution hazard, and so great importance. on). Soil is used as the covering ar. i sanitizing material. In See Table 6 for criteria used in rating soils for area-type the area-type sanitary landfill, successive deposits of refuse sanitary landfill. .- -.. -. . “Sod manual for design of asphalt pavement structures. College t’ark. niqland: The Asphalt Institute: 1969. 37 Table 5. Soil limitations for housing’ greater than I .2 m (well and rapidly I Z-0.5 m (modetxtel! ucll drained1 le\\ than 0 5 ,m (impertectly and drained)’ poorly drainedl greater than0.5 m (rapidly. ~c‘ll. and 0.5-0.1 m (imperfectly dl-,uned) Ica than 0.2 m (poorly drarnsd) moda-ately well drained) greater than I m srcatcr than 0 3 m no tloodln~ ML. CL (PI‘. preatcr than 15) moderate high GW. GP. SW. SP GM. GC. SM. CL. SC ML. MH GW. GP SW. SP. GC. CL GM. SM. SC. h41.. MH SO. S1. SZ (htonc\ 2- 10 m apart 2nd S3 (\roncs O.%Z m apart) SJ. S5 t\toner 0 I-O.5 m apart and greater) IOS) Except for the Fund! (FUI, Tracadrc ITDI. and Mount Hope IMHI aaociatinn\. which have a moderate \hl-inh-\\\ell potential. thi\ factor 1s of \lipht to no IImitation for wils m the survey arc’s 38 Table 6. Soil limitations for area-type sanitary landfill’ Soil limitations for trench-type sanitary Soil limitations for local roads and streets landfill (all-weather surfaces) Because of the shallowness of the soils in the survey The limitations for local roads and streets refer to the use area. the area-type sanitary landfill is more appropriate than of the soil for construction and maintenance of local roads the trench-type. Trenches, commonly 3-S m deep. either and streets that have all-weather surfacing. usually asphalt, penetrate the sandstone bedrock or come close to it: either and are subject to automobile traffic all year. The roads and situation results in leachates (pollutants) flowing into the streets consist of a subgrade, usually of underlying local soil groundlvater. The only soil in which the trench-type sanitary material; a subbase of a stable tnaterial such as gravel or landtill approach might be feasible is the Fundy association crushed rock; and the actual road surface or pavement. usual- (FL). These deposits generally tend to be thicker. and ly asphalt. or in some rural areas. gravel with a binder. although they usually have minimum drainage (imperfectly. Standard construction practices are assumed in regard to poorly, or very poorly drained), it is generally the result of a drainage measures and road grading for shedding water. perched water table. which is not likely to c;tuse groundwatel R/lost of the soil material used in road construction comes pollution problems. The major difficulty with these soils is from the soil at hand. This guide is less applicable to the the poor trafficability created by their texture (silty clay loam requirements for superhighways. to Glty clay). which rate no higher than “moderate.” 39 The soil DroDerties used as criteria for limitation ratings “drying out” in the spring and after rainstorms. slope. surface . 1 are those that affect general load-carrying capacity and serv- coarse fragments, and depth to bedrock) and those that affect ice characteristics and those that affect the basic construc- maintenance (flooding. permeability, available moisture for tion. Load-carrying capacity is indicated by the American adequate vegetation growth. and surface texture related to Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)‘j and Un- trafficability). ified Soil Classification System ratings and the shrink-swell See Table 9 for criteria used in rating soils for outdoor potential. Service characteristics are affected by depth to the living. seasonal high water table. flood hazard, arid susceptibility to frost action. Slope, depth to bedrock. surface stoniness. and Soil limitations for forestry drainage are all related to construction requirements. See Table 7 for criteria used in rating soils for local The interpretations for forest soils presented here are roads and streets (all-weather surfaces). related to woodland management. Degrees of limitation- slight to none, moderate, and severe are defined for construc- Soil limitations for recreation tion of access roads. equipment limitations, erosion hazards (potential): and windthrow hazards. As well as the above, Recreation uses have been divided into athletic fields two additional interpretations are for species suitability and and outdoor living (tent and trailer parks and picnic areas). land capability classifications for forestry. Each is described separately and corresponding soil limita- At present, productivity ratings for soil units are es- tion guides have been established. timates. because problems remain in measuring “true” pro- ductivity. The major difficulty is the variability of natural Athletic fields stands due to differences in density and stand history (insect These limitations rate soils intended to be used as ath- infestations, fire, high-grading, and so on). Interpreting the letic fields for organized games such as baseball, football, intricate relationships between forest soils and silvicultural soccer. and other sports with similar requirements. The com- practices is an even more difficult task. Insufficient knowl- pleted field is expected to be almost level and capable of edge is available to make such interpretations with any de- intensive foot traffic without serious problems. The possible gree of accuracy. However, as forest use becomes more need to haul in fill material or topsoil is not considered in this intensive. these relationships will be determined and they can rating. The soil criteria used in the ratings are those that affect be applied to the various soil units to maximize productivity. construction (depth to water table, slope. depth to bedrock. Because these interpretations are based on soil survey and surface coarse fragments), use (depth to water table. information collected for various reasons. the soils may be permeability. and flooding), and maintenance (permeability, differentiated more than would be necessary for forestry use flooding. available moisture for turf, surface texture. and alone. Many of the mapping units have the same or similar susceptibility to frost action). degrees of limitation for various forestry uses and can be See Table 8 for criteria used in rating soils for athletic grouped into single forest soil management units. fields. Be careful how you use this information. It has inherent limitations due to the nature of the areas under consideration Outdoor living and the level of survey. Forested areas have restricted These ratings refer to soils intended to be used in- accessibility (see accessibility map), which makes mapping tensively for park-type roadside stops for picnicking or tent more dependent on photo interpretation with fewer field and trailer campsites. Other than some basic site preparation. checks for verification. Although forest vegetation is an aid such as cleaning around picnic tables and intended tent loca- in identifying some soil characteristics. it is a severe hindr- tion areas and some grading for trailer sites, little is dis- ance in other photo interpretations. This is a reconnaissance turbed. Problems of sewage disposal, water supply. level soil survey (low to moderate intensity), therefore the accessibility. aesthetic values, and possible hazards to fragile soils are less precisely mapped than in detailed projects. plant communities are not used as rating criteria. Vehicular Inclusions of minor soils that differ from the major soil are traffic is assumed to be confined to access roads. Except as common and can be expected to occupy up to 20% of a influenced by moisture. the ability of the soil to maintain mapping unit. Such inclusions require varied management adequate vegetation is not a factor. The site must be capable and so soil identification becomes a valuable asset for the of being subjected to intensive use (foot traffic) without forester. serious consequences. For special silvicultural projects where more detailed Because construction is minimal, the soil properties of soils information is required, additional detailed soil surveys greatest concern are those that interfere directly with the should be carried out. The information provided in this report intended use (wetness related to the depth to the water table can be used to locate the general areas of soils most suitable during the period of use, flooding. permeability related to for the intended purpose. “AASHO. standard spcclticatlon for tuphwsay material5 and merho& of samplq and testing. part II. 7th ed.. 1955 40 Table 7. Soil limitations for local roads and streets (ail-weather surfaces)’ Lkgree of limitation Slight to none Moderate Severe geater than I m (rapidly and well l-0.2(1 m (moderately wll and in- less than 0.20 m (poorly and very drainedl’ perfectly) poorly drained) S-.5% (a.b.c) S-IS% (dXl IS-204 (part of f) greater than 0.5 m 0. s--o. 2s 111 less than 0.25 m SO. Si. S2 (stone\ 2-10 m apart and Si t \tonr\ 0.5-2 m apart) S4, SS (stones 0. l-O.5 m apart and greater) less) not subject to flooding wbyxr to occasional floodmg (less subject to flooding (more than once in than once in 5 wars) 5 years) A-l. A-2. A-3 A-4. A-5 A-6, A-7 GW. GP. SW, SP. GM”. GC’. SM’. CL (PI”’ less than 15) CL (PI”’ greater than IS). ML. CH, SC” MH. OH, OL Except for the Fundy (FU), Tracadie ITDI. and Mount Hope (MH) associations. which have a moderate shrink-swell potential, this factor 15 of slight to no Itmitation for all the w~ls. low moderate high GW. GP. SW, SP GM. GC. SM. SC. CL ML, MH GW. GP SW. SP. GC. CL GM. SM. SC, ML. MH A tourth degree of sod Im~ltatmn is also defined for local roads and street\: Llnhultahlc: slope\ greater than 20% yearly flooding organic soils ‘Llmitati<)n based on Rose, R.D., et al. Use ogtoil.5 irl r/w fourlu~‘,1-c’o~olf~ A~?puktir,hiu regior~ of,fh;en York Stars. Agronomy Mimco. 69-5: 1969. Dept. of Agronomy. CornelI Univ. USDA Soil Conservation Service. Guitfe for i,~erpwring r~grrtwr-i,tx USC.\of.coi/s. Soils Memorandum SCS-45 (Rev. 21: Holland. W. D.. Cnen. G. M : Soils of Mirrrwron Lukes Narinnul Park. Alhtwtr. Alberta Institute of Pedology. Information Report NOR-X-65; 1976. ‘Class drlinitrons from Canada Soil Survey Committee. Subcommittee on Soil Classification. T/w Crrmdiau .\vsre,n o~soil c./trs.si/;c.rrfio,~. Ottawa, Ont.: Supply and Services Canada; Can. Dep. Agric. Pub]. 1646: 197X: I64 p. ‘Duo to winter conditions limitation classes for slope have been altered from standards as set in references. ‘The bedrock. being of rjppable Pennsylvanian sandstone. has a surface layer about 0.5-O m thick, which can be easily excavated by hght powered eqmpment. Below this the bedrock material is more difficult to extract but still is easily movable with the type of equipment used in road construction. “Depth to bedrock” lullits are wt accordmgly and thus may deviate from the standard. ‘In tlw survey area the wrface stones are usually les\ than 50 cm in we. For cqulpment used in road construction they present little problem to move, however. in cxce\\ quantities they wiously interfere with operations. “This rates the #eneral load-carrying capacity and sewice characteristics of the soil as it applies to subgrades or roadbeds. ‘Ratin?\ according to AASHO Designation D3283-73 taken from General Rating as Subgrade. Table V-, 3, Soils munuul ,fiw rlesigrz of usphalr pu~rmc~! \~IKII,~(‘.~. The Asphalt Institute. College Park Maryland. USA: 1961. ‘l’nitied soil group ratings according to Designation D2487-69. “Downgrade limitation to moderate if more than 30% passe\ No 200 sieve. “‘PI means pla\tlclty index. ’ ‘Shrink-swell potential bawl on plasticity index ranges as establihhed by Coen and Holland in Soils of Wurrrro~ LukesNatio,fu/Pa~&. Alh~rru. Alberta Institute ;,t Pedolvgy. Information Report NOR-X-65. lY76 “Susceptlhillty to frost action based on the USDA Soil Conservatwn Scrwx G~o&for i~~f~rpwfing e,~yi~eerin~ wes ofsoi~.s. Soda Memorandum SCS-45 rev. cd lY76 Some modifications were made. Proper road constructmn includes preventative measures. which minimize or ehminate frost activity. 41 GM. SM. SC‘. MI.. MH 42 Table 9. Soil limitations for outdoor living’ Dcpree of limit;iticrtl hlaior Soil Prop&c\ iniiuencin~ uw\ Sltght to none Moderate se\ et-e Lkpth to v.ater table during period IIt u\e tent and trallcr leis than 0.5 m (poorly drained) les\ than (I 3 m (poorly draincdl 43 Table 10. Soil limitations for construction of access roads’ Dsgree of Iimitatlwi Mqor Soll Properties influencing use\ Moderate Scverc rapidly. veil. and moderately well imperfectly” drained poorlyh and very poorly drained drained Material suitability’ GW. GP. SW. SP. GM,” GC,” SM.’ CL tPli lesh than 15) CL (PI’ greater than IS) ML. CH. SC’ MH Slope h-5% (a,b.c) S-IS% td.e) IS3 (f.g.h) Stoniness’ Sl. s2. s3 S4 >SS ‘Awes5 roads are designed for IOU speed\ and are usually constructed of on-site materials with llttle or no hauling of lill. Main haul roads can be interpreted under soil limitations for local roads and streets. NOTE: Organic wil\ encountered during construction ot acc~‘ss roads will most likely bc \h;rllow (terric or lithlc) and rate severe. ‘Class detinitmn\ from Canada Soil Survey Committee. Subcommittee on Soil Cla\\itication. T/w Ctrwdio~~ .~WWI of .roi/ c/ur.ti/r~ &on. Ottawa. Ont Supply and Senicrs Canada. Can. Dep. Agric. Puhl. 1646: 197X: 164 p, ‘Material suitability is based on the Unified Classitication System ‘Downgrade to moderate if more than 35% passec the No. 200 wve and road conwuctmn and use are intended for each spring. ‘PI mean\ plawcity index ‘L.pgrade one clahs if coarw loamy ahlational till or outwaah gravel. Construction of access roads dieted. Therefore, it is beneficial to have a general guide to Road construction is a major function of all woodlands soil erodibility. operations. Regardless of the size or the type of forest opera- Mineral soil losses resulting from water erosion are tion. roads are required to provide access to the work area. dependent on the effects of rainfall (intensity and amount). Ignoring soil properties can lead to significantly increased vegetative cover, topography (slope gradient and length). costs associated with construction and maintenance that and soil properties (infiltration capacity, texture, and struc- otherwise could be reduced or avoided by the application of tural stability). Customarily, rainfall within the survey area is soils information. By identifying problem areas, access road neither exceptionally heavy (90-95 cm annually) nor par- systems can be laid out to take advantage of more suitable ticularly intense. The vegetative cover of the forest and routes. or they can be built and used at those times during the understory, even after harvesting, provide good natural pro- year when soil conditions are most favorable. tection. Most of the slopes are under 9%. with a majority in See Table IO for criteria used in rating soils for con- the 0.5-5% range. Slope lengths are relatively short, which struction of access roads. reduces the potential hazard of water concentration. Hence, the determining factor or factors for erosion are soil proper- Equipment limitations ties related to the degree of slope. This rating indicates the degree to which topographic The guide presented in Table 12 is based on the assump- conditions (slope) and soil characteristics (drainage, texture, tion that gullying is the major form of erosion. Few situations and stoniness) influence or restrict the use of equipment created by forest operations are conducive to sheet erosion. commonly used in woodlands operations, based on both degree of difficulty of machine operation and potential soil Windthrow hazards damage. It is assumed that rubber-tired skidders and One of the major functions of a tree’s roots is to support forwarders are used; therefore, as harvesting systems be- the aboveground portion of the tree. Under optimum con- come more mechanized and machine types change, addition- ditions, the rooting systems of trees are usually sufficient for al constraints will have to be considered. this purpose; some species, however, are more prone to See Table 11 for criteria used in rating soils for equip- windfall than others. When the natural environment is altered ment use. to such an extent that the tree becomes openly exposed to the elements, the root system, which developed and was ade- Erosion hazards (potential) quate to support the tree under sheltered forest conditions, Under present conditions, forest soil erosion problems may fail. Examples of this are the increased occurrence of are minor. The erosion that does occur is usually gullying, uprooting along the edges of road rights-of-way and clear- associated with skid trails, access roads, and fire lanes, ings. Although exposure increases the risk of trees being where the mineral subsoil is exposed. Although this erosion blown over, the physical conditions of the soil and the depth may not be highly significant, it is still environmentally and extent of rooting of individual trees or tree species undesirable. As forest use becomes more intensive. con- ultimately determines whether or not windthrow will occur ditions of increased susceptibility to erosion can be pre- within the forest. (The topography of the survey area is 44 Table 11. Soil limitations for equipment use’ Degree of IInlitatlon Slight to none Modcrate Severe rapidly, H~II. moderately well. And poorly dramcd wry poorly drained irnpertectly drained well. moderately ~cll drained m~pcrfectly and poorly’ drnincd very poorly drained moderately well drained imperfectly drained poorly and very poorly drained (LY% ia.h.c.d) Y--30% (t2.f) more than 30% (g pluh) Sl. s2, s3 s4 s5 Note: Thehe ratings do not apply to organic souls. ‘C‘la\\ dcfin~rxxx from Canada Soil Commirree. Subcommittee on Soil Clasaitication. Uw Ctrwdiw SWLW of roil r./ussifi~lr,irjJl. Ottawa. Ont.: Supply end Service\ Canada. Can. Dep. Agric. Puhl. 1646: 1078: I64 p. LDc~~vngrade one class if operations carried out during early spring. ‘Downgrade one class if operations carried out in early aprmy or late fall. Table 12. Soil susceptibility to erosion’ hlalor Sorl Proportw inlluenclng interpretation Slight to none Severe permeability at 100 cm depth: a.h.c.d’ more th;m 0.5 cm;hr ((b-L)%) permc&ility at 100 cm depth, d,e’ f.p li‘\s than 0.5 cmihr (5- (15% +I I5Q) Note: These ratines do ncrt apply to organic soils. ‘Class detiniticmsfrom Canada Soil Survey Committee, Subcommittee on Soil Cla~sitication. 77~ C’UW&~I ~WWI of soil c/assific~atio/~. Ottawa. Ont.: Supply 2nd Ser\,wes Canada. Can Dep. Agric. Puhl. 1646: IY78: I64 p. ‘Downgrade one class if applicable amount of tine sand or silt or both. ‘Dtrungl-adc 0~2 clans if texture is silty clay (Sic) or hilt? clay loam (SiCLI. ‘Cpgradc one class if gravel. gently undulating to nearly level and its role is one of low Species suitability significance in determining windthrow hazards.) The soil Soil-tree species suitability ratings (in the interpretation characteristics that affect windthrow follow: guide sheet) are the result of correlating species characteris- Depth of suitable mineral soil over a restricting layer tics (or silvics) with corresponding soil properties. This was such as bedrock, hardpans. dense compact tills, and coupled with observations made in the field. No attempt is other root-inhibiting layers. The suitability of a soil for made to categorize the degree of suitability other than to list root growth is related to soil aeration, available mois- the species that are suitable or of limited suitability. The ture and nutrients, and ease of root penetration. species are not listed in any order of suitability. Only tree Drainage affects the rooting depth (by acting as an species of commercial use are considered. inhibitor) and the mechanical strength of the soil. The information in the interpretation sheets can be used Stoniness reduces the space available for proper root as a guide for determining which species to plant in artificial growth. regeneration. Table 13 gives the criteria used in rating soils for wind- throw potential. 45 Land capability classifications for forestry Soil moisture: M-oil moisture deficiency W-excess soil moisture The land capability classification for forestry is based Permeability and depth of rooting zone: on the soil’s ability to grow commercial forests. As defined D-physical restriction to rooting caused by in the Ltrrldc,~ll,trbili~~ c~las.\~~i’c~~~tiorl,fir,~)~~~,st~.\‘.The Canada dense or consolidated layers other than Land Inventory Report No. 4. 1967. three categories are used bedrock in this system: the capability class. the capability subclass. R-restriction of rooting zone by bedrock and the indicator species. Other soil factors: F- low fertilitv Ctrphilit~ ~~1~1.s.s.When land is assigned to a capabil- I- soils periodically inundated by streams ity class. the environment of subsoil. soil surface, local and or lakes regional climate, as well as the characteristic tree species are taken into account. The capability class is an exprcscion of all Indicator species. The tree species that can be ex- the environmental factors affecting tree growth in com- pected to yield the volume associated with each class are mercial forests in terms of the degree of limitation to growth. shown as part of the symbol. Only indigenous coniferous Associated with each capability class is a productivity range species adapted to the region and land are shown; exotic based c~!lmean annual increment of the best species or group species may have higher yields. of apecJeaadapted to the site. Expressed in cubic feet per acre per annum. the classes are Class 1. greater than I I I cubic feet; Class 2. 91-1 IO cubic feet; Class 3. 71-90 cubic feet: Forest capability classification of organic Class 4. 51-70 cubic feet; Class 5, 31-X) cubic feet; soils Class 6. IO-30 cubic feet: and Class 7, less than 10 cubic feet. All organic soils are rated 7W. except for some of the Terric Humisols, which are rated 6W. Ctrphilit?~ .~A~~I~Is.~. As expressed by the principle of limiting factors. plant response is to a large degree de- Suitability of soil as a source of materials termined by that factor that is least optimum. These factors that limit tree growth are shown as subclasses. Knowledge of Apart from being used on location, soils are also sources the kind of limitation becomes most important, because it for material. The suitability of the soil as a source of topsoil allows you to determine the type of forest management that (for landscaping), sand, gravel, and roadfill are rated for each should bc used. Silvicultural practices can be planned to mapping unit. Four degrees of suitability have been es- overconic or minimize the detrimental effects of a growth- tablished for each kind of material-good. fair. poor, and limiting factor. The degree of limitation of the growth- unsuitable. Relevant soil properties are listed and limits limiting factor determines the class designation. established for each of the degrees of suitability. The soil’s overall rating is determined by that soil property with the The capability subclasses used within the survey area lowest suitability rating. These limitations may be accumula- are tive in their effect and therefore the soil may be downgraded CliJllatc: U-exposure so that the soil’s suitability rating may be even lower than that (This is significant along the coastal determined by its least suitable property. This decision is left regions. but it is not listed because only to the discretion of the interpreter. soil IiJnitations are considered.) 46 Table 14. Soil suitability as a source for topsoil’ Caution: Soils rated as unsuitable are of such low quali- Preferably topsoil should be rich in organic matter. ty that they are impractical for particular use. Unsuit- However, organic matter content is not used as a suitability able is easily defined for sand and gravel, but harder for criterion, because it is related to soil consistence. which is topsoil and roadfill. Therefore. arbitrary limits have used as a rating criterion. been established that distinguish usable from unusable Socioeconomic factors are not taken into consideration; sources. suitability for topsoil is judged without regard for such items as location, site size, site shape, and so on. Topsoil See Table 14 for criteria used in rating soil suitability as The suitability of a soil for use as topsoil relates to its use a source for topsoi t for surfacing lawns. gardens. roadbanks. and other land- scaped sites. It also affects decisions to stockpile surface soil Sand at construction sites. the advisability of this being dependent The main purpose of rating soil suitability as a source on topsoil quality and the availability of other topsoil nearby. for sand is to guide users to local deposits. This material is Whatever the reason. the basic aim of topsoiling is to im- used in construction work and is expensive to transport. prove soil conditons for reestablishment and maintenance of The three degrees of suitability are good. fair, and poor. vegetation or to improve soil conditions where vegetation CA fourth rating, unsuitable, is also used to reject soils that already exists. have very severe disadvantages.) The suitability ratings are Suitability ratings used are good, fair. and poor; unsuit- based on ease of excavation as expressed by depth of the able is applied to those soils that should not be used. The material, surface stoniness, slope. and soil drainage; and ratings are for uneroded soils as they occur naturally. The purity of the source as expressed by subsoil texture and criteria used to determine the degree of suitability are those coarse fragment content. This rating results in a general type factors related to the ease or difficulty in obtaining the materi- of classification. Some specific uses may have more severe al (thickness of the material, surface stoniness. slope, and quality limitations. The degree of suitability is largely de- drainage) and the quality of the material (moist consistence. pendent on the intended use. and in all cases it has to be texture. and coarse fragments). verified by site inspection. It is assumed that sites from which topsoil is taken must Size, shape. and location of the source are not con- he restored and so the characteristics of the remaining soil sidered as rating criteria. The influence of these factors is material must be adequate for revegetation and erosion con- related directly to economic feasibility. trol. If restoration is expected to be a problem, the rating See Table t 5 for criteria used in rating soil suitability as should be downgraded to poor or unsuitable. depending upon a source for sand. the severity. 47 Table 15. Soil suitability as a source for sand Mapr Soil Properties iniluencing we\ greater than 1 m thl\ rating not uvxl sand (greater than 85% sand) \ancl (greu~cr than X5% sand) gravel ks\ than 3% 3- I .sc,+ greater than 15’1; cobbles 01 lea than 2% greater than 3% Surface \tonine\s’ ’ SO. S I. S7. S3 (rtone5 0.5-Z m apart S4 (stone5 0. l-0.5 m apart) SS tstone\ le\\ than 0. I m apart) or greater) ShpeJ Slope is uwally not a limiting factor in the survey area. Most slope\ are le\s than Yc& (d slope) and the tnalorlty are &S’A. Soil drainage’ {depth ta average better than poorly dramed (greater better than poorly drained (greater poorly and very poorly drained (le\s water table level) than 0.2 m to water table) than 0.2 m to water table) than 0.7 m to watt‘r table) A fourth degree of soil suitability is also delinrd for USC as a source for sand: Llnsmtahle Ices than 0.5 m of material a subsoil with less than 70% sand greater than 40% coarse fragments (gravel and cobbles combined) ‘Class definitions from Canada Soil Survey Committee, Subcommittee on Soil Classificaton. T/w Crrrwdicrr~ JI.WUI of,wi/ c,/u,\.vilr~,~rfior?. Ottawa. Ont.: Supply and Ser\,iccs Canada. Can Dep. Agric. Publ. 1646: 197X: I64 p. ‘On the average. when a sand source contains more than 15% gravel or .iQ cobbles. it becomes neces\ary to screen it. This results in its auitahility hclny cla\sed a5 poor. ‘On the averapc. surface atonmers does not pose much of a problem because surface stones are not usually associated with sand deposits. if an) \toneh arc present. they are usually small in 4x; Gtc preparation calls for clearing away the vegetation and w stone\ can be removed at the \ame time. and arcas involved in-c rclati\ely small. %.xtures \uch a\ kames and eskers tend to have steeper sloptzr. but because of their si7e and shape the); are easily excavated and can be clas\ificd wIthout considermg the hlope Gravel On-site investigation is a necessity for detailed planning Gravel is used in great quantities in many kinds of of site development. construction work. Because it is expensive to transport be- See Table 16 for criteria used in rating soil suitability as cause of the weight and the volume required. information a source for gravel. beforehand about where to look for the nearest sources can result in substantial savings. Road fill The soil suitability is rated according to the ease of Road fill is soil material used for making road founda- excavation as determined by depth of material, surface stoni- tions (embankments, subgrades, and so on). When roads are ness, slope, and soil drainage and the gravel quality as designed, attempts are made to have the volume of fill mate- reflected by subsoil texture, coarse fragment content, and rial required equal (within short distances) the volume of gravel hardness. Good, fair. and poor are the first three material taken from cuts. Therefore, much of the road fill degrees of suitability; a fourth rating, unsuitable. is used to material comes from the local soil (if it is suitable). indicate unacceptable sources. These ratings are not intended The suitability of the soil as a source of road fill depends for specific uses. They are merely guidelines to help users on the ease or difficulty in obtaining the soil (as indicated by locate possible sources. slope, surface stoniness, and drainage) and the performance Size, shape, and location of the source are not con- of the soil after it is excavated and used as a road foundation sidered as rating criteria. The economics of the situation (as indicated by compressibility, compactability, and other dictate whether a source should or should not be developed. characteristics as expressed by engineering class ratings; It may be less costly to upgrade the output from a lower class shrink-swell potential; and susceptibility to frost action). The source than to transport high-grade material from afar. degree of suitability of the soils as related to the above criteria 48 Table 16. Soil suitability as a source for gravel Derrw of witabllitv Major Soil Propertics influencing uwil GOOd Fair Poor Within the survey arca, most gravel deposits tend to be relatively thick (greater than one meter and usually several meters or more thick). Depth< of the magnitude are beyond the scope of thi\ report Suhwil texture’ wry gravelly sand. gravelly sand. gravelly sand. gravelly loamy sand. her) grawlly Ioa”ly Wld. pvelly gravelly smiy IUanl loamy sand greater than ho?? 3(L60% XL40% les\ than S% (close to gravel size) j- I s ‘3 I5-4U% so. Sl. 9. s3 (stone\ 0 s-2 n, apart S3. S4. SS (stonesO. IL.05 m apart or this rating not used or greater) le\\) SIOPC Slope ih usuall~~ not a limiting factor in the wrvey area Most slopes are less than YB td slope) with the ma.jority bemg 0.5 to 5’1 (b and c slope\) SL)il dramagc’ (depth to awrape better than poorly drained (rester better than poorly drained (water poorly and very poorly drained (les\ water MA! Icvel) than 0.2 m to wsater rahle) than 0.2 m to water table, than 0.2 m to table) Gravel hardness hard gravel’ wft gravel” thla rating not used A fourth degree of soil suttabtllty is also defined for u\e as a source for gravel: L’nwltable wbsoll textures heavw than thaw nrentwned less than 20% gravel mart’ than 40’7~ cobbles ‘Clav dctinition from Canada Soil Survey Committee. Subcommittee on SolI Clas\ilicatwn. T/wCtrn~~r/~c~rr \I.VCIN o$\oi/ r./rrs\$c~trtron. Ottawa, Ont.: Supply and SewIces Canada. Can. Dep. Agric. Pub]. 1646: 11)7X: I64 p. ‘When the percentage of cobbles IS over 15%. bcreening is necessary to rcmwc thcln and w the sultablllty of the bource becomes “poor”. ‘Surface stoniness is not much of a problem for the folIowine reasons: surface stones are usually not associated with the types of soils that are gravel sources: if any \tone\ are present. they are usually small: site preparation calls for tree and other vegetation removal and w stone removal can be done at the same time: and excavations are usually in the form of pits (little surface area). ‘Feature\ wch as kames and eskers tend to have steep slopes, but because of their sire and rhape they arc easily excavated. %‘lthin the curve], area. th<~ depwita specified a$ bemg of hard gravel cnna~st mainly of: granite\. grw\>es. whists. and quartrite. “U‘lthin the wrvev area. those depwits specltied as bemg of wft gravel convict mainly of soft sandstone. is reflected by ratings of good, fair, and poor. Some soils analysis, field observations made in the course of routine with very severe disabilities are rated unsuitable. mapping, and experience. The following are brief explana- Location of the source is not considered as a rating tions of these properties. criterion. See Table 17 for criteria used in rating soil suitability as Bulk density a source for road fill. The bulk density of soil is the mass or weight of oven- dried soil per unit of field moist-bulk volume. exuressed in g/cm’. Deierminations are based on core sample’s, Some physical and chemical properties Unified classification In this section of the interpretation guide sheet. soil The unified soil classification system classifies soils properties significant to a number of possible uses are dis- according to their values as subgrades. The soils are iden- cussed. Evaluations are made for various soil layers (based tified and grouped on the basis of particle size, distribution, on depth from the surface of the mineral soil), which are plasticity, liquid limit, and organic matter content. Three different enough from each other to have an effect on their broad divisions are established: coarse-grained soils, which use. The estimated values are based on laboratory sample include eight classes, GW, GP. GM. GC, SW, SP. SM, and 49 Table 17. Soil suitability as a source for road fill’ GW. GP. SW,31. GM,~c;c‘.J SM.~ C-L(r’[’ hb than I 5’4I CL (PI’ greater than 13%) ML. OL. SC2 MH. CH. OH A-1. A-2. .4-3 A-4. A-S A-6. A-l Except for the Fundy (FU) and Mount Hole (MHJ a\sociatiun\. which have a moderate (fair) \hrmk-swell potential. this factor i\ of no hignificance in thl\ area of New Brunaaick. lw modcratc high GW. GP. SW. SP GM. GC. SM. SC. CL ML. MH GW. GP SW. SI’, GC. CL GM. SM. SC. ML. MH &IS% ta.h,c,d.r) I s-3OR If) XL454 (part of g) SO. SI. S2. S3 (\tune\ 0.5-2 nictw S3 t\tones 0. l-O.5 meter\ apart) SS (stones ICSS than 0. I metcrh apart I apart and greater) Rapidly. well and moderately well Impcrfcctly drained I I .(~0.3 meter\ PoorI) and very poorly dramed tlev drained (greater than I meter to water 10 Rater tablcl than 0.2 meters ttr water table) table) Depth to bedrock has no effect on so11 auitabillt) The bedrock i\ a wtt. Irlppable Pennsylvanian w~d\tone which can he easily excavated and used as a wurcc ot fill nwlf. A lourth degree of wil \uitabihtv is also detined for USC‘a\ a wurcc iilr road till: l!nsuitahle: slope\ greater than 45% organic x1115 50 SC; fine-grained soils, which include six classes, ML, CL, hydraulic conductivity as described in Methods of soil Lttl- OL, MH, CH, and OH; and highly organic soils, which cdysis’” or are based on soil characteristics (structure, tex- include one class, Pt. These letter symbols are derived either ture, and so on) and field observations (such as ponding after from the terms used in soil mechanics to describe the soil rainstorms). fraction (gravel, sand, silt, clay, peat, and so on), the relative value of the liquid limit (high or low), or the relative grada- Available water tion (well graded or poorly graded). For a detailed descrip- Available water measures the capacity of a soil to hold tion of this system, see Soils manual for design of asphalt water that can be readily absorbed by plant roots. It is defined pa~~~rzt strucfures, Manual Series No. IO, College Park, here as the difference between the amount of water in the soil Maryland: The Asphalt Institute; 1969. at field capacity (about 33 kPa holding pressure) and the amount in the soil at wilting point (about 1.5 MPa holding AASHO classification pressure). It is expressed in centimetres of water per cen- The AASHO system of soil classification is based on the timetre of soil. performance of soils under highway use. According to this system, soils having about the same general load-carrying pH value capacity and service characteristics are grouped together to The degree of acidity or alkalinity of a soil is expressed form seven basic groups that are designated A-l through in terms of the pH scale (technically, the negative logarithm A-7. In general, the best soils for highway subgrades are of the hydrogen-ion activity of a soil). The values are for pH classed as A- 1 and the classes are progressively worse with determinations made in water (HzO). A-7 the poorest subgrade material. For more information, see Soil.s mamd ,for design qf asphalt pu~~mmt struc’turcs, Manual Series No. 10. College Park, Maryland: The Asphalt Soil interpretation guide sheets for each Institute: 1969. mineral soil association Percent coarse fragments The interpretation guide sheets were made for in- Fragments that are too large to be classified as soil. that dividual soil units of each association. Commonly a group of is, that are greater than 2 mm in size, are called coarse similar soil units of an association appear on the same guide fragments. These fragments consist of various-sized com- sheet. The guide sheets are arranged in alphabetical order of ponents: gravel, 2 mm - 7.5 cm; cobbles. 7.5-2.5 cm; and the name of the association. stones, larger than 25 cm. In general, there is insufficient information concerning the usage of the organic soil associations. Therefore. there Soil are no guide sheets for the organic soils. Also there are no Soil as defined here refers to the fine earth fraction (less guide sheets for the nonsoil units (land types). than 2 mm) of the soil material. The three fractions or sepa- The interpretation guide sheet includes: rates recognized are based on the size of the soil particles: l tables of limitations for farmland, community develop- Sand-soil particles 2.GO.05 mm in diam ment, and recreation uses Silt-soil particles 0.05-0.002 mm in diam l degree of limitation affecting woodland uses Clay-soil particles less than 0.002 mm in diam l suitability of soil as a source of materials The percentages of sand, silt. and clay are by weight and l soil features affecting specified engineering uses are based on the fine earth fraction: they total lOO%a.These l some estimated physical and chemical properties. values were calculated by laboratory analysis with the use of The guide of use for the limitation table and the criteria the hydrometer method. If laboratory results were not avail- used to set up the limitation tables were discussed earlier in able, estimates were devised by extrapolating from similar this report. The rating of suitability of soil as a source of soils. material was also discussed previously. The soil capability classification for agriculture is rated Permeability according to The Canada Land Inventory Report No. 2. Permeability is that quality of a soil that allows it to 1965. Most of the ratings are straightforward. However, transmit water or air. The estimated values are either from there are some questions on the rating of map units HT2. laboratory results (constant head method for determining SG2, and Sb2 as class 3D instead of class 4D. ‘JAnwican Soctety of Agronomy. Methods of soil analysts. Part I Black. C. A. et al.. cd\. Apronomy No. 9. Ma&on, WI: Amertcan Society of .Agronwmy; 1965. 51 Baie-du-Vin Association Soil units: BVI, BV2 Area: 6067 ha Description of soil These are predominantly rapidly drained, shallow, olive brown. acid, sandy-textured soils, very low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial marine deposits derived mainly from gray green sandstone, over a soft, easily split, Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock. Total thickness of the soil over bedrock is l&50 cm, of which the entire depth consists of a loose, rapidly permeable loamy sand material. The surface soil usually lies in direct contact with the bedrock. Coarse fragments of small, flat, platy sandstone, which have lifted up from the bedrock, are few near the surface but become common to many immediately above the soil-bedrock contact. These soils usually occupy crests and upper slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape and are typically found near the coast. Farmland. community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a,b.c,d severe - depth to bedrock, draughtiness:’ fertility 4MR crops e unsuitable - depth to bedrock; draughtiness:’ fertility; slope 5MT Vegetable a,b,c.d severe - draughtiness:’ depth to bedrock; fertility crops e unsuitable - draughtiness: slope Septic all unsuitable - rapid permeability: depth to bedrock tanks units Housing with a.b,c.d moderate - depth to bedrock Note: bedrock may basement e moderate - depth to bedrock; slope be very easily split, with without a,b,c.d moderate - depth to bedrock alight to no basement e moderate - depth to bedrock; slope limitations Sanitary all unsuitable - rapid permeability; depth to bedrock landfill units (area-type) Local roads a.b,c moderate - depth to bedrock and streets d.e moderate - depth to bedrock; slope Athletic a.b severe - draughtiness’ fields C severe - draughtiness:’ depth to bedrock d severe - drouphtiness;’ depth to bedrock; slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and ahcd severe - draughtiness’ living trailer e severe - draughtiness:’ slope parks picnic all severe - draughtiness’ areas units Note: These soils are shallow phases (IS-50 cm to bedrock) of the rapidly drained member of the Richibucto association ‘Draughtiness may not be a severe problem where plowing has incorporated sufficient organic matter into the surface mineral soil to increase water-holding capacity. 52 Soil units: BVl, BV2 Degree of Innitations affecting woodland USC\ Interpretatton Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a.b,c slight to none Erosion a.b.c.d slight to none construction d.e moderate hazards e moderate Eqmpment a,b.c,d alight to none Windthrow all moderate limttattons e moderate hazards units Species Jack pine. red pine. eastern white pine* Capability 51’ suitability class JP *Species of limited suitability Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor poor unsuitable good (use bedrock material) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir IO-SO cm of rapidly permeable soil material over a bedrock that is readily permeable in the upper I m but extremely slowly permeable area belo%: d-slopes may affect storage capacity Pond embankment no subsoil - only surface soil. which has a high compacted permeability Drainage not needed Sprinkler very good infiltration rate but very low water-holding capacity; l&50 cm to bedrock that is readily permeable in the upper I m irrigation Road location lG50 cm to bedrock; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes and steeper Some physical and chemical properties Ic Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt Q Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >o.os 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm (HzO) G35 I .20-l .40 -3 75-9s 5-15 2-10 >2.5.0 0.08-O. 12 4.0-5.0 35+ soft, easily split. Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock 53 Soil units: BV3, BV4, BV5 Area: 5730 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained. shallow. olive brown. acid. sandy-textured soils. very low in natural fertility. which have formed in loose glacial marine deposits derived mainly from gray green sandstone. over a soft. easily split. Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock. Total thickness of the soil over bedrock is lOL50 cm. of which the entire depth consists of a loose. rapidly permeable loamy sand material. The surface soil usually lies in direct contact with the bedrock. Coarse fragments of small. flat. platy aandatonc. which have lifted up from the bedrock. are few near the surface but become common to many immediately above the soil-bedrock contact. These soils usually occupy areas on the edges of’ depressions and lower slope positions in an undulating to almost level landacupc and are typically found near the coast. Soil units: BV3, BV4, BV5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland user Interpretatmn Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all moderate Erosion a.b.c.d 4ight to none construction tmlts hazwda c moderate Equipment a.b.c,d alight to none Windthrow all moderate limitation\ e moderate hazards unit5 Specier jack pine. red pine, eastern white pine Capability BV3. BV4 5’ BVS 5:, wItability cleas ip(R) b\ Note: Parentheses indicate scawnal variation. Suitability of wil as source of material poor poor unsuitable Soil feature\ affecting \pcclfied engineering usei Soil I’eature5 IO-SO cm of rapidly permeable wil material over a bedrock that IS Ircadily permeable in the upper I m but cxtremcly \IOM ly permeable below Pond embankment no albsoil - only surface soil, which has a high compacted permeability Drainage seasonal wetness: rapidly pel-meable wil: 10~50 cm to bedrock. bedrock interferes with tile laying Sprmkler seawnal wetnes\ but sorl tend\ to dry out during summer and so irrigation may be buncficial; very good infiltration rdtc but ver) low rrrl~atrrw water-holding capacity Road location seasonal uetncsa: l&SO cm to bedrock Some physIcal and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<7 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragment\ ‘2 Sand !? Silt v Clay Perm water PH c Ill dcnslty ClilS\. ClaSS. Iby \‘01.1 ,~O.OS 0.05-0.002 (L-35 I ?(b I .40 i5+ wft. earily split. Pennsylvanian wndstonc bedrock 55 Soil units: BV6, BV7 Area: 2172 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly drained, shallow, olive brown, acid, sandy-textured soils, very low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial marine deposits derived mainly from gray green sandstone, over a soft, easily split, Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock. Total thickness of the soil over bedrock is 10-50 cm, of which the entire depth consists of a loose, rapidly permeable loamy sand material. The surface soil usually lies in direct contact with the bedrock. Coarse fragments of small, flat, platy sandstone, which have lifted up from the bedrock, are few near the surface but become common to many immediately above the soil-bedrock contact. These soils usually occupy depressions and lower slope positions in an almost level to slightly undulating landscape and typically are found near the coast. Farmland. community development, and recreation use\ CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - excessive wetness: depth to bedrock crops units Vegetable all unsuitable - excessive u’etness; depth to bedrock crops units Septic all unsuitable - rapid permeability; depth to bedrock; high water table tanks units Housing with all severe (BV6) or unsuitable (BV7) - prolonged wetness basement units without all severe (BV6) or unsuitable (BV7) - prolonged wetness basement units Sanitary all unsuitable - prolonged wetness (true groundwater table): permeability; landfill units depth to bedrock (area-type) Local roads all severe - prolonged wetness and streets units Athletic a,b,c severe - prolonged wetness fields d severe - prolonged wetness; slope Outdoor tent and all severe - prolonged w’etness IGnp trailer units parks picnic all severe - prolonged wetness areas units Note: These soils are shallow phases (I&SO cm to bedrock) of the poorly drained member of the Richibucto association. 56 Soil units: BV6, BV7 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all moderate Windthrow all severe limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir Capability 6W suitability class bs Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill unsuitable poor unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir prolonged wetness: l&-50 cm of rapidly permeable material over a bedrock that is readily permeable in the upper I m but is area extremely slowly permeable below Pond embankment no subsoil - only surface soil, which has a high compacted permeability Drainage prolonged wetness; rapidly permeable soil; IO-50 cm to bedrock: bedrock interferes with tiling; outlets may be difficult to find Sprinkler prolonged wetness: must be drained first: very good infiltration rate but very poor water-holding capacity irrigation Road location prolonged wetness; It&50 cm to bedrock Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments %- Sand 5% Silt 96 Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) X.05 0.05-0.002 co.002 cm/hr cm/cm WzO) CL30 l.2&l.40 15 75-95 5-15 2-10 25.0 0.08-o. I2 4.G5.0 30f soft, easily split Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock 57 Barrieau Association Soil unit: BA2 Area: 862 ha Description of soil These are predominantly well to moderately well drained, deep. acid soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in a moderately thin surficial mantle of glacial marine deposited sandy material derived mainly from gay green sandstone over a fine to clayey textured glacial till derived mainly from red shale and gray green sandstone. The upper material is olive brown, loose, rapidly permeable, loamy sand to sandy loam material. 20-50 cm thick and free of coarse fragments (less than 2% gravel). The second or lower material is reddish brown. compact. extremely slowly permeable, sandy clay loam to clay loam (or even possibly silty clay loam) and contains about 5-2.5’S coarse fragments of soft sandstone. These soils usually occupy crests and upper slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape and typically are found near the coast. Farmland. commumty development. and recreation uses CL1 U\e Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a.b.c.d bevcre - depth to compact layer: extremely slowly permeable ‘ID crops e hevere ~ depth to compact layer: extremely rlouly permeable: slope 4DT Vegetable a.b.c severe - depth to compact layer: extremely slowly permeable crops d, pall severe ~ depth to compact layer: extremely slowly permeable: slope of 0 Septic all vzvere - extremely slowly permeable subsoil tanks units Hou~~g with a.b.c.d moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost damage basement e moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost damasc; slope wlthout a.b,c.d moderate - potential frost damage basement c modcrate - potennal frost damage: 4opc Sanitary a.b.c.d moderate - seasonal wetness: possibly subsoil texture landfill c moderate - seasonal wetness: slope: possibly subsoil texture (are~~-type) a.b.c moderate - seasonal wetness: subgradc suitability: potential frost damage d.e modcrate - \ca$onal wetness; subgrade sultability; potential frost damage: slops Athletic a.t! moderate - potential frost damage: surfiice texture if loamy sand field\ c modcrate - potcntlal frost damage: slope: surface texture if loamy sand d severe ~ slope e unGtublc ~ slope Outdoor tent and a.b.c \light to none - few or no adverse condition\ (downgrade if loamy livinly c trailer sand surface texture) parks d moderate - alope: surface texture if loamy sand e bcvere - slope picnic a.b,c,d 4lght to none - few or no adverse conditions (downgrade if loamy arcas sand surface texturcl c moderate - \lope Note: Those ~11s are shallow phase5 (X&SO cm to glacial till) of the well to moderately well drained member of the Richibucto association Soil unit: BA2 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Acce>\ road d.b.C \light to none Erosion a.b,c slight to none construction d.e moderate haztrds ds moderate Equipment a.b,c.d shght to none Windthrow all moderate Itmttattons e moderate hazards units Spcciek black spruce. balsam fir, whltc spruce.* white Capability 4:’ \ultabiltty birch. sugar maple,* beech cla55 bs *Species of limited suitabllity. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fan poor unsuitable fair (poor lf loamy sand) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses LIs,e Soil feature\ Pond reservoir extremely slowly permeable subsoil, d-slope\ and greater may affect storage capacity 1rca Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength. low tu medium compressibility. lw compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics. S-254 coarse fragments of wft sandstone Drarnagc usually not needed but speeds up drying out in the spring: 20~50 cm of rapidly permeable material over an extremely slowly permeable whsoil Sprmkler 2(!-SO cm of rapidly permeable material wcr an extremely slowly permeable subsoil: wry good infiltration rate: fair water-holdmg irrlgaticw capacity Koad location subsoil is potentially erodtble: potential fret damage: curs and flll arc necesary on d-slopes Some physical and chemical properties s;i Course Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments ‘i; Sand % Silt Q Clav Penn. water PH cm density ClilS\. clas\ (by VO1.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 (b2.5 I 2&l .4U < 2 7.5-95 s-15 2-10 >25.0 0. I(M). I5 4.65.0 3s+ I 7(&2.00 SM-SC A-J 5-z XMO 75-40 ‘S-40 co. I co. IO J.(kS.O to to CL A-6 59 Soil units: BA3, BA4, BA5 Area: 3568 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, deep, acid soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in a moderately thin surficial mantle of glacial marine-deposited sandy material derived mainly from gray green sandstone over a fine to clayey textured glacial till derived mainly from red shale and gray green sandstone. The upper material is olive brown, loose, rapidly permeable loamy sand to sandy loam material, 20-50 cm thick and free of coarse fragments (less than 2% gravel). The second or lower material is a reddish brown compact, extremely slowly permeable, sandy clay loam to clay loam (or even possibly silty clay loam) and contains about l@-20% coarse fragments of soft sandstone. These soils usually occupy areas on the edges of depressions and middle to lower slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape and typically are found near the coast. Farmland. community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a,b,c,d severe - depth to compact layer; extremely slowly permeable: seasonal crops wetness e severe - depth to compact layer; extremely slow~ly permeable; seasonal 4DW wetness: slope Vegetable all severe - depth to compact layer; extremely slowly permeable subsoil; crops units seasonal wetness Septic all severe - extremely slowly permeable; seasonal wetness tanks units Housing with all severe - seasonal wetness basement units without a,b,c.d moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost damage basement e moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost damage; slope Sanitary all moderate - seasonal wetness; possibly subsoil texture landfill units (area-type) Local roads a,b.c moderate - seasonal wetness; subgrade suitability; potential frost and streets damage d,e moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; subgrade suitability; potential frost damage Athletic a,b moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost damage: surface texture if fields loamy sand c moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost damage; slope; surface texture if loamy sand d severe - slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a,b,c moderate - seasonal wetness; surface texture if loamy sand living trailer d moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; surface texture if loamy sand parks e severe - slope picnic a,b,c.d moderate - seasonal wetness; surface texture if loamy sand areas e moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; surface texture if loamy sand Note: These soils are shallow phases (20-50 cm to glacial till) of the imperfectly drained member of the Richibucto association Soil units: BA3, BA4, BA5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all moderate Erosion a,b.c slight to none construction units hazards de moderate Equipment all moderate Windthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam, fir, yellow birch, white Capability BA3, BA4 - 4;. BA5 - 5; suitability spruce* class bs bs *Species of limited suitability Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair poor unsuitable fair (poor if loamy sand) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir extremely slowly permeable subsoil area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, low to medium compressibility, low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics, 5-25% coarse fragments of soft sandstone Drainage seasonal wetness, 20-50 cm of an extremely slowly permeable layer: stones in subsoil may hinder tile laying Sprinkler seasonal wetness; needs drainage first irrigation Road location subsoil is potentially erodible; potential frost damage; seasonal wetness Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments 9 Sand 9% Silt R Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) 10.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cm/hr cm/cm W,O) r&35 1.20-1.40 12 75-95 5-15 2-10 125.0 [email protected] 4.s5.0 35+ I .7&2.00 SM-SC A-4 5-25 3&50 25-40 25-40 co.1 10. IO 4.0-5.0 to A-6 61 Soil units: BA6, BA7 Area: 18 636 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly drained, deep, acid soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in a moderately thin surficial mantle of glacial marine-deposited sandy material derived mainly from gray green sandstone over a fine to clayey textured glacial till derived mainly from red shale and gray green sandstone. The upper material is olive brown, loose, rapidly permeable, loamy sand to sandy loam material 20-50 cm thick and free of coarse fragments (less than 2% gravel). The second or lower material is reddish brown, compact, extremely slowly permeable, sandy clay loam toclay loam (or even possibly silty clay loam) and contains about IO-20% coarse fragments of soft sandstone. These soils, usually occupy depressions and lower slope positions in an a\most level to undulating landscape and typically are found near the coast. Farmland. community development. and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capaMity FEld all unsuitable - depth to compact layer: extremely slowly permeable: 5WD CVJPS units excessive wetness Vegetable all unaultablc - depth to compact layer: extremely slowly permeable: crops units exce.sivc wetnebb Septic all severe - extremely slowly permeable: prolonged wtness tanks units Housing with all severe - prolonged wetness: potential frost damage basement units without all severe ~ prolonged wetness; potential frost damage basement units Sanitary all moderate - prolonged wetness: possibly subsoil texture landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - prolonged wetness; potential frost damage and streets units Athletic a.b.c severe - prolonged wetness; potential frost damage fields d severe - prolonged wetness; slope; potential frost damage e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and all severe - prolonged wetness living trailer units parks picnic all severe - prolonged wetness areab units Note: These soils are shallow phases (20-SO cm to glacial till) of the poorly drained member of the Richibucto association i 62 Soil units: BA6, BA7 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all moderate (severe) Windthrow all moderate-severe limitations units hazards units Speciea black spruce, balsam fir Capability BA6p 5:: BA7 - 6W witability class bs bs *Note: Parentheses indicate seasonal variation Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair poor unsuitable poor (poor if loamy sand) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond resxvoir prolonged wetness; extremely slowly permeable subsoil area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, low to medium compressibility, low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics. S-2.54 coarse fragments of soft sandstone Drainapc prolonged wetness; 2@50 cm to an extremely slowly permeable layer: stones in subwil may interfere with tile laying: outlets difficult to find Sprinkler prolonged wetness; needs drainage fwst irrigation Road location prolonged wetness; potentially erodible subsoil: potential severe frost damage Some physical and chemical properties 4 Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragment5 % Sand Q Silt Q Clay Pcrm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >o OS 0.05-O 002 <0.002 cm!hr cm/cm (HK)) 0-35 I .x-l .40 <2 75-95 5-1.5 2-10 >25.0 0.10--o. I5 4.ChS.O 35+ I .70-2.00 SM-SC 64 5-2s 3(&X) 25-40 25-40 co. I 10. IO 4.&5.0 to to CL A-6 63 Soil unit: BA8 Area: 4471 ha Description of soil These are predominantly very poorly drained, deep, acid soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in a moderately thin surficial mantle of glacial marine-deposited sandy material derived mainly from gray green sandstone over a fine to clayey textured glacial till derived mainly from red shale and gray green sandstone. The upper material is olive brown, loose, rapidly permeable loamy sand to sandy loam material 20-50 cm thick and free of coarse fragments (less than 2% gravel). The second or lower material is reddish brown, compact, extremely slowly permeable, sandy clay loam to clay loam (or even possibly silty clay loam) and contains about IO-20% coarse fragments of soft sandstone. These soils usually occupy depressions or lower slope positions in an almost level to slight undulating landscape and typically are found near the coast. Farmland, community development. and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - permanently wet 7W crops units Vegetable all unsuitable - permanently wet crops units Septic all unsuitable - permanently wet tanks units Housing with all unsuitable - permanently wet basement units without all unsuitable - permanently wet basement units Sanitary all severe - permanently wet landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - permanently wet; potential frost damage and streets units Athletic all unsuitable - permanently wet fields units Outdoor tent and all unsuitable - permanently wet living trailer units parks picnic all unsuitable - permanently wet areas units Note: These soils are shallow phases (2C-50 cm to glacial till) of the poorly drained member of the Richibucto association 64 Soil unit: BA8 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all severe Windthrow all severe limitations units hazards units Species black spruce.* balsam fir* Capability 6W suitability class bs “Species of limited suitability. Suitability of so11 as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill unsuitable poor unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir permanently wet; extremely slowly permeable subsoil area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, low to medium compressibility, low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics, 5-256 coarse fragments of soft sandstone Drainage permanently wet: 2&50 cm to an extremely slowly permeable layer; stones in subsoil may hinder tile laying; outlets difficult to find Sprinkler permanently wet; needs drainage first irrigation Road location permanently wet; potentially erodible subsoil; potential severe frost damage Some physical and chemical properties o/c Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments o/c Sand 8 Silt o/o Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol. ) Xl.05 0.05-0.002 10.002 cm/hr cm/cm ON) C35 1.261.40 - <2 7@95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 0.1&0.15 4.65.0 35+ 1.70-2.00 SM-SC A-4 5-25 3&50 25-40 25-40 co. 1 ‘co. IO 4.0-5.0 E .& 65 Big Hole Association Soil units: BHl, BH2 Area: 2523 ha Description of soil These are predominantly well to rapidly drained, shallow, yellowish brown, acid, coarse-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in thin deposits of loose till derived mainly from gray green sandstone, over a soft, easily split, Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock. Total thickness of the soil over bedrock is IO-50 cm, of which the entire depth consists of a relatively loose, permeable to rapidly permeable sandy loam to loamy sand material. The surface soil usually lies directly on the bedrock. Coarse fragments of flat, platy, soft sandstone range from IO to 4070, usually increasing in abundance with depth, being particularly abundant immediately over the bedrock contact. Surface stones are common. These soils usually occupy crests and upper slope positions in an undulating to gently rolling landscape. They are also commonly found along stream and river courses. Farmland, community development. and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a.b,c.d.e unsuitable - depth to bedrock moderate fertility, draughtiness. and SRPM crops subsurface stoniness problems f unsuitable - slope 7T Vegetable all unsuitable - depth to bedrock; combined with surface coarse CWPS units fragments. droughtiness, and fertility (slopes over 12%;) Septic all unsuitable - depth to bedrock (permeability rates very severe) tanks units Housing with a.b,c.d moderate - depth to bedrock basement e moderate - slope: depth to bedrock f severe - slope without a,b,c,d moderate - depth to bedrock basement e moderate - slope; depth to bedrock f severe - slope Sanitary all unsuitable - depth to bedrock (permeability rates severe) landfill umts (area-type) Local roads a,b.c moderate - depth to bedrock and streets d.c moderate - slope; depth to bedrock f severe or unsuitable - slope Athletic a,b moderate - depth to bedrock; moisture deficiency; surface coarse fields fragments severe - depth to bedrock zi severe - slope: depth to bedrock e,f unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a,b.c moderate - moisture deficiency; depth to bedrock living trailer d moderate - slope: moisture deficiency; depth to bedrock parks e severe ~ slope f unsuitable - slope picnic a,b.c.d moderate - moisture deficiency; depth to bedrock areas e moderate ~ slope: moisture deficiency; depth to bedrock f severe - slope Note: These soils are shallow phases (IO-50 cm to bedrock) of the well to rapidly drained member of the Sunbury association 66 Soil units: BHl, BH2 Degree of limttattons affectmg woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limttation Access road a.b,c slight to none Erosion a,b,c slight to none construction d.e moderate hazards d.e moderate f severe f severe Equipment a.b,c,d slight to none Windthrow all moderate Im~itattons c.f moderate hazards units Speck lack pine, red pme, black spruce. eastern Capability 4:, suitability white pine,* white birch,* beech class ip “Species of limited suitability Suitability of sotl as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor unsuitable unsuitable good (max. slope 15%) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir It&50 cm of permeable soil over a bedrock that is readily permeable in the surface I m hut extremely slow~ly permeable below area Pond embankment very little soil material - no subsoil. all surface soil; high to medium compacted permeability; IO-40% coarse fragments Drainage not needed; permeable soil Sprinkler fair water-holding capacity: very good infiltration rate; l&50 cm of permeable soil to a bedrock that is readily permeable in the uppet irrigation I m hut extremely slowly permeable below Road location IO-50 cm to soft, easily split sandstone bedrock: may he stony: cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes and steeper Some physical and chemical properties $6 Coarse Soil (12 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand 7~ Silt % Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. thy vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm (HZO) O-35 l.Oo-0.15 I %40 50-75 20-40 l-14 >20.0 0.1~0.15 4.s5.0 3.5+ soft, rippable, Pennsylvanian, sandstone bedrock 67 Soil units: BH3, BH4, BH5 Area: 346 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, shallow, yellowish brown, acid, coarse-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in thin deposits of loose till derived mainly from gray green sandstone, over a soft, easily split Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock. Total thickness of the soil over bedrock is lG.50 cm, of which the entire depth consists of a relatively loose, permeable to rapidly permeable sandy loam to loamy sand material. The surface soil usually lies directly on the bedrock. Coarse fragments of flat, platy soft sandstone range from IO to 40% usually increasing in abundance with depth, being particularly abundant immediately over the bedrock contact. Surface stones are common. These soils usually occupy areas on the edges of depressions and middle to lower slope positions in an undulating to gently rolling landscape. They are also commonly found along stream and river courses. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - depth to bedrock; moderate fertility. subsurface stoniness, 5RWP crops units and seasonal wetness problems Vegetable all unsuitable - depth to bedrock: surface coarse fragments, fertility. and crops units seasonal wetness Septic all unsuitable - shallowness to bedrock (seasonal wetness rates severe) tanks units Housing with a.b.c.d severe - seasonal wetness basement without a.h,c.d moderate ~ seasonal wetness; depth to bedrock basement e moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; depth to bedrock Sanitary all unsuitable - depth to bedrock (permeability and seasonal wetness rate landfill units severe) (area-type) Local roads a,h,c moderate - seasonal wetness: depth to bedrock and streets d,e moderate ~ seasonal wetness; slope; depth to bedrock Athletic ah moderate - seasonal wetness; depth to bedrock; surface coarse fields fragments c severe - depth to bedrock d severe - slope: depth to bedrock e unsuitable - slope Outdoor trailer a.b.c moderate - seasonal wetness: depth to bedrock living parks d moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; depth to bedrock e severe ~ slope picnicking a,h.c.d moderate - seasonal wetness: depth to bedrock and tenting e moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; depth to bedrock Note: These soils are shallow phases (l&50 cm to bedrock) of the imperfectly drained members of the Sunhury association 68 Soil units: BH3, BH4, BH5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a.b.c slight to none Erosion a,b.c slight to none construction d.e moderate hazards d,e moderate Equipment a.b.c,d slight to none Windthrow all moderate limitations e moderate hazards units Species jack pine, red pine, black spruce. balsam fir, east- Capability BH3 - 4&, BH4. BH5 - b;:; suitability em white pine* class jp *Species of limited suitability. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor unsuitable unsuitable fait (max. slope 159) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir IO-50 cm of permeable soil over a bedrock that is readily permeable in the surface I m but very slowly permeable below; seasonal area wetness Pond embankment very little soil material - no subsoil; only surface soil: high to medium compacted permeability; l&40% coarse fragments Drainage seasonal wetness; shallowness to bedrock affects tile installation Sprinkler seasonal wetness - irrigation usually not needed, but good infiltration rate and fair water-holding capacity irrigation Road location IO-50 cm to soft easily split sandstone bedrock; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes and steeper, seasonal wetness Some physical and chemical properties 7~ Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt 5% Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) 10.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm (HAI) t&35 1.0&1.15 l&40 5c7.5 2&40 7-14 >20.0 0.1&0.15 4.0-5.0 35+ soft. easily split, Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock 69 _.____ ..--.-_. ---.--- Buctouche Association Soil units: BUI, BU2 Area: 1510 ha Description of soil These are predominantly rapidly drained, deep, acid soils, low in natural fertility. which have formed in a moderately thick surficial mantle of glacial marine-deposited sandy material derived mainly from gray green sandstone over a fine to clayey textured glacial till derived mainly from red shale and gray green sandstone. The upper material is olive brown, loose, rapidly permeable. sand to sandy loam material 50-100 cm thick and free of coarse fragments (less than 2% gravel). The second or lower material is reddish brown, compact, extremely slowly permeable, sandy clay loam to clay loam (oreven possibly silty clay loam) , and contains about l&20% coarse fragments of soft sandstone. These soils usually occupy crests and upper slope positions in an undulating to nearly level landscape and typically are found near the coast. Farmland, community development, and recreation use) CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a.b.c.d severe - draughtiness:’ fertility 4MF crop5 e severe - draughtiness:’ fertility; slope 4MT Vegetable a.b,c severe - droughtinehs:’ fertility 0-0p5 d, part severe - drouphtiness:’ fertility; slope of e Septic all severe - rapidly permeable material over extremely slowly permeable tanks units material Housing with a.b.c,d moderate - potential frost damage basement e moderate - potential frost damage; slope without a.b.c,d slight to none ~ few or no adverse conditions basement e moderate - slope Sanitary a.b.c.d moderate - subsoil texture (upgrade if sandy clay loam) landfill e moderate - substN1 texture: slope (area-type) Local road\ a.b.c moderate - subgrade suitability; potential frost damage and streets d.e modcrate - subgrade suitability; potential frost damage: slope Athletic s,b.c severe - ciroughtiness’ (potential frost damage) field\ d severe - slope; draughtiness:’ (potential frost damage) c unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a.b.c.d severe - draughtiness’ living trailer c severe - droughtinesa:’ slope parks picnic all severe ~ draughtiness’ areas units Note: These soils are moderately deep phases (SO-100 cm to glacial till) of the rapidly drained member of the Richibucto association ‘Drouphtiners may not be a severe problem where plowing has incorporated sufficient organic matter into the surface soil to increase water-holding capacity. 70 Soil units: BlJl, BU2 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a,b,c slight to none Erosion a,b,c slight to none construction d.e moderate hazards d.e moderate Equipment a.b,c.d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limitations e moderate hazards units Spectea jack pine. red pine. eastern white pine, Capability ‘G suitabtlity black spruce class .ip Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair fair unsuitable fair to good (poor if loamy sand) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Llse Soil features Pond reservoir SGIOO cm of rapidly sandy material over an extremely slowly permeable compact material; d-slope may affect storage area Pond embankment surface 5t&lOO cm is rapidly permeable but the material below has low compacted permeability; lolc to medium compressibility; medium to low strength: fair to good compaction characteristics may require stone removal Drainage not needed Sprinkler surface material (S&100 cm) has a very good infiltration rate a very low water-holding capacity; lower material is extremely slowly irrigation permeable Road location S@lOO cm of sandy material over a fine-textured compact material that is potentially erodiblc and susceptible to frost damage: cuts and fdl necessary on d-slope and steeper Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil t,<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments 9 Sand 7~ Silt Q Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >o.os 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cm/hr c Ink Ill tH20) 640 1.2t~l.40 <2 70-95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 0.0x-o. I2 4.t&s.o 4G-75 I .40-l .55 SP A-3 <2 X5-95 2-10 2-5 >25.0 co. IO 4.Lr5.0 7s+ I .7&2.00 SM-SC A-4 s-2.5 XL50 25-40 25-40 co. I co. IO 4.ObS.O to to CL A-6 71 Soil units: BU3, BU4, BU5 Area: 7304 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, deep, acid soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in a moderately thick surficial mantle of glacial marine-deposiied sandy material derived mainly from gray green sandstone over a fine to clayey textured glacial till derived mainly from red shale and gray green sandstone. The upper material is olive brown, loose, rapidly permeable, sand to sandy loam material N-100 cm thick and free of coarse fragments (less than 2%). The second or lower material is reddish brown, compact, extremely slowly permeable, sandy clay loam to clay loam (or even possibly silty clay loam) and contains about lO-20% coarse fragments of soft sandstone. These soils usually occupy areas on the edges of depressions and middle to lower slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape and are typically found near the coast. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a,b,c.d severe - fertility; seasonal wetness 4WF crops e severe - fertility; seasonal wetness; slope Vegetable a.b.c severe - fertility; seasonal wetness ClDpS d, part severe - fenility: seasonal wetness; slope of e Septic all severe - rapidly permeable material over extremely slowly permeable tanks units material; seasonal wetness Housing with all severe - seasonal wetness basement units without a,b.c,d moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost damage basement e moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost damage; slope Sanitary all severe - seasonal wetness landfill units (area-type) Local roads a.b,c moderate - seasonal wetness; subgrade suitability; potential frost and streets damage de moderate - seasonal wetness; subgrade suitability: potential frost damage: slope Athletic ah moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness; surface texture if loamy fields sand C moderate - seasonal wetness-droughtiness; surface texture if loamy sand; slope (potential frost damage) d severe - slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a.b,c moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness; surface texture if loamy living trailer sand parks d moderate - seasonal wetness-droughtiness; slope; surface texture if loamy sand e severe - slope picnic a,b,c,d moderate - seasonal wetness-droughtiness; surface texture if loamy areas sand e moderate - seasonal wetness-droughtiness; surface texture if loamy sand: slope Note: These soils are moderately deep phases (5&100 cm to glacial till) of the imperfectly drained member of the Richibucto association. 72 Soil units: BU3, BU4, BU5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all moderate Erosion a,b.c slight to none construction units hazards d,e moderate Eqmpment all moderate Windthrow all slight to none limitations units hazards units Species jack prne, red pine, eastern white pine. Capability BU3. BU4 - 4F BU5 - 5G, suitability black spruce, balsam fir class .ip bs Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair fair unsuitable fair (poor if loamy sand) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 50-100 cm of rapidly permeable sandy material over an extremely slowly permeable compact material; seasonal wetness area Pond embankment surface ZiGlOO cm is rapidly permeable but the material below has a low compacted permeability; low to medium compressibility; medium to low shear strength; fair to good compaction characteristics may require stone removal Drainage seasonal wetness; rapidly permeable surface 50-100 cm but extremely slowly permeable below Sprinkler seasonal wetness; requires drainage first; very good infiltration rate but very low water-holding capacity; 5C-100 cm to extremely irrigation slowly permeable Layer Road location 50-100 cm of sandy material over a fine-textured compact material that is potentially erodible and susceptible to frost damage; seasonal wetness Some physical and chemical properties 8 Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt % Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cm/hr cm/cm (HA3 O-40 1.2&1.40 - 12 7G95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 0.08-o. 12 4.c5.0 4@75 1.40-1.55 SP A-3 <2 85-95 2-10 2-5 >25.0 73 Soil units: BU6, BU7 Area: 7795 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly drained, deep, acid soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in a moderately thick surficial mantle of glacial marine-deposited sandy material derived mainly from gray green sandstone over a fine to clayey textured glacial till derived mainly from red shale and gray green sandstone. The upper material is olive brown, loose rapidly permeable, sand to sandy loam material 50-100 cm thick and free of coarse fragments (less than 2% gravel). The second or lower material is reddish brown, compact extremely slowly permeable, sandy clay loam to clay loam (or even possibly silty clay loam) and contains about 5-25s coarse fragments of soft sandstone. These soils usually occupy depressions and lower slope positions in an almost level to undulating landscape and are typically found near the coast. Farmland. community development. and recreation use5 CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capabilit) Field all unsuitable - excessive wetness; fertility 5WF crops units Vegetable all unsuitable - excessive U’etness; fertility crops units Septic all severe - prolonged wetness; subsoil permeability tanks units Housing with all severe (BU6) or unsuitable (BU7) - prolonged wetness basement units without all severe - prolonged wetness basement units Sanitary all severe - prolonged wetness lqdfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe ~ prolonged wetness and street\ units Athletic all severe - prolonged wetness fields units Outdoor tent and all severe - prolonged wetness living trailer units parks picnic all Eevete - prolonged wetness areas units Note: These soils are moderately deep phases (5GlOO cm to glacial fill) of the poorly drained member of the Richibucto association. Soil units: BU6. BU7 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none constructton units hazards units Eqwpment all moderate (severe) Windthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir Capability BU6- 5W BU7- 6W suitability bs bs *Note: Parentheses indicate seasonal variation. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair poor unsuitable poor (poor if loamy sand) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 5~100 cm of rapidly permeable matertal over a compact extremely slowly permeable layer; prolonged wetness area Pond embankment upper50100 cm is rapidly permeable but the material below has a low compacted permeability; medium to low shear strength: low to medium compressibility: fair to good compaction characteristics; may require stone removal Drainage prolonged wetness: rapidly permeable surface X-100 cm but extremely slowly permeable below; outlets may be difficult to find Sprinkler prolonged wetness; requires drainage first; very good infiltration rate but very low water-holding capacity irrigation Road location prolonged wetness: 5&100 cm of sandy material over a fine-textured compact matertal that is potentially erodible and susceptible to frost damage Some physical and chemical properties 9% Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments ‘7r Sand 7c Silt % Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol. 1 r0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cmicm (HzO) C&3 1.2~l.40 i2 70-95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 0.0x-o. I2 4.tss.o x-75 1.4(&-1.55 SP A-3 <2 X5-95 2210 2-5 >25.0 10. IO 4.&S.O 7st 1 .7&2.00 SWSC A-4 s-25 3G90 25-40 25-40 co. I 75 Caraquet Association Soil units: CRl. CR2 Area: 550 ha Description of soil These are predominantly rapidly and well drained, deep, acid soils, very low to low in natural fertility, which have formed in a moderately thick surficial mantle of glacial marine-deposited sandy material derived mainly from gray green sandstone over a clayey textured marine-deposited material derived mainly from brown shale. The upper material is olive brown, loose, rapidly permeable, sand to sandy loam 50-100 cm thick and free of coarse fragments. The second or lower material is yellowish brown, compact, extremely slowly permeable silty clay loam and is also free of coarse fragments, except for possible sandstone gravel fragments. These soils usually occupy crests and upper slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape and typically are found near the coast. Farmland. community development, and recreation use5 CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a.b,c,d severe - draughtiness;’ fertility 4MF crops e severe - draughtiness:’ fertility; slope Vegetable a,bs severe - draughtiness;’ fertility crops d, part severe - draughtiness;’ fertility; slope of e Septic all severe - rapidly permeable material over an extremely slowly tanks units permeable subsoil Housing with a,b.c,d moderate - potential frost damage: potential shrink-swell basement e moderate - potential frost damage; slope; potential shrink-swell without a,b,c.d moderate - potential frost damage; potential shrink-swell basement e moderate - potential frost damage; potential shrink-swell: slope Sanitary a,b.c,d moderate - subsoil texture landfill e moderate - subsoil texture; slope (area-type) Local roads a,b.c moderate - subgrade suitability: shrink-swell potential; potential frost and streets damage e moderate - subgrade suitability; shrink-swell potential; potential frost damage; slope Athletic ahc severe - draughtiness’ (potential frost damage) fields e severe - draughtiness;’ slope (potential frost damage) unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a,b.c,d moderate - draughtiness’ living trailer e moderate - draughtiness:’ slope parks picnic all moderate - draughtiness’ areas units Note: These soils are moderately deep phases (50-100 cm to marine clay) of the rapidly drained member of the Richibucto association. ‘Draughtiness may not be a severe problem where plowing has incorporated sufficient organic matter into the surface soil to increase water-holding capacity. 76 Soil units: CRl, CR2 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a.b.c slight to none Erosion ahc slight to none construction d.e moderate hazards d moderate e severe Equipment a,b,c,d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limitations e moderate hazards units , Species jack pine, red pine, eastern white pine, Capability 4F suitability black spruce class .iP Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair if sandy loam fair unsuitable fair poor if loamy sand Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 5&100 cm of rapidly permeable sandy material over an extremely slowly permeable compact material; d-slopes may offer storage area capacity Pond embankment surface 50-100 cm is rapidly permeable but the material below has low compacted permeability and fair to good compaction characteristics; however a moderate shrink-swell potential Drainage not needed Sprinkler surface 5tXlOO cm has a very good infiltration rate but a very low water-holding capacity; lower material is extremely slowly irrigation permeable Road location 50-100 cm of sandy material over a clayey textured compact subsoil that is potentially erodible and susceptible to frost damage; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes and steeper: trafficability could be a problem Some physical and chemical properties 7~ Coarse Soil (i2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments 8 Sand B Silt 5%Clay Perm water PH Clll density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cm/hr cm/cm (HzO) t&4() 1.2&1.40 77 Soil units: CR3, CR4, CR5 Area: 1863 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, deep, acid soils, very low to low in natural fertility, which have formed in a moderately thick surficial mantle of glacial marine-deposited sandy material derived mainly from gray green sandstone over a clayey textured marine-deposited material derived mainly from brown shale. The upper material is olive brown, loose, rapidly permeable, sand to sandy loam 50-l 00 cm thick and free of coarse fragments. The second or lower material is yellowish brown, compact, extremely slowly permeable silty clay loam and is also free of coarse fragments except for possibly some sandstone gravel fragments. These soils usually occupy areas on the edges of depressions and middle to lower slope position in an undulating to almost level landscape and are typically found near the coast. Farmland. community development. and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a.b,c,d severe - fertility: seasonal wetness 4DW crops e severe - fertility: seasonal wetness: slope Vegetable a,b,c severe - fertility; seasonal wetnes5 UOPS d, part severe - fertility: seasonal wetness: slope of e Septic all severe - rapidly permeable material over extremely slowly permeable tanks units material: seasonal wetness Housing with all severe - seasonal wetness basement units moderate ~ seasonal wetness: potential frost damage; potential shrink-swell without a.b.c.d basement e moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost damage; slope potential shrink-swell Sanitaq all severe - seasonal wetness landfill units (area-type) Local roads a.b,c moderate - seasonal wetness; subgrade suitability; shrink-swell potential; potential frost damage d,e moderate - seasonal wetness; subgrade suitability; shrink-swell potential: potential frost damage; slope Athletic a,b moderate - seasonal wetness-droughtiness: surface texture if loamy fields sand C moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness: surface texture if loamy sand, slope; potential frost damage d severe - slope e unwitable - slope Outdoor tent and a.b,c moderate - seasonal wetness-droughtiness; surface texture if loamy living trailer sand parka d moderate - seasonal wetness-droughtinesi: surface texture if sand; slope e severe - slope picnic a.b.c.d moderate - seasonal wetness-droughtinesa; surface texture if loamy areas sand e moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness: surface texture if loamy sand: slope Note: These soils are moderately deep phases (5ClOO cm to marine clay) of the imperfectly drained member of the Richibucto association 78 Soil units: CR3, CR4, CR5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all moderate Erosion a,b,c slight to none construction units hazards d moderate e severe Equipment all moderate Windthrow all slight to none limitations units hazards units Species lack pine. red pine, eastern white pine Capability CR3, CR4 - 4’ CR5 - 4:’ suitability class jp bs Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair fair unsuitable fair (poor if loamy sand) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 5G-100 cm of rapidly permeable sandy material over an extremely slowly permeable compacted subsoil: seasonal wetness area Pond embankment surface 5G-100 cm is rapidly permeable but the material below has a low compacted permeability and fair to good compaction characteristics: moderate shrink-swell potential Drainage seasonal wetness: rapidly permeable surface 5G-100 cm but extremely slowly permeable below Sprmkler seasonal wetness; requires drainage first; very good mfiltration rate but very low water-holding capacity; 56-100 cm to extremely irrigation slowly permeable layer Road location 5G-100 cm of sandy material over a clayey textured compact material that is potentially erodible and susceptible to frost damage: seasonal wetness: trafficability could be a problem Some physical and chemical properties ‘ic Coarse Soil (i2 mm1 Available Depth Bulk Unified AASH’J fragments % Sand 9 Silt B Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 co.002 cm/hr cm/cm (Hz01 640 1.2G1.40 79 Soil units: CR6, CR7 Area: 3532 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly‘drained, deep, acid soils, very low to low in natural fertility, which have formed in a moderately thick surficial mantle of glacial marine-deposited sandy material derived mainly from gray green sandstone over a clayey textured marine-deposited material derived mainly from brown shale. The upper material is olive brown, loose, rapidly permeable, sand to sandy loam 50-100 cm thick and free of coarse fragments. The second or lower material is yellowish brown, compact, extremely slowly permeable silty clay loam and is also free of coarse fragments, except for possibly some sandstone gravel fragments. These soils usually occupy depressions and lower slope positions in an almost level to undulating landscape and are typically found near the coast. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - excessive wetness; fertility 5WD crops units Vegetable all unsuitable - excessive wetness; fertility Crops units Septic all severe - prolonged wetness; subsoil permeability tanks units Housing w’ith all severe (CR6) or unsuitable (CR71 - prolonged wetness basement units without all severe - prolonged wetness basement units Sanitary all severe - prolonged wetness landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - prolonged wetness and streets units .4thletic all severe - prolonged wetness fields units Outdoor tent and all severe - prolonged wetness Gving trailer units parks picnic all severe - prolonged wetness areas units Note: These soils are moderately deep phases (5&100 cm to marine clay) of the poorly drained member of the Richibucto association SO Soil units: CR6, CR7 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all moderate-severe Windthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir Capability suitability class CR6 - bZW CR7 - bfw Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair poor unsuitable poor (poor if loamy sand) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 5@lOO cm of rapidly permeable material over a compact extremely slowly permeable subsoil; prolonged wetness area Pond embankment upper 5@100 cm of soil is a rapidly permeable sandy material but below this the second material has medium to low shear strength; medium compressibility; low compacted permeability and fair to good compaction characteristics but a moderate shrink-swell potential Drainage prolonged wetness; rapidly permeable surface 50-100 cm but extremely slowly permeable subsoil; outlets may be difficult to find Sprinkler prolonged wetness; requires drainage first; very good infiltration rate but very low water-holding capacity irrigation Road location prolonged wetness; 5C- 100 cm of sandy material over a clayey textured compacted material that is potentially erodible and susceptible to frost damage; trafficability could be a problem Some physical and chemical properties 7% Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt 74 Clay Perm. water cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm &30 1.2&1.40 81 Fair Isle Association Soil units: FAl, FA2 Area: 3950 ha Description of soil These are predominantly well to rapidly drained, moderately deep, yellowish brown, acid, coarse-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in deposits of loose till derived mainly from gray green sandstone, over a soft, easily split Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock. Total thickness of the soil over bedrock is S&100 cm of a relatively loose, permeable to rapidly permeable material that grades from a sandy loam surface texture into a loamy sand to sandy loam subsoil. Coarse fragments of flat, platy, soft sandstone, make up 10-40%, usually increasing in abundance with depth, being particularly abundant immediately over the bedrock contact. Surface stones are common. These soils usually occupy crests and upper slope positions in an undulating to gently rolling landscape. They are also commonly found along stream and river courses. Farmland. community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a,b,c.d.e severe - combined effect of fertility. draughtiness. subsurface stones, 4PR crops and depth to bedrock f unsuitable - slope 7T Vegetable a.b,c,d.e severe - combmed effect of fertility, draughtiness, surface coarse crops fragments. and depth to bedrock f unsuitable - slope Septic all severe - depth to bedrock tanks units Housing with a.b,c.d moderate - depth to bedrock basement e moderate - slope; depth to bedrock f severe - slope without a.b,c,d slight to none - few or no adverse conditions basement e moderate - slope f severe - slope Sanitary all severe - subsoil permeability might result in groundwater landfill units contamination; depth to bedrock (area-type) Local roads a.b,c slight to none - few or no adverse conditions and streets d.e moderate - slope f severe or unsuitable - slope Athletic a.b moderate - moisture deficiency; depth to bedrock; surface coarse fields fragments c moderate - slope; moisture deficiency; depth to bedrock; surface coarse fragments d severe - slope e.f unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a.b,c moderate - moisture deficiency living trailer d moderate - slope; moisture deficiency parks e severe - slope f unsuitable - slope picnic a,b,c.d moderate - moisture deficiency areas e moderate - slope; moisture deficiency f severe - slope Note: These soils are moderately deep phases (5ClOO cm to bedrock) of the well to rapidly drained member of the Sunbury association. 82 Soil units: FAl, FA2 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a.h.c slight to none Erosion a.b,c,d slight to none construction d.e moderate hazards e.f moderate f severe Equipment a,b.c,d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limitations e.f moderate hazards units Species jack pine, red pine. eastern white pine, sugar ma- Capability &I suitability pie,* beech. white birch. black \pmce class .iP *Species of limited suitability Suitability of sod as source of material Topsoi I Sand Gravel Road fill fair to poor unsuitable unsuitable good (max. 15% slope) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 50-100 cm of permeable soil over bedrock that is readily permeable in the top metre, but extremely slowly permeable below area Pond embankment subsoil has high to medium shear strength, low compressibility. high to medium compacted permeability, good to fair compaction characteristics . 2&45% coarse fragments of soft sandstone. limited quantity of subsoil Drainage not needed; permeable soil: bedrock readily permeable in the top metre Sprinkler fair water-holding capacity; very good infiltrating rate: permeable subsoil: 5@100 cm to bedrock that is readily permeable in the top irrigation metre, but extremely slowly permeable below Road location 5&lOO cm to soft easily split sandstone bedrock; may be stony; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes and steeper Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (12 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand %’ Silt Ir Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. clas5. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm (Hz01 &40 1.00-1.15 lo-20 6G-80 15-30 7-14 >20.0 0.10-0.15 4.G5.0 40-75 I .45-l .70 GW-GM A-l 2&45 65-85 15-25 612 5.GlO.O O.l~O.IS 4.5-5.0 or or SW-SM A-2 7S+ soft, easily split. Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock 83 Soil units: FA3, FA4, FA5 Area: 2712 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, moderately deep, yellowish brown. acid, coarse-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in deposits of loose till derived mainly from gray green sandstone over a soft, easily split Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock. Total thickness of the soil over bedrock is SO-100 cm of a relatively loose, permeable to rapidly permeable material that grades from a sandy loam surface texture into a loamy sand to sandy loam subsoil. Coarse fragments of flat, platy, soft sandstone make up lOAO%, usually increasing in abundance with depth, being particularly abundant immediately over the bedrock contact. Surface stones are common. These soils usually occupy areas on the edges of depressions and middle to lower slope positions in an undulating to gently rolling landscape. They are also commonly found along stream and river courses. Farmland, community development. and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all severe - combined effect of fertility, depth to bedrock, seasonal 4PWR crops units wetness. and subsurface coarse fragments Vegetable a.b,c.d severe - combined effect of fertility, depth to bedrock, surface coarse crops fragments. and seasonal wetness e unsuitable ~ slope Septic all severe - seasonal wetness: depth to bedrock tanks units Housing with a.b,c severe - seasonal wetness basement d.e severe - seasonal wetness: slope without a.b,c.d moderate - seasonal wetness basement e moderate ~ seasonal wetness; slope Sanitary all severe - seasonal wetness and subsoil permeability or both might result landfill units in groundwater contamination: depth to bedrock (area-type) Local roads a,bs moderate - seasonal wetness and streets d.e moderate - seasonal wetness: slope Athletic a.b moderate - seasonal wetness: surface coarse fragments; depth to fields bedrock c moderate ~ seasonal wetness: slope; surface coarse fragments; depth to bedrock d severe - slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a,b.c moderate - seasonal wetness living trailer d moderate - seascnal wetness; slope parks e severe - slope picnic a.b.c,d moderate - seasonal wetness areas e moderate - seasonal wetness; slope Note: These soils are moderately deep phases (SC100 cm to bedrock) of the imperfectly drained member of the Sunbury association. 84 Soil units: FA3, FA4, FA5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a.b,c slight to none Erosion a.b,c,d slight to none construction d,e moderate hazards e moderate Equtpment a.b.c.d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limitations e moderate hazards units Spectes jack pine. red pine, eastern white pine. black Capability FA3 - 4F FA4. FA5 b;:, suitability spruce, balsam fir, yellow birch class jp Suitabihty of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair to poor unsuitable unsuitable fair (max. 15% slope) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 5&100 cm of permeable soil over a bedrock that is readily permeable in the top metre, but extremely slowly permeable below: area seasonal wetness Pond embankment subsoil has high to medium shear strength. low compressibility. high to medium compacted permeability, good to fair compaction characteristics, 2@45% coarse fragments of soft sandstone. limited quantity of subsoil Drainage seasonal wetness; 5&100 cm of permeable soil over bedrock that is readily permeable in the top metre, but extremely slou,ly permeable below; stones and shallowness to bedrock may affect tile laying Sprinkler seasonal wetness (therefore irrigation usually not needed) but good infiltration rate: fair water-holding capacity; permeable subsoil; trripation may be stony Road location 5tXlOO cm to soft easily split sandstone bedrock; may be stony; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes and steeper; seasonal wetness Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (12 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments 7~ Sand 8 Silt 8 Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.0550.002 10.002 cm/hr cm/cm (HaO) &40 1.w1.15 1c&20 60-80 15-30 7714 >20.0 0.10-0.15 4.0-5.0 4G-75 1.45-1.70 GW-GM A-l lG-45 65-85 I5525 f&12 5.&10.0 0. IO-O. 15 4.5-5.0 or SW-SM A01 75+ roft. easily split. Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock 85 Soil units: FA6, FA7 Area: 321 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly-drained, moderately deep, yellowish brown, acid, coarse-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in deposits of loose till derived mainly from gray green sandstone, over a soft, easily split Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock. Total thickness of the soil over bedrock is 5GlOO cm of a relatively loose, permeable to rapidly permeable material that grades from a sandy loam surface texture into a loamy sand to sandy loam subsoil. Coarse fragments of flat, platy, soft sandstone make up 10-40%, usually increasing in abundance with depth, being particularly abundant immediately over the bedrock contact. Surface stones are common. These soils usually occupy depressions and lower slope positions in an undulating to gently rolling landscape. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - combined effect of fertility. depth to bedrock, excessive SWP crops units wetness Vegetable all unsuitable - combined effect of fertility, depth to bedrock excessive crops units wetness, surface coarse fragments Septic all unsuitable - prolonged wetness combined with depth to bedrock and tanks units permeability of subsoil Housing with all severe - prolonged wetness basement units without all severe - prolonged wetness basement units Sanitary all unsuitable - prolonged wetness (true groundwater table) combined with landfill units depth to bedrock and subsoil permeability (area-type) Local roads all severe - prolonged wetness; possibly slope and streets units Athletic a.b,c severe - prolonged wetness fields d severe - prolonged wetness; slope Outdoor tent and all severe - prolonged wetness living trailer units parks picnic all severe - prolonged wetness areas units Note: These soils are moderately deep phases (5tKlOfl cm to bedrock) of the Poorly and very poorly drained member of the Sunbury association 86 Soil units: FA6, FA7 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all moderate Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equtpmeni all moderate Windthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir Capability 5w suitability class bs Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor to fair unsuitable unsuitable poor (max. slope 15%) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir prolonged wetness; 5&100 cm of permeable soil over bedrock that is readily permeable in the top metre, but is extremely slowly area permeable below Pond embankment subsoil has high to medium shear strength, low compressibility, high to medium compacted permeability. good to fair compaction characteristics. 20-45% coarse fragments of soft sandstone, limited quantity of outlets Drainage prolonged wetness; 50-100 cm of permeable soil over bedrock that is readily permeable in the top meter, but is extremely slowly permeable below; stones and shallowness to bedrock may affect tiling; lack of outlets Sprinkler prolonged wetness irrtgation Road location prolonged wetness; 5&100 cm to soft, easily split sandstone bedrock: may be stony Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt 9 Clay Perm water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm CH,01 O-40 1.00-1.15 IO-20 60-80 15-30 7-14 >20.0 0.10-0.15 4.G5.0 4&75 I .45-l .75 GW-GM A-l 20-45 65-85 15-25 &I2 5.0-10.0 [email protected] 4.5-5.0 or SW-SM A:2 75+ soft. easily split, Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock 87 Fundy Association Soil units: FU3, FU4, FU5 Area: 1943 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, deep, yellowish brown, clayey-textured soils, moderate in natural fertility, which have formed in lacustrine deposit. The soil pH usually increases with depth from an acid surface to neutral at 150 cm deep. There is about 2540 cm of relatively loose, permeable silt loam to silty clay loam surface soil over a dense compact extremely slowly permeable silty clay loam to silty clay subsoil. Except for occasional rounded soft sandstone gravel fragments (less than I%), there are no coarse fragments. These soils occupy mid to lower slope positions either along tidal rivers with gently rolling slopes or on dried lake beds that tend to be almost level to undulating. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a.b,c,d severe - shallowness to compact layer: extremely slowly permeable; 4DW crops seasonal wetness e severe - shallowness to compact layer; extremely slowly permeable; seasonal wetness; slope Vegetable all unsuitable - shallowness to compact layer; extremely slowly permeable crops units subsoil: seasonal wetness Septic all severe - extremely slowly permeable: seasonal wetness tanks units Housing with all severe - seasonal wetness basement units without a,b,c.d moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost and shrink-swell damage basement e moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost and shrink-swell damage Sanitary all moderate - seasonal wetness; subsoil texture (downgrade to severe if landfill units silty clay) (area-type) Local roads a,b,c,d moderate to severe - seasonal wetness; subgrade suitability; potential and streets frost and shrink-swell damage e moderate to severe - seasonal wetness; subgrade suitability; potential frost and shrink-swell: slope Athletic a,b moderate - seasonal wetness; surface texture; potential frost action fields c moderate - seasonal wetness; surface texture; potential frost action; slope d severe - slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a,b,c moderate - surface texture; seasonal wetness living trailer d moderate - seasonal wetness: surface texture: slope parks e severe - slope picnic a,b,c.d moderate - seasonal w’etness; surface texture areas e moderate - seasonal wetness; surface texture; slope 88 Soil units: FU3, FU4, FU5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe-moderate Erosion ahc slight to none construction units hazards d moderate e severe Equipment all moderate (severe) Windthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir, white spruce* Capability FU3, FU4 - 4; FU5 - 5: suitability class bs bd *Species of limited suitability. Note: Parentheses indicate seasonal variation. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair unsuitable unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 25-35 cm to an extremely slowly permeable subsoil; seasonal wetness; d-slopes and steeper may affect storage capacity area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, medium compressibility, low compacted permeability, fair compaction characteristics, clayey material difficult to work Drainage seasonal wetness; 25-35 cm of permeable surface soil over an extremely slowly permeable subsoil Sprinkler seasonal wetness irrigation Road location seasonable wetness; potentially erodible; susceptible to shrink-swell and frost action ; clayey material difficult to work; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes and steeper Some physical and chemical properties 5% Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand o/a Silt 96 Clay Perm. water Ctil density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cm/hr cm/cm &30 1.00-1.30 - - 89 Soil units: FU6. FU7 Area: 17 566 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly drained, deep, yellowish brown. clayey-textured soils, moderate in natural fertility, which have formed in lacustrine deposits. The soil pH usually increases with depth from an acid surface to neutral at 150 cm deep. There are about 25-35 cm of relatively loose, permeable silt loam to silty clay loam surface soil over a dense compact extremely slowly permeable silty clay loam to silty clay subsoil. With the possible exception of the occasional rounded soft sandstone gravel fragments (less than 1’S), there are no coarse fragments. These soils occupy depressions and lower slope positions on undulating to almost level areas adjacent to tidal rivers or on dried lake beds Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - combined effect of prolonged wetness: shallowness to SWD crops units compact layer; extremely slow permeability Vegetable all unsuitable - combined effect of prolonged wetness; shallowness to C*OpS units compact layer; extremely slow permeability Septic all severe - prolonged wetness; extremely slowly permeable subsoil tanks units Housing with all severe - prolonged wetness; potential frost and shrink-swell damage basement units without all severe - prolonged wetness: potential frost and shrink-swell damage basement units Sanitary all moderate - prolonged wetness; subsoil texture (downgrade to severe if landfill units silty clay) (area-type) Local road5 all severe- prolonged wetness (subgrade suitability) and streets units Athletic all severe - prolonged wetness fields units Outdoor tent and all severe - prolonged wetness living trailer units parks picnic all severe - prolonged wetness areas units 90 Soil units: FU6, FU7 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion a.b.c slight to none construction units hazards d moderate Equipment all severe Windthrow all severe-moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce. balsam fir Capability FU6- 5w suitability class bs FU7 - bfw Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair to poor unsuitable unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir prolonged wetness; 25-35 cm to an extremely slowly permeable layer area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, medium compressibility, low compacted permeability, fair compaction characteristics, clayey material difficult to work Drainage prolonged wetness; 25-35 cm of permeable material over extremely slowly permeable subsoil; outlets may be difficult to find Sprinkler prolonged wetness trrtgation Road location prolonged wetness; potentially erodible: potential frost and shrink-swell damage; clayey material difficult to work Some physical and chemical properties Ir Coarse Soil (12 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments Ic Sand 70 Silt 8 Clay Perm. water P” cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmlhr cm/cm (Hz01 CL30 I .00-l .30 91 Soil units: FU8 Area: 1198 ha Description of soil These are predominantly very poorly drained, deep, yellowish brown clayey-textured soils, moderate in natural fertility, which have formed in lacustrine deposits. The soil pH usually increases with depth from an acid surface to neutral at 150 cm deep. There is about 25-30 cm of relatively loose, permeable silt loam to silty clay loam surface soil over a dense compact extremely slowly permeable silty clay loam to silty clay subsoil. Except for the occasional rounded soft sandstone gravel fragments (less than I%), there are no coarse fragments. These soils occupy depressions associated with almost level landscapes of dried lake beds. Farmland. community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - permanently wet 7w crops units Vegetable all unsuitable - permanently wet crops units Septic all unsuitable - permanently wet tanks units Housing with all unsuitable - permanently wet basement units without all unsuitable - permanently wet basement units Sanitary all severe - permanently wet landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - permanently wet and streets units Athletic all unsuitable - permanently wet fields units Outdoor tent and all unsuitable - permanently wet living trailer units parks picnic all unsuitable - permanently wet areas units 92 Soil unit: FU8 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all severe Windthrow all severe limttations units hazards units Species black spruce,* balsam fir* Capability 6W suitability bs *Species of limited suitability Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor unsuitable unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir permanently wet; 25-35 cm of permeable soil over an extremely slowly permeable subsoil area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, medium compressibility, low compacted permeability, fair compaction characteristics, clayey material difficult to work Drainage permanently wet; 25-35 cm of permeable surface soil over an extremely slowly permeable subsoil; outlets may be difficult to find Sprinkler permanently wet Irrigation Road location permanently wet: potentially erodible: potential frost and shrink-swell damage: clayey material difficult to work Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand c/o Silt 5% Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cm/hr cm/cm tH>O) o-25 1.0~1.30 - 93 Gagetown Association Soil units: Gl, G2 Area: 324 ha Description of soil These are predominantly rapidly drai’ned, deep. olive brown, acid, gravel soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial outwash deposits derived mainly from igneous and metamorphic rocks. The entire depth of the soil (greater than 100 cm) consists of a loose, rapidly permeable material, which grades from a gravelly loamy sand surface texture into a very gravelly sand subsoil. These soils usually have 40-80% gravel fragments of very hard, rounded, granites, schists, gneisses, slates, and volcanics. These soils usually occupy crest and upper slope positions in an undulating landscape or are associated with such distinctive landforms as kames and eskers. Typically they are found close to flowing water, but not necessarily, because some have been deposited by ancient rivers that have since ceased to exist. Farmland. community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a,b,c.d severe - draughtiness;’ fertility 4MF Cr”p\ e severe - draughtiness;’ fertility; slope Vegetable a.b.c severe - droughtineas;’ fertility: coarse fragments crops d, part severe - droughtineas:’ fertility coarse fragments: slope of e Septic all unsuitable - permeability too rapid tanks units Housing with a,b,c,d slight to none - few or no adverse conditions basement e moderate ~ slope without a,b,c,d slight to none - few or no adverse conditions basement e moderate - slope Samtary all unsuitable - permeability too rapid landfill units (area-type) Local roads a,b,c slight to none - few or no adverse conditions and streets d.e moderate - slope Athletic a,bs severe - draughtiness;’ possibly surface coarse fragments fields d severe - draughtiness;’ slope: possibly surface coarse fragments e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a,b,c.d severe - droughtiness’ living trailer e severe - droughtiness;’ slope parks picnic all severe - draughtiness’ areas units ‘Droughtmess may not be a severe problem where plowed layers have incorporated sufficient organic matter into the surface mineral soil to increase the water-holding capacity. 94 Soil units: Gl , G2 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a,b,c slight to none Erosion a,b.c,d.e slight to none construction d.e moderate hazards Equipment a,b,c,d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limttations e moderate hazards units Species Jack pine, red pine, white pine* Capability $1 suitability jp “Species of limited suitability. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor unsuitable to poor good good Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir very rapidly permeable subsoil: usually deep deposits; poor reservoir area area Pond embankment gravel material; subsoil has high to medium shear strength; low compressibility: good compaction characteristics but high compacted permeability Drainage not needed Sprinkler very good infiltration rate but very low water-holding capacity: very rapidly permeable subsoil irrigation Road location easily worked: stable; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes and steeper Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments 8 Sand B Silt % Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm tHZ0) t&40 1.2&1.40 - 15-35 75-95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 co. IO 4.0-5.0 40+ 1.40-1.55 GP-SP A-l SO-80 85-95 2-10 2-5 >25.0 co. IO 4.65.0 95 Soil units: G3, G4, G5 Area: 648 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, deep, olive brown, acid, grave1 soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial outwash deposits derived mainly from igneous and metamorphic rocks. The entire depth of the soil (greater than 100 cm) consists of a loose, rapidly permeable material that grades from a gravelly loamy sand surface texture into a very gravelly sand subsoil. These soils usually have 4&80% grave1 fragments of very hard, rounded, granites, schists, gneisses, slates, and volcanics. These soils usually occupy lower slope positions in an undulating landscape or are associated with a fringe area around such distinctive landforms as kames and eskers. Typically they are found close to flowing water, but not necessarily, because some have been deposited by ancient rivers that have since ceased to exist. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a.b,c.d severe - fertility; seasonal wetness; possibly draughty in midsummer 4FW crops e severe - fertility; seasonal wetness; possibly draughty in midsummer Vegetable ahc severe - fertility; seasonal wetness; possibly draughty in midsummer CrOpS d. part severe - fertility; seasonal wetness; possibly draughty in midsummer; of e slope Septic all unsuitable - permeability too rapid tanks units .Housing with all severe - seasonal wetness basement units without a.b,c,d moderate - seasonal wetness basement e moderate - seasonal wetness; slope Sanitary all unsuitable - permeability too rapid landfill units (area-type) Local roads ah moderate - seasonal wetness and streets d,e moderate - seasonal wetness: slope Athletic 0 moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness: surface texture fields moderate - slope; seasonal wetness-draughtiness; surface texture ii severe - slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and ah moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness: surface texture living trailer d moderate - slope; seasonal wetness-draughtiness; surface texture parks e severe - slope picnic a,b,c.d moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness; surface texture areas e moderate - slope; seasonal wetness-draughtiness; surface texture 96 Soil units: G3, G4, G5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road ahc slight to none Erosion all slight to none construction d.e moderate hazards units Equipment a.b,c.d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limitations e moderate hazards units Species jack pine, red pine, eastern white pine, Capability G3, G4 - 4F G5 - 5p suitability black spruce, balsam fir class jp bs Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor unsuitable to poor good fair Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir seasonal wetness; very rapidly permeable subsoil area Pond embankment gravel material; subsoil has high to medium shear strength; low compressibility: good compaction characteristics, but high impacted permeability Drainage very rapidly permeable subsoil; seasonal wetness Sprinkler seasonal wetness, but soil tends to dry out in the summer and therefore irrigation should be beneficial; very good infiltration rate, but irrigation very low water-holding capacity Road location seasonal wetness; good stability Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt % Clay Perm. water P” cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 10.002 cmihr cm/cm (HO O-40 I .20-l .40 15-35 75-95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 10.10 4.G5.0 40+ I .4&l .55 GP-SP A-l 5&80 85-95 2-10 2-5 >25.0 97 Soil units: G6, G7 Area: 4 ha Description of soil These are predominantly very poorly drained, deep, olive brown, acid, gravel soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial outwash deposits derived mainly from igneous and metamorphic rocks. The entire depth of the soil (greater than 100 cm) consists of a loose, rapidly permeable material that grades from a gravelly loamy sand surface texture into a very gravelly sand subsoil. These soils usually have 40-8076 gravel fragments of very hard, rounded, granites, schists. gneisses. slates, and volcanics. These soils usually occupy depressions in an undulating to level landscape and typically are found close to flowing water, but not necessarily, because some have been deposited by ancient rivers that have since ceased to exist. Farmland. community development. and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - permanently wet 5W crops units Vegetable all unsuitable - permanently wet crops unita Septic alt unsuitable - permanently wet tanks units Housing with all unsuitable - permanently wet basement units without all unsuitable - permanently wet basement unit5 Sanitary all unsuitable - permeability is too rapid landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - permanently wet and streets units Aihletlc all unsuitable - permanently wet fields units Outdoor tent and all unsuitable ~ permanently wet living trailer units parks picnic all unsuitable - permanently wet areas units 98 Soil units: G6, G7 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretatmn Landform Degree of limitation Access road all moderate Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards Eqmpment all moderate Windthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir CapabilIty Gl- 6W G6 - bzw suitability class bs Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill unsuitable unsuitable fair fair Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir permanently wet; very rapidly permeable subsoil area Pond embankment gravel material; subsoil has medium to low shear strength, low compressibility, good compaction characteristics but high compacted permeability Drainage permanently wet so drainage needed; very rapidly permeable subsoil but outlets may be difficult to find Sprmkler permanently wet; requires drainage first: very good infiltration rate but very low wjater-holding capacity irrq@on Road location permanently wet Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (12 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt 8 Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) 10.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmlhr cmicm (HzO) G-30 1.2&1.40 15-35 75-95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 co. IO 4.0-5.0 35+ 1.40-1.55 GP-SP A-l 50-80 85-95 2-10 2-5 >25.0 co. IO 4.65.0 99 Galloway Association Soil units: GAl. GA2 Area: 10 057 ha Description of soil These are predominantly rapidly drained, moderately deep, olive brown, acid, sandy-textured soils, very low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial marine deposits derived mainly from gray green sandstone, over a soft, easily split, Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock. Total thickness of the soil over bedrock is SO-100 cm of a loose, rapidly permeable material that grades from a sandy loam to loamy sand surface texture into a sand (to loamy sand) subsoil. Although they are usually free of coarse fragments, some flat, platy sandstone fragments of bedrock may be observed near the bedrock contact. These soils usually occupy crests and upper slope positions in an undulating to nearly level landscape and are typically found near the coast. Farmland, community development. and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a.b.c.d severe - droughtinesc:’ depth to bedrock: fertility 4MR LTOPS e severe - draughtiness:’ depth to bedroc:c: fertility; slope Vegetable a.b.c severe - droughtineas:’ depth to bedrock; fertility crops d, part severe - draughtiness;’ depth to bedrock; fertility: slope of e Septic all unsuitable - subsoil permeability tanks units Housing with a.b,c.d moderate - depth to bedrock basement e moderate - depth to bedrock; slope (bedrock may be very easily split and have slight to no limitations) without a.b,c,d slight to none - few or no adverse conditions basement e moderate - slope Sanitary all unsuitable - subsoil permeability landfill units (area-type) Local roads a.b.c slight to none - few or no adverse conditions and streets d.e moderate - slope AMeW a.b.c severe - draughtiness’ fields d severe - draughtiness;’ slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a.b.c.d severe - droughtiness’ living trailer e severe - droughtineas:’ slope parka ptcnic all severe - draughtiness’ areas units Note: These soils are moderately deep phases (50-100 cm to bedrock) of the rapidly drained member of the Richibucto association. ‘Draughtiness may not be a severe problem when plowed layers have incorporated sufficient organic matter into the surface mineral soil to increase uaater-holding capacity. 100 Soil units: GAl, GA2 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a,b,c slight to none Erosion a.b,c.d slight to none construction d.e moderate hazards e moderate Equipment a,b,c,d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limitations e moderate hazards units Species jack pine. red pine, eastern white pine* Capability 5” suitability class jpF “Species of limited suitability. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor fair unsuitable good (fair if sandy loam) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 5G-100 cm of rapidly permeable material over bedrock that is readily permeable in the top metre, but extremely slowly area permeable below Pond embankment sandy material: limited quantity of subsoil; subsoil has medium shear strength, low compressibility, high compacted permeability. good compaction characteristics Drainage not needed Sprmkler very good infiltration rate, but very low water-holding capacity; 5&lOO cm of rapidly permeable material over bedrock that IS Irrigation readily permeable in the top metre Road locatIon 5@iOO cm to bedrock; easily worked: cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes and steeper Some physical and chemical properties 7~ Coarse Soil Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments 6% Sand R Silt R Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 10.002 cmihr cm/cm (Hz01 (L40 1.2&1.40 c27c 75-95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 0.08-O. I2 4.0-5.0 4&75 [email protected] SP A-3 <29r 85-97 2-10 2-5 >25.0 ‘co. IO 4.0-5.0 75 + soft. easily split, Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock 101 Soil units: GA3, GA4, GA5 Area: 11 798 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, moderately deep, olive brown, acid, sandy-textured soils, very low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial marine deposits derived mainly from gray green sandstone, over a soft, easily split, Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock. Total thickness of the soil over bedrock is 50-100 cm of a loose, rapidly permeable material that grades from a sandy loam to loamy sand surface texture into a sand (to loamy sand) subsoil. Although they are usually free of coarse fragments, some flat, platy sandstone fragments of the bedrock may be observed near the bedrock contact. These soils usually occupy areas on the edges of depressions and lower slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape and are typically found near the coast. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a,b,c,d severe - fertility: depth to bedrock; seasonal wetness; possibly 4RW crops droughty in summer e severe - fertility; depth to bedrock; seasonal wetness; slope; possibly droughty in summer Vegetable a,b.c severe - fertility; depth to bedrock: seasonal wetness: possibly crops droughty in summer d, pan severe - fertility; depth to bedrock; seasonal wetness; slope; possibly of e droughty in summer Septic all unsuitable - subsoil permeability tanks units Housing with all severe - seasonal wetness basement units without a,b,c,d moderate - seasonal wetness basement c moderate - seasonal wetness; slope Sanitary all unsuitable - subsoil permeability landfill units (area-type) Local roads a,b.c moderate - seasonal wetness and streets d,e moderate ~ seasonal wetness; slope Athletic a.b moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness: depth to bedrock fields moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness; depth to bedrock; slope : severe - slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a,b.c moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness; surface texture if loamy living trader sand parks d moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness; slope; surface texture if loamy sand e severe - slope picnic a,b,c,d moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness; surface texture if loamy areas sand e moderate - seasonal wetness-droughtiness; slope; surface texture if loamy sand Note: These soils are moderately deep phases (5&100 cm to bedrock) of the imperfectly drained member of the Richibucto association Soil units: GA3, GA4, GA5 Degree of limttattons affecttng woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all moderate Erosion a.b,c,d slight to none constructton units hazards moderate Equtpmcnt a.b,c.d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limitations e moderate hazards units Species Jack pine, red pine. eastern white pine Capability G.43. GA4 - 4F GA5 - 5cv suitability class .ip bs Suitability of \oil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor fatr unsuitable fair (fan if sandy loam) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses LJSC Soil features Pond reservoir 50-100 cm of rapidly permeable matertal over bedrock that is readily permeable in the top metre. but is extremely slow~ly permeable area below Pond embankment sandy material: limited amount of subsoil; subsoil has medtum shear strength, low compressibility. high compacted permeability, good compaction chardctertstics Drainage seasonal wetness; rapidly permeable subsoil: 5&lOO cm to bedrock; bedrock may affect tile laying Sprinkler seasonal wetness. but soil tends to dry out during summer and so irrigation may be beneficial; very good infiltration rate but very low irrigation w’atcr-holding capacity Road location seasonal wetness; 50-100 cm to bedrock Some phystcal and chemical properties ‘7r Coarse Sot1 (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified A4SHO fragments % Sand 5% Silt R Clay Perm water PH Ctll density class. class. (by vol ) 20.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm (Hz01 C&40 1.2&1.40 12 75-95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 0.08-0.12 4.G5.0 4&7S I.&&l.55 SP A-3 <2 x5-95 2210 2-s >2s.o ‘co. IO 4.65.0 7s- soft easily split Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock 103 Soil units: GA6, GA7 Area: 9330 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly drained, moderately deep, olive brown, acid, sandy-textured soils, very low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial marine deposits derived mainly from gray green sandstone, over a soft, easily split, Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock. Total thickness of the soil over bedrock is 5CLlOO cm of a loose, rapidly permeable material that grades from a sandy loam to loamy sand surface texture into a sand (to loamy sand) subsoil. Although they are usually free of coarse fragments, some flat, platy sandstone fragments may be observed near the bedrock contact; these are pieces of the bedrock. These soils usually occupy depressions and lower slope positions in an almost level to slightly undulating landscape and typically are found near the coast. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all severe - excessive wetness; fertility 5WF crops units Vegetable all unsuitable - excessive wetness; fertility Crops units Septic all unsuitable - subsoil permeability tanks units Housing with all severe (GA6) or unsuitable (GA7) - prolonged wetness , basement units without all severe - prolonged wetness basement units Sanitary all unsuitable - prolonged wetness (true groundwater table); subsoil landfill units permeability (area-type) Local roads all severe - prolonged’wetness and streets units Athletic ahc severe - prolonged wetness fields d severe - prolonged wetness; slope Outdoor tent and all severe - prolonged wetness living trailer units parks picnic all severe - prolonged wetness areas units Note: These soils are moderately deep phases (5&100 cm to bedrock) of the poorly drained member of the Richibucto association Soil units: GA6, GA7 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all moderate Windthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir Capability 6W suitability class bs Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor poor unsuitable poor I fair if sandy loam) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir prolonged wetness; 5&lOO cm of rapidly permeable material over bedrock that is readily permeable in the top metre, but extremely area slowly permeable below Pond embankment sandy material: limited quantity of subsoil: subsoil has medium shear strength, low compressibility, high compacted permeability. good compaction characteristics Drainage prolonged wetness; rapidly permeable subsoil; 5@100 cm to bedrock; bedrock may hinder tiling; outlets may be difficult to find Sprinkler prolonged wetness; must be drained first; very good infiltration rate but very low water-holding capacity irrigation Road location prolonged wetness; 5&100 cm to bedrock Some physical and chemical properties B Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments ‘% Sand 8 Silt % Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm (HAN C&35 1.2&-1.40 4 75-95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 0.0x-o. 12 4.c5.0 35-7s I .40-l .55 SP A-3 <2 85-97 2-10 2-5 >25.0 75+ soft. easily split. Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock 105 Guimond River Association Soil units: GRl, GR2 Area: 2560 ha Description of soil These are predominantly rapidly drained, deep, olive brown, acid, gravel soils, very low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial outwash deposits derived mainly from gray green sandstone. The entire depth of the soil (greater than 100 cm) consists of a loose. rapidly permeable material that grades from a loamy sand to gravelly loamy sand surface texture into a very gravelly sand subsoil. These soils usually have 4&80% gravel fragments of rounded soft sandstone. The soils usually occupy crest and upper slope positions in an undulating landscape or are associated with such distinctive landforms as kames and eskers. Typically they are found close to flowing water, but not necessarily. because some have been deposited by ancient rivers that have since dried up. Farmland, community development. and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capabllity Field a,b,c,d severe - draughtiness;’ fertility 4MF crops e severe ~ draughtiness;’ fertility: slope 3MT Vegetable a.b.c severe - draughtiness;’ fertility crops d, part severe - draughtiness;’ fettillty: slope of c Septic all unsuitable - permeability too rapid tanks units Housing with a.b.c,d slight to none - few or no adverse conditions basement e moderate - slope without a,b.c.d slight to none - few or no adverse conditions basement e moderate - slope Sanitary all unsuitable - permeability too rapid landfill units (area-type) Local roads a.b,c slight to none - few or no adverse conditions and street3 de moderate - slope Athletic a.b,c severe - draughtiness’ fields d severe - draughtiness:’ slope e unsuitable ~ slope Outdoor tent and a.b,c,d severe - drouphtiness’ living trailer e severe - draughtiness;’ slope parks picnic all severe - draughtiness’ areas units ‘Droughtmess may not be a severe problem where the plowed layer has incorporated sufficient organic matter into the surface mineral soil to increase water-holding capacity. Soil units: GRl, GR2 Degree of limitations affecttng woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a,b.c slight to none Erosion a.b,c,d,e slight to none construction d.e moderate hazards Equtpment a.b.c.d slight to none Wmdthrow all slight to none limitations e moderate hazards units Species jack pine, red pine, eastern white pine* Capability 5h’ sunability class ip’ *Species of limited suitability Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoi I Sand Gravel Road fill poor unsuitable to poor fair good Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir very rapid permeability: usually deep deposits: poor reservoir area area Pond embankment gravel material; subsotl has medium shear strength: low compressibility: good compaction characteristics but high compacted permeability Drainage not needed Sprinkler very good infiltration rate but very low water-holding capacity: very rapidly permeable subsoil irrigation Road location easily worked: stable; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes and steeper Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (12 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments 5% Sand % Silt 9f Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) X).05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmlhr cm/cm (H,O) ohi0 1.20-1.40 l&30 75-9s 5515 2-10 >25.0 co. IO 4.0-5.0 40+ 1.4g1.55 SP-SM A-1 5&80 85-95 2-10 2-5 >25.0 10.00 4.cs.o 107 Soil units: GR3, GR4, GR5 Area: 1252 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, deep, olive brown, acid, gravel soils, very low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial outwash deposits derived mainly from gray green sandstone. The entire depth of the soil (greater than 100 cm) consists of a loose, rapidly permeable material that grades from a loamy sand to gravelly loamy sand surface texture into a very gravelly sand subsoil. These soils usually have 40-800/c gravel fragments of rounded soft sandstone. The soils usually occupy lower slope positions in an undulating landscape or are associated with a fringe area around such distinctive landforms as kames and eskers. Typically they are found close to flowing water, but not necessarily, because some have been deposited by ancient rivers that have since ceased to exist. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a,b,c,d severe - fertility; seasonal wetness; possibly draughty in midsummer 4FW crops e severe - fertility: seasonal wetness; slope; possibly draughty in 4WT midsummer Vegetable a,b.c severe - fertility: seasonal wetness; possibly draughty in midsummer crops d, and severe - fertility: seasonal wetness; possibly draughty in midsummer; part of e slope Septic all unsuitable - permeability too rapid tanks units Housing with all severe - seasonal wetness basement units without a,b.c,d moderate - seasonal wetness basement e moderate - seasonal wetness; slope Sanitary all unsuitable - permeability too rapid landfill units (area-type) Local roads a,b.c moderate - seasonal wetness and streets de moderate - seasonal wetness; slope Athletic ah moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness; surface texture fields moderate - slope; seasonal wetness-draughtiness; surface texture fl severe - slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a,b.c moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness; surface texture living trailer d moderate - slope; seasonal wetness-draughtiness; surface texture parks e severe - slope picnic a,b,c,d moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness; surface texture areas e moderate - slope: seasonal wetness-draughtiness: surface texture 108 Soil units: GR3, GR4, GR5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limttation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a.b.c slight to none Erosion all slight to none construction d,e moderate hazards units Equipment a.b,c.d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limitations e moderate hazards units Species Jack pine, red pine. white pine, Capability GR3, GR4 - 4F suitability black spruce, balsam fir class jp GR5 - b? Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor unsuitable to poor fair fair Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir very rapidly permeable subsoil; seasonably wet area Pond embankment gravel material; subsoil has medium shear strength, low compressibility good compaction characteristics but high compacted permeability Dramagc very rapidly permeable subsoil: seasonal wetness Sprinkler seasonal wetness but soil tends to dry out during the summer and so irrigation should be beneficial; very good infiltration rate but very trrqation low water-holding capacity Road location seasonal wetness; good stability Some physical and chemical properties c/c Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments c/c Sand 5% Silt 5% Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) BO.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm (HZO) B-40 1.20-1.40 - l&30 15-95 S-15 2-10 >25.0 109 Soil units: GR6, GR7 Area: 201 ha Description of soil These are predominantly very poorly drained, deep, olive brown, acid, gravel soils. very low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial outwash deposits dqrived mainly from gray green sandstone. The entire depth of the soil (greater than 100 cm) consists of a loose, rapidly permeable material that grades from a loamy sand to gravelly loamy sand surface texture into a very gravelly sand subsoil. These soils usually have 40-80s gravel fragments of rounded soft sandstone. They usually occupy depressions in an undulating to level landscape and typically are found close to flowing water, but not necessarily. because some have been deposited by ancient rivers that have since ceased to exist. Farmland. community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - permanently wet 5w crops Vegetable all unsuitable - permanently wet crops units Scptlc all unsuitable - permanently wet; permeability too rapid tanks units Housing with all unsuitable - permanently wet basement units without all unsuitable - permanently wet basement units Samtary all unsuitable - permeability too rapid landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - permanently wet and streets units Athletic all unsuitable - permanently wet fields units Outdoor tent and all unsuitable - permanently wet hving trailer units parks picnic all unsuitable - permanently wet areas Soil units: GR6, GR7 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of Itmitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all moderate Erosion all alight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all moderate Windthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir Capability GR6- 5w suitability class bs CR7 - b:w Suitability of sod as source of material Topsoil Sand GrdVCZl Road fill unsuitable unsuitable poor poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir permanently wet: very rapidly permeable subsotl area Pond embankment gravel material; subsoil has medium shear strength. low compressibility good compaction characteristics but high compacted permeability Drainage permanently wet so drainage needed; very rapidly permeable subsoil but outlets may be difficult to find Sprinkler permanently wet: requires drainage first; very good infiltration rate but very low water-holding capacity trrtpation Road location permanently wet Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments r/r Sand Q Silt % Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 10.002 cmihr cm/cm (H,O) t&30 I [email protected] IO-30 75-95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 10.10 4.g5.0 30+ 1.40-1.55 SP-SM A-l 5CMO 85-95 2-10 2-5 >25.0 10.10 4.0-5.0 111 Harcourt Association Soil unit: HT2 Area: 10 931 ha Description of soil These are predominantly moderately well drained, deep, acid, fine-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in a thin surficial mantle of yellowish brown, relatively loose till dominated by gray green sandstone over a reddish brown, compact till derived mainly from acombination ofred shale and gray green sandstone. Frequently the boundary between the two materials is marked by an accumulation of stones forming a “stoneline.” The relatively loose surface material is usually 30-45 cm thick, has a sandy loam to loam texture, is permeable, and contains about 5-l 5% coarse fragments of soft sandstone, whereas the dense compact subsoil has a loam to clay loam or sandy clay loam texture, is extremely slowly permeable, and contains about l&25% coarse fragments of soft sandstone. These soils usually occupy crests or upper slope positions in an undulating landscape. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all severe - depth to compact layer (shallowness of rooting zone); 4D crops units extremely slow permeability Vegetable all severe - depth to compact layer (shallowness of rooting zone); crops units extremely slow permeability; slope (if d-slope) Septic all severe - extremely slow permeability tanks units Housing with all moderate -- seasonal wetness; potential frost damage basement units without all moderate - potential frost damage basement units Sanitary all moderate - seasonal wetness; subsoil texture (if clay loam) landfill units (area-type) Local roads ahc moderate - seasonal wetness: subgrade suitability; potential frost and streets damage d moderate - seasonal wetness: slope; subgrade suitability; potential frost damage Athletic a.b moderate - potential frost damage (surface coarse fragments) fields moderate - slope: potential frost damage (surface coarse fragments) zi severe - slope Outdoor tent and a,b,c slight to none- few or no adverse conditions living trailer d moderate - slope parks picnic all slight to none - few or no adverse conditions areas units Soil unit: HT2 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a.b,c slight to none (moderate) Erosion ahc slight to none construction d,e moderate hazards de moderate f severe f severe Equipment a.b,c.d slight to none Windthrow all moderate limitations e.f moderate hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir. white spruce, sugar ma- Capability 4: bs suitability ple, birch (white and yellow), beech class Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair unsuitable unsuitable fair (subsoil) (if not stoney phase) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 3G45 cm to extremely slowly permeable subsoil: d-slope may affect storage capacity area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, low to medium compressibility, low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics. l&25% coarse fragmknts (soft sandstone) Drainage usually not needed, but may speed up drying out in the spring; 3&45 cm to extremely permeable subsoil Sprinkler good available water-holding capacity; good infiltration rate: 3&45 cm of permeable surface soil over extremely slowly permeable irrigation subsoil Road location subsoil is potentially erodible; potential frost damage; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes Some physical and chemical properties c/“cCoarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments c/c Sand 5% Silt 8 Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 10.002 cm/hr cm/cm (H>O) G40 0.90-1.20 - 5-15 45-65 25-35 15-25 >5.0 0.20-0.25 4.G5.0 40+ 1.8&2.00 SM-SC A-4 IO-25 4@50 25-35 25-35 co. I co. IO 4.0-5.0 113 Soil units: HT3, HT4, HT5 Area: 27 544 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, deep, acid, fine-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in a thin surficial mantle of yellowish brown, relatively loose till dominated by gray green sandstone over a reddish brown, compact till derived mainly from a combination of red shale and gray green sandstone. Frequently the boundary between the two materials is marked by an accumulation of stones forming a “stoneline.” The relatively loose surface material is usually 30-45 cm thick, has a sandy loam to loam texture, is permeable, and contains about 5-15% coarse fragments of soft sandstone, whereas the dense compact subsoil has a loam to clay loam or sandy clay loam texture, is extremely slowly permeable, and contains about 10-25s coarse fragments of soft sandstone. These soils usually occupy areas on the edges of depressions and middle to lower slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all severe - depth to compact layer (shallowness of rooting zone): 4DW crops units extremely slow permeability; seasonal wetness Vegetabte all severe - depth to compact layer (shallowness of rooting zone); crops units extremely slow permeability; slope (if d-slope); seasonal wetness Septic all severe - subsoil permeability; seasonal wetness tanks units Housing with all severe - seasonal wetness basement units without all moderate - seasonal wetness: potential frost damage basement units Sanitary all moderate - seasonal wetness; subsoil texture (if clay loam) landfill units (area-type) Local roads a,b.c moderate - seasonal wetness; subgrade suitability; potential frost and streets damage d moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; subgrade suitability: potential frost damage Athletic ab moderate - seasonal wetness: potential frost damage (surface coarse fields fragments) c moderate - seasonal wetness: slope; potential frost damage (surface coarse fragments) d severe - slope Outdoor tent and a.b.c moderate - seasonal wetness living trailer d moderate - seasonal wetness; slope parks picnic all moderate - seasonal wetness areas units Soil units: HT3, HT4, HT5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all moderate Erosion ahc slight to none construction units hazards de moderate Equipment all moderate Windthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir, yellow birch. white Capability HT3. HT4 - 4:: HT5 - b;: bs suitability spruce* class *Species of limited suitability. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair unsuitable unsuitable fair (subsoil) (if not stony phase) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 30-45 cm to extremely slowly permeable subsoil; seasonal wetness; d-slopes may affect storage capacity area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, low to medium compressibility, low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics, l&25% coarse fragments (soft sandstone) Drainage seasonal wetness; 3G-45 cm of permeable surface soil over extremely slowly permeable subsoil; tile laying may be affected by stoniness Sprinkler seasonal wetness: 3&45 cm to extremely slowly permeable subsoil irrigation Road location seasonal wetness; potentially erodible subsoil; cuts and fill may be necessary on d-slopes; potential moderate frost damage Some physical and chemical properties 9% Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt 9% Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) BO.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm (HZ@ O-40 0.9g1.20 5-15 45-65 25-35 15-25 >5.0 0.2cO.25 4.s5.0 40s I .8&2.00 SM-SC A-4 IO-25 4&50 25-35 25-35 115 Soil units: HT6. HT7 Area: 26 146 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly drained, deep, acid, fine-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in a thin surficial mantle of yellowish brown, relatively loose till dominated by gray green sandstone over a reddish brown, compact till derived mainly from a combination of red shale and gray green sandstone. Frequently the boundary between the two materials is marked by an accumulation of stones forming a “stoneline. ” The relatively loose surface material is usually 3S40 cm thick, has a sandy loam to loam texture, is permeable, and contains about 5-158 coarse fragments of soft sandstone, whereas the dense, compact subsoil has a loam to clay loam or sandy clay loam texture, is extremely slowly permeable, and contains about lO-25% coarse fragments of soft sandstone. These soils usually occupy depressions and lower slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - combined effect of shallowness to compact layer, 5WD crops units extremely slow subsoil permeability, and excessive wetness Vegetable all unsuitable - combined effect of shallowness to a compact layer, crops units excessive wetness Septic all severe - prolonged wetness; extremely slow permeability tanks units Housing with all severe - prolonged wetness; potential frost damage basement units without all severe - prolonged wetness; potential frost damage basement units Sanitary all moderate - prolonged wetness; subsoil texture landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - prolonged wetness; potential frost damage and streets units Athletic all severe - prolonged wetness; potential frost damage fields units Outdoor tent and all severe - prolonged wetness living trailer units parks picnic all severe - prolonged wetness areas units 116 Soil units: HT6, HT7 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all moderate-severe Wmdthrow all moderate-severe limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir Capability HT6 gw HT7 - zw suitability class Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair unsuitable unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 3G40 cm to extremely slowly permeable subsod; prolonged wetness area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, low to medium compressibility, low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics, IO-254 coarse fragments (soft sandstone) Drainage prolonged wetness; 3&40 cm to extremely slowly permeable subsoil; tile laying may be affected by stoniness; outlets may be difficult to find Sprinkler prolonged wetness irrigation Road location prolonged wetness; potentially erodible subsoil; potential severe frost damage Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (12 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt 72 Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >o.os 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cm/hr cm/cm tHZO) &35 0.9&l .20 5-15 45-65 25-35 15-25 >5.0 0.2cO.25 4.tX5.0 35+ I .8&2.00 SM-SC A-4 10-2s 40-50 25-35 25-35 10. I 10.10 4.g5.0 117 Soil unit: HT8 Area: 195 ha Description of soil These are predominantly very poorly drained, deep, acid, fine-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in a thin surficial mantle of yellowish brown, relatively loose till dominated by gray green sandstone over a reddish brown, compact till derived mainly from a combination of red shale and gray green sandstone. Frequently, the boundary between the two materials is marked by an accumulation of stones forming a “stoneline.” The relatively loose surface material is usually 30-40 cm thick, has a sandy loam to loam texture, is permeable, and contains about 5-15% coarse fragments of soft sandstone, whereas the dense, compact subsoil has a loam to clay loam or sandy clay loam texture, is extremely slowly permeable, and contains about l&25% coarse fragments of soft sandstone. These soils usually occupy depressions and lower slope positions in a slightly undulating to almost level landscape. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - permanently wet 7w UOPS units Vegetable all unsuitable - permanently wet crops units Septic all unsuitable - permanently wet tanks units Housing with all unsuitable - permanently wet basement units without all unsuitable - permanently wet basement units Sanitary all severe - prolonged wetness landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - prolonged wetness; potential frost damage and streets units Athletic all unsuitable - permanently wet fields units Outdoor tent and all unsuitable - permanently wet living trailer units parks picnic all unsurtable - permanently wet areas units 118 Soil unit: HT8 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards unit5 Equipment all severe Windthrow, all severe limitations units hazards units Species black spruce,* balsam fir* Capability 6W bs suitability class - *Species of limited suitability. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor unsuitable unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 30-40 cm to extremely slowly permeable subsoil: permanently w’et area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, low to medium compressibility, low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics, l&25% coarse fragments (soft sandstone) Dramage permanently wet; 3G40 cm to extremely slowly permeable subsoil; tile laying may be affected by stoniness: outlets may be difficult to find Sprinkler permanently wet irrigation Road location permanently wet; potentially erodible subsoil; potential severe frost damage Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (12 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments 5’~ Sand 7% Silt Ir Clay Perm water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.1 >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm (H,O) (&35 0.90-1.20 S-15 45-65 25-35 15-25 >5.0 0.20-0.25 4.c5.0 35+ 1 .R&2.00 SM-SC A-4 l&25 4f!-50 25-35 25-35 co. 1 co. IO 4.s5.0 119 Interval Association Soil unit: IN2 Area: 26 ha Description of soil These are predominantly moderately well drained, deep, yellowish to grayish brown, acid, medium-textured soils, high in natural fertility, which have formed in alluvial deposits. The entire depth of the soil is relatively loose, permeable, stratified silt loam (the subsoil may be slightly firm). No coarse fragments are present. These soils occupy level to almost level stream terraces and floodplains. Farmland. community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field ahc slight to none - few or no adverse conditions except for some flooding 21 crops Vegetable a.b slight to none - few or no adverse conditions except for some flooding crops c moderate - slope Septic all unsuitable - frequent flooding tanks units Housing with all unsuitable - subject to flooding basement units without all unsuitable - subject to flooding basement units Sanitary all unsuitable - subject to flooding landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - subject to flooding and frost damage; subgrade suitability and streets units Athletic all severe - susceptibility to frost damage fields units Outdoor tent and all moderate - subject to flooding living trailer units parks picnic all moderate - subject to flooding areas units Soil unit: IN2 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion ahc slight to none construction units hazards Equipment all slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limitations units hazards units Species white spruce, black spruce. balsam fir, sugar ma- Capability 3: bs suitability ple, white and yellow birch, beech class Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill good unsuitable unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir permeable subsoil area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, medium compressibility, medium compacted permeability; fair to poor compaction characteristics Drainage permeable subsoil; moderately well drained; drainage not needed Sprinkler good infiltration rate and water-holding capacity irrigation Road location flood hazard; potentially erodible; susceptible to frost damage Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments ?f~ Sand % Silt % Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 co.002 cm/hr cm/cm (H,O) O-30 1.00-1.30 - 0% 25-45 4G60 IO-20 > 10.0 >0.20 5.0-6.0 30+ 1.30-1.55 ML A-4 0% 25-45 40-60 lo-20 >5.0 >0.20 5.0-6.0 121 Soil units: IN3, IN4, IN5 Area: 118 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, deep, yellowish to grayish brown, acid, medium-textured soils, high in natural fertility, which have formed in alluvial deposits. The entire depth of the soil is relatively loose, permeable, stratified silt loam (the subsoil may be slightly firm). No coarse fragments are present. These soils occupy level to almost level stream terraces and floodplains. Farmland. community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all moderate - seasonal wetness 3WI crops units Vegetable a,b moderate - seasonal wetness crops c moderate - seasonal wetness: slope Septic all unsuitable - sub,ject to flooding tanks units Housing with all unsuitable - subject to flooding basement units without all unsuitable - subject to flooding basement units Sanitary all unsuitable - subject to flooding landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - subject to flooding and frost damage; subgrade suitability and streets units Athletic all severe - susceptibility to frost damage fields units Outdoor tent and all moderate - seasonal wetness; subject to flooding livmg trailer unit5 parks picnic all moderate ~ seasonal wetness: sub.ject to flooding areas units 122 Soil units: IN3, IN4, IN5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equtpmem all moderate Windthrow all slight to none limitations units hazards units Species white spruce,* black spruce, balsam fir, yellow Capability 3: bs suitability birch, white birch* class “Species of limited suitability Suitability of soil as source of material TopsoiJ Sand Gravel Road fill good unsuitable unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoit permeable subsoil: seasonal wetness area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, medium compressibility, medium compacted permeability. fair to poor compaction characteristics Drainage seasonal wetness; permeable subsoil; floods Sprinkler seasonal wetness; needs drainage first; good water-holding capacity; good infiltration rate irrigation Road location seasonal wetness; flood hazard: potentially erodible subsoil; susceptible to frost damage Some physical and chemical properties o/c Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments c/c Sand 5% Silt Q Clay Perm. water PH CUl density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm (HzO) C-30 1.00-1.30 OR 25-45 40-60 l&20 >lO.O >0.20 5.0-6.0 30+ 1.3G1.55 ML A-4 0% 25-45 4G60 I O-20 >5.0 >0.20 5.0-6.0 123 Soil units: IN6, IN7 Area: 1486 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly drained, deep, yellowish to grayish brown, acid, medium-textured soils, high in natural fertility, which have formed in alluvial deposits. The entire depth of the soil is relatively loose, permeable, stratified silt loam (the subsoil may be slightly firm). No coarse fragments are present. These soils occupy low-drying areas in level to almost level stream terraces and floodplains. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all severe - prolonged wetness 4WI crops units Vegetable all severe to unsuitable - prolonged wetness combined with flooding crops units problems Septic all unsuitable - subject to flooding tanks units Housing with all unsuitable - subject to flooding basement units without all unsuitable - subject to flooding basement units Sanitary all unsuitable - subject to flooding landfill units (area-type) Local roads all unsuitable - subject to frequent flooding and streets units Athletic all severe - subject to frequent flooding; susceptibility to frost damage fields units Outdoor tent and all severe - subject to frequent flooding living trailer units parks picnic all severe - subject to frequent flooding areas units 124 Soil units: IN6, IN7 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all severe Windthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir Capability suitability class Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair unsuitable unsuitable poor to unsuitable Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir permeable subsoil; prolonged wetness area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, medium compressibility, medium compact permeability, fair to poor compaction characteristics Drainage prolonged wetness; permeable subsoil; frequent flooding Sprinkler prolonged wetness; needs drainage first irrigation Road location prolonged wetness; potentially erodible; frequent flooding; susceptible to frost damage Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt % Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cm/hr cm/cm (W3 &30 1.0&I .30 - 0% 25-45 4&60 1620 >lO.O r0.20 5.G6.0 30f I [email protected] ML A-4 0% 25-45 40-60 IO-20 >5.0 >0.20 5.c6.0 125 Soil unit: IN8 Area: 288 ha Description of soil These are predominantly very poorly drained, deep, yellowish to grayish brown, acid, medium-textured soils, high in natural fertility, which have formed in alluvial deposits. The entire depth of the soil is a relatively loose, permeable, stratified silt loam (the subsoil may be slightly firm). No coarse fragments are present. These soils occupy depressions in level to almost level stream terraces and floodplains. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitatton capability Field all unsuitable - permanently wet 7W crops units Vegetable all unsuitable - permanently wet CrOpS units Septic all unsuitable - permanently wet; subject to flooding tanks units Housing with all unsuitable - permanently wet; subject to flooding basement units without all unsuitable - permanently wet: subject to flooding basement units Sanitary all unsuitable - permanently wet; subject to flooding landfill units (area-type) Local roads all unsuitable - subject to flooding and streets units Athletic all suitable - permanently wet fields units Outdoor tent and all unsuitable - permanently wet living trailer units parks picnic all unsuitable - permanently wet areas units 126 Soil unit: IN8 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all severe Windthrow all severe limitations units hazards units Species black spruce.* balsam fir* Capability 6w bs I suitability class *Species of limited suitability. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor unsuitable unsuitable poor to unsuitable Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir permeable subsoil; permanently wet area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength. medium compressibility, medium compacted permeability, fair to poor compaction characteristics Drainage permanently wet; permeable subsoil; frequent flooding Sprinkler permanently wet; needs drainage first irrigation Road location permanently wet; potentially erodible; frequent flooding; susceptible to frost damage Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt % Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) 20.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm PLO) O-30 l.O&l.30 - 0% 25-45 40-60 IO-20 >lO.O >0.20 5.g6.0 30+ 1.3Gl.55 ML A-4 0% 25-45 4Nxl It&20 >5.0 >0.20 5.&6.0 127 Kouchibouguac Association Soil units: KOl. K02 Area: 47 ha Description of soil These are predominantly rapidly drained, deep, olive brown, acid, sandy-textured soils, very low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial marine deposits derived mainly from gray green sandstone. A moderately to strongly cemented, discontinuous ortstein or hardpan layer l&30 cm thick occurs over about 30-60% of the soil area at a depth of 2%30 cm from the mineral soil surface. While the ortstein is impenetrable by roots, it is slowly permeable by water. That surface soil free of ortstein formation is loose and rapidly permeable, as is the subsoil. Soil texture grades from a loamy sand to sandy loam surface soil into a sand (to loamy sand) subsoil. Coarse fragments (gravel) are few - usually less than 2%. These soils usually occupy crests and upper slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape and are typically found near the coast. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a,b,c,d severe - depth to compact layer; draughtiness;’ fertility 4DMF crops e severe - depth to compact layer: draughtiness;’ fertility: slope Vegetable all unsuitable - depth to compact layer crops units Septic all unsuitable - subsoil permeability tanks units Housing with a,b,c,d slight to none - few or no adverse conditions basement e moderate - slope without a,b,c,d slight to none - few or no adverse conditions basement e Sanitary all unsuitable - subsoil permeability landfill units (area-type) Local roads ahc slight to none - few or nor adverse conditions and streets d,e moderate - slope Athletic a.b,c severe - draughtiness’ fields d severe - draughtiness:’ slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a,b,c,d severe - draughtiness’ living trailer e severe - draughtiness:’ slope parks picnic all severe - draughtiness’ areas units Note: These soils are ortstein phases of the rapidly drained member of the Richibucto association. ‘Draughtiness may not be a severe problem where plowed layers have incorporated sufficient organic matter into the surface mineral soil to increase water-holding capacity. 128 Soil units: KOl, K02 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a,b.c slight to none Erosion a.b,c,d slight to none construction d,e moderate hazards e moderate Equipment a,b,c,d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limitations e moderate hazards units moderate Species jack pine, red pine Capability 5P suitability class jP Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor good to fair unsuitable good Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir rapidly permeable subsoil area Pond embankment sandy material; subsoil has medium shear strength, low compressibility high compact permeability, good compaction characteristic Drainage not needed Sprinkler very good infiltration rate but very low water-holding capacity; where present, ortstein layer at 2C-30 cm deep will delay downward irrigation movement of water Road location cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes and steeper; easily worked material (ottstein presents little problem) Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments ?& Sand % Silt % Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm U-W) O-25 1.2&1.40 - <2 75-95 S-15 2-10 >25.0 0.08-O. 12 4.tx5.0 ortstein 1.45-l .55 - <2 75-95 5-15 2-10 0.1-1.0 - 4.0-5.0 45-t 1.4&1.55 SP A-3 <2 85-95 2-10 2-5 >25.0 129 Soil units: K03, K04, K05 Area: 197 ha Description of soil These are predominant imperfectly drained, deep, olive brown, acid, sandy-textured soils, very low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial marine deposits derived mainly from gray green sandstone. A strongly cemented, discontinuous ortstein or hardpan layer 2G-45 cm thick occurs over about 5&90% of the horizontal soil area at a depth of 20-30 cm from the mineral soil surface. While the ortstein is impenetrable by roots, it is slowly permeable by water. That surface soil free of ortstein formation and the subsoil are loose and rapidly permeable. Soil texture grades from a loamy sand to sandy loam surface soil into a sand (to loamy sand) subsoil. Coarse fragments (gravel) are few - usually less than 2%. These soils usually occupy areas on the edges of depressions and lower slope positions in an undulating to nearly level landscape and are typically found near the coast. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all severe - depth to compact layer (and seasonal wetness) 4DW crops units Vegetable all unsuitable - depth to compact layer crops units Septic all unsuitable - subsoil permeability tanks units Housing vvith all severe - seasonal wetness basement units without a,b,c.d moderate - seasonal wetness basement e moderate - seasonal wetness: slope Sanitary all unsuitable - subsoil permeability landfill units (area-type) Local roads a,b,c moderate - seasonal wetness and streets d.e moderate - seasonal wetness; slope Athletic a,b moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness; surface texture if loamy fields sand c moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness; surface texture if loamy sand; slope d severe - slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a,b.c moderate - seasonal wetness-droughtiness: surface texture if loamy living trailer sand parks d moderate - seasonal wetness-droughtiness; surface texture if loamy sand; slope e severe - slope picnic a,b,c,d moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness: surface texture if loamy areas sand e moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness: surface texture if loamy sand; slope Note: These soils are ortstein phases of the imperfectly drained member of the Richibucto association. 130 Soil units: K03, K04, K05 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all moderate Erosion a,b,c.d slight to none construction umts hazards e moderate Equipment a.b,c.d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limitations e moderate hazards units moderate Species jack pine, red pine, spruce balsam fir Capability K03, K04 - 5; K05 - % suitability class bsD Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill unsuitable good to fair unsuitable good Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir rapidly permeable subsoil area Pond embankment sandy subsoil; subsoil has medium shear strength, low compressibility, high compacted permeability, good compaction characteris- tics Drainage ortstein interferes with natural downward movement of water and with tile laying; seasonal wetness Sprinkler seasonal wetness; ortstein interferes with natural downward movement of water irrigation Road location seasonal wetness Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt % Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cm/hr cm/cm (WV O-25 1.20-1.40 <2 75-95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 0.08-O. 12 4.c5.0 ortstein 1.45-1.65 <2 75-95 5-15 2-10 0.1-1.0 4.c5.0 55+ 1.4c1.55 SP A-3 <2 85-95 2-10 2-5 >25.0 10.10 4.G5.0 131 Soil units: K06, K07, K08 Area: 545 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly and very poorly drained, deep, olive brown, acid, sandy-textured soils, very low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial marine deposits derived mainly from gray green sandstone. A very strongly cemented, discontinuous ortstein or hardpan layer 30-60 cm thick occurs over almost the entire (more than 90%) horizontal soil area at a depth of 20-30 cm from the mineral soil surface. Although the ortstein is impenetrable to roots, it is slowly permeable to water. That surface soil free of ortstein formation and the subsoil are loose and rapidly permeable. Soil texture grades from a loamy sand to sandy loam surface soil into a sand (to loamy sand) subsoil. Coarse fragments (gravel) are few-usually less than 2%. These soils usually occupy depressions and lower slope positions in an almost level to undulating landscape and are typically found near the coast. Farmland. community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - depth to compact layer and excessive wetness 5DW crops units Vegetable all unsuitable - depth to compact layer and excessive wetness crops units Septic all unsuitable - subsoil permeability with prolonged or permanent wetness tanks units Housing with all severe (K06) - prolonged wetness basement units unsuitable (K07, K08) - prolonged or permanent wetness wnithout all severe (K06. K07) - prolonged wetness basement units unsuitable (K08) - permanent wetness Sanitary all unsuitable - prolonged or permanent wetness: subsoil permeability landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - prolonged or permanent wetness and streets units Athletic all severe (K06, K07) - prolonged w’etness fields units unsuitable tK08) - permanent wetness Outdoor tent and all severe (K06. K07) - prolonged wetness living trailer units unsuitable (K08) - permanent wetness parks picnic all severe (K06, K07) - prolonged wetness areas units unsuitable lK08) - permanent wetness Note: These soils are ortstein phases of the poorly and very poorly drained member of the Richibucto association. 132 Soil units: K06, K07, K08 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all moderate-severe Windthrow all moderate-severe limitations units hazards units Spectes black spruce, balsam fir Capability 6W suitability class bs Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill unsuitable poor unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Sod features Pond resewoir prolonged or permanent wetness; subsoil is rapidly permeable, but ottstein layer in surface soil restricts downward movement of water area Pond embankment sandy subsoil; subsoil has medium shear strength, low compressibility, high compacted permeability, good compaction characteris- tics Drainage prolonged or permanent wetness; ortstein interferes with downward movement of water and with tile laying; outlets may be difficult to find Sprinkler prolonged or permanent wetness irrigation Road locatton seasonal wetness Some physical and chemical properties 5% Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand 9% Silt 96 Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm (HzO) c-25 1.2&1.40 <2 75-95 5-15 2-10 125.0 0.08-O. 12 4.0-5.0 ottstein I .45-l .65 12 75-95 5-15 2-10 0.1-0.5 4.0-5.0 70+ 1.4c-1.55 SP A-3 <2 85-95 2-10 2-5 >25.0 10.10 4.c5.0 133 Lord and Foy Association Soil units: LFl, LF2 Area: 202 ha Description of soil These are predominantly very rapidly drained, deep, olive brown, acid, cobble soils, very low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial outwash deposits derived mainly from gray green sandstone. The entire depth of the soil (greater than 100 cm) consists of a loose, rapidly permeable material, which grades from a loamy sand to very gravelly or cobbly loamy sand surface texture into a very cobbly sandy subsoil. These soils usually have 5@-80% coarse fragments of rounded, soft sandstone, most of which are of cobble size. Most often these soils are associated with such distinctive landforms as kames and eskers; however, they are also found in outwash plains. Typically they are close to flowing water, but not necessarily, because some have been deposited by ancient rivers that have since ceased to exist. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a,b.c,d severe - droughtiness; fertility 4MF CrOpS e severe - draughtiness; fertility; slope 7T f unsuitable - slope Vegetable all unsuitable - combined effect of droughtiness. fertility problems, and crops units coarse fragments Septic all unsuitable - permeability is too rapid tanks units Housing with a,b,c.d slight to none - few or no adverse conditions basement e moderate - slope f severe - slope without a,b,c,d slight to none - few or no adverse conditions basement e moderate - slope f severe - slope Sanitary all unsuitable - permeability is too rapid landfill units (area-type) Local roads a,b,c slight to none - few or no adverse conditions and streets d,e moderate - slope f severe - slope Athletic a,b,c severe - droughtiness; coarse fragments fields d severe - droughtiness; coarse fragments; slope e,f unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a,b,c,d severe - droughtiness living trailer e severe - droughtiness parks f unsuitable - slope picnic a,b,c,d,e severe - draughtiness areas f severe - droughtiness; slope 134 Soil units: LFl, LF2 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a,b.c slight to none Erosion a.b.c,d,e slight to none construction d,e moderate hazards f moderate f severe Equipment a.b.c.d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limitations e,f moderate hazards units Species jack pine, red pine Capability 5L suitability class jp Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor to unsuitable poor to unsuitable unsuitable to poor good Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir very rapidly permeable subsoil; usually deep deposits: not suitable for reservoir area area Pond embankment subsoil has high shear strength, low compressibility. high compacted permeability. good compaction characteristics Drainage not needed Sprinkler very good infiltration rate but very low water-holding capacity; very rapidly permeable subsoil irrigation Road location easily worked; stable; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes and steeper Some physical and chemical properties 8 Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt % Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm (ho) &40 1.20-1.40 I s-50 75-95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 >o. 10 4.ss.o 40+ 1.4&1.55 GP A-l 5%90 85-95 2-10 2-s >25.0 >o. 10 4.G5.0 135 Mount Hope Association Soil unit: MH2 Area: 2961 ha Description of soil These are predominantly moderately well drained, deep, dark red, acid, clayey-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in compact reworked glacial marine deposits derived mainly from red shale and lesser amounts of gray green sandstone. Usually, these soils have 3045 cm of relatively loose, permeable sandy loam to clay loam surface material over a dense compact, very slowly permeable clay loam to silty clay loam or even silty clay subsoil. Coarse fragments of soft sandstone are sparsely scattered at random throughout the soil, from 2 to 5% in abundance. These soils commonly occupy upper slope positions in undulating to gently rolling landscape associated with or close to tidal rivers. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a,b,c,d moderate - shallow depth to compact layer; slowly permeable subsoil 3D crops e severe - slope 4DT Vegetable all severe - shallow depth to compact layer; very slowly permeable crops units subsoil; surface texture is clay loam Septic all severe - very slow subsoil permeability tanks units Housing with a,b,c,d moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost damage basement e moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; potential frost damage without a.b,c,d moderate - potential frost damage basement e moderate - slope; potential frost damage Sanitary ab,c,d moderate - seasonal wetness; subsoil texture (severe if subsoil texture landfill is silty clay) (area-type) e moderate - seasonal wetness: slope: subsoil texture (severe if subsoil texture is silty clay) Local roads all severe - subgrade suitability and streets units Athletic a,b moderate - potential frost damage: surface texture if clay loam fields c moderate - potential frost damage; slope; surface texture if clay loam d severe - slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a.b,c slight to none - few or no adverse conditions; downgrade to moderate living trailer if clay loam surface texture parks d moderate - slope e severe - slope picnic ahcd slight to none - few or no adverse conditions; downgrade to moderate areas if clay loam surface texture e moderate - slope 136 Soil unit: MH2 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a.b.c,d,e moderate Erosion ahc slight to none construction hazards d moderate e severe Equipment a.b,c,d slight to none Windthrow all moderate limitations e moderate hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir. white spruce Capability btD suitability class Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair unsuitable unsuitable poor (poor if e-slope) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 30-45 cm to an extremely slowly permeable layer; d-slopes may affect storage capacity area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, medium compressibility, low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics, clayey material is difficult to work Drainage speeds up drying in the spring; extremely slowly permeable subsoil at 30-45 cm deep Sprinkler good available water-holding capacity: fair infiltration; 30-45 cm of permeable surface soil over extremely slowly permeable subsoil irrigation Road location potentially erodible subsoil; potential frost damage; clayey material is difficult to work; cuts and fills necessary on d-slopes and steeper Some physical and chemical properties Q Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand W Silt 9% Clay Penn. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 10.002 cmihr cm/cm (WN &40 0.90-1.20 - 2-5 3&70 15-40 l&30 >5.0 0.2gO.25 4.0-5.0 40+ l.7c-1.90 CL A-6 2-5 15-40 3@50 35-55 0.1 0.10 4.5-6.0 137 _.---. - -.- -_ _ _ . . Soil units: MH3, MH4, MH5 Area: 5232 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, deep, dark red, acid, clayey-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in compact reworked glacial marine deposits derived mainly from red shale and less amounts of gray green sandstone. Usually these soils have 30-45 cm of relatively loose, permeable sandy loam to clay loam surface material over a dense, compact, very slowly permeable clay loam to silty clay loam or even silty clay subsoil. Coarse fragments of soft sandstone are sparsely scattered at random throughout the soil, from 2 to 5% in abundance. These soils commonly occupy middle to lower slope positions or areas on the edges of depressions in undulating to gently rolling landscapes associated with or close to tidal rivers. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all severe - shallowness to compact layer; very slowly permeable subsoil: 4DW crops units seasonal wetness Vegetable all severe - depth to compact layer; very slowly permeable subsoil: crops units seasonal wetness Septic all severe - very slowly permeable subsoil: seasonal wetness tanks units Housing with all severe - seasonal wetness basement units without a.b,c.d moderate - seasonal w’etness; potential frost damage basement e moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; potential frost damage Sanitary all moderate - seasonal wetness: severe if subsoil texture is silty clay landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - subgrade suitability associated with seasonal wetness and and streets units potential frost damage Athletic ah moderate - seasonal wetness; surface texture if clay loam; potential fields frost damage c moderate - seasonal wetness: slope; surface texture if clay loam; potential frost damage d severe - slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a,b,c moderate - seasonal wetness; surface texture if clay loam living trailer d moderate - seasonal wetness: slope: surface texture if clay loam parks e severe - slope picnic a,b,c,d moderate - seasonal wetness; surface texture if clay loam areas e moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; surface texture if clay loam 138 Soil units: MH3, MH4, MH5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a,b.c,d.e moderate (severe) Erosion ahc slight to none construction hazards d moderate e severe Equipment all moderate (severe) Windthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir, white spruce* Capabihty MH3, MH4 b$ MH5 - bz: suitability ClLiSS “Species of limited suitability. Note: Parentheses indicate seasonal variation. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair unsuitable unsuitable poor (poor if e-slope) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 3G45 cm to a very slowly permeable layer; d-slopes may affect storage capacity; seasonal wetness area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, medium compressibility, low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics, clayey material is difficult to work Drainage seasonal wetness; 30-45 cm of permeable surface soil over an extremely slowly permeable subsoil Sprinkler seasonal wetness irrigation Road location potentially erodible subsoil; potential frost damage; clayey material is difficult to work; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes and steeper: seasonal wetness Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments Ic Sand % Silt Ir Clay Perm water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) 10.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm (HA)) t&40 0.90-l .20 2-5 3&70 15-40 l&30 >5.0 0.2GO.25 4.0-5.0 40+ I .7&l .90 CL A-6 2-5 15-40 3G50 35-55 0. I 0. IO 4.5-6.0 139 Soil units: MH6, MH7 Area: 5063 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly drained, deep, dark red, acid, clayey-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in compact reworked glacial marine deposits derived mainly from red shale and lesser amounts of gray green sandstone. As a rule, these soils have 3045 cm of relatively loose, permeable sandy loam to clay loam surface material over a dense compact, very slowly permeable clay loam to silty clay loam or even silty clay subsoil. Coarse fragments of soft sandstone are sparsely scattered at random throughout the soil, from 2 to 5% in abundance. These soils commonly occupy depressions or lower slope positions in undulating to gently rolling landscapes associated with or close to tidal rivers. Farmland, commumty development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - combined effect of excessive wetness, shallowness to 5WD crops units compact layer and very slow permeability Vegetable all unsuitable - combined effect of excessive wetness, shallowness to crops units compact layer and very slow permeability Septic all severe - prolonged wetness; very slowly permeable subsoil tanks units Housing with all severe - prolonged wetness basement units without all severe - prolonged wetness basement units Sanitary all moderate - prolonged wetness; severe if subsoil texture is silty clay landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - prolonged wetness: subgrade suitability and streets units Athletic all severe - prolonged wetness fields units Outdoor tent and all severe - prolonged wetness living trailer units parks picnic all severe - prolonged wetness areas units 140 Soil units: MH6, MH7 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion a.b,c slight to none construction units hazards d moderate e severe Equipment all severe Windthrow all severe to moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir Capability MH6- 5? MH7 - b;w bs ’ suitability class Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor to fair unsuitable unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir prolonged wetness; 30-45 cm of permeable surface soil over very slowly permeable subsoil area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, medium compressibility, low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics, clayey material is difficult to work Drainage prolonged wetness; 30-45 cm of permeable surface soil over a very slowly permeable subsoil; outlets may be difficult to find Sprinkler prolonged wetness irrigation Road location potentially erodible subsoil; potential frost damage; clayey material is difficult to work; prolonged wetness Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt % Clay Perm. water cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 10.002 cmihr cm/cm t&35 0.90-l .20 - 2-5 30-70 15-40 l&30 >5.0 0.20-0.25 4.k5.0 35+ 1.70-1.90 CL A-6 2-5 1S-40 3&50 35-55 0.1 0.10 4.5-6.0 141 Reece Association Soil unit: RE2 Area: 7524 ha Description of soil These are predominantly well drained, deep, yellowish brown, acid, fine-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in deposits of compact till with a surficial mantle of either loose till or water-worked till, derived mainly from gray green sandstone and brown shale. These soils consist of 45-60 cm of relatively loose, permeable, sandy loam to loam material over a moderately developed firm, brittle, slowly permeable, noncontinuous, sandy loam to sandy clay loam fragipan (hardpan) that is 40-60 cm thick. Firmness of the fragipan is dependent on moisture content; it is most obvious in summer, but in the wetness of early spring and late fall it is hard to differentiate from the underlying dense, compact, slowly permeable sandy clay loam subsoil. Coarse fragments of soft sandstone make up 5-25%, usually increasing in abundance with depth. These soils usually occupy crests or upper slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape. Farmland, community development. and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a,b,c moderate - depth to compact layer; slow permeability 3D crops d moderate - depth to compact layer; slow permeability; slope Vegetable a,b moderate - depth to compact layer: slow permeability; surface coarse crops fragment5 C moderate - depth to compact layer; slow permeability: slope; surface coarse fragments d severe - slope Septic all severe - slow permeability tanks units Housing with all moderate - potential frost damage basement units without all moderate - potential frost damage basement units Sanitary all moderate - seasonal wetness; true groundwater table landfill units (area-type) Local roads ahc moderate - subgrade suitability; potential frost damage and streets d moderate - slope; subgrade suitability: potential frost damage Athletic a,b moderate - potential frost damage; surface coarse fragments fields C moderate - slope; potential frost damage: surface coarse fragments d severe - slope Outdoor tent and a.b,c slight to none - few or no adverse conditions living trailer d moderate - slope parks picnic all slight to none - few or no adverse conditions areas units 142 Soil unit: RE2 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses - Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a.b.c slight to none Erosion a,b.c slight to none construction (moderate) hazards d moderate d moderate Equipment a.b,c,d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limitations hazards units Species black spruce. balsam fir, yellow birch. sugar ma- Capability 3; bs suitability pie,* beech.* yellow birch. white spruce” clas5 - *Species of limited suitability. Note: Parentheses indicate seasonal variation. Suitability of soil as source of material - Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair unsuttable unsuitable fair (depending on coarse fragments) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 45-60 cm to slowly permeable layer; d-slopes may affect storage capacity area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength. low to medium compressibility medium to low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics, Is-258 coarse fragments (soft sandstone) Drainage usually not needed but aids drying out in the spring; 45-60 cm of permeable material over slowly permeable layer Sprinkler good available water-holding capacity; good infiltration rate; 45-60 cm of permeable material over slowly permeable layer irrigation Road location potential frost damage; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand %I Silt o/o Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >o.os 0.05-0.002 co.002 cm/hr cmlcm W3 O-50 0.90-1.20 - - s-15 So-70 2&35 l&30 >s.o 0.2&0.25 4.gs.o so+ 1.75-1.9s SM-SC A-4 lG-25 St%70 I s-25 20-30 0.1-0.5 143 Soil units: RE3, RE4, RE5 Area: 22 856 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, deep, yellowish brown, acid, fine-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in deposits of compact till with a surficial mantle of either loose till or water-worked compact till, derived mainly from gray green sandstone and brown shale. These soils consist of 30-50 cm of relatively loose, permeable, sandy loam to loam material over a moderately developed, firm and brittle (when dry), slowly permeable, noncontinuous sandy loam to sandy clay loam fragipan (hardpan) that is 35-55 cm thick. Firmness of the fragipan is dependent on moisture content; it is most obvious in midsummer, but in the wetness of spring and fail it is hard to differentiate from the underlying dense, compact, slowly permeable sandy clay loam subsoil. Coarse fragments of soft sandstone make up5-296, usually increasing in abundance with depth. These soils usually occupy areas on the edges of depressions and middle to lower slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all severe - depth to compact layer (associated with permeability, fertility, 4DW crops units and seasonal wetness problems) Vegetable all severe - depth to compact layer (associated with permeability fertility, crops units and seasonal wetness problems) Septic all severe - slow permeability; seasonal wetness tanks units Housing with all severe - seasonal wetness basement units without all moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost damage basement units Sanitary all severe - seasonal wetness (true groundwater table) landfill units (area-type) Local roads a,b,c moderate - seasonal wetness; subgrade suitability; potential frost and streets damage d moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; subgrade suitability potential frost damage Athletic a.b moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost damage: surface coarse fields fragments c moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; potential frost damage, surface coarse fragments d severe - slope Outdoor tent and ahc moderate - seasonal wetness living trailer d severe - seasonal wetness; slope parks picnic all moderate - seasonal wetness areas units 144 Soil units: RE3, RE4, RE5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all moderate Erosion a,b,c slight to none construction units hazards d moderate Equipment all moderate Windthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir, yellow birch, sugar ma- Capability b:D suitability pie,* beech.* yellow birch, white spruce* class *Species of limited suitability. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair unsuitable unsuitable fair (depending on coarse fragments) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 3&50 cm to slowly permeable layer; seasonal wetness; d-slope may affect storage capacity area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, low to medium compressibility, medium to low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics. IC-25% coarse fragments (soft sandstone) Drainage seasonal wetness; 3@50 cm of permeable material over a slowly permeable layer; stones may hinder tiling Sprinkler seasonal wetness; 30-50 cm of permeable material over slowly permeable layer irrigation Road locatton seasonal wetness; potential frost damage: cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes Some physical and chemical properties 7i Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand 8 Silt 8 Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cm/hr cm/cm U-LO) O-40 0.90-I .20 5-15 5G70 2635 It&30 >5.0 0.2GO.25 4.0-5.0 40+ 1.75-1.95 SM-SC A-4 IO-25 5&70 15-25 2G30 0.1-0.5 145 Soil units: RE6. RE7 Area: 32 078 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly drained, deep, yellowish brown, acid, fine-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in deposits of compact till with a surficial mantle of either loose till or water-worked compact till, derived mainly from gray green sandstone and brown shale. These soils consist of 2635 cm of relatively loose, permeable, sandy loam to loam material over a weakly developed, firm, brittle (when dry), slowly permeable noncontinuous, sandy loam to sandy clay loam fragipan (hardpan) that is 2&40 cm thick. Firmness of the fragipan is dependent on moisture content and so with the off-drainage of these soils, the fragipan is hard to differentiate from the underlying dense, compact, slowly permeable sandy clay loam subsoil. Coarse fragments of soft sandstone make up 5-25%, usually increasing in abundance with depth. These soils usually occupy depressions and lower slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - combined effects of shallowness to compact layer and 5DW crops units excessive wetness Vegetable all unsuitable - combined effects of shallowness to compact layer and crops units excesswe wetness Septic all severe - slow permeability: prolonged wetness tanks units Housing with all severe - prolonged wetness: potential frost damage basement units without all severe - prolonged wetness; potential frost damage basement units Sanitary all severe - prolonged wetness: true groundwater table landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - prolonged wetness: potential frost damage and streets units Athletic all severe - prolonged wetness; potential frost damage fields units Outdoor tent and all severe - prolonged wetness living trailer units parks picnic all severe - prolonged wetness areas units 146 Soil units: RE6, RE7 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all moderate (severe) Windthrow all moderate-severe limitations umts hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir Capabihty -5: bs suitability class Note: Parentheses indicate seasonal variation Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair unsuitable unsuitable poor tdcpending on coarse fragments) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 2&35 cm to slowly permeable layer; prolonged wetness area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength. low to medium compressibility, medium to low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics, I@254 coarse fragments (soft sandstone) Drainage prolonged wetness; 20-35 cm to slowly permeable layer; stones may hinder tiling; outlets may be difficult to find Sprinkler prolonged wetness irrigation Road location prolonged wetness; potential frost damage Some physical and chemical properties 7~ Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments 7~ Sand 9% Silt % Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) r0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmlhr cm/cm (HAN t&30 [email protected] 5-15 50-70 2G-35 I O-30 >5.0 0.20-0.25 4.tx5.0 30+ I .75-l .95 SM-SC A-4 l&25 5G70 15-25 2&35 0.1-0.5 10.10 4.5-5.0 147 Richibucto Association Soil units: RBl, RB2 Area: 4182 ha Description of soil These are predominantly rapidly drained, deep, olive brown, acid, sandy-textured soils, very low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose, glacial marine deposits derived mainly from gray green sandstone. The entire depth of the soil (greater than 100 cm) consists of a loose, rapidly permeable material, which grades from a sand to sandy loam surface texture into a sand (to loamy sand) subsoil. Usually these soils have practically no coarse fragments (less than 2%), however, gravelly phases do occur, which may have up to 20% coarse fragments of rounded, gravel size, soft sandstone. These soils usually occupy crests and upper slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape and are typically found near the coast. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a.b,c.d severe - draughtiness;’ fertility 4MF crops e severe - draughtiness:’ fertility: slope Vegetable a.b.c severe - draughtiness;’ fertility; surface texture if sand crops d. part severe - draughtiness:’ fertility; slope: surface texture if sand of e Septic all unsuitable - subsoil permeability tanks units Housing with a,b.c.d slight to none - few or no adverse conditions basement e moderate - slope without a.b.c.d slight to none - few or no adverse conditions basement e moderate - slope Sanitary all unsuitable - subsoil permeability landfill units (area-type) Local roads a.b.c slight to none - few or no adverse conditons and streets d.e moderate - slope Athletic a,b,c severe - draughtiness;’ surface texture if sand fields d severe - draughtiness:’ slope: surface texture if sand e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a.b.c,d severe - draughtiness’ living trailer e severe - draughtiness:’ slope parks picnic all severe - draughtiness’ areas units ‘Draughtiness may not be a severe problem where plowed layers have incorporated sufficient organic matter into the surface mineral soil to increase water-holding capacity. 148 Soil units: RBl, RB2 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a.b.c slight to none Erosion a.b.c.d slight to none construction d.e moderate hazards e moderate Equipment a,b.c,d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limitations e moderate hazards units Species jack pine, red pine. eastern whtte pine* Capability 5;’ suitability class k “Species of limited suitability. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor good unsuitable good (fair if sandy loam) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir rapidly permeable subsoil area Pond embankment sandy material; subsoil has medium shear strength, low compressibility, high compacted permeability, good compaction characteristics Drainage not needed Sprinkler very good infiltration rate but very low, water-holding capacity: readily permeable subsoil irrigation Road location easily worked; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes and steeper Some physical and chemical properties YC Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand 5% Silt W Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 10.002 cm/hr cm/cm (HKV r&40 1.20-1.40 <2 15-95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 0.08-O. I2 4.c5.0 40+ 1.40-1.55 SP A-3 12 85-97 2-10 2-5 >25.0 10. IO 4.0-5.0 149 Soil units: RB3, RB4, RB5 Area: 6724 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, deep, olive brown. acid, sandy-textured soils, very low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial marine deposits derived mainly from gray green sandstone. The entire depth of the soil (greater than 100 cm) consists of a loose, rapidly permeable material, which grades from a sand to sandy loam surface texture into a sand (to loamy sand) subsoil. Usually these soils have practically no coarse fragments (less than 2%), however, gravelly phases do occur. which may have up to 20% coarse fragments of rounded, gravel size, soft sandstone. These soils usually occupy areas in the edges of depressions and lower slope positions in a slightly undulating to almost level landscape and are typically found near the coast. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a,b,c.d severe - fertility; seasonal wetness: possibly droughty in summer 4FW crops e severe - fertility; seasonal wetness; slope; possibly droughty in summer Vegetable a.b,c severe - fertility; seasonal wetness; surface texture if sand; possibly CrOpS droughty in summer de severe - fertility; seasonal wetness; slope; surface texture if sand: possibly droughty in summer Septic all unsuitable - subsoil permeability tanks units Housmg with all severe - seasonal wetness basement units without a,b,c,d moderate - seasonal wetness basement e moderate - seasonal wetness; slope Sanitary all unsuitable - subsoil permeability landfill units (area-type) Local roads a.b,c moderate - seasonal wetness and streets d.e moderate - seasonal wetness: slope Athletic a,b moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness: possibly surface texture fields c moderate - seasonal wetness-droughtiness; slope: possibly surface texture d severe - slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a,b.c moderate - seasonal wetness-droughtiness; surface texture if sand or living trailer loamy sand parks d moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness; slope; surface texture if sand or loamy sand e severe - slope picnic a,b.c,d moderate - seasonal wetness-droughtiness; surface texture if sand or areas loamy sand e moderate - seasonal wetness-droughtiness; slope; surface texture if sand or loamy sand Note: There is a tendency for these soils to be moderately wet in the spring but moderately droughty in the summer. 150 Soil units: RB3, RB4, FIB5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all moderate Erosion a.b.c,d slight to none construction unit5 hazards e moderate Equipmenr a,b.c.d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limitations e moderate hazards units Species jack pine, red pine. eastern white pine. balsam fir. Capability RB3, RB4 - 4F RB5 - Sh suitability black spruce ClklSS JP bs Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor good unsuitable fair (fair if sandy loam) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir rapidly permeable subsoil: seasonal wetness area Pond embankment sandy material; subsoil has medium shear strength. low compressibility. high compacted permeability. good compaction characteris- tics Drainage rapidly permeable subsoil; seasonal wetness Sprinkler seasonal wetness but soil tends to dry out during summer and so irrigation may be beneficial; very good infiltration rate but very poor irrigation water-holding capacity Road locatmn seasonal wetness Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand c/o Silt B Clay Perm water P” cm density class. class. (by vol.) 10.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cm/hr cm/cm (H.&N o--40 1.20-1.40 <2 75-95 s-15 2-10 >25.0 0.08-O. 12 4.0-5.0 40+ l.J(~l.55 SP A-3 12 X5-97 2-10 2-5 >25.0 co. IO 4.0-5.0 1.51 Soil units: RB6, RB7 Area: 6581 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly drained, deep, olive brown, acid, sandy-textured soils, very low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial marine deposits derived mainly from gray green sandstone. The entire depth of the soil (greater than 100 cm) consists of a loose, rapidly permeable material, which grades from a sand (to sandy loam) surface texture into a sand to loamy sand subsoil. Usually these soils have practically no coarse fragments (less than 2%), however, gravelly phases do occur, which may have up to 20% coarse fragments of rounded, gravel size, soft sandstone. These soils usually occupy depressions and lower slope positions in an almost level to slightly undulating landscape and are typically found near the coast. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all severe - excessive wetness; fertility 5WF crops units Vegetable all unsuitable - excessive wetness: fertility crops units Septic all unsuitable - subsoil permeability tanks units Housing with all severe (RG6) or unsuitable CRG7) - prolonged wetness basement units without all severe - prolonged wetness basement units Sanitary all unsuitable - prolonged wetness (true groundwater table); subsoil landfill units permeability (area-type) Local roads all severe - prolonged wetness and streets units Athletic all severe - prolonged wetness fields units Outdoor tent and all severe - prolonged wetness living trailer units parks picnic all severe - prolonged wetness areas units 152 Soil units: RB6, RB7 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all moderate Windthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species balsam fir, black spruce Capability 6W bs suitability class Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor poor unsuitable poor (fair if sandy loam) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir prolonged wetness: rapidly permeable subsoil area Pond embankment sandy material; subsoil has medium shear strength, low compressibility, high compacted permeability, good compaction characteris- tics Drainage prolonged wetness but rapidly permeable subsoil; outlets may be difficult to find Sprinkler prolonged wetness; requires drainage first: very good infiltration rate but very low water-holding capacity irrigation Road location prolonged wetness Some physical and chemical properties 8 Coarse Soil (12 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt 9% Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >o.os 0.05-0.002 10.002 cmihr cm/cm (HzO) @35 1.2IKl.40 <2 75-95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 0.08-o. 12 4.c5.0 35+ I .4&l .55 SP A-3 i2 85-97 2-10 2-5 >25.0 co. IO 4.G5.0 153 Soil unit: RB8 Area: 1331 ha Description of soil These are predominantly very poorly drained, deep, olive brown, acid, sandy-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial marinedeposits derived mainly from gray green sandstone. The entire depth of the soil (greater than 100 cm) consists of a loose, rapidly permeable material, which grades from a sand (to sandy loam) surface texture into a sand to loamy sand subsoil. Usually these soils have practically no coarse fragments (less than 2%). however, gravelly phases do occur, which may have up to 20% coarse fragments of rounded, gravel size, soft sandstone. These soils occupy depressions in an almost level to slightly undulating landscape and are typically found near the coast. Farmland. community development. and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - permanently wet 7W crops units Vegetable all unsuitable - permanently wet crops units Septic all unsuitable - permanently wet (true groundwater table); subsoil tanks units permeability Housing with all unsuttable - permanently wet basement units without all unsuitable - permanently wet basement units Sanitary all unsuitable - permanently wet (true groundwater table): subsoil landfill unit5 permeability (area-type) Local roads all severe - permanently wet and streets units Athletic all unsuitable - permanently wet fields units Outdoor tent and all unsuitable - permanently wet Ii\ ing trailer units parks picnic all unsuitable - permanently wet areas units Soil unit: RB8 Degree of limitations affectmg woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all severe Windthrow all severe limitations umts hazards units Species black spruce.* balsam fir* Capability 6W bs sultability class *Species of limited suitability. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor poor unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir permanently wet: rapidly permeable subsoil area Pond embankment sandy material; subsoil has medium shear strength, low compressibility, high compacted permeability, good compaction chardcteris- tics Drainage permanently wet but rapidly permeable subsoil; outlets may be difficult to find Sprinkler permanently wet; requires drainage first; very good infiltration rate but very low water-holding capacity irrigation Road location permanently wet Some physical and chemical properties Q Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt % Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >o.os 0.05-0.002 10.002 cmihr cm/cm (HIO) (r30 1.2&1.40 - <2 75-95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 0.0x-o. I2 4.G5.0 30+ 1.4G1.55 SP A-3 12 x5-97 2-10 2-5 >25.0 155 __-.-_.__ _...--.-..-. -.-- .------.- - - Riverbank Association Soil units: Rl, R2 Area: 79 ha Description of soil These are predominantly rapidly drained, deep, olive brown, acid, sandy-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial fluvial deposits derived mainly from igneous and metamorphic rocks. The entire depth of the soil (greater than 100 cm) consists of a loose, rapidly permeable material, which grades from a (fine) loamy sand to a (fine) sandy loam surface texture into a (fine) sand to (fine) loamy sand subsoil, which is striped or banded. Usually these soils have practically no coarse fragments (less than 2%), however, gravelly phases do occur, which may have up to 20% gravel fragments of very hard, rounded granites, schists, gneisses, slates, and volcanics. Typically these soils are found on upper slope positions of river terraces and undulating outwash plains; however, some have been deposited by ancient rivers that have since ceased to exist and so are not close to any flowing water. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a.b.c moderate - fertility: draughtiness 3M crops d moderate - fertility; droughtiness; slope 4MT e severe - slope Vegetable a,b moderate - fertility: draughtiness Crops moderate - fertility; draughtiness; slope i. part severe - slope of e Septic a,b.c,d slight to none -few or no adverse conditions except for possibly a too tanks rapid permeability; should be checked e moderate - slope Housing with a,b,c,d slight to none - few or no adverse conditions (possibly frost action) basement e moderate - slope without a,b,c,d slight to none - few or no adverse conditions (possibly frost action) basement e moderate - slope Sanitary all severe - permeability too rapid landfill units (area-type) Local roads a,b,c slight to none - few or no adverse conditions (possibly frost action) and streets d.e moderate - slope Athletic ah moderate - draughtiness fields C moderate - droughtiness: slope d severe - slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a,bs moderate - droughtiness living trailer d moderate - draughtiness; slope parks e severe - slope picnic a,b,c.d moderate - droughtiness areas e moderate - draughtiness; slope Soil units: Rl, R2 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a.b,c slight to none Erosion a,b,c slight to none construction d.e moderate hazards d.e moderate Equipment a,b,c.d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limitations e moderate hazards units Species jack pine, red pine, eastern white pine, black Capability 3p suitability spruce, balsam fir, white spruce* class .iP *Species of limited suitability. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair good unsuitable fair Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir permeable subsoil area Pond embankment subsoil has medium shear strength, low compressibility. medium compacted permeability, and good to fair compaction chardcteris- tics Drainage not needed Sprinkler very good infiltration rate, moderate water-holding capacity; permeable subsoil irrigation Road location easily worked; possible erosion hazards; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes and steeper Some physical and chemical properties LTCCoarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments 7~ Sand % Silt 9% Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 10.002 cmlhr cm/cm tHzO) t&40 1.2sl.40 - <2% 7G-90 S-20 2-10 >25.0 0.10-0.15 4.s5.0 40+ I .4&l .55 SP-SM A-3 <2% K-95 5-20 2-10 5.c!-15.0 co. IO 4.s5.0 157 Soil units: R3, R4, R5 Area: 1167 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained. deep, olive brown, acid, sandy-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial fluvial deposits derived mainly from igneous and metamorphic rocks. The entire depth of the soil (greater than 100 cm) consists of a loose, rapidly permeable material. which grades from a (fine) loamy sand to a (fine) sandy loam surface texture into a (fine) sand to (fine) loamy sand subsoil, which is striped or banded. Usually these soils have practically no coarse fragments (less than 2%); however, gravelly phases do occur, which may have up to 20% gravel fragments of very hard, rounded granites, schists, gneisses, slates, and volcanics. Typically these soils are found on lower slope positions of river terraces and undulating outwash plains; however, some have been deposited by ancient rivers that have since ceased to exist and so are not close to any flowing water. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 L! se Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a,b,c moderate - fertility; seasonal wetness 3w crops d moderate - fertility; seasonal wetness; slope Vegetable ah moderate - fertihty: seasonal wetness CF0P.r moderate - fertility; seasonal wetness; slope Fl severe - slope Septic all severe - seasonal wetness tanks units Housing with all severe - seasonal wetness basement units without a,b.c.d moderate - seasonal wetness basement Sanitary all severe - seasonal wetness; permeability too rapid landfill units (area-type) Local roads a.b,c moderate - seasonal wetness; possible frost action and streets d moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; possible frost action Athletic ah moderate - seasonal wetness-droughtiness; possible frost action heids c moderate - seasonal wetness-draughtiness; slope; possible frost action d severe - slope Outdoor tent and 0s moderate - seasonal wetness-droughtiness living trailer d moderate - seasonal wetness-droughtiness parks picnic a,b,c.d moderate - seasonal wsetness-draughtiness areas Soil units: R3, R4, R5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all moderate Erosion a.b.c slight to none construction units hazards d moderate Equipment a.b,c.d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limitations hazards units R5- 4Y Species jack pine. red pine, eastern white pine. black Capability R3, R4 - j;’ bs suitability spruce, balsam fir, white spruce* class %Species of limited suitability. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair good unsuitable fair Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir seasonal wetness; permeable subsoil area Pond embankment subsoil has medium shear strength, low compressibility, medium compacted permeability. and good to fair compaction characteris- tics Drainage seasonal wetness; permeable subsoil Sprinkfer seasonal wetness but dried out in midsummer and so irrigation may be beneficial; good infiltration rate: moderate water-holding irrigation capacity Road location seasonal wetness; easily worked: possible erosion hazards Some physical and chemical properties 5% Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand r% Silt 7~ Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >o.os 0.05-0.002 10.002 cmlhr cm/cm W,O) t&40 1.20-1.40 - <2% 7G-90 5-20 2-10 >25.0 0.1&O. 15 4.0-5.0 30+ I .4&l .55 SP-SM s-3 124, 80-95 5-20 225 5.&1.50 10.10 4.0-5.0 159 Soil units: R6, R7 Area: 1731 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly drained, deep, olive brown, acid, sandy-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in loose glacial fluvial deposits derived mainly from igneous and metamorphic rocks. The entire depth of the soil (greater than 100 cm) consists of a loose, rapidly permeable material, which grades from a (fine) loamy sand to a (fine) sandy loam surface texture into a (fine) sand to (fine) loamy sand subsoil, which is striped or banded. Usually these soils have practically no coarse fragments (less than 2%); however, gravelly phases do occur, which may have up to 20% gravel fragments of very hard, rounded granites, schists, gneisses, slates, and volcanics. Typically these soils are found on lowlands adjacent to rivers and in depressions on undulating outwash plains; however, some have been deposited by ancient rivers that have since ceased to exist and so are not close to any flowing water. Farmland, community development. and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all severe - prolonged wetness 4W crops units Vegetable all unsuitable - prolonged wetness crops units Septic all severe - prolonged wetness; subsoil permeability is too rapid tanks units Housing with all severe - prolonged wetness; possible flooding basement units without all severe - prolonged wetness; possible flooding basement units Sanitary all unsuitable - prolonged wetness; subsoil permeability is too rapid: landfill units possible flooding (area-type) Local roads all severe - prolonged wetness and streets units Athletic severe - prolonged wetness fields Outdoor tent and all severe - prolonged wetness living trailer units parks picnic all severe - prolonged wetness areas units 160 Soil units: R6, R7 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all Severe Erosion a.b,c slight to none construction units hazards Equipment all moderate Windthrow all moderate hmttatton5 umts hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir Capability R6 - b;W Rl - by suitability class Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor poor unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir prolonged wetness: permeable subsoil area Pond embankment subsoil has medium shear strength, low compressibility, medium compacted permeability, and good to fair compaction characteris- tics Drainage prolonged wetness; permeable subsoil Sprinkler prolonged wetness; needs drainage first: very good infiltration rate: moderate water-holding capacity; permeable subsoil irrigation Road location easily worked: possible erosion hazards; potential frost action; prolonged wetness Some physical and chemical properties 5% Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand 8 Silt 7c Clay Perm. water cm density class. class. (by vol.) >o.os 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cm/hr cmicm O-30 1.2&1.40 <2% 70-90 5-20 2-10 >25.0 0. IO-O. I5 4.0-5.0 30f 1.4&1.55 SP-SM A-3 12% SO-95 5-20 2-5 5.0-15.0 161 Rogersville Association Soil unit: RS2 Area: 926 ha Description of soil These are predominantly well drained, deep, yellowish brown, acid, fine-textured soils, moderate in natural fertility, which have formed in deposits of compact till (or possibly water-reworked compact till), derived mainly from granitic, metamorphic (gneiss, schist, and others), and some volcanic rocks. These soils consist of 35-50 cm of relatively loose, permeable, sandy loam to loam material over a moderately developed, firm, brittle, slowly permeable noncontinuous, sandy loam to sandy clay loam fragipan (hardpan) that is 30-50 cm thick. Firmness of the fragipan is dependent on moisture content and therefore it is most obvious in the summer. However, in the wetness of early spring and late fall, it is difficult to differentiate from the underlying dense, compact, slowly permeable loam to sandy clay loam or clay loam subsoil. Coarse fragments of hard granitic, metamorphic, and volcanic rock make up 525% usually increasing in abundance with depth. These soils usually occupy crests and upper slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all moderate - depth to compact layer: slow permeability 3D crops units Vegetable all severe - depth to compact layer; surface coarse fragments crops units Septic all severe - permeability tanks units Housing with all moderate - potential frost damage; possible stoniness basement units without all moderate - potential frost damage; possible stoniness basement units Sanitary all moderate - seasonal wetness; true groundwater table; possibly clay landfill units loam subsoil or stony phase (area-type) Local roads a.b,c moderate - subgrade suitability: potential frost damage; possibly and streets stoniness d moderate - slope; subgrade suitability; potential frost damage; possibly stoniness Athletic a,b moderate - potential frost damage; coarse fragments on the surface fields C moderate - slope: potential frost damage; coarse fragments on the surface d severe - slope Outdoor tent and a,bs slight to none - few or no adverse conditions living trailer d moderate - slope parks picnic all slight to none - few or no adverse conditions areas units 162 Soil unit: RS2 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a.b.c slight to none (moderate) Erosion a.b.c slight to none construction d moderate hazards d moderate EqUipIWlI a.b.c.d slight to none Wmdthrow all moderate limitations hazards units Species white spruce, black spruce, balsam fir, sugar ma- Capability b:D suitabtlity pie, beech. white and yellow birch class Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair to poor unsuitable unsuitable fair Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservotr 35-50 cm to a slowly permeable layer: d-slopes may affect storage capacity area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength. low to medium compressibility. low to medium compacted permeability. fair to good compaction characteristics, 15-25s coarse fragments of hard rock Drainage usually not needed but aids drying out in the spring; 35-50 cm of permeable material over slowly permeable layer Sprinkler good available water-holding capacity; good infiltration rate: 35-50 cm of permeable material over slowly permeable layer irrigation Road location potential frost damage; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes Some physical and chemical properties Q Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments 7c Sand 5% Silt 8 Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm (HZO) O-40 0.9ts1.20 5-20 40-60 3&40 IO-20 >5.0 0.2&0.25 4.G5.0 40+ 1.75-1.95 SM-SC A-4 15-35 4tx55 25-40 20-30 0.1-0.5 co. 10 4.5-5.5 163 Soil units: RS3, RS4, RS5 Area: 7151 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained. deep, yellowish brown, acid, fine-textured soils, moderate in natural fertility, which have formed in deposits of compact till (or possibly water-worked compact till), derived mainly from granitic, metamorphic (gneiss, schist, and others). and some volcanic rocks. These soils consist of 3045 cm of relatively loose, permeable, sandy loam to loam material over a moderately developed, firm, brittle (when dry), slowly permeable noncontin- uous. sandy loam to sandy clay loam fragipan (hardpan) that is 3CU5 cm thick. Firmness of the fragipan is dependent on moisture content and therefore it is most obvious in midsummer. However, in the wetness of spring and fall, it is hard to differentiate from the underlying dense, compact, slowly permeable loam to sandy clay loam or clay loam subsoil. Coarse fragments of hard granitic, metamorphic, and volcanic rock range from 5 to 25%, usually increasing in abundance with depth. These soils usually occupy areas on the edges of depressions and middle to lower slope positions in an undulating to nearly level landscape. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CLI Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all qevere - depth to compact layer 4DW crops units Vegetable all severe - depth to compact layer associated waith slow permeability and crops units seasonal wetness Septic all severe - slow permeability; seasonal w’etnesa tanks units Housing with all severe - seasonal wetness basement units without all moderate ~ potential frost damape: seasonal wetness basement units Sanitary all severe - seasonal wetness (true groundwater table) landfill units (area-type) Local roads a.b,c moderate - seasonal wetness; subgrade suitability; potential frost and streets damage d moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; subgrade suitability: potential frost damage Athletic a.b moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost damage; surface coarse fields fragments c moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; potential frost damage: surface coarse fragments d severe - slope Outdoor tent and a,b.c moderate - seasonal wetness living trailer d moderate - seasonal wetness; slope parks picnic all moderate - seasonal wetness areas units 164 Soil units: RS3, RS4, RS5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all moderate Erosion a,b,c slight to none construction units hazards d moderate Equipment all moderate Windthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir, yellow birch, white Capability RS3 - ;D RS4, RS5 - 2: suitability spruce* class *Species of limited suitability. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair to poor unsuitable unsuitable fair Soil features affecting specified engineering uses lJ5e Soil features Pond reservoir 3c-45 cm to slowly permeable layer: seasonal wetness; d-slopes may affect storage capacity area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, low to medium compressibility, low to medium compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics, 15-25s coarse fragments of hard rock Drainage seasonal wetness; 3C-45 cm of permeable material over slowly permeable layer: stones may hinder tiling Sprinkler seasonal wetness; 3&45 cm of permeable material over slowly permeable layer irrigation Road location seasonal wetness; potential frost damage; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk LTnified AASHO fragments % Sand 4 Silt & Clay Perm water P* Cl11 density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm (Hz01 t&40 0.9@~1.20 5520 4&60 30-40 lo-25 >5.0 0.2sO.25 4.c5.0 40s I .75-l .95 SM-SC A-4 15-35 4G55 25-40 2630 0.1-0.5 co. 10 4.5-5.5 165 Soil units: RS6, RS7 Area: 19 412 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly drained, deep, yellowish brown, acid, fine-textured soils, moderate in natural fertility, which have formed in deposits of compact till (or possibly water-worked compact till), derived mainly from granitic, metamorphic (gneiss. schist, and others), and some volcanic rocks. These soils consist of 20-35 cm of relatively loose, permeable sandy loam to loam material over a weakly developed, firm, brittle (when dry), slowly permeable. noncontinuous, sandy loam to sandy clay loam fragipan (hardpan) that is 2S40 cm thick. Firmness of the fragipan is dependent on moisture content and so with the off-drainage of these soils, the fragipan is hard to differentiate from the underlying dense, compact, slowly permeable loam to sandy clay loam or clay loam subsoil. Coarse fragments of hard granitic, metamorphic, and volcanic rock make up 525% usually increasing in abundance with depth. These soils usually occupy depressions and lower slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape. Farmland, community development. and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - shallow depth to a slowly permeable layer in combination 5DW Crops units with excessive wetness Vegetable all unsuitable - shallow depth to a slowly permeable layer in combination crops units with excessive wetness Septic all severe - prolonged wetness; slow permeability tanks units Housing with all severe - prolonged wetness; potential frost damage basement units without all severe - prolonged wetness; potential frost damage basement units Sanitary all severe - prolonged wetness (true groundwater table) landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - prolonged wetness; potential frost damage and streets units Athletic all severe - prolonged wetness; potential frost damage Fields units Outdoor tent and all severe - prolonged wetness living trailer units parks picnic all severe - prolonged wetness areas units Soil units: RS6, RS7 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all moderate (severe) Windthrow all moderate-severe limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir Capability 5: bs suitability class Note: Parentheses indicate seasonal variation Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor to fan unsuitable unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses U\e Soil features Pond reservoir 20-35 cm to a slow,ly permeable layer: prolonged wetness area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength. low to medium compressibility. low to medium compacted permeability. fair to good compaction characteristics, 15-25s coarse fragment5 of hard rock Drainage prolonged wetness: 20-35 cm of permeable material over a slowly permeable layer; stones may hinder tiling; outlets may be difficult to find Sprinkler prolonged wetness irrigation Road locatIon prolonged wetness; potential frost damage Some physical and chemical properties ?C Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments ‘% Sand c/c Silt 8 Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >o.os 0.05-O 002 10.002 cmihr cm/cm (HzO) &30 0.9&l .20 5-20 40-60 30-40 l&20 >5.0 0.2GO.25 4.&5.0 30+ I .75-l .95 SM-SC A-4 15-35 4l&55 25-40 2&35 0.1-0.5 co. IO 4.5-5.5 167 ___ _ _-.. - - - -- St. Gabriel Association Soil unit: SG2 Area: 1362 ha Description of soil These are predominantly moderately well drained, moderately deep, acid, fine-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in thin deposits of compact till derived mainly from gray green sandstone and red or possibly brown shale, over an easily split Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock. The compact till is usually reddish brown, but occasionally is yellowish brown and it may or may not have a water-worked surface or a surficial mantle of yellowish brown loose till. Total thickness of the soil over bedrock is 50-100 cm. Of this, the surface 2G45 cm is a relatively loose, permeable sandy loam to loam or even clay loam material overlying a dense, compact, extremely slowly permeable loam to sandy clay loam or clay loam subsoil. A fragipan or stone line may be present. Coarse fragments of soft sandstone make up 5-2576 usually increasing in abundance with depth. These soils usually occupy crests or upper slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape. Farmland. community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all severe - depth to compact layer, extremely slow permeability 4D crops units Vegetable all severe - depth to compact layer, extremely slow permeability UOQS units Septic all severe - subsoil permeability, depth to bedrock tanks units Housing with all moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost damage. depth to bedrock basement units without all moderate - potential frost damage basement units Sanitary all severe - depth lo bedrock landfill units (area-type) Local roads a,b,c moderate - seasonal wetness: subgrade suitability, potential frost and streets damage d moderate - seasonal wetness: slope, subgrade suitability, potential frost damage Athletic a.b moderate - depth to bedrock, potential frost damage, surface coarse fields fragments moderate - slope, depth lo bedrock. potential frost damage : severe - slope Outdoor tent and a.b,c slight to none - few or no adverse conditions except for a possible clay living trailer d loam surface texture parks moderate - slope picnic all slight to none - few or no adverse conditions except for a possibly areas units clay loam surface texture Note: These soils are moderately deep phases (5ClOO cm to bedrock) of the moderately well drained member of the Harcourt. Queen. Reece, and Stony Brook associations. 168 Soil unit: SG2 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a.b.c slight to none (moderate) Erosion a.b,c slight to none construction d moderate hazards d moderate Equipment a.b,c,d slight to none Windthrow all moderate limitations hazards units Specie5 black spruce. balsam fir, white spruce, sugar ma- Capability 4: bs suitability pk.* white and yellow birch. beech class *Species of limited suitability. Note: Parentheses indicate seasonal variation Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair unsuitable unsuitable fail Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 5G-100 cm to extremely slowly permeable bedrock; 20-45 cm of permeable surface soil over extremely slowly permeable subsoil; area d-slopes may affect storage capacity Pond embankment limited amount of subsoil-shallow to bedrock; subsoil has medium to low shear strength, low to medium compressibility, low compacted permeability. fair to good compaction characteristics. l&25% coarse fragments of soft sandstone Drainage usually not needed but aids drying out in the spring: 50- 100 cm to bedrock; 20-45 cm of permeable material over extremely slowly permeable subsoil Sprinkler good available water-holding capacity: good infiltration rate: 20-45 cm of permeable material over extremely slowly permeable irrigation subsoil Road location subsoil is potentially erodible; susceptibility to frost damage; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes; 50-100 cm to soft, easily split sandstone bedrock Some physical and chemical properties R Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments ‘% Sand 7~ Silt 9% Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmlhr cm/cm (Hz01 G35 0.90-I .?O - 5-15 40-60 2&40 15-30 >5.0 0.20-0.25 4.0-5.0 35+ 1.75-2.00 SM-SC A-4 l&25 30-50 20-40 20-35 169 Soil units: SG3, SG4, SG5 Area: 3728 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, moderately deep. acid, fine-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in thin deposits of compact till derived mainly from gray green sandstone and red or possibly brown shale, over easily split Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock. The compact till is usually reddish brown, but occasionally is yellowish brown and it may or may not have a water-worked surface or a surficial mantle of yellowish brown loose till. Total thickness of the soil over bedrock is 50-100 cm. Of this, the surface 2S45 cm is a relatively loose, permeable sandy loam to loam or even clay loam material overlying a dense, compact, extremely slowly permeable loam to sandy clay loam or clay loam subsoil. A fragipan or stone line may be present. Coarse fragments of soft sandstone make up 5-25’3 usually increasing in abundance with depth. These soils usually occupy areas on the edges of depressions and middle to lower slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape. Farmland. community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all severe - depth to compact layer; extremely slow permeability: seasonal 4DWR crops units wetness in combination with shallowness to bedrock Vegetable all severe - depth to compact layer; extremely slow permeability; seasonal crops units wetness in combination with shallowness to bedrock Septic all severe - subsod permeability; seasonal wetness; depth to bedrock tanks units Housing with all severe - seasonal wetness basement units without all moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost damage basement units Sanitary all severe - depth to bedrock landfill units (area-type) Local roads a.b,c moderate - seasonal wetness; subgrade suitability; potential frost and streets damage d moderate - seasonal wetness; slope, subgrade suitability; potential frost damage Athletic ah moderate - seasonal wetness; depth to bedrock; potential frost damage fields C moderate - seasonal wetness: slope: depth to bedrock: potential frost damage d severe - slope Outdoor tent and a.b,c moderate - seasonal wetness living trader d moderate - seasonal wetness; slope parks picnic all moderate - seasonal wetness areas units Note: These soils are moderately deep phases (5@100 cm to bedrock) of the imperfectly drained member of the Harcourt, Queens. Reece. and Stony Brook associations. 170 Soil units: SG3, SG4, SG.5 Dqree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all moderate Erosion a.b,c slight to none construction unit5 hazards d moderate Equipment all moderate Windthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce. balsam fir, yellow birch. white Capability x3, SG4 - b;:: suitability spruce* class *Species of limited suitability. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair unsuitable unsuitable fair Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 5t&lOO cm to extremely slowly permeable bedrock: 20-45 cm of permeable material over an extremely slow,ly permeable subsoil; area seasonal wetness; d-slopes may affect storage capacity Pond embankment limited amount of subsoil - shallowness to bedrock; subsoil has medium to low shear strength, low to medium compressibility. low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics. l&25% coarse fragments of soft sandstone Drainage seasonal wetness; 2&45 cm of permeable material over an extremely slowly permeable subsoil; shallowness to bedrock may hinder tiling Sprinkler seasonal wetness; 20-45 cm of permeable maternal over an extremely slowly permeable subsoil: shallowness to bedrock irrigation Road locatton seasonal wetness: potentially erodible subsoil; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes; potential frost damage: 50-100 cm to soft, easily split sandstone bedrock Some physical and chemical properties r/c’ Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHG fragments Q Sand 5% Silt %, Clay Perm. water PH C”1 density class. class. (by vol.) M.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cm/hr cm/cm cHz0) Ok35 0.90-I .20 S-15 400 20-40 15-30 >5.0 0.2&0.25 4.0-5.0 35+ I .7s-2.00 SM-SC A-4 lo-25 30-50 2G-40 2&35 co. 1 10.10 4.5-5.0 171 .__...... _ .._- ._._ -.. - -. _ _. Soil units: SG6, SG7, SG8 Area: 1039 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly and very poorly drained, moderately deep, acid, fine-textured soils low in natural fertility, which have formed in thin deposits of compact till derived mainly from gray green sandstone and red or possibly brown shale, over an easily split Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock. The compact till is usually reddish brown, but occasionally is yellowish brown and it may or may not have a water-worked surface or a surficial mantle of yellowish brown loose till. Total thickness of the soil over bedrock is 50-100 cm. Of this, the surface 2G45 cm is a relatively loose, permeable sandy loam to loam or even clay loam material overlying a dense, compact, extremely slowly permeable loam to sandy clay loam or clay loam subsoil. A fragipan or stone line may be present. Coarse fragments of soft sandstone make up 5-25s usually increasing in abundance with depth. These soils usually occupy depressions and lower slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - depth to compact layer; extremely slow permeability and SWR crops units excessive wetness in combination with shallowness to bedrock Vegetable all unsuitable - depth to compact layer: extremely slow permeability and crops units excessive wetness in combination with shallowness to bedrock Septic all unsuitable - extremely slow permeability: prolonged wetness; depth to tanks units bedrock Housing with all severe (SG6. SG7) - prolonged wetness; potential frost damage basement units unsuitable (SC%) - permanently wet without all severe (SG6. SG7) - prolonged wetness; potential frost damage basement units unsuitable (SG8) - permanently wet Sanitary all severe - prolonged wetness; depth to bedrock landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - prolonged w’etness; potential frost damage and streets units Athletic all severe (SG6, SG7) - prolonged wetness; potential frost damage fields units unsuitable (SG8) - permanently wet Outdoor tent and all severe (SG6. SG7)- prolonged wetness living trailer units unsuitable (SG8) - permanently wet parks picnic all severe(SG6, SG7) - prolonged wetness areas units unsuitable (SG8) - permanently wet Note: These soils are moderately deep phases (5&100 cm to bedrock) of the poorly and very poorly drained members of the Harcourt. Queens. Reece. and Stony Brook associations. 172 Soil units: SG6, SG7, SG8 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all moderate 1o severe Windthrow all moderate-severe limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir Capability SG6 - b’: SG7. SC8 - ;w suitability class Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair unsuitable unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir SO-100 cm to extremely slowly permeable bedrock: 20-45 cm of permeable material over an extremely slowly permeable layer: area prolonged wetness Pond embankment limited amount of subsoil - shallow to bedrock; subsoil has medium to low shear strength, low to medium compressibility, low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics, l&25’% coarse fragments of soft sandstone Drainage prolonged wetness; 5& IOOcm to bedrock; 2&45 cm of permeable material over an extremely slowly permeable layer; shallowness to bedrock may hinder tiling; outlets difficult to find Sprinkler prolonged xvetness irrigation Road location prolonged wetness: potentially erodible subsoil; potential frost damage: 5GlOO cm to soft, easily split sandstone bedrock Some physical and chemical properties 9 Coarse Soil (12 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt c/c Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol. ) >o.os 0.05-0.002 10.002 cmihr cm/cm CHzO) o-30 0.9Gl.20 - 5-15 40-60 20-40 15-30 >5.0 0.20-0.25 4.0-5.0 30+ I .75%2.00 SM-SC A-4 IS-25 30-50 2&40 2&35 co. I co. IO 4.5-5.0 173 Stony Brook Association Soil unit: SB2 Area: 1660 ha Description of soil These are predominantly moderately well drained, deep, reddish brown, acid. fine-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in compact till deposits derived mainly from red shale and gray green sandstone. These soils usually have 3045 cm of relatively loose, permeable, sandy loam to clay loam surface material over a dense compact, extremely slowly permeable loam to clay loam or sandy clay loam. Coarse fragments of soft sandstone make up 5-2596, usually increasing in abundance with depth. These soils usually occupy crests or upper slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all severe - shallow depth to compact layer; extremely slow permeability 4D crops units Vegetable all severe - shallow depth to compact layer. extremely slow permeability, crops units surface texture if clay loam Septic all severe - extremely slowly permeable subsotl tanks units Housing with all moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost damage basement units without all moderate - potential frost damage basement units Sanitary all moderate ~ seasonal wetness: subsoil texture if clay loam landfill units (area-type) Local roads a,b,c moderate - seasonal wetness; subgrade suitability; potential frost and streets damage d moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; subgrade suitability: potential frost damage Athletic a,b moderate - potential frost damage; surface texture: surface coarse fields fragments C moderate - potential frost damage; slope: surface texture: surface coarse fragments d severe - slope Outdoor tent and a,b.c slight to none - few or no adverse conditions but downgrade to living trailer moderate if clay loam surface texture parks d moderate - slope picnic all slight to none - few or no adverse conditions but downgrade to areas units moderate if clay loam surface texture 174 Soil unit: SEI2 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a.b.c slight to none Erosion a,b.c slight to none construction d (moderate) moderate hazards d moderate Equipment a,b,c,d slight to none Windthrow all moderate limitation5 hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir, white spruce, sugar ma- Capability 4; bs suitability pie, white and yellow birch, beech class Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair unsuitable unsuitable fair Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 3&45 cm to extremely slowly permeable subsoil; d-slopes may affect storage capacity area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength; low to medium compressibility; low compacted permeability; fair to good compaction characteristics; l&25% coarse fragments (soft sandstone) Drainage usually not needed but may speed up drying out in the spring; 3g-45 cm to extremely slowly permeable subsoil Sprinkler good available water-holding capacity; good infiltration rate; 30-45 cm of permeable surface soil over extremely slowly permeable irrigation subsoil Road location subsoil is potentially erodible; susceptibility to frost damage: cuts and fills necessary on d-slopes Some physical and chemical properties 7% Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragment5 B Sand % Silt 5% Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmlhr cm/cm (HO O-40 1.00-1.20 5-15 40-55 25-40 2@35 >5.0 0.20-0.25 4.s5.0 40-t 1.75-1.90 SM-SC A-4 l&25 3&45 25-40 25-35 co. 1 -co. IO 4.5-5.0 17.5 Soil units: SB3, SB4, SB5 Area: 3484 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, deep, reddish brown, acid, fine-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in compact till deposits derived mainly from red shale and gray green sandstone. These soils usually have 30-45 cm of relatively loose, permeable, sandy loam to clay loam surface material over a dense compact, extremely slowly permeable loam to clay loam or sandy clay loam. Coarse fragments of soft sandstone make up S-25%, usually increasing in abundance with depth. These soils usually occupy areas on the edges of depressions and middle to lower slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape. Farmland. community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all severe - shallowness to compact layer: extremely slowly permeable 4DW crops units subsoil; seasonal wetness Vegetable all severe - shallowness to compact layer; extremely slowly permeable crops units subsoil; surface texture if clay loam; seasonal wetness Septic all severe - extremely slow permeability; seasonal wetness tanks units Housing with all severe - seasonal wetness basement units without all moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost damage basement units Sanitary all moderate - seasonal wetness; subsoil texture if clay loam landfill units (area-type) Local roads a,b.c moderate - seasonal wetness: subgrade suitability; potential frost and streets damage d moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; subgrade suitability; potential frost damage Athletic a,b moderate - seasonal wetness; surface texture: potential frost damage; fields surface coarse fragments C moderate - seasonal wetness: slope; surface texture; potential frost damage; surface coarse fragments d severe - slope Outdoor tent and a,bs moderate - seasonal wetness; surface texture living trailer d moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; surface texture parks picnic all moderate - seasonal wetness; surface texture areas units 176 Soil units: SB3, SB4, SB5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all moderate Erosion a.h.c slight to none constructmn units hazards d moderate Equipment alI moderate Windthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir. yellow birch, white Capability SB3, SB4 - b;:: SB5 - b”,: suitability spruce* class ‘Species of limited suitabIlity Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair unsuitable unsuitable fair Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Soil features Pond reservou 3G45 cm to extremely slowly permeable subsoil; d-slopes may affect storage capacity; seasonal wetness area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength. low to medium compressibility, low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics. IO-258 coarse fragments (soft sandstone) Drainage seasonal wetness; X&45 cm of permeable surface soil over extremely slowly permeable subsoil: stones may hinder tiling Sprinkler seasonal wetness; 3G-45 cm to extremely slowly permeable subsoil irrigation Road location seasonal wetness: subsoil is potentially erodible; potential moderate frost damage; cuts and fill may be necessary on d-slopes Some physical and chemical properties 5%Coarse Soil (12 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand 9 Silt c/c Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol. ) Xl.05 0.05-0.002 co.002 cm:hr cm/cm CH@) c-40 1.0~1.20 5-15 4G-55 25-40 20-35 >5.0 0.20-0.25 4.0-5.0 40; I .75-l .90 SM-SC A-4 lo-25 30-45 25-40 25-35 co. I 177 Soil units: SB6. SB7 Area: 14 390 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly drained, deep, reddish brown, acid, fine-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in compact till deposits derived mainly from red shale and gray green sandstone. These soils usually have 30-40 cm of relatively loose, permeable, sandy loam to clay loam surface material over a dense compact, extremely slowly permeable loam to clay loam or sandy clay loam. Coarse fragments of soft sandstone make up 5-25%, usually increasing in abundance with depth. These soils usually occupy depressions and lower slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - combined effect of shallowness to compact layer; 5WD crops units extremely slowly permeable subsoil: excessive wetness Vegetable all unsuitable - combined effect of shallowness to compact layer; crops units extremely slowly permeable subsoil; excessive wetness Septic all severe - prolonged wetness; extremely slow permeability tanks units Housing with all severe - prolonged wetness: potential frost damage basement units without all severe - prolonged wetness; potential frost damage basement units Sanitary all moderate - prolonged wetness landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - prolonged wetness; potential frost damage and streets units Athletic all severe - prolonged wetness: potential frost damage fields units Outdoor tent and all severe - prolonged wetness living trailer units parks picnic a11 severe - prolonged wnetness areas units 178 Soil units: $36, SB7 Degree of limitations affectmg woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all moderate (severe) Windthrow all moderate-severe limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir Capability SB7 - b;w sunability class Note: Parentheses indicate seasonal variation. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair unsuitable unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engtneering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 3&40 cm to extremely slow,ly permeable subsotl: prolonged wetness area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, low to medium compressibility, low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics, 1@25’% coarse fragments (soft sandstone) Drainage prolonged wetness; 3&40 cm to extremely slowly permeable subsoil; stones may hinder tiling; outlets difficult to find Sprinkler prolonged wetness irrtgation Road location prolonged wetness; potentially erodible subsoil; potential severe frost damage Some physical and chemical properties 8 Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments R Sand % Silt % Clay Perm. water PH Cl27 density class. class. (by vol.) X).05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm C&O) o-35 I .0&l .20 5-15 4G-55 25-40 20-35 >5.0 0.2lso.25 4.ss.o 35+ I .75-l .90 SM-SC A-4 lo-25 36-45 25-40 25-35 179 Soil unit: SE38 Area: 608 ha Description of soil These are predominantly very poorly drained, deep, reddish brown, acid, fine-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in compact till deposits derived mainly from red shale and gray green sandstone. These soils usually have 30-40 cm of relatively loose, permeable, sandy loam to clay loam surface material over a dense compact, extremely slowly permeable loam to clay loam or sandy clay loam. Coarse fragments of soft sandstone make up .5-250/F,usually increasing in abundance with depth. These soils usually occupy depressions and lower slope positions in a slightly undulating to almost level landscape. Farmland. community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable ~ permanently wet 7w crops units Vegetable all unsuitable - permanently wet crops units Septic all unsuitable - permanently wet tanks units Housing with all unsuitable - permanently wet basement units without all unsuitable - permanently wet basement units Sanitary all severe - permanently wet landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - permanently wet; potential frost damage and streets units Athletic all unsuitable - permanently w’et fields units Outdoor tent and all unsuitable - permanently wet living trailer units parks ptcnic all unsuitable - permanently wet areas units 180 Soil unit: SB8 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all severe Windthrow all severe limitations units hazards units Species black spruce.* balsam fir* Capability 6W hs suitability class *Specie\ of limited suitability. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor unsuitable unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses tise Soil features Pond reservoir 3G-40 cm to extremely slowly permeable subsoil; permanentl) wet area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength. low to medium compressibility, low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics. l&25% coarse fragments (soft sandstone) Drainage permanently wet; 3&40 cm to extremely slowly permeable subsoil; stones may hinder tiling: outlets difficult to find Sprinkler permanently wet irrigation Road location permanently wet; potentially erodible subsoil: potential severe frost damage Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand Ic Silt % Clay Perm. water PH C,ll density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 10.002 cm/hr cm/cm (Hz’3 (b-35 I .0&l .20 5-15 4c-55 25-40 2&35 >5.0 [email protected] 4.0-5.0 35+ 1.75-l .90 SM-SC A-4 I o-25 30-45 25-40 25-35 181 - Sunbury Association Soil units: Sl, S2 Area: 15 103 ha Description of soil These are predominantly well to rapidly drained, deep, yellowish brown, acid, coarse-textured soils, low in natural fertility, which have formed in deposits of loose till derived mainly from gray green sandstone. The entire depth of the soil (greater than 100 cm) consists of a relatively loose, permeable to rapidly permeable material, which grades from a sandy loam surface texture into a loamy sand to sandy loam subsoil. Coarse fragments of flat. platelike. soft sandstone make up IO-30 or even 40%, usually increasing in abundance with depth. Surface stones are common. These soils usually occupy crests and upper slope positions in an undulating to gently rolling landscape. They are also commonly found along stream and river courses. Farmland. community development. and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a.b.c.d severe - combined effect of fertility, draughtiness and subsurface 3PM crops stoniness problems 5PT e.f unsuitable - slope 7T Vegetable a.b,c,d severe - combined effect of fertility. draughtiness, and surface coarse crops fragment problems e,f unsuttable - slope Septic a.b,c,d slight to none - few or no adverse conditions (downgrade to moderate tanks if stoniness 3) moderate ~- slope ; severe - slope Housing with a.b,c,d slight to none - few or no adverse conditions with the possible basement exception of potential frost damage moderate - slope ; severe - slope without a,b,c,d slight to none - few or no adverse conditions with the possible basement exception of potential frost damage e moderate - slope f severe - slope Sanitary all severe - poasibility of groundwater contamination due to permeability iandfill units of subsoil (possibly slope) (area-type) Local roads a.b,c slight to none - few or no adverse conditions with the possible and streets exception of potential frost damage d.e moderate - slope f severe or unsuitable - slope Athletic a.b moderate - moisture deficiency; surface coarse fragments fields moderate - slope. moisture deficiency; surface coarse fragments i severe - slope e,f unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a,b,c moderate - moisture deficiency living trailer d moderate - slope; moisture deficiency parks e severe - slope f unsuitable - slope picnic a.b,c.d unsuitable - moisture deficiency areas e unsuitable - slope; moisture deficiency f severe - slope 182 Soil units: Sl, S2 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a.b.c slight to none Erosion a,b,c,d slight to none construction d,e moderate hazards e,f moderate f severe Equipment a,b.c.d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limitations e.f moderate hazards un1t5 Species jack pine, red pine. eastern white pine, sugar ma- Capability 4L sunability pie.* beech. white birch, black spruce class jp *Species of limited suitability. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair to poor unsuitable poor good (max. 1.5% slope) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir permeable subsoil: greater than 100 cm to either a w’ater table or bedrock area Pond embankment subsoil has high to medium shear strength, low compressibility, high to medium compacted permeability, good to fair compaction characteristics, 2@35% coarse fragments of soft sandstone Drainage not needed: permeable soil Sprinkler fair water-holding capacity; very good infiltration rate: permeable subsoil: may be stony irrtgation Road locatron may be stony; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes and steeper Some physical and chemtcal properties Ir Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments 7~ Sand Ic Silt 9i Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol. j >0.05 0.05-0.002 ‘co.002 cmlhr cm/cm (Hz01 O-40 1.0(&1.15 I t&20 60-80 I c-30 7-14 >20.0 0.1&O. I5 4.c-5.0 40 + 1.45-1.70 GW-GM A-l 2&35 7&85 l&25 6-12 5.0-10.0 0.10-0.15 4.5-5.0 or SW-SM AT2 183 Soil units: 53, S4, 55 Area: 7864 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, deep, yellowish brown, acid, coarse-textured soils low in natural fertility, which have formed in deposits of loose till derived mainly from gray green sandstone. The entire depth of the soil (greater than 100 cm) consists of a relatively loose, permeable to rapidly permeable material, which grades from a sandy loam surface texture into a loamy sand to sandy loam subsoil. Coarse fragments of flat, platelike soft sandstone make up IS-30 or even 4070, usually increasing in abundance with depth. Surface stones are common. These soils usually occupy areas on the edges of depressions and middle to lower slope positions in an undulating to gently rolling landscape. They are also commonly found along stream and river courses. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a,b,c,d severe - combined effect of fertility. subsurface stoniness. and 4PW CrOpS seasonal wetness problems 5PT e unsuitable - slope Vegetable a,b,c,d severe - combined effect of fertility, surface coarse fragments and crops seasonal u’etness problems e unsuitable - slope Septic all severe ~ seasonal wetness tanks units Housing with a,b,c,d severe - seasonal wetnesb basement e severe - seasonal wetness: slope without a.b,c.d moderate - seasonal wetness basement e moderate - seasonal w’etness: slope Sanitary all severe - seasonal wetness and subsoil permeability or both might result landfill unit5 in groundwater contamination (area-type) Local roads a.b,c moderate - seasonal wetness and streets d.e moderate - seasonal wetness; slope Athletic a.b moderate - sea5onal wetness; surface coarse fragments fields moderate - seasonal wetness; slope; surface coarse fragments fr severe ~ slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a.b,c moderate - seasonal wetness living trailer d moderate - seasonal wetness; slope parks e Severe - slope picnic a,b,c,d moderate - 5easonal wetness areas e moderate - seasonal wetness; slope 184 Soil units: S3, S4, S5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a.b.c slight to none Erosion a.b,c.d slight to none construction d.e moderate hazards e moderate Equrpment a.b.c.d slight to none Windthrow all slight to none limltation~ e moderate hazards units Species jack pine, red pine, eastern white pine. black Capability s3 -j”, s4, s5 - b;:: suitability spruce. balsam fir. yellow birch class Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair to poor unsuitable poor fair (max. 15% slope) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir permeable subsoil; seasonal wetness area Pond embankment subsoil has high to medium shear strength, low compressibility, high to medium compacted permeability, good to fair compaction characteristics, 2&35% coarse fragments of soft sandstone Drainage seasonal wetness; greater than 100 cm of permeable material; stones may hinder tile laying Sprmkfcr seasonal wetness (usually not needed) but good infiltration rate: fair water-holding capacity: permeable subsoil: may be stony irrigation Road location may be stony: cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes and steeper; seasonal wetness Some physical and chemical properties 5% Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments “Ir Sand 9% Silt 5% Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 10.002 cmlhr cm/cm (HzO) o-40 l.OO-1.1. l&20 60-80 I@30 7-14 >20.0 0.1&0.15 4.0-5.0 40+ I .45-I .70 GW-SM A-l 2s3.5 70-8.5 IS-25 &I2 5.0-10.0 0.10-0.15 4.5-5.0 or SWofM A-2 ,, ,,,,, “. “. ,. .,,. I( Soil units: S6, S7 Area: 1496 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly drained, deep, yellowish brown, acid, coarse-textured soils low in natural fertility, which have formed in deposits of loose till derived mainly from gray green sandstone. The entire depth of the soil (greater than 100 cm) consists of a relatively loose, permeable to.rapidly permeable material, which grades from a sandy loam surface texture into a loamy sand to sandy loam subsoil. Coarse fragments of flat, platelike soft sandstone make up 10-30 or even 4096, usually increasing in abundance with depth. Surface stones are common. These soils usually occupy depressions or lower slope positions in an undulating to gently rolling landscape. Farmland. community development, and recreation uses CL1 U\e Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - combined effect of excessive wetness and fertility 5*F crops units problems Vegetable all unsuitable - combined effect of excessxve wetness and fertility crops units problems and possibly surface coarse fragments Septic all severe - prolonged wetness tanks units Housing with all severe - prolonged wetness basement units without all severe - prolonged wetness basement units Sanitary all unsuitable - prolonged wetness combined with subsoil permeability landfill units result in potential pollution problem (area-type) Local roads all severe - prolonged wetness; possibly slope and streets units Athletic a,b.c severe - prolonged wetness fields d severe - prolonged wetness: slope Outdoor tent and all severe - prolonged wetness livmg trailer units parks picnic all severe - prolonged wetness areas units 186 Soil units: S6, S7 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all moderate Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all moderate Wmdthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir Capability SW bs suitability class Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill poor to fair unsuitable poor poor (max. 15% slope) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir prolonged wetness; permeable subsotl at-ea Pond embankment subsoil has high to medium shear strength. low compressibility, high to medium compacted permeability, good to fair compaction characteristics, 2&X9? coarse fragments of soft sandstone Drainage prolonged wetness; permeable throughout; stones may hinder tile laying; drainage outlets difficult to find Sprmkler prolonged wetness irrtgatrnn Road location prolonged wetness: possibly stony Some phystcal and chemical properties R Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments Ic Sand R Silt gr Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm (HzO) o-40 [email protected] l&20 ho-80 It&30 7-14 >20.0 0. IO-O. I5 4.c5.0 30+ 1.45-I .70 GW-GM A-l 20-35 7G-85 lo-25 6-12 5.cLlO.O 0.10-0.15 4.5-5.0 or SWSM A:? 187 Tracadie Association Soil units: TD3, TD4, TD5 Area: 184 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, deep, dusky red, clayey-textured soils, moderate in natural fertility, which have formed in compact marine deposits derived mainly from red shale and lesser amounts of red sandstone. The soil pH usually increases with depth from an acid surface to neutral at the I-m level and becomes strongly calcareous at 1OO- 150 cm below the surface. There are about 25-40 cm of relatively loose, permeable loam to silty clay loam surface material over a dense, compact, extremely slowly permeable silty clay loam to silty clay subsoil. Except for the occasional rounded soft sandstone gravel fragments (less than 1%) there are no coarse fragments. These soils occupy middle to lower slope positions and are most commonly found along or close to tidal rivers, which are associated with varying degrees of slope from almost level to moderately rolling. Farmland, cotnmunity development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a.b,c.d severe - shallowness to compact layer: extremely slowly permeable; 4DW crops seasonal wetness e severe - shallowness to compact layer; extremely slowly permeable; 4DT seasonal wetness; slope Vegetable all unsuitable - shallowness to compact layer; extremely slowly permeable crops units subsoil: seasonal wetness Septic all severe - extremely slowly permeable; seasonal wetness tanks units Housing with all severe - seasonal wetness basement units without a.b,c.d moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost and shrink-swell damage basement e moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost and shrink-swell damage; slope Sanitary all moderate - seasonal wetness; subsoil texture (downgrade to severe if landfill units silty clay) (area-type) Local roads a.b.c moderate to severe - seasonal wetness; subgrade suitability; potential and streets frost and shrink-swell damage de moderate to severe - seasonal wetness; subgrade suitability; potential frost and shrink-swell damage; slope Athletic a.b moderate - seasonal wetness; surface texture; potential frost action fields c moderate ~ seasonal wetness; surface texture: potential frost action; slope d severe - slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a,b.c moderate - surface texture; seasonal wetness living trailer d moderate - seasonal wetness; surface texture; slope parks e severe - slope picnic a,b,c.d moderate - seasonal wetness; surface texture areas e moderate - seasonal wetness; surface texture; slope Soil units: TD3, TD4, TD5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe-moderate Erosion a.b,c slight to none construction units hazards d moderate e severe Equipment all moderate (severe) Windthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce. balsam fir, white spruce* Capability TD3, TD4 - b$ TD5 - 5: bs suitability class >.Species of limited suitability. Note: Parentheses indicate seasonal variation Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair unsuitable unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 2&40 cm to an extremely slowly permeable subsoil; seasonal wetness; d-slope and steeper may affect storage capacity area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, medium compressibility, low compacted permeability, fair compaction characteristics. clayey material is difficult to work Dramage seasonal wetness: 2G40 cm of permeable surface soil over an extremely slowly permeable subsoil Sprmkler seasonal wetness irrigation Road location seasonal wetness; potentially erodible: susceptible to shrink-swell and frost action: clayey material is difficult to work; cuts and fill necessary on d-slopes and steeper Some physical and chemical properties Ir Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand 9% Silt 7~ Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >o.os 0.05-0.002 10.002 cmlhr cm/cm (Hz01 (&30 I [email protected] 189 Soil units: TD6, TD7 Area: 1007 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly drained, deep, dusky red, clayey-textured soils, moderate in natural fertility, which have formed in compact marine deposits derived mainly from red shale and lesser amounts of red sandstone. The soil pH usually increases with depth from an acid surface to.neutral at the l-m level. There are about 20-35 cm of relatively loose, permeable loam to silty clay loam surface material over a dense compact extremely slowly permeable silty clay loam to silty clay subsoil. Except for the occasional rounded soft sandstone gravel fragments (less than 1 c/o), there are no coarse fragments. These soils occupy depressions and lower slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape and are most commonly found along or close to tidal rivers. Farmland. community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - combined effect of prolonged w’etness; shallowness to 5WD crops units compact layer: and extremely slow permeability Vegetable all unsuitable - combined effect of prolonged wetness; shallowness to crops units compact layer: and extremely slow permeability Septic all severe ~ prolonged wetness; extremely slowly permeable subsoil tanks umts Housing with all severe - prolonged wetness: potential frost and shrink-swell damage basement units without all severe - prolonged wetness: potential frost and shrink-swell damage basement units Sanitary all moderate ~ prolonged wetness; subsoil texture (downgrade to severe if landfill units silty clay) (area-type) Local roads all severe - prolonged wetness (subgrade suitability) and streets units Athletic all severe - prolonged wetness fields units Outdoor tent and all severe - prolonged wetness living trailer units parks picnic all severe - prolonged wetness areah units 190 Soil units: TD6, TD7 Degree of ltmitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion a,b.c slight to none construction units hazards d moderate Equipment all severe Windthrow all severe to moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir Capability TD6- 5W TD7 - 6W suitability class bs bs Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair to poor unsuttable unsuitable poor Sod features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir prolonged wetness; 2&40 cm to an extremely slowly permeable layer area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength. medium compressibility, low compacted permeability. fair compaction characteristics, clayey material is difficult to work Drainage prolonged wetness; 20-40 cm of permeable material over an extremely slowly permeable subsoil; outlets may be difficult to find Sprinkler prolonged wetness irrigation Road location prolonged wetness; potentially erodible: potential frost and shrink-swell damage; clayey material is difficult to work Some physical and chemical properties B Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments 8 Sand 8 Silt W Clay Perm water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 co.002 cmihr cm/cm (H,O) t&30 1.0&1.30 11% I t&40 4@70 15-30 >5.0 0.2cO.25 4.5-5.5 30+ I .70-2.00 CL-ML A-4 191 Upper Caraquet Association Soil unit: UC2 Area: 520 ha Description of soil These are predominantly well to moderately well drained, deep, acid soils, low to moderate in natural fertility, which have formed in a moderately thin surficial mantle of glacial marine-deposited sandy material derived mainly from gray green sandstone over a clayey-textured marine-deposited material derived mainly from brown shale. The upper material is olive brown, loose, rapidly permeable, loamy sand to sandy loam material 2&50 cm thick and is free of coarse fragments (less than 2% gravel). The second or lower material is yellowish brown. compact, extremely slowly permeable silty clay loam and is also free of coarse fragments, except for some sandstone gravel fragments. These soils usually occupy crests and upper slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape and typically are found near the coast. Farmland. commumty development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a,b.c.d severe ~ depth to compact subsoil; subsoil extremely slowly permeable 4D CWPS e severe - depth to compact subsoil; subsoil extremely slowly permeable; 4DT slope Vegetable a.b.c severe - depth to compact subsoil; subsoil extremely slowly permeable crops d, part severe - depth to compact subsoil: subsoil extremely slowly permeable: slope Septic all severe - extremely slowly permeable subsoil tanks units Housing with a.b.c.d moderate - potential frost damage: shrink-swell potential damage; basement seasonal wetnes5 e moderate - potential frost damage; shrink-swell potential damage; seasonal wetness: slope without a,b.c,d moderate - potential frost damage; shrink-swell potential damage basement e moderate - potential frost damage: shrink-swell potential damage: slope Sanitary a,b,c.d moderate - seasonal wetness; subsoil texture landfill e moderate - seasonal wetness; subsoil texture. slope (area-type) Local roads a.b,c moderate - subgrade suitability; potential shrink-swell damage; and streets potential frost damage de moderate - subgrade suitability; potential shrink-swell damage; potential frost damage; slope Athletic a.b moderate - potential frost damage; surface texture if loamy sand fields moderate - potential frost damage; surface texture if loamy sand; slope zi severe - slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a.b,c slight to none - few or no adverse conditions (downgrade if loamy living trailer sand surface texture) parks d moderate - slope, surface texture if loamy sand e severe - slope picnic a.b.c,d slight to none - few or no adverse conditions (downgrade if loamy areas sand surface texture) e moderate - slope Note: These are shallow phases (2G50 cm to marine clay) of the drained member of the Richibucto association. 192 Soil unit: UC2 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road a,b,c,d.e moderate Erosion a.b,c slight to none construction hazards d moderate severe Equipment a,b,c,d slight to none Windthrow all moderate limitations e moderate hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir, white spruce, white birch, Capability 4D bs suuability sugar maple,* beech class *Species of limited suitability. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair poor unsuitable fair to poor (poor if loamy sand) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir extremely slowly permeable subsoil 2&50 cm from the surface; d-slopes and steeper may affect storage capacity area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, medium compressibility: low compacted permeability, and fair to good compaction characteristics; moderate shrink-swell potential Drainage usually not needed but speeds up drying out in the spring; 2&50 cm of rapidly permeable material over an extremely slowly permeable subsoil Sprinkler 2G50 cm to a relatively impermeable layer: very good infiltration rate but only fair water-holding capacity in the surface soil irrigation Road location subsoil is potentially erodible and susceptible to frost action; trafficability could be a problem Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt % Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cm/hr cm/cm (W’) a-35 1.20-1.40 - - <2 7&95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 0.1~0.15 4.c5.0 35+ 1.7&1.90 ML-CL A-4 or <2 2-10 45-65 30-45 co.1 193 ..-.. - . ..--..- .^ .-- -- Soil units: UC3, UC4, UC5 Area: 537 ha Description of soil These are predominantly imperfectly drained, deep, acid soils. low to moderate in natural fertility, which have formed in a moderately thin surficial mantle of glacial marine-deposited sandy material derived mainly from gray green sandstone over a clayey-textured marine-deposited material derived mainly from brown shale. The upper material is olive brown, loose, rapidly permeable, loamy sand to sandy loam material, 20-50 cm thick that is free of coarse fragments (less than 2% gravel). The second or lower material is yellowish brown, compact, slowly permeable silty clay to silty clay loam and is also free of coarse fragments, except for some sandstone gravel fragments. These soils usually occupy areas on the edge of depressions and middle to lower slope positions in an undulating to almost level landscape and are typically found near the coast. Farmland, community development. and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field a.b,c,d severe - depth to compact subsoil: extremely slowly permeable; 4DW crops seasonal wetness Vegetable all severe - depth to compact subsoil; extremely slowly permeable crops units seasonal wetness: slope if 5-12’70 Septic all severe - extremely slowly permeable subsoil: seasonal wetness tanks units Housing with all severe - seasonal wetness basement units without a.b,c.d moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost damage; shrink-swell basement potential damage Sanitary all moderate - seasonal wetness; subsoil texture landfill units (area-type) Local roads a,bs moderate - seasonal wetness; subgrade suitability; shrink-swell and streets potential damage; potential frost action d moderate - seasonal wetness; subgrade suitability; shrink-swell potential damage; potential frost action; slope Athletic a,b moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost action; surface texture if fields loamy sand C moderate - seasonal wetness; potential frost action; surface texture if loamy sand; slope d severe - slope Outdoor tent and a,b,c moderate - seasonal wetness: surface texture if loamy sand living trailer d moderate - seasonal wetness; surface texture if loamy sand; slope parks picnic a.b.c.d moderate - seasonal wetness; surface texture if loamy sand areas Note: These are shallow phases (2&50 cm to marine clay) of the imperfectly drained member of the Richibucto association 194 Soil units: UC3, UC4, UC5 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe-moderate Erosion a.b,c slight to none construction units hazards d moderate Equipment all moderate (severe) Windthrow all moderate limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir, yellow birch. Capability cc3, uc4-m 4;Z UC5 - by class 1 suitability white spruce* “Species of limited suitability. Note: Parentheses indicate seasonal variation Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair poor unsuitable fair to poor (poor if loamy sand) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Lise Soil features Pond reservoir 2&50 cm to an extremely slowly permeable subsoil; seasonal w’etness: d-slopes and steeper may reduce storage capacity. area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, medium compressiblity, low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteris- tics. and a moderate shrink-swell potential Drainage seasonal wetness: 2&50 cm of permeable material over an extremely slowly permeable subsoil Sprinkler seasonal wetness; needs drainage first irrigation Road location subsoil is potentially erodible: susceptible to frost action and has a moderate shrink-swell potential; seasonal wetness: possible trafficability problem i Some physical and chemical properties 5% Coarse Soil (12 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt 9% Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmlhr cmicm (HzO) &35 1.2~l.40 <2 70-95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 0.1~0.15 4.c5.0 35 1.70-1.90 ML-CL A-4 <2 2-10 45-65 30-45 co. I co. IO 5.c5.5 195 Soil units: UC6, UC7 Area: 1777 ha Description of soil These are predominantly poorly drained, deep, acid soils, low to moderate in natural fertility, which have formed in a moderately thin surficial mantle of glacial marine-deposited sandy material derived mainly from gray green sandstone over a clayey-textured marine-deposited material derived mainly from brown shale. The upper material is olive brown, loose, rapidly permeable, loamy sand to sandy loam material, 2C.50 cm thick that is free of coarse fragments (less than 2% gravel). The second or lower material is yellowish brown, compact, extremely slowly permeable silty clay to silty clay loam and is also free of coarse fragments, except for some sandstone gravel fragments. These soils usually occupy depressions and lower slope positions in an almost level to slightly undulating landscape and are typically found near the coast. Farmland. community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - depth to compact layer; extremely slowly permeable; 5WD crops units excessive wetness Vegetable all unsuitable - depth to compact layer; extremely slowly permeable; crops units excessive wetness Septic all severe - extremely slowly permeable: prolonged wetness tanks units Housing with all severe - prolonged wetness basement units without all severe - prolonged wetness basement units Sanitary all moderate - prolonged wetness; subsoil texture landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - prolonged wetness; subgrade instability and streets units Athletic a,b,c severe - prolonged wetness fields d severe - prolonged wetness; slope e unsuitable - slope Outdoor tent and a\! severe - prolonged wetness living trailer units parks picnic all severe - prolonged wetness areas units Note: These are shallow phases (20-50 cm to marine clay) of the poorly drained member of the Richibucto association 196 Soil units: UC6, UC7 Degree of limitations affectmg woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion a.b.c slight to none construction units hazards Equipment all severe Windthrow all moderate-severe limitations units hazards units Species black spruce, balsam fir Capability UC6 - b”: UC7 - zw suitability class Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill fair poor unsuitable poor (poor if loamy sand) Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservoir 20-50 cm to an extremely slowly permeable subsoil: prolonged wetness area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, medium compressibility. low compacted permeability, fair to good compaction characteristics, and a moderate shrink-swell potential Drainage prolonged wetness; top ZO-50cm are readily permeable but the material below is extremely slowly permeable; outlets may be difficult to find Sprinkler prolonged wetness; needs drainage first irrigation Road location prolonged wetness; subsoil is potentially erodible. susceptible to frost action, and has a moderate shrink-swell potential; expected trafficability problem Some physical and chemical properties c/c Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand 9% Silt % Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.) >0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002 cmihr cm/cm (Hz01 &35 1.20-1.40 <2 70-95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 0.10-0.15 4.0-5.0 35 1.70-1.90 ML-CL A-4 or 12 2-10 45-65 30-45 co. I co. 10 5.s5.5 A-7 197 Soil unit: UC8 Area: 807 ha Description of soil These are predominantly very poorly drained, deep, acid soils, low to moderate in natural fertility, which have formed in a moderately thin surficial mantle of glacial marine-deposited sandy material derived mainly from gray green sandstone over a clayey-textured marine-deposited material derived mainly from brown shale. The upper material is olive brown, loose, rapidly permeable, loamy sand to sandy loam material, 20-50 cm thick that is free of coarse fragments (less than 2% gravel). The second or lower material is yellowish brown, compact. extremely slowly permeable silty clay to silty clay loam and is also free of coarse fragments, except for some sandstone gravel fragments. These soils usually occupy depressions in a level to almost level landscape and are typically found near the coast. Farmland, community development, and recreation uses CL1 Use Slope Degree and kind of limitation capability Field all unsuitable - permanently wet 7W crops units Vegetable all unsuitable - permanently wet crops units Septic all unsuitable - permanently wet tanks units Housing with all unsuitable - permanently wet basement units without all unsuitable - permanently wet basement units Sanitary all severe - permanently wet; subsoil texture if silty clay landfill units (area-type) Local roads all severe - permanently wet; subgrade instability and streets units Athletic all unsuitable - permanently wet fields units Outdoor tent and all unsuitable - permanently wet living trailer units parka picnic all unsuitable - permanently wet areas units Note: These are shallow phases (2&50 cm to marine clay) of the very poorly drained member of the Richibucto association 198 Soil unit: UC8 Degree of limitations affecting woodland uses Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Interpretation Landform Degree of limitation Access road all severe Erosion all slight to none construction units hazards units Equipment all severe Windthrow all severe limitations units hazards units Species black spruce,* balsam ftr* Capability 6W bs suitability class “Species of limited suitability. Suitability of soil as source of material Topsoil Sand Gravel Road fill unsuitable poor unsuitable poor Soil features affecting specified engineering uses Use Soil features Pond reservotr 2s.50 cm to an extremely slowly permeable subsoil area Pond embankment subsoil has medium to low shear strength, medium compressibility, low compacted permeability. fair to good compaction characteristics, and a moderate shrink-swell potential Drainage permanently wet: top 20-50 cm readily permeable but the material below is extremely slowly permeable; outlets may be difficult to find Sprinkler permanently wet; needs irrigation first irrigation Road location permanently wet; subsoil is potentially erodible: susceptible to frost action and has a moderate shrink-swell potential; expected trafficability problem Some physical and chemical properties % Coarse Soil (<2 mm) Available Depth Bulk Unified AASHO fragments % Sand % Silt 8 Clay Perm. water PH cm density class. class. (by vol.1 >0.05 0.05-0.002 co.002 cm/hr cmicm (Hz@ o--35 l.‘&l.40 - 12 7&95 5-15 2-10 >25.0 0.1&O. 15 4.s5.0 35 I .7&l -90 ML-CL A-4 or <2 2-10 45-65 30-45 co. I 10.10 5.0-5.5 A-7 199 CHAPTER FIVE: ENGINEERING DATA, SOIL DESCRIPTIONS, AND ANALYTICAL DATA Engineering test data for soil parent Methods used for soil sampling and analysis are out- materials (Table 18) lined in a manual prepared by a subcommittee of the Canada Soil Survey Committee, Manual on soil sampling und The soil samples collected for engineering tests are methods ofanalysis. McKeague, J. A., ed. Canadian Society usually about 1 m deep from the surface of mineral soil. of Soil Science; 1978. Numbers of these methods are in- Consequently, soils with less than 1 m of unconsolidated dicated in parentheses: mechanical analysis by hydrometer mineral material over bedrock were not tested (i.e., soil units method (2.12); pretreatments to remove organic matter, iron of Baie-du-Vin, Big Hole, Fair Isle, Galloway, and St. oxides, and carbonates (2. I I l), if necessary; bulk density by Gabriel). core method (2.21); for soils with fragipan or ortstein, the The following soil associations in the left column do not paraffin clod method was used (2.23); moisture content and appear in Table 18, because the soil material at 1 m is either retention (2.4); percentage of pore space was calculated from the same as or similar to the soil associations in the list on the the moisture retention data by assuming that the soil particle right. density equaled 2.65 g/cm”; hydraulic conductivity (sat- urated) (2.51) or (2.52); pH water (3.13); CaCI, (3.11); Barrieau Harcourt organic carbon by wet oxidation (3.612); exchangeable ca- Buctouche Harcourt tions by NaCl (3.31); free Fe, Al, and dithionite (3.51), Caraquet Mount Hope oxalate (3.52); and pyrophosphate (3.53). Available phos- Kouchibouguac Richibucto phorus was determined by the dilute H2S04 (0.002 N) Stony Brook Harcourt method described in Soil chemical analysis. Jackson, M. L., Tracadie Fundy NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.; 1958. Upper Caraquet Mount Hope Organic soils, land types, and some minor soil associa- Baie-du-Vin Association tions (i.e., Interval and Lord and Foy) were not tested. The soils listed in Table 18 were analyzed by the Central Soil unit: BV2 Laboratory, Design Branch, Department of Transportation, Location: lat. 46”35’33” long. 64’48’14” New Brunswick, using ASTM.* Parent material: outwash or marine sand (sandy Test procedures were as follows: loam) over an easily split gray green sandstone bedrock Unified classification D2487-69 Slope: 2% AASHO classification D3282-73 Aspect: north Liquid limit D423-72 Elevation: 23 m AMSL Plastic limit D424-72 Drainage: well drained Plastic index D424-72 Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Grain size analysis D422-72 Sieve analysis-stone C136-71 Horizon Depth (cm) Description % pass #200 sieve D1140-71 Ae O-7 IOYR 712; sandy loam to California baring ratio (CBR) Cl 883-73 Specific gravity and absorption loamy sand; weak, medium subangular blocky; friable; -coarse aggregate C127-73 irregular, abrupt; Ae -fine aggregate D854-72 Maximum dry density and percent 2-20 cm; pH 5.0 D698-70 Bf optimum moisture 7-23 7.5YR 516; sandy loam; strong medium granular; very friable; wavy, abrupt; Soil descriptions and analytical data pH 5.0 Bfj 23-41 7.5YR 414; gravelly sandy Descriptions of the major soil units of each map unit loam; weak, coarse (with the exception of Interval soil, owing to limited area) are subangular blocky; very documented in alphabetical order. Many of the descriptions friable; 30% gravel; smooth, are followed by a table of analytical data. There are no abrupt; pH 5.2 descriptions for organic soils and land types, R 41+ easily split green gray The soil description format and terminology used was sandstone bedrock according to the Manual ,for describing soils in the jield. Note: I. Gravel in the Bfj horizon consists of pieces of Dumanski, J., ed. Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6. Land Resource bedrock. Research Institute; 1978. 2. No analytical information available. *‘American Society for Testing and Materials, The annual book of ASTM standards 200 Table 18. Engineering test data for soil parent materials Degree Depth BPasc ?&Pass c*,PdSSR 9f Apparent Bulk Q Water Max dry sop1 ?&Voids Voids % 9c Po1enwdl of sat. C.B P. SOd cm Umfied AASHO LL PL PI No. IO No40 No.ZOU Slh Clay Iwetghted) stone absorbed density PCF. moist. at opt. ram Pomslly lllOlS,“K “Pl at opt. Fundy 90-115 ML-CL A-l (2) 2s I9 6 99 95 71 6 30 39 2.73 109.5 14.0 II.5 0.562 35.9 20 5 68.5 21 Fundy 9GIM) CL A-4 (6) 29 22 7 Iofl 9-Y 41.6 53.0 53.0 2.71 108.5 14 0 II.9 0.557 35 8 20 5 68.2 18 Fundy 90-100 CL A-7-6 f 16) 41 25 I6 IO0 97 88.1 43.1 45.0 2 76 97.0 20.0 II.6 0.776 43.8 28.2 70.5 17 Gagetown loo-120 SP-SM A-l-a 41 IO 5.2 I 3 2 67 2.34 45 121.5 8.0 II 0 0.372 27 I 13.8 57.7 29 Gagetown 90-110 GP A-l-a 32 R 0.4 2.67 2.60 1.5 126.0 3.0 23.3 0.305 23 4 I I.6 25.8 21 Gwmond Rwer 85-l IO SP-SM A-l-b 59 26 6.7 4 3 2.66 2.25 5.u 117.0 12.0 7.1 0417 29.5 15.8 75.3 26 Guimond River w-loo SP A-14 47 14 0.8 2.62 2.28 5.0 122.5 9.0 7.3 0.330 24.8 12.6 72.5 bs HUCOUIY SM A-I (0) 21 17 4 78 69 42.6 13.0 27 0 2.4R 2.10 7.4 118.5 12.0 24 8&100 SM-SC A-2-4 21 16 5 76 66 33.0 9 22 2.70 2.27 5.6 121.0 IO 0 9.0 0.3% 28.5 15.2 67.7 I3 9C~lLhl SM-SC AA (0) 23 I6 7 90 80 43.5 19.5 24.0 2.68 2.26 5.4 118.0 II.5 8.8 0.424 29.7 15.7 73.2 I6 HaPXl”n 90-100 SM-SC AA (0) 21 I5 6 69 62 37.9 20.0 17 Y 2 68 2.21 5.3 120.0 10.0 10.2 0.416 29.4 15.3 65.3 I6 Muunl Hop: 75-w CL A4 0) 29 20 9 63 58 53.8 30 24 2 80 2 61 2.9 122.5 II.0 8.2 0.433 30.1 15.3 71 3 24 Mount Hope B&-90 CL A4 (IO) 33 21 I2 9Y 98 88 I 36 52 2 79 109.5 15.0 10.3 0.588 36.5 20.7 72.2 21 Mount Hop 90-100 CL A-6 (IO) 34 22 I2 loo 98 87.7 37.7 50.0 2.71 I 10.0 II.0 15.7 0.542 35.2 19.8 55.0 33 Re.Xe SM-SC A-i (0) 22 16 5 R2 71 36.7 12.0 23.0 2.76 2.36 6.1 119.5 II.0 I6 Reece 80-90 SM-SC AA (0) 20 I6 4 82 71 36 Y 13 24 2.70 2.44 4.0 121.5 12.0 4.8 0.399 28.4 14.7 83.0 I5 Reece WI00 SC A4 (0) 27 I8 9 74 64 39.0 15.0 24 0 2.66 2.35 4.5 120.0 10.0 8.1 0.377 27 4 14.3 70.0 22 Reec.Z ~100 SMSC A4 (0) 24 17 7 89 78 42.1 20.0 22.1 2.71 2.27 5.0 118.5 10.5 10.4 0.435 30.2 15.9 65.0 9 Rlchibucto SP A-3 100 71 20 05 I.5 99.0 14.5 I5 Richibucto IIU-140 SP A-3 100 87 2.1 2 65 97.0 15.5 17.2 0.706 41.3 26 5 58.7 I7 Richibucto I@&120 SM A-3 99 29 I.1 2.65 97.5 13.5 20. I 0.693 41.0 26.2 48.5 7 Riverbank Y&II0 SP-SM A-3 92 53 65 I.5 5.0 2 67 108.0 12.0 14.6 0.547 35.0 20.2 59.4 I8 Riverbank 9&lLm SP A-3 98 42 I.0 0.5 0.5 2.62 104.0 13.5 14.0 0.564 36.0 21.6 62.4 17 Rogenville 80-95 SM-SC A-4 (0) 24 I9 5 67 54 40.5 I4 26 2.66 2.52 2.6 121.0 II.0 6.4 0.388 28.0 14.5 76.0 I8 Rogersville 90-100 GMCiC A-24 I9 15 4 58 43 27.7 16.7 II.0 2.70 2.68 I.1 125.0 10.0 5.8 0.351 26.0 12.9 72.5 6 Rogenville 9+lcQ CL A4 (2) 24 IS 9 87 76 57.1 34.1 23.0 2.71 2.61 I.8 116.5 12.5 9.0 0.450 31.0 16.6 75.2 I2 Rogersville 9&lca SM-SC AA (0) 23 I6 7 83 42.2 18.4 24.0 2 68 2.36 4.4 118.0 12.0 6.9 0.423 29.7 15.7 76.7 I7 Sunbury SW-SM A-2-4 68 10.7 5.0 3.0 2 58 2.20 6.7 114.5 10.0 41 Sunbury 85-100 GW-GM A-l-a 32 II 4 5.4 6.0 2 63 2.29 5. I Sunbury 85-100 SP-SM A- I-a 24 60 30 30 2 63 2 28 5.2 WVoids at opumum. voids ratm. pomstty. potential moisture. and degree of saturation were calculated from moisture dens”y relauons data. c __-. .-I Baie-du-Vin Association Bhf 3-5 5YR 313; sandy loam; strong. fine subangular Soil unit: BV7 blocky; very friable; wavy, Location: lat. 46”35’41” long. 64”44’26” abrupt, pH 5.2 Parent material: marine or outwash deposited sand Bf 5-30 7.5YR 415; sandy loam; over gray sandstone bedrock weak. medium granular: Slope: 0% very friable; wavy, abrupt; Aspect: N/A* pH 5.2 Elevation: 3 m AMSL B+IIB 30-43 IOYR 4/4 and SYR 414; Drainage: poor gravelly sandy loam; 20% Classification: Orthic Gleysol gravel; weak, fine subangular blocky; friable; Horizon Denth (cm) Description smooth, abrupt; pH 4.6 LFH i-o not described IlBt 43-75 5YR 313; sandy clay loam; Aeei O-10 2.5Y 712 with common, strong, medium subangular medium, distinct lOYR 514 blocky; firm: many clay mottling; loamy sand; films on ped surfaces; moderate. medium, granular: smooth, abrupt; pH 5.0 friable; range 8-15 cm: IIC 75 + 5YR 413: sandy clay loam; wavy, abrupt moderate, coarse platy; firm: Bgl I&28 2.5Y 312 with many, fine, few clay films on ped prominent 1OYR 515 mottles; surface; pH 5.0 loamy sand; weak, medium, Note: I. No analytical information available. granular: very friable; range 15-20 cm; smooth, clear; pH 4.9 Barrieau Association Bg2 28-45 2.5Y 4/4 with many, coarse, prominent IOYR 3/4 Soil unit: BA2 mottling; loamy sand; weak, Location: lat. 46”35’33” long. 64”48’14” fine, subangular blocky; Iirm Parent material: outwash gravelly sandy loam over to friable; range 15-20 cm; a fine loamy lodgment till smooth, clear Slope: 2% R 45 + easily split gray sandstone Aspect: north bedrock Elevation: 24 m AMSL Note: 1. The whole profile is strongly acid. Drainage: well drained 2. No analytical information available. Classification: Eluviated Dystric Brunisol *Not applicable. Horizon Depth (cm) Description Ae o-7 1OYR 712; sandy loam; Barrieau Association weak, medium subangular blocky; friable; Ae 2-20 cm; Soil unit: BA2 irregular, abrupt; pH 5.0 Location: lat. 46”37 ‘47” long. 64”53’03” B fj 7-23 7.5YR 516; sandy loam; Parent material: fine marine sand (or outwash) over strong medium granular: reddish fine loamy lodgment till very friable; wavy, abrupt; Slope: 8% pH 5.0 Aspect: east BC 23-4 7.5YR 414; gravelly sandy Elevation: 8 m AMSL loam; weak, coarse Drainage: well drained subangular blocky; very Classification: Podzolic Gray Luvisol friable; 30% gravel; smooth. abrupt; pH 5.2 Horizon Depth (cm) Description IICg 41-75 5YR 414, many 5Y 413 and LFH 6-O 5YR 2/l; mostly H and F; 5GY 6/l mottles; clay loam; smooth. abrupt; pH 4.5 moderate, coarse subangular Ae &3 5YR 512; sandy loam to blocky; common, moderately loamy sand; weak. fine thick clay films along peds; subangular blocky; friable; pH 5.4 wavy. abrupt: pH 4.8 Note: 1. There is a stone line between BC and IICg, mainly green sandstones with very few shales Soil unit BA2 Mechanical analysis Hy- Sand fraction ‘% Bulk drdulic 0.5- 0.25- O.l- den- Q Pore space 4 Moisture crmduc- Hnri- Depth 2-1 l-0.5 0.25 0. I 0.05 Total Q % Text. sity Macro Micro Total IO cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity Ton cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ H,O HZ0 kPa kPa cmihr Ae o-7 64.8 25.8 9.4 SL Bfj 7-23 71.5 16.4 12.1 SL BC 23-41 73.2 12.2 14.6 SL IQ! 41 25.0 40.2 34.X CL % Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophwphate Available P Horizon cm HZ0 CaCIZ % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al @pm) AC o-7 0.2 0.1 0. I Bfj l-23 I.1 0.2 0.4 SC 23-4 I 0.5 0. I 0.3 IICg 41 0.2 0.2 0.2 Barrieau Association Bgfcc 12-24 5YR 211, inside concretion is 7.5YR 415; gravelly sandy Soil unit: BA7 loam; strong, coarse Location: lat. 46”58’5 I” long. 6.5”06’44” granular; friable; wavy, clear Parent material: marine or outwash sand over fine BCgj 24-43 7.5YR 414 with many, loamy lodgment till medium distinct 7.5YR 5/6 Slope: 0% mottles; gravelly sandy Aspect: N/A loam; moderate, fine Elevation: 17 m AMSL subangular blocky; friable; Drainage: poor smooth, abrupt Classification: Fera Gleysol Kg 43 + 7.5YR 4.513 with many, medium, prominent 7.5YR Horizon Depth (cm) Description 516 and few. fine, prominent LFH 7-o not described 5GY 611 mottles; sandy clay loam to clay loam; weak, Aeg CL12 7.5YR 612 with common, medium. prominent 7.5YR medium platy; firm to very 5/6 mottling; sandy loam; firm weak, fine platy; friable to firm; wavy. abrupt Soil unit BA7 Mechanical analysis Hy- Sand fraction Q Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.25% O.I- den- % Pore space % Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-l l-O.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total 9 % Text. sity Macro Micro Total IO cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity 7on cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ H,O Hz0 kPa kPa cm:hr Bgfcc 12-24 70.9 20.6 8.6 SI ?r Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionatc Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm Hz0 CaClz % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al ( wm) Bgfcc 12-24 2.8 1.2 0.4 203 Big Hole Association Bfl I l-17 6.5YR 517; sandy loam; weak, fine, subangular Soil unit: BH2 blocky; very friable; IO-158 Location: lat. 46”53’39” long. 65”27’lO” coarse fragments-mostly Parent material: shallow coarse loamy ablational gravel with some cobbles: till over easily split sandstone clear, wavy bedrock Bf2 17-24 9YR 5/6; sandy loam to Slope: I .5% loam; common, fine and Aspect: tl0Ktt-t medium, faint 7.5YR 516 Elevation: 30 m AMSL mottles; weak, fine and Drainage: well drained medium subangular blocky: Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol very friable; 15% coarse fragments-mostly gravel Horizon Depth (cm) Description and cobbles; clear, wavy FH 2-o black; dominated by BC 24-40 IOYR 4/4; gravelly loamy charcoal fragments with sand; single grain; loose and some semidecomposed and very friable, but slightly firm well-decomposed organic in situ; 30.40% coarse material fragments-mostly gravel Ae &I I 7.5YR 612.5; loamy sand to and cobbles with a few sandy loam; weak, fine and stones; abrupt, smooth medium, subangular blocky; R 40-t easily split Pennsylvanian friable; 10% coarse sandstone fragments-mostly gravel Note: I. Aside from a few granitic and metamorphic size with a few weathered rocks in the Ae and Bfl horizons, the rest of gneiss and granitic rock the coarse fragments throughout the profile are fragments; abrupt, broken subangular and platy Pennsylvanian sandstone. Soil unit BH2 Mechanical analysis Hy- Sand fraction 7~ Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.255 O.I- den- c% Pore space % Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-1 l-0.5 0.25 0. I 0.05 Total 8 9 Text. sity Macro Micro Total IO cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm.’ Hz0 Hz0 kPa kPa cm/hr. Bfl II-17 6.0 11.4 18.3 12.2 4.9 52.9 35.2 11.9 SL Bf2 I l-24 4.1 9.6 18.7 13.6 5.1 51.2 40.8 8.1 L Ic Free Fe and Al Depth pH org. c Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm HZ0 CaClz % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al (ppm) Bfl II-17 4.4 3.7 4.3 0.3 0. I 2.0 0.1 3.0 1.3 2.0 0.4 0.9 0.6 3.9 Bf2 17-24 4.4 4.1 2.0 0. I 0.0 1.1 0. I 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.4 3.6 204 Big Hole Association weak, fine subangular blocky; loose to very friable; Soil unit: BH4 30-40% coarse Location: lat. 46”53’49” long. 65”27’10” fragments-mostly cobble Parent material: shallow coarse loamy ablational and gravel size till over easily split sandstone R 39+ easily split Pennyslvanian bedrock sandstone Slope: 2% Note: I. The coarse fragments are dominated by Aspect: west subangular and subrounded shapes, and except Elevation: 28 m AMSL for horizons Ae and Bfgj 1, which have a few Drainage: imperfect granitic and metamorphic rocks, the coarse Classification: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol fragments are exclusively Pennsylvanian sandstone. Horizon Depth (cm) Description 2. No analytical information. FH 4-O 2YR 314 plus 2YR 212; mostly semidecomposed and well-decomposed woody Buctouche Association material with many charcoal fragments (produced by a Soil unit: BU2 fire) Location: -lat. 46”39’19” long. 64”45’39” Ae O-13 7.5YR 613; loamy sand; Parent material: marine or outwash sand over fine weak, fine, subangular loamy lodgment till blocky; friable; 10% coarse Slope: 0.5% fragments-mostly cobbles Aspect: east and gravel; abrupt, wavy Elevation: less than 8 m AMSL Bfgjl 13-23 6YR 5/7; sandy loam; many Drainage: well drained fine, faint 7.5YR 516 Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol mottles; weak, fine, subangular blocky; friable, Horizon Depth (cm) Description but with approximately 10% AP O-27 1OYR 4.514; fine loamy sand by volume weakly cemented; to sandy loam; moderate, 20% coarse fine and medium granular; fragments-mostly cobble very friable; abrupt, smooth and gravel size; clear, wavy Ae 27-29 7.5YR 612; fine loamy sand; (there is a very thin weak, fine granular; very discontinuous layer of friable; abrupt, broken 2.5YR 314 between horizons Bf 29-47 7.5YR 516; fine loamy sand Bfgjl and Ae) to sandy loam; moderate, Bfgj2 23-30 7.5YR 515.5; sandy loam to fine subangular blocky; very loamy sand; many fine, friable; abrupt wavy distinct 7.5YR 514 and a few BC 47-53 8.5YR 514; fine loamy sand; fine, distinct 5YR 517 moderate, fine and medium, mottles; very weak, fine, subangular blocky; very subangular blocky; friable; friable; abrupt, smooth 25% coarse IIC 53-100 5YR 414; sandy clay loam; fragments-mostly cobble moderate to strong, medium, and gravel size; clear, platy or subangular blocky; smooth very firm BC 30-39 1OYR 4/4; gravelly loamy Note: 1. Very strongly acid to strongly acid throughout sand; single grain to very the profile. 205 Soil unit BU2 Mechanical analysis Hy- Sand fraction R Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.2.c O.I- den- 9 Pore space % Moisture COlldtK Hori- Depth 2-1 l-0.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total % B Text. sity Macro Micro Total IO cm 50 cm 33 1500 t1vity 7on cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ HZ0 H,O kPa kPa cm:hr AC 27-29 0.6 8. I 21.3 28.5 8.9 67.4 29.0 3.6 Bf 29-37 0.8 8.2 18.2 3.5.2 7.6 69.9 17.9 12.2 % Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm HZ0 CaClz % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al (mm) Ae 27-29 5.2 4.3 0.35 0.2 0. I Bf 29-47 5.4 4.6 1.36 0.5 0,s Buctouche Association Ae 1618 7.5YR 712; fine sand; very weak, fine subangular Soil unit: BU2 blocky; very friable; abrupt, Location: lat. 46”38’54” long. 65”13’41” broken Parent material: outwash sand over fine loamy Bf 1845 7.5YR 517; fine loamy sand; lodgment till weak, tine, granular; very Slope: 3% friable; abrupt, smooth Aspect: southeast C 45-90 IOYR 4.515; fine sand; Elevation: 60 m AMSL structureless; loose; abrupt, Drainage: well drained smooth Classilication: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol IIC 90+ 5YR 414; sandy clay loam; moderate to strong, medium, Depth (cm) Description platy or subangular blocky; O-16 7.5YR 514; fine sand to very firm loamy sand; very weak, fine Note: 1. Very strongly acid to strongly acid throughout granular; very friable; the profile. abrupt, smooth Soil unit BU2 Mechanical analysis HY- Sand fraction 9 Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.25- O.l- den- %’ Pore space % Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-l l-O.5 0.25 0. I 0.05 Total R % Text. sity Macro Micro Total IO cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm Ill”1 sand Silt Clay clash g/cm’ HZ0 H,O kPa kPa cm/hr Bf 18-45 0.4 18.1 31.1 34.2 2.9 86.7 3.3 10.0 c 45-90 0.2 Il.2 32.6 47.2 5.0 96.1 2.6 I.3 5% Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm Hz0 CaClz % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al FC Al @pm) Bf 18-45 4.8 4.4 2.6 0.9 0.9 C 45-90 4.9 4.7 0.3 0.1 0.2 206 .-. Caraquet Association wavy; pH 5.2 (this horizon is the transition zone from C Soil unit: CR4 to IIC; it is a mixing of the Location: lat. 46”59’34” long. 65”32’01” two) Parent material: outwash sand (riverbank) over UC2 76+ 1OYR 4/4; silty clay loam; lacustrine clay common, medium to fine, Slope: 6% distinct streaks of 1OYR 6/3 Aspect: southeast surrounded by 1OYR 517; Elevation: 20 m AMSL strong, medium to coarse, Drainage: imperfect platy; very firm in situ, firm Classification: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol on excavation; plastic; sticky; many thin to Horizon Depth (cm) Description moderately thick clay films AP &18 1OYR 313; sandy loam; on ped surfaces and on pore moderate, fine to medium, walls; few very thin to thin granular; very friable; manganese coatings on ped abrupt, wavy; pH 5.0 surfaces; the occasional Bfgj 18-26 7.5YR 517; sandy loam; subrounded gravel fragment common, medium, of sandstone or foreign prominent IOYR 313 vertical material; pH 5.3 streaks; few medium to Note: 1, Typically members of the Caraquet association coarse, prominent 1OYR 313 are marine sand over marine or lacustrine clay. blotches; common fine and 2. Foreign material refers to fragments of granitic, medium, faint 7.5YR 4/6 metamorphic (gneiss, schist, slate, and mottles; weak, medium and argillite), and some volcanic rocks. . coarse, granular; very 3. There are remnants of an Ae horizon in the friable; clear, wavy; pH 5.2 areas adjacent to this description site.* W 26-37 IOYR 5/7; loamy sand; few 4. No analytical information available. medium, prominent IOYR *Ae 1OYR 7/2; loamy sand; common medium, prominent 313 vertical streaks; few LOYR 313 streaks and common medium, prominent coarse, prominent IOYR 313 IOYR 3/3 blotches; weak, medium, subangular blotches; very weak, coarse, blocky; very friable; abrupt, broken; pH 5.1 granular; very friable; clear, wavy; pH 5.2 BC 37-5 1 1OYR 5/5; loamy sand to Fair Isle Association sand; weak, fine and medium, subangular blocky; Soil unit: FA2 very friable; gradual. wavy; Location: lat. 46”32’15” long. 65”06’06” pH 5.2 Parent material: coarse loamy ablation till over C 5 l-68 8.5YR 4.5/5; sand; moderate easily split sandstone bedrock to weak, medium, Slope: 10% subangular blocky; very Aspect: east friable; abrupt, wavy; pH Elevation: 30 m AMSL 5.3 Drainage: well drained IlCl 68-76 1OYR 514; sandy silt loam; Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol or common, medium, distinct Eluviated Dystric Brunisol streaks of 1OYR 712 surrounded by 1OYR 516; Horizon Depth (cm) Description strong, coarse, subangular AP O-23 1OYR 413; sandy loam; weak blocky; very firm in situ, to moderate, fine to firm on excavation; medium, subangular blocky; common. thin clay films on friable; abrupt, smooth ped surfaces; a few rounded Ae 23-24 IOYR 7/2; sandy loam; gravel fragments of weak, fine subangular sandstone and some foreign blocky; very friable; 5% thin material (see Note 1) and flat sandstone fragments of one or two flat, angular cobble size; abrupt, broken cobbles of sandstone; clear, 207 Horizon Depth (cm) Description cemented; 20% thin flat Bf or 24-48 7.5YR 516; sandy loam; sandstone fragments of Bfj weak, medium granular; cobble size; gradual, smooth very friable; 5% thin flat C 67-90 2.5Y 413; gravelly sandy sandstone fragments of loam; weak to moderate. cobble size; abrupt, wavy medium to coarse subangular BC 48-67 IOYR 5/4; gravelly sandy blocky; firm; 20% thin flat loam; weak, fine subangular sandstone fragments of blocky; friable; cobble size; abrupt, smooth discontinuous portions of the R 90+ easily split Pennsylvanian horizon are weakly green gray sandstone Soil unit FA2 Mechanical analysis HY- Sand fraction 8 Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.25- O.l- den- 8 Pore space % Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-l l-O.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total % 9 Text. sity Macro” Micro* Total IO cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ Hz0 Hz0 kPa kPa cmihr *P &23 6.1 22.4 13.9 20.0 6.0 68.5 18.2 13.4 SL 1.24 16.7 36.6 53.2 37.3 29.6 9.5 Ae 23-24 5.8 26.9 10.5 16.6 6.7 66.6 27.4 6.1 SL Bf 24-48 14.7 29.4 8.5 13.9 6.2 72.6 20.0 7.4 SL BC 48-67 6.5 25.1 14.5 18.7 5.3 70.1 20.4 9.6 SL C 67-90 4.9 12.6 13.8 27.3 8.9 67.6 20.1 12.3 SL 1.51 15.1 24.7 39.7 23.3 16.5 4.1 8.0 R 90 7~ Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm HZ0 CaClz % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al (m-m) AP O-23 4.6 4.3 4.2 1.6 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.2 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 1 I.2 Ae 23-24 4.0 3.7 0.3 0.5 0.1 2.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0. I 0.1 0.1 5.9 Bf 24-28 1.0 0. I 0.0 0.3 0.1 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.3 5.3 BC 48-67 4. I 4.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.9 0.1 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.1 C 67-90 4. I 3.8 0.2 0.2 0.1 1 .h 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 3.5 R 90 *At a tension of 50 cm of HZO, the micropores retain their water while the macropores do not Fair Isle Association O-16 5YR 612.5; gravelly sandy !oam; very weak, fine Soil unit: FA4 subangular blocky; friable to Location: lat. 46”53’5 1” long. 65”27’ 14” very friable; 20% gravel and Parent material: coarse loamy ablational till over 20% cobbles, mostly easily split sandstone bedrock subangular and subrounded Slope: 2% Pennsylvanian sandstone Aspect: west with a few nonsandstone Elevation: 27 m AMSL rocks such as gneiss and Drainage: imperfect granite; abrupt, wavy Classification: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol Bfgi 16-30 7.5YR 517; sandy loam; pockets of 2.5YR 314 in the Horizon Depth (cm) Description upper half of the horizon, Of 4-O 2.5YR 3f4; mostly common, coarse, prominent semidecomposed moss 1OYR 4/4 mottles in the Oh trace 2.5YR 2.512; lower half of the horizon; well-decomposed moss and moderate, fine subangular also many charcoal blocky; friable, but about fragments (produced by a 20% by volume appear to be fire) moderate1y cemented-the cemented soil peds are firm 208 to very firm; 40% coarse Pennsylvanian sandstone; fragments-mostly cobble gradual, smooth size, but some of stone size W 50-75 1OYR 4/4; loamy sand; and about 10% gravel many fine, faint 1OYR 515 sandstone; clear, wavy mottles; single grain to very BCgi 30-50 2Y 414; gravelly loamy sand; weak, fine, subangular many fine, distinct 1OYR 5/6 blocky; loose and very mottles; very weak, fine, friable; 60% coarse subangular blocky; friable to fragments-mostly cobbles, loose; 50% coarse but some stones and gravel, fragments-mostly cobble all are sandstone and gravel size with some R 75+ easily split Pennsylvanian stone size, mostly sandstone Soil unit FA4 Mechanical analysis HY- Sand fraction % Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.25- O.l- den- 7~Pore space % Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-1 l-O.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total % 7r Text. sity Macro Micro Total IO cm 50cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ Hz0 HZ0 kPa kPa cm/hr Ae &I6 1.1 4.8 29.4 30.5 6.3 72.2 24.0 3.9 SL Bfg.j 1630 7.8 13.4 26.6 20.7 7.5 75.9 16.8 7.3 SL CR SC-75 5.9 10.2 28.5 24.6 6.0 75.3 21.1 3.7 LS 8 Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. c Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm Hz0 CaClz % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al @pm) Ae G-16 4.4 3.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 2.0 0. I 0.4 0. I 0.1 0.1 0. I 0.0 1.2 Bfa 1630 4.5 4.1 3.0 0.2 0.4 0.4 0. I 2.4 1.4 2.1 2.9 0.6 0.5 2.1 Qi 50-75 4.6 4.3 0.3 0. I 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.1 3.1 Fundy Association Aegj 20-29 1OYR 513; loam; common coarse prominent 1OYR 516 Soil unit: FU4 and few fine, prominent Location: lat. 47”00’58” long. 65”24’55” 7.5YR 518 mottles; weak, Parent material: lacustrine silty clay medium and fine, subangular Slope: 3% blocky; friable; abrupt, wavy Aspect: south (there are a few subangular Elevation: 11 m AMSL sandstone gravels between Drainage: imperfect horizons Aegj and Btgj; Classification: Gleyed Brunisolic Gray Luvisol coarse fragments are more common here than in the Horizon Depth (cm) Description rest of the profile) 7YR 514; clay loam; AP O-20 1OYR 5/3.5; loam; common Btgj 29-70 fine, distinct 1OYR 6/6 common medium, distinct, mottles; moderate, fine. 7YR 5/6 mottles; moderate, subangular blocky; friable; medium platy in situ abrupt, smooth breaking into moderate, Bmgj Pocket 7.5YR 517; fine sandy loam medium, blocky when or coarse silt loam; excavated; very sticky and common, fine, distinct plastic, very firm; many 7.5YR 515 mottles; moderately thick clay films moderate, fine subangular along the ped surfaces; many blocky; very friable; abrupt, black manganese specks broken (only one pocket of between the peds; clear, Bmgj was observed) smooth 209 ,I .______. _. - .I l-l.. _ . _ _ Horizon Depth (cm) Description ped surface; diffuse, smooth Cl 7&100 7.5YR 4.514: silty clay; c2 10&160+ 7.5YR 414; silty clay; weak. common medium, faint coarse platy; sticky, plastic, 7.5YR 5/5 mottles; very firm; common black moderate, coarse platy; very manganese specks on ped sticky, plastic, very firm; surfaces few thin clay films along the Note: 1. There is a small amount of gravel, mostly ped surface; many black subangular or subrounded Pennsylvanian manganese specks along the sandstone, throughout the profile. Soil unit FU4 Mechanical analvsis Hy- Sand fraction & Bulk draulic 0.s 0.2% O.l- den- % Pore space 9 Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-l l-0.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total 8 9 Text. sity Macro* Micro* Total IO cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity ZO” cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ H,O Hz0 kPa kPa cm:hr *P c-20 1 .o 2.7 12.5 17.3 6.5 40.0 41.5 18.5 L 1.21 15.0 37.1 52.1 40.0 35.1 30.8 10 2.5.4 Aegj 2629 0.6 2.4 13.2 21.6 7.3 45.1 41.1 13.8 L B&j 29-70 0.1 0.6 5.2 12.1 7.1 25.1 40.2 34.7 CL 1.71 7.0 26.8 33.8 17.7 16.7 15.7 14 0.01 Cl 70-100 0.0 0.1 0.7 2.1 2.0 5.0 54.6 40.5 SiC c2 100 0.0 0.1 0.6 1.8 I.8 4.3 53.3 42.5 Sic 9% Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. c Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm Hz0 CaCI, 9 Ca Mg AI K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al (ppm) AP O-20 4.6 4.0 2.8 1 .h 1.1 1 .o 0.1 I .4 03 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.2 12.7 Aegj 2&29 4.4 3.8 0.5 0.5 0.2 1.X 0.1 0.9 0. I 0.3 0.2 0.2 0. I 3.x Ni 29-70 4.6 3.9 0.2 2.9 4.7 1.0 0.2 1.8 0. I 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.2 20.7 Cl 70-100 6.0 5.3 0.1 2.2 0. I 0.9 0.3 0. I 0. I 142.8 c2 100~160 6.2 5.5 0.1 6.0 8.2 0.2 2.5 0.1 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 176.0 “At a tension of 50 cm of HZO. the micropores retain their water while the macropores do not Fundy Association granular; very friable; no coarse fragments; abrupt, Soil unit: FU4 wavy Location: lat. 46”52’45” long. 65”33’39” Bfgi IOYR 5/6; silt loam; Parent material: lacustrine silty clay loam common coarse, distinct Slope: 4-5s IOYR 614 mottling; Aspect: west moderate, fine, granular with Elevaticn: 27 m AMSL some weak, coarse, Drainage: imperfect granular; very friable; no Classification: Gleyed Podzolic Gray Luvisol coarse fragments; clear, wavy Horizon Depth (cm) Description 1OYR 514; silt loam; LFH 6-O composed of dead grasses. common fine, prominent sphagnum moss, ferns, IOYR 5/8 and common roots, fir and spruce needles, medium, faint 1OYR 614 and birch, aspen, and alder mottling with common fine, leaves; pH 4.1 prominent 1OYR 518 bands; Ahe c-5 1OYR 413; silt loam; moderate, fine and medium, moderate, fine, granular with granular; very friable; no some weak, coarse, coarse fragments; gradual, wavy 210 Ae 24-3 I IOYR 613; silt loam; platy in situ, strong coarse moderate, medium platy; and medium, angular blocky firm in situ, firm to friable on excavation; very firm in on excavation; sand situ, very firm to firm on skeletons of very fine sand excavation; very sticky, very between plates; 1% coarse plastic; many continuous, fragments-rounded gravel moderately thick clay films of foreign material (see note on ped surfaces; no coarse I); clear, irregular fragments; gradual, wavy Btj 3 l-54 IOYR 413; silty clay loam; C 86+ IOYR 413; silty clay loam; strong, coarse and medium, massive in situ, breaking platy in situ, strong, medium into strong coarse, platy on and coarse, angular blocky excavation; very firm in situ, on excavation; very firm in firm on excavation; sticky; situ, very firm to firm on very plastic; many thin clay excavation; slightly sticky to films on ped surfaces; sticky, slightly plastic to common very thin plastic; many to common manganese coatings on ped thin clay films on ped surfaces; no coarse surfaces; no coarse fragments fragments; gradual, wavy Note: 1, Foreign material refers to fragments of granitic, Bt 54-86 1OYR 413; silty clay loam; metamorphic (gneiss, schist, slate, and strong, coarse and medium, argillite), and some volcanic rocks. Soil unit FU4 Mechanical analysis Hy- Sand fraction 9 Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.25- O.l- den- 5% Pore space % Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-l I-0.s 0.25 0. I 0.05 Total % 9 Text. sity Macro* Micro* Total IO cm 50 cm 33 I500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm ll3”l sand Silt Clay class g/cm2 H20 H,O kPa kPa cmihr Ahe o-5 0.8 2.2 2 .3 2.4 3.6 11.3 66.1 22.6 SiL Bki 5-15 1.0 3.5 3.1 2.4 3.6 13.6 62.1 23.1 SiL I .08 20.2 37.4 57.6 51.5 44.2 34.1 12.7 10.9 Bmgj 15-24 0.4 1.4 2.2 2.4 5.0 II.4 69.3 19.3 .Ae 24-31 0.1 0.7 I.8 2.5 4.5 9.5 71.9 18.7 ii: W 31-54 0.1 0.1 0.6 1.3 3.6 4.7 61.4 32.9 SiCL 5.5 35.7 41.2 23.9 22.7 21.2 13.6 0.05 Bt 54-86 0.1 0.1 0.2 I .o 3.7 5.1 58.3 36.6 SiCL C X6 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 2.7 3.5 59.8 36.8 SiCL Q Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. c Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm Hz0 Car& % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al @pm) Ahe c5 4.4 4.0 2.8 0.4 0.3 5.2 0.3 2.1 0.5 1.2 0.5 0.8 0.4 3.6 Bfsl 5-15 4.9 4.3 2.3 0.3 0.1 3.1 0.2 2.7 0.7 1.7 0.8 I.0 0.6 4.7 Bmgj 15-24 5.0 4.5 1.3 0.2 0.1 1.1 0.2 1.4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 5.9 Ae 24-3 1 4.9 4.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 2.1 0.2 I.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 3.3 Btj 3 l-54 4.9 4.2 0.3 0.5 2.9 2.0 0.2 1.5 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0. I 10.0 Bt 54-86 4.8 5.1 0.2 1.6 0. I 0.3 0. I 0.0 0.0 62.2 C X6 6. I 5.5 0.1 5.8 7.0 0.0 0. I 1.6 0. I 0.3 0. I 0.0 0.0 100.0 “At a tension of 50 cm of HzO, the micropores retain their water while the macropores do not 211 Fundy Association Gagetown Association Soil unit: FU7 Soil unit: Gl Location: lat. 47”00’55” long. 65”24’50” Location: lat. 46”53’59” long. 65”37’37” Parent material: lacustrine silty clay loam Parent material: outwash sandy gravel Slope: 3% Slope: 2% Aspect: south Aspect: north Elevation: 8 m AMSL Elevation: 6 m AMSL Drainage: poor Drainage: excessive to well drained Classification: Orthic Luvic Gleysol Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Horizon Depth (cm) Description Horizon Depth (cm) Description Apg cl8 IOYR 512.5; tine sandy AP t&18 IOYR 313; sandy loam to loam; common, medium, loamy sand; weak, tine, prominent 8YR 517 mottles; granular, very friable; 10% weak to moderate, fine subrounded and rounded subangular blocky; friable: gravel of foreign material abrupt, smooth (see note I); abrupt, smooth; Aegj 18-30 8YR 514; silt loam; many pH 5.3 medium and coarse, distinct Ae 18-23 IOYR 7/2; gravelly loamy 8YR 516 mottles; moderate. sand; common fine and medium, subangular blocky: medium, prominent lOYR friable to firm; many very 413 mottles: very weak, fine tine sand skeletons along the granular; very friable; ped surface; clear. wavy 20-257~ rounded and Btgj 30-85 7YR 3/4; silty clay loam: subrounded gravel of foreign many medium and coarse, material; abrupt, broken; faint 7YR 4/5 mottles; pH 5.3 moderate to strong. medium, Bf 23-38 7.5YR 518; gravelly loamy platy breaking into sand to gravelly sandy loam; moderate, coarse subangular weak, fine and medium, blocky: very sticky and granular; very friable; plastic, very firm, compact; 25-30% rounded and many moderately thick clay subrounded gravel of foreign films along the ped surface, material; clear, wavy; root channels, and walls of pH 5.2 voids; many manganese BC 38-55 IOYR 516; very gravelly specks between the peds; sand; single grain; loose; I gradual, smooth 45-55% rounded and 85-l IO+ 7.5YR 414; silty clay loam; subrounded gravel and / cg common medium, prominent 5- 10% rounded and 7.5YR 5/X mottles; weak, subrounded cobbles of coarse platy; sticky. plastic. foreign material: gradual to firm, compact (very hard diffuse, wavy; pH 5.9 when dry); few thin clay C 55 + IOYR 514: very gravelly films along the ped surface; sand: common medium and many black manganese coarse, prominently 7.5YR specks between the peds 5/8 horizontal bands; single Note: I. There are very few rounded or subrouuded grain; loose; 55-657~ sandstone gravels throughout the profile. rounded and subrounded 2. No analytical information available. gravel and 5- 10% rounded and subrounded cobbles of foreign material; pH 6.5 Note: 1. Foreign material refers to fragments of granitic, metamorphic (gneiss, schist, slate and argillite), and some volcanic rocks. 2. No analytical information available. 212 Soil unit Gl Mechanical analvsis Hy- Sand fraction % Bulk draulic cl.5- 0.25- O.IL den- % Pore space % Mmsture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-1 i-O.5 0.25 0. 1 0.05 Total % Q Text. sity Macro Micro Total IOcm 50cm 33 1500 tivity 70” cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class p/cm’ H&I HZ0 kPa kPa cm!hr Bf 3-30 2.5 15.5 31.0 21.3 5.8 76.0 15.8 8.2 C 3046 1. I 17.3 32.4 33.0 5.2 89.0 1.6 3.4 % Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horiwn Cm HZ0 CKI~ r/r Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al @pm) Bf 3-30 4.4 4.1 I .5 0.68 0.44 C 30--66 3.R 4.5 0.37 0.0x 0.19 Galloway Association Galloway Association Soil unit: GA1 Soil unit: GA2 Location: lat. 46”34’54” long. 65”05’16” Location: lat. 46”32’13” long. 64”45’48” Parent material: outwash sand over Pennsylvanian Parent material: marine sand over easily split gray green sandstone Pennsylvanian gray green Slope: 2% sandstone Aspect: north Slope: 1% Elevation: 9 m AMSL Aspect: south Drainage: well drained to excessive Elevation: 23 m AMSL Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Drainage: moderately well drained Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Horizon Depth (cm) Description LFH 5-o predominantly L and F, Horizon Depth (cm) Description consisting of feather moss, LFH 5-o mostly white pine needles branches, and needles with charcoal Ae o-3 7.5YR 713; fine loamy sand; AP &I7 IOYR 5.5/4; fine loamy weak, fine, granular; very sand; weak, medium friable; abrupt, broken granular and weak, fine Bf 3-30 7.5YR 517; fine loamy sand; subangular blocky; very weak, fine, subangular friable; abrupt, smooth blocky; very friable: 10% Bf 17-30 9YR 516; fine loamy sand; cobble, gravel, and weak, fine granular; very stone-sized subangular and friable; about 5% cemented; flat sandstone fragments; clear, wavy abrupt, wavy Cti 30-5 1 IOYR 514; many fine distinct C 30-66 IOYR 414; fine sand; single 1OYR 416 mottles; sand; grain; friable; IO- 15% structureless; firm to loose; mostly gravel-sized, flat abrupt, smooth sandstone fragments; abrupt, C 51-70 semiweathered sandstone smooth bedrock R 66+ easily split Pennsylvanian R 70+ easily split Pennsylvanian gray green sandstone sandstone bedrock Note: 1. Presence of flat sandstone fragments in the Bf Note: 1. Presence of ortstein (cemented portion of Bf and C horizons. These are from the bedrock and horizon), which is common in the have been moved upward by frost action. sandy-textured soils of this area. 213 .______._- --.- ._..... -... ._ ._ Soil unit GA2 Mechanical analysis Hy- Sand fraction % Bulk draulic 0.5- U.25- O.I- den- % Pore space ‘% Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-l l-0.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total o/r ‘% Text. sity Macro Micro Total IO cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity Ton cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ Hz0 H,O kPa kPa cmthr Bf 17-30 0.4 11.8 37.8 28.3 4.2 82.4 7.7 9.9 C 51-70 0.2 7.8 31.3 36.6 5.6 81.5 12.2 6.3 Q Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm HZ0 CaCI, % Ca Mp Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al lwm) Bf 17-30 5.1 4.7 1.07 0.23 0.58 C 51-70 5.1 4.5 0.43 0.18 0.31 Galloway Association Guimond River Association Soil unit: GA4 Soil unit: GRI Location: lat. 46”40’18” long. 64”46’43” Location: lat. 46”37’3 1” long. 64”49’34” Parent material: glacial outwash sand over easily Parent material: gravelly sandy outwash split sandstone bedrock Slope: 2-4% Slope: 2% Aspect: northeast Aspect: east Elevation: 30 m AMSL Elevation: 3 m AMSL Drainage: well drained to excessive Drainage: imperfect Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Classification: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol Horizon Depth fun) Description Horizon Depth (cm) Description LFH 7-o predominantly L and F, AP O-15 IOYR 513; loamy sand; consisting of leaves, weak, fine. granular; very branches, roots, feather friable; abrupt, smooth; pH moss, and running 4.8 club-moss Ae 15-23 IOYR 7/2; loamy sand; Ae O-12 1OYR 612.5; fine sand; very weak, fine, subangular weak, fine granular; very blocky; friable; abrupt, friable; 2% of rounded and wavy; pH 4.8 subrounded sandstone Bfgj 23-50 5YR 5/7; with many coarse gravel; abrupt, wavy distinct 7.5YR 515.5 mottles; Bf 1242 7.5YR 5/6; fine loamy sand; loamy sand; weak, fine, weak. fine granular; very granular; very friable; a friable; 5% of rounded and weakly cemented ortstein subrounded sandstone occurs over less than 30% of gravel; abrupt, wavy this horizon; abrupt, wavy; C 42-t 1OYR 413; very gravelly pH 5.6 sand; structureless; loose; Bfj 50-70 1OYR 516: loamy sand; very more than half mostly weak, medium, subangular rounded with some blocky; very friable; clear, subrounded sandstone gravel smooth; pH 5.6 fragments and a few cobbles C 70-90 1OYR 516; sand; single grain; loose, abrupt, smooth; pH 5.2 R 90+ easily split gray green Pennsylvanian sandstone bedrock Note: 1. Presence of ortstein in the Bfg horizon. This is common in the sandy soils. 2. No analytical information available. 214 Soil unit GRl Mechanical analvsis HV- Sand fraction i, Bulk diGlic ).S- 0.25- O.l- den- % Pore space % Moisture conduc. Hori- Depth 2-l I-0.S 0.25 0. I 0.05 Total ‘7r R Text. sity Macro Micru Total IO cm 50 cm 33 I500 tivity 70” cm mm mm mm “lrn mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm H&I Hz0 kPa kPa cmihr AC &I2 3.2 22.5 20.3 18.9 7.3 72.7 25.6 2.2 Bf 12-41, 4.7 78.1 14.8 16.8 4.3 68.7 20.0 II.3 C 42 5.5 50.8 25.5 x.x 2.6 93.2 5.5 I .3 Q Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. c Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm Hz0 CaClz LTC Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al FC Al (wm) Ae %I2 4.1 3.2 0.7 0.03 0.05 Bf 12-42 4.8 4.4 2.0 0.56 0.64 c 42 4.7 4.2 0. I 0.04 0. IO Guimond River Association Bf 1740 7.5YR 418; gravelly sandy loam; strong fine granular; Soil unit: GR2 very friable; 20% gravel; Location: lat. 46”46’26” long. 6497’56” smooth abrupt; pH 6.0 Parent material: gravel outwash BC 40-65 1OYR 414; very gravelly Slope: I-3% loamy sand; single grain; Aspect: east loose; 50% gravel; smooth Elevation: 29 m AMSL clear; pH 6.2 Drainage: well drained C 65-100 IOYR 314; very gravelly Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol sandy loam; single grain; loose; 80% gravel; pH 5.8 Horizon Depth (cm) Description Note: 1. Most gravel fragments are soft rounded AP O-17 1OYR 313; sandy loam; sandstone. strong medium granular; very friable; 10% gravel; smooth abrupt; pH 6.0 Soil unit GR2 Mechanical analysis Hy- Sand fraction % Bulk draulic 0.5 0.25% O.I- den- F Pore space % Moisture conduc- How Depth 2-I l-O.5 0.25 0. I 0.05 Total 7~ R Text. sity Macro Micro Total IO cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ Hz0 Hz0 kPa kPa cm/hr AP 617 65.2 21.6 13.2 SL Bf 17-40 77.8 10.8 II.4 SL BC 40-65 86.0 7. I 6.9 LS C 65 77.6 12.9 9.5 SL % Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. c Exchangeable cations Dithionatc Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm Hz0 CaCI, % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al (ppm) AP &I7 2.6 0.3 0.3 Bf 17-40 I.1 0.3 0.5 BC 40-65 0.3 0.2 0.2 C 65 0.2 0.2 0.2 215 Harcourt Association Aspect: north Elevation: 76 m AMSL Soil unit: HT2 Drainage: well drained Location: lat. 46”35’25” long. 65”18’41” Classification: Podzolic Gray Luvisol Parent material: coarse loamy ablation till over fine loamy lodgment till Horizon Depth (cm) Description Slope: 1% LF 4.5-3.5 5YR 311; consists of freshly Aspect: south fallen leaves and needles and Elevation: 80 m AMSL partly decomposed leaves Drainage: moderately well drained interwoven with yellow Classification: Podzolic Gray Luvisol mycelia; matted; greasy H 3.5-o 5YR 2/l ; well-decomposed Horizon Depth (cm) Description organic matter LFH 3-o not described Ae O-2 5YR 6.512; loam: strong Ae o-l 7.5YR 712; sandy loam; medium, granular; friable; moderate, medium granular; very few subrounded gravel very friable; O-3 cm; broken, fragments of sandstone: abrupt abrupt, wavy (pockets of Ae Bf 1-26 7.5YR 516; sandy loam; extend downward to 8 cm) strong, medium granular; Bfl 2-15 5YR 416; loam; strong very firm; wavy, abrupt granular breaking down to BC 2635 7.5YR 514; sandy loam; medium granular; friable; moderate, coarse granular; very few coarse fragments; friable; smooth, abrupt clear, wavy IIBt 3542 5YR 414; sandy loam to Bf2 15-27 7.5YR 414; sandy loam sandy clay loam; weak, strong granular; friable; few medium platy; firm; smooth, angular grave1 fragments of clear sandstone; abrupt, wavy IIBtg 42+ 5YR 414 with many coarse, IlBm 27-39 7.5YR 4.5/2; loam; platy in prominent 7.5YR 516 situ breaking down to strong mottles and common coarse, coarse granular; slightly distinct streaks; sandy clay firm; small grit fragments of loam; moderate, medium soft sandstone with a few platy; very firm larger pieces of angular Note: 1. No analytical information available. gravel sandstone; abrupt, wavy IIBt 39-100 5YR 3.513; sandy clay loam; Harcourt Association strong platy; firm; clay skins present; a few cobbles and Soil unit: HT2 some gravel fragments of Location: lat. 46”36’05” long. 65”14’36” sandstone Parent material: coarse loamy ablation till over fine R 100+ Pennsylvanian gray green loamy lodgment till sandstone bedrock Slope: 1% Soil unit HT2 Mechanical analysis HY- Sand fraction % Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.25- O.l- den- % Pore space B Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-l l-0.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total 8 % Text. sity Macro* Micro* Total 10 cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ Hz0 H,O kPa kPa cmlhr Ae O-2 0.7 2.4 15.7 19.9 9.0 47.8 42.1 10.2 L 0.9 22.1 41.5 63.6 60.3 46.4 13.4 48.7 Bfl 2-15 4.8 3.5 8.1 21.7 8.6 46.7 37.3 16.0 L Bf2 15-27 3.5 3.0 11.4 26.7 8.4 53.0 28.4 18.7 SL 1.1 9.6 46.2 55.8 47.2 42.1 10.6 6.4 IIBm 27-39 0.9 2.0 14.0 22.2 8.7 47.9 35.9 16.3 L 1.6 5.5 34.0 39.4 22.9 21.3 5.6 1.3 IIBt 39-100 0.4 2.0 19.4 21.3 6.3 49.2 26.1 24.6 SCL 1.8 5.1 27.9 33.0 16.4 15.3 8.0 0.1 216 % Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm H,O CaCl, % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al @pm) Ae o-2 3.5 3.2 I.1 0.2 0.1 4.6 0. I 0.5 0.1 0.2 0. I 0.1 0.1 14.3 Bfl 2-15 4.4 4.3 2.9 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.1 2.3 1.2 1.3 1.7 0.8 0.4 9.8 Bf2 15-27 4.4 4.3 I .4 0.1 0.0 0.9 0. I 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.5 15.2 IlBm 27-39 4.2 4.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 1.9 0.1 1.2 I.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 8.9 IIBt 39-100 4.0 3.5 0. I 0.2 1.1 4.9 0. I 1.2 1.2 0.2 0.2 0. I 0. I 31.3 *At a tension of 50 cm of HzO, the micropores retain their water while the macropores do not. Harcourl Association Bfj 3647 7.5YR 414; gravelly sandy loam; strong, medium Soil unit: HT2 granular; very friable; 20% Location: lat. 46”33’0” long. 65”18’32” gravel; smooth, abrupt; pH Parent material: coarse loamy ablation till over fine 4.8 loamy lodgment till IIBt 47-53 5YR 414, many 7.5YR 612 Slope: 3% streaks; sandy clay loam; Aspect: south moderate, fine subangular Elevation: 73 m AMSL blocky; firm; 5% gravel; few Drainage: well drained thin clay films; wavy, Classification: Podzolic Gray Luvisol abrupt; pH 4.6 IlBt 53-80 5YR 413; clay loam; strong, Horizon Depth (cm) Description coarse platy breaking into LFH 8-O pH 4.3; smooth, abrupt fine subangular blocky; very Ae O-5 7.SYR 612; sandy loam; firm; 10% gravel; common moderate, fine subangular moderate thick clay films on blocky; friable; wavy, ped surface; smooth, abrupt; pH 4.6 gradual; pH 4.6 Bf 5-36 7.5YR 516; sandy loam; IIC go-150 same as IIBt except pH 5.0, strong, coarse granular; very and a few thin clay films on friable; 2-5% gravel; wavy, ped surfaces abrupt; pH 5.0 Soil unit HT2 Mechanical analysis HY- Sand fraction % Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.25- O.l- den- 9 Pore apace Q Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-1 l-O.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total 9 R Text. sity Macro Micro Total IO cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ Hz0 HZ0 kPa kPa cmihr Bf S-36 74.9 16.5 8.6 SL Bfj 3&47 55.6 27.8 16.6 SL IlBtg 47-53 58.4 25.0 26.6 SCL IlBt 53-80 38.0 27.0 35.0 CL IIC 80-150 40.2 27.0 32.8 CL 7~ Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm H,O CaClz % Ca Mp Al K Fc Al Fe Al Fe Al (wm) Bf 5-36 1.5 0.2 0.6 BCi 3647 0.4 0.2 0.4 IlBtg 47-53 0.2 0.2 0.2 IlBt 53-80 0. I 0. I 0. I IIC R&150 0.1 0. I 0.0 217 ___.. ..______. ._ _._ - - __ Harcourt Association IIBg 23-38 1OYR 514 with many medium prominent 5YR 414 Soil unit: HT4 and 1OYR 5/6 mottles; silty Location: lat. 46O.54’47” long. 65”38’16” clay loam; moderate, Parent material: ablation till over lodgment till medium subangular blocky; Slope: 1% firm; smooth, clear Aspect: south IlBtgj 38-46 5YR 414 with common Elevation: 32 m AMSL coarse distinct 5YR 614 Drainage: imperfect mottles; sandy clay loam; Classification: Gleyed Podzolic Gray Luvisol weak, coarse subangular blocky; firm to very firm; Horizon Depth (cm) Description common moderate, thick LFH 3-o clay films; smooth, clear; pH Ae S-7 7.5YR 712; sandy loam; 4.3 weak, fine platy; friable to IIC 46-t 5YR 414; clay loam to sandy firm; wavy, abrupt; pH 4.3 clay loam; weak, fine Bfgi 7-23 7.5YR 516 with few fine subangular blocky; very prominent 2.5Y 5/4 mottles; firm; few moderate, thick, clay loam; moderate, clay films; pH 4.3 medium granular; friable; wavy, clear: pH 4.3 Soil unit HT4 Mechanical analysis Hy- Sand fraction % Bulk draulic 0.5 0.25- O.l- den- % Pore space % Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-1 l-0.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total % 8 Text. sity Macro Micro Total 10cm 50cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ Hz0 HZ0 kPa kPa cmjhr W.i 7-23 34.4 34.4 31.2 CL UBtp 38-46 52.6 17.2 30.2 SCL 76 Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable Dithionate Oxalatc Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm HZ0 CaCl? Q Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al (wm) W 7-23 I .4 2.3 1 .o IIBtg 38-46 0.1 0. I 0.1 Harcourt Association Aegj &lo 7.5YR 6.512; sandy loam; many coarse, distinct 7.5YR Soil unit: HT7 614 mottles; weak platy Location: lat. 46”34’25” long. 65”40’36” breaking down to large Parent material: coarse loamy ablation till over a granular; friable; no coarse fine loamy lodgment till fragments; abrupt, wavy Slope: 2% lo-20 7.5YR 4.514; sandy loam; Aspect: southwest many medium, distinct, Elevation: 97 m AMSL 7.5YR 5.516 mottles; weak Drainage: poor platy breaking to coarse Classification: Orthic Luvic Gleysol granular; friable; no coarse fragments; abrupt wavy Horizorr Depth (cm) Description IIBtg 20-60 5YR 4.5/2; clay loam; many L trace consists of deciduous leaves medium, prominent 7.5YR and coniferous needles 518 mottles; very coarse FH 2&o 5YR 2.5/Z; mixture of partly blocky; very firm; clay skins decomposed leaves and present; few gravel humus; greasy; matted; yellow mycelia present 218 fragments of sandstone; IICg 6&100 7.5YR 414; clay loam; few abrupt, smooth (there are medium, prominent 7.5YR vertical streaks throughout S/8 mottles; platy, firm; clay this horizon; the streaks are skins present, usually around very sandy, like sand flows, roots and rocks; many black 1-2 cm wide and 7.5YR manganese specks; few 6.512 in the center with thin subrounded or flat gravel layers of 7.5YR 518 on the fragments of sandstone outside) Note: 1. The IICg horizon usually has a 5YR hue. Soil unit HT7 Mechanical analvsis Hv- Sand fraction & Bulk drailic 0.5- 0.25 O.l- den- % Pore space 6% Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-l l-0.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total 7c 7c Text. sity Macro* Micro* Total IO cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity ZO” cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm2 Hz0 Hz0 kPa kPa cmlhr A% O-10 2.4 3.1 18.8 22.7 8.9 56.0 35.4 8.7 SL I .4 9.8 36.4 46.2 28.0 26.0 0.1 Bg l&20 2.1 3.7 18.5 23.0 9.0 56.2 29.5 14.4 SL I .4 8.4 41.7 50.1 34.4 30.2 4.1 mtg 2rb60 I.0 2.1 12.6 18.6 7.6 42.0 27.5 30.5 CL 1.7 5.3 32.2 37.4 19.2 18.4 0.0 IlCg 6GlOO I.2 2.4 13.6 19.2 7.4 43.8 28.0 28.2 CL 1.9 3.8 27.5 31.3 14.7 14.2 0.0 ‘3%Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm H,O CaClz 8 Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al @pm) Aeg o-10 3.9 3.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 4.0 0. I 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.3 0. I 0. I 10.5 BP I@20 4.1 3.8 0.6 0.1 0.0 I .o 0. I I.0 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 4.6 IIBtg 20-60 4.1 3.3 0. I 0.9 I .4 0.7 I.2 1.4 0.1 0.4 0.2 0. I 0.2 7.0 Kg 6&100 4.6 3.7 0. I I .3 0.1 0.4 0. I 0. I 0.1 25.7 “AI a tension of 50 cm of HzO, the micropores retain their water while the macropores do not Harcourt Association W 15-28 7.5YR 2/2; sandy loam; moderate, medium platy; Soil unit: HT7 friable to firm Location: lat. 46”46’22” long. 65”10’7” Bg 28-38 5Y 611 with many coarse, Parent material: coarse loamy ablation till over a fine prominent 7.5YR 414 loamy lodgment till mottles; silt loam; moderate, Slope: 0% medium platy; firm Aspect: N/A Kg 38 + 5YR 4/3 with many coarse, Elevation: 47 m AMSL prominent 5YR 5/6 mottles; Drainage: poor sandy clay loam to clay Classification: Fera Luvic Gleysol loam; moderate, coarse subangular blocky; very Horizon Depth (cm) Description firm; streaks of sand LFH 7-o skeletons along ped surface Aeg 615 7.5YR 513 with many Note: 1. No analytical information available. coarse, distinct IOYR 612 mottles; sandy loam; weak, fine platy; firm 219 Kouchibouguac Association Bfl 8-12 5YR 415; loamy sand to sandy loam; moderate Soil unit: K02 medium granular; very Location: lat. 46”43’35” long. 64”59’10” friable; 5- 10% gravel, Parent material: glacial outwash sand mostly flat sandstone; Slope: 5% strongly acid; abrupt wavy Aspect: west boundary (about 10% of the Elevation: 11 m AMSL horizon is 5YR 313. Drainage: well drained cemented, firm, very hard, Classification: Ortstein Humo-Ferric Podzol and brittle) Bfjgjc 12-34 8.5YR 5/6 (IOYR 714 dry) a Horizon Depth (cm) Description few distinct medium 7.5YR AP O-18 7.5YR 4/2; loamy sand; 3/3 (7.5YR 5/4 dry) mottles; weak, fine, granular; very loamy sand; massive in situ friable; abrupt, wavy; breaks into strong coarse pH 4.8 subangular blocky; very Ae 18-25 7.5YR 612; loamy sand; firm, very hard, and strongly weak, fine, subangular cemented; 10% coarse blocky; very friable; abrupt, fragments, mostly flat broken; pH 4.8 sandstones; strongly acid; Bfc 25-35 5YR 4.518; loamy sand; gradual wavy boundary massive; very firm; strongly BC 34-60 2.5Y 514; sand to loamy cemented, discontinuous sand; massive; friable to ortstein; abrupt, irregular; firm, appears to have very pH 4.8 weak cementation; 5% Bfjc 35-50 7.5YR 4.516; loamy sand; sandstone coarse fragments; massive; very firm; strongly strongly acid; abrupt wavy cemented, discontinuous boundary ortstein; abrupt, wavy; C 60-96 2.5Y 414; sand to gravelly pH 4.8 sand; massive, firm and hard C 50s 1OYR 4.514; loamy sand; in situ, appear to be very single grain; loose; pH 5.3 weakly cemented, compact; Note: 1, No analytical information available. 15% coarse fragments, mostly flat sandstones; strongly acid; abrupt smooth Kouchibouguac Association boundary UC 96-146 gravelly sandy loam with Soil unit: K02 occasional sand pockets; Location: lat. 46”45’ long. 65”ll’ 9YR 4/3 with common Parent material: glacial drift 7.5YR 514 silt plus clay Slope: 2-3% coatings along the pore and Aspect: northeast ped surfaces; moderate Elevation: 50 m AMSL medium subangular blocky; Drainage: well drained firm, hard and compact; Classification: Eluviated Dystric Brunisol 30% coarse fragments mostly subangular Horizon Depth (cm) Description sandstones; abrupt smooth Ae O-8 1OYR 612; loamy sand; weak boundary coarse subangular blocky; R 146+ Pennsylvanian gray very friable; extremely acid; sandstone abrupt wavy boundary 220 Soil unit K02 Mechanical analvsis Hv- Sand fraction & Bulk draulic 0.5 0.25- O.I- den- W Pore space ‘% Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-I l-0.5 0.25 0. I 0.05 Total ‘% % Text. sity Macro Micro Total IO cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity Z”” cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ Hz0 HZ0 kPa kPa cmihr Ae &8 81.7 14.9 3.4 1.3 33 Bfl 8-12 81.0 7.6 11.4 1.2 41 Bfjgjc 12-34 86.0 5.6 8.4 1.5 IO BC 3460 94.1 2.6 3.3 C 6@96 91.0 5.7 3.3 I .6 45 IIC 9&146 71.0 21.2 7.8 4 c/c Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm H?O CaCla 9 Ca Mp Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al @pm) Ae o-8 3.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 I.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bfl 8-12 4.7 1.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 I.1 0.6 1.4 0.2 0.5 Bfjgjc 12-34 5.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.4 1.1 0.1 0.3 BC 3G60 4.8 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0. I 0.2 0.1 0. I C 6G-96 4.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0. I IIC 96146 4.0 0. I 0.2 0. I 1.3 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.0 0. I Kouchibouguac Association Bfcg 21-60 5YR 313 with common distinct coarse 5YR 416 and Soil unit: K07 1OYR 5/4 mottles; loamy Location: lat. 46”45’ long. 65’11’ sand to sandy loam; massive Parent material: glacial drift in situ and breaking into Slope: level coarse subangular blocky; Aspect: N/A very firm, extremely hard, Elevation: 50 m AMSL and strongly cemented; Drainage: poor about 10% platy gray Classification: Ortstein Humic Podzol sandstone, most of the stones are found in the lower Horizon Depth (cm) Description part of the horizon; strongly Ace CL15 IOYR 7/2 (IOYR 8/l dry) acid; abrupt wavy boundary with many faint coarse Bfgcj 6&76 7.5YR 312 with many IOYR 6/3 (IOYR 7/2 dry) distinct large 1OYR 4/3 mottles; sand to loamy sand; mottles; loamy sand; very weak medium massive in situ and breaking subangular blocky; very into medium and coarse friable; extremely acid; subangular blocky; firm to abrupt wavy boundary very hard; 10% platy Bhcg 15-21 2.5YR 2J4 with many sandstone; strongly acid; distinct coarse 5YR 3/2 abrupt wavy boundary mottles; loamy sand to sandy Q.i 76-98 2.5Y 414 with a few 1OYR loam; coarse moderate platy 412 mottles; loamy sand; in situ breaking into strong massive; firm, hard, and coarse subangular blocky; compact; IO- 15% platy very firm, extremely hard sandstone; strongly acid; and strongly cemented; abrupt wavy boundary strongly acid; clear wavy R 98+ Pennsylvanian gray boundary (there are 2.5YR sandstone, easily split near 2/l organic matter coatings the surface of the R layer in the upper surface of the but becoming harder below horizontal ped surface and a Note: 1. No roots grow below Aeg horizon in the poorly thin organic coating of drained trench. 2.5YR 212 on the underside of peds) 221 Soil unit K07 Mechanical analysis HY- Sand fraction 8 Bulk draujic 0.5- ‘0.25- O.l- den- 8 Pore space 9 Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-l l-o.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total ‘% 8 Text. sity Macro Micro Total 10 cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm. sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ Hz0 Ha0 kPa kPa cmlhr Aeg &15 83.3 13.0 3.7 I .5 I? Bhcg 15-21 84.2 7.4 8.3 I.5 8 Bfcg 21-60 89.9 3.1 7.0 1.5 3 Bfgcj 6&76 92.8 3.6 3.6 1.6 31 Qi 7698 92.4 4.4 3.2 1.6 8 % Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm Hz0 CaClz Q Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al @pm) Aeg o-15 3.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.8 0. I 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bhcg 15-21 3.6 4.0 0.2 0.1 4.6 0.1 0.5 0.3 I .o 0.2 0.8 Bfcg 21-60 4.3 1.8 0.2 0.1 1.0 0. I 0.7 0.5 I .o 0.3 0.4 Bfgcj 60-76 4.1 I.0 0.2 0.1 I.0 0. I Gi 7698 4.2 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Lord and Foy Association friable; 35% rounded and subrounded, mainly cobble Soil unit: LFI sized but some stone and Location: lat. 46”39’48” long. 65”40’05” gravel sized sandstone Parent material: cobbly sandy outwash fragments; abrupt, irregular Slope: 5% Bf 18-53 7.5YR 518; fine loamy sand; Aspect: south moderate; fine and medium, Elevation: 100 m AMSL granular; very friable; 50% Drainage: excessive rounded and subrounded, Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol mostly cobble and stone sized but a few gravel sized Horizon Depth (cm) Description sandstone fragments; abrupt, LFH 7-O consists mostly of F with irregular very little L and H; mainly C 53 + I .5Y 4.514; gravelly fine semidecomposed mosses, sand; single grain; loose; branches, roots, and needles; 80% rounded and evidence of fire subrounded cobble and stone Ae 618 1OYR 613; fine sand; weak, sized and some gravel sized fine subangular blocky; very sandstone fragments Soil unit LFl Mechanical analysis HY- Sand fraction 8 Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.25- O.l- den- % Pore space ‘% Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-l l-0.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total ‘% c/c Text. sity Macro Micro Total IO cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity Z”” cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ W Ha0 kPa kPa cmihr Bf 18-53 11.7 21.9 14.9 21.2 5.0 74.6 15.7 9.7 C 53 27.5 30.4 18.3’ 8.3 2.4 86.9 8.5 4.6 222 5% Free Fe and Al Depth pH org. c Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm H,O Car& % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al (PPm) Bf 1n-53 5.0 4.5 1.3 0.4 0.5 c 53 4.9 4.5 0.3 0. I 0.2 Mount Hope Association Bt 45-102 5YR 413; silty clay; moderate coarse platy and Soil unit: MH2 moderate medium blocky; Location: lat. 46”35’05” long. 64”47’52” thin clay films along ped Parent material: reworked marine or lacustrine clay surface; very firm; clear, Slope: 4% smooth Aspect: south IIC 102+ 5YR 3.513; loam; massive; Elevation: 18 m AMSL very firm; 25% angular Drainage: moderately well drained cobble and stone sized and Classification: Podzolic Gray Luvisol rounded and subrounded gravel sized sandstone Horizon Depth (cm) Description coarse fragments AP &25 7.5YR 414; loam; moderate, Note: 1. The first material (I) has less than 2% coarse medium granular; friable; fragments (sandstone). abrupt, smooth 2. The second material (II) has more coarse Bf 25-33 5YR 514; loam; moderate to fragments and is lighter textured than usual for strdng. medium, granular; this material. friable; abrupt, wavy Ae 33-45 5YR 414; silt loam; weak. medium, subangular blocky; firm; clear, smooth Soil unit MH2 Mechanical analysis Hv- Sand fraction % Bulk drailic 0.5- 0.25- O.l- den- % Pore space 7~ Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-1 I-0.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total % 4 Text. sity Macro* Micro* Total IO cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ HZ0 Hz0 kPa kPa cmihr AP &25 0.2 3.0 1.3 Il.9 10.0 32.4 42.7 24.9 L I.0 24.2 38.6 62.8 54.0 39. I 9.9 30.0 Bf 25-33 0.2 2.3 5.9 11.3 12.2 31.9 42.1 26.0 L AeBt 33-4545-102 0.0.1 I 0.8I.1 3.1I.7 4.37.4 14.312.2 26.019.0 50.040.4 40.624.1 s”i:: 1.8 5.4 36. I 41.5 21.2 20.3 13.2 0. I I[C 102 0.2 3.0 8.6 19.0 10.1 40.8 33.5 25.7 L % Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm Hz0 CaClz % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al @pm) AP o-25 4.2 4.0 1.8 1.5 1 .o 2.4 0.2 1.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.4 9.3 Bf 25-33 4.3 4.0 1.3 0.5 6.2 1.9 0.2 1.9 0.4 0.6 0.4 I .o 0.6 6.4 Ae 33-45 4.3 3.9 0.4 0.4 0.3 2.7 0.1 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5 3.4 Bt 45- 102 4.0 3.5 0.2 1.6 2.0 4.5 0.2 1.9 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.0 27.2 IIC 102 4.8 4.4 0.0 3.8 2.1 0. I 0.1 I .6 0.1 0.1 0. I 0.3 0.4 203.5 *At a tension of 50 cm of HzO, the micropores retain their water while the macropores do not. 223 -- -...-- Mount Hope Association A% 2.5-7.0 IOYR 612; sandy loam; many fine, prominent IOYR Soil unit: MH4 616 and common coarse, Location: lat. 46”48’0” long. 65”0’34” faint IOYR 5/2 mottles, Parent material: reworked marine or lacustrine clay weak to moderate, fine Slope: 1% platy: friable to very friable; Aspect: east clear, wavy; pH 4.4 Elevation: 14 m AMSL Bm 7-19 7.5YR 518 inside ped with Drainage: imperfect 5YR 513 ped surfaces; clay Classification: Gleyed Podzolic Gray Luvisol loam; strong, fine and medium, subangular blocky; Horizon Depth (cm) Description friable to firm, sticky, and AP O-15 1OYR 313; silt loam; plastic to very plastic; moderate, coarse granular: common very thin, clay friable; smooth, abrupt films on ped surfaces and in Ae 15-17 7.5YR 613; silt loam; weak, root channels; clear, wavy; fine platy; friable; broken, pH 4.4 abrupt Btgj 19-39 5YR 414 ped interior with B fgi 1745 5YR 514 with common 5YR 513 ped surfaces; clay medium, distinct 5YR 5/6 loam; many coarse and mottles: silty clay loam; medium, distinct 5YR 4/6 strong, fine subangular mottles; strong, medium and blocky; firm; smooth, clear coarse. granular and Btgj 45-120 5YR 4/3 with few medium subangular blocky; very firm faint 5YR 514 mottles; silty in situ, firm on excavation; clay; strong, medium sticky and plastic to very subangular blocky; very plastic; many to common firm; many thick clay films thin to very thin, clay films on ped surface: smooth, on ped surfaces and in root clear channels and on pore walls; C 12@-180 5YR 413; silty clay; gradual, wavy; pH 4.8 moderate, medium platy; Bt2 39-60 5YR 313; clay loam; strong, very firm; few moderate coarse, subangular blocky; thick clay films on ped very firm in situ, firm on surface excavation; sticky and Note: No analytical data available. plastic to very plastic: few very thin manganese specks on ped surfaces: many thin Mount Hope Association to moderately thick clay films on ped surfaces and in Soil unit: MH7 root channels and on pore Location: lat. 46”57’45” long. 65”19’05” walls; gradual, wavy; Parent material: reworked marine or lacustrine clay pH 5.0 Slope: 1% C 60+ 5YR 313; clay loam; strong, Aspect: west fine, subangular blocky; Elevation: 23 m AMSL firm; sticky and plastic to Drainage: poor very plastic; many thin to Classification: Orthic Luvic Gleysol very thin clay films on ped surfaces and in voids; few Horizon Depth (cm) Description very thin manganese specks LF 6-2 7.5YR 312; consists of on ped surfaces; pH 5.3 semidecomposed roots, Note: 1. Calcareous (only slightly) at 120-l 30 cm. branches, bark, hardwood 2. There are very few coarse fragments, 5% for leaves, conifer needles, and the whole profile, ranging from gravel to sphagnum moss; pH 3.8 cobbles to stones with the majority being gravel H 2-o 7.5YR 2/O; greasy; consists or cobbles, mostly subrounded or subangular of completely decomposed and dominantly sandstone. There are many organic matter; pH 4.1 fragments of foreign material (granitic, Ahegj s2.5 IOYR 4.512; fine sandy silt metamorphic-gneiss, schist, slate, and argillite; loam; moderate to strong, and some volcanic). These coarse fragments are fine and medium, granular; scattered at random throughout the profile. friable; abrupt, wavy; 3. No analytical information available. pH 4.3 224 Reece Association Ae 17-20 1OYR 7/l; sandy loam; medium granular; loose; Soil unit: RE2 very few coarse fragments; Location: lat. 46”42’16” long. 6.5”27’38” clear, broken (this horizon Parent material: coarse loamy ablation till over fine has discontinuous tongues loamy lodgment till extending to 27 cm) Slope: 1% Bf 17-30 7.5YR 516; sandy loam; Aspect: north subangular blocky breaking Elevation: 90 m AMSL down to granular; friable; Drainage: well drained very few coarse fragments; Classification: Humo-Ferric Podzol clear, wavy BCxj 30-54 1OYR 5/3; sandy loam; platy Horizon Depth (cm) Description in situ breaking down to AP O-17 1OYR 414; sandy loam; coarse subangular blocky; moderate subangular blocky slightly firm; few coarse breaking down to granular; fragments; diffuse, wavy very friable; few subangular IIC 54+ 1OYR 4/4; sandy clay loam; gravel fragments of strong platy; firm to very sandstone; smooth, clear firm; many small gravel and (The Ap is intermixed with a few cobble fragments of the Bf and small patchesI of sandstone Ae) Soil unit RE2 Mechanical analysis HY- Sand fraction % Bulk draulic 0.5 0.25- O.l- den- % Pore space % Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-l l-O.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total o/o ‘% Text. sity Macro* Micro* Total 10 cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm” Hz0 HZ0 kPa kPa cmlhr *P C&l7 3.6 6.3 23.5 22.4 7.3 63.1 24.8 12.1 SL 1.4 18.3 27.9 46.2 27.5 20. I 5.9 17.3 Ae 17-20 3.3 6.4 25.8 24.0 8.7 68.2 27.6 4.2 SL 1.1 15.7 40.9 56.7 47.8 37.2 9.2 5.1 Bf 21X30 3.5 5.6 17.8 18.1 11.4 56.4 35.1 8.5 SL BCxj 3&54 3.8 5.2 18.7 17.5 7.5 52.8 33.8 13.4 SL I.4 10.2 32.2 42.4 28.4 23.1 3.8 4.3 IIC 54 3.0 4.9 19.4 17.5 5.7 50.5 25.7 23.8 SCL 1.8 7.2 24.3 31.5 15.6 13.6 8.3 0.3 % Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm HZ0 CaCI, % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al @pm) *P &I7 4.4 4.0 1.3 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.2 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.1 6.5 .Ae 17-20 4.0 3.6 0.6 0.4 0.1 1.6 0.1 0.2 0.1 0. I 0.0 0.1 0.0 5.8 Bf 2G30 4.5 4.4 2.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.1 1.8 1.0 I .o 1.7 0.3 0.4 1.4 BCxj 3s-54 4.4 3.9 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.8 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 2.4 IIC 54 4.1 3.5 0.1 0.2 0.5 2.8 0.1 1.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0. I 9.2 *At a tension of 50 cm of HzO. the micropores retain their water while the macropores do not 225 Reece Association IIC 1 39-6 1 7.5YR 414; sandy clay loam; few medium, faint 7.5YR Soil unit: RE2 4.5/5 mottles; massive in Location: lat. 46”55’53” long. 65”44’24” situ, moderate, medium and Parent material: fine loamy lodgment till (possibly coarse subangular blocky on some coarse loamy ablation till excavation; firm; common, over the fine loamy lodgment till) very thin clay films on ped Slope: 1% surface; 15% coarse Aspect: north fragments-l 0% fine gravel Elevation: 76 m AMSL of foreign material and 5% Drainage: moderately well drained stones of sandstone; gradual, Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol smooth; pH 4.8 (some feldspar and possibly some Horizon Depth (cm) Description fragipan in this horizon) L 4-3 hardwood leaves with some llC2 61 + 6YR 3.513; sandy clay loam; conifer needles few medium distinct 5YR F 3-l semidecomposed hardwood 4/5 mottles; massive in situ. leaves and roots and mosses strong, coarse, platy on H 1-o 7.5YR 210; greasy excavation; firm to very Ae s3.5 1OYR 612.5; sandy loam; firm; few very thin clay moderate, medium, films on rock surfaces; 30% subangular blocky; friable; coarse fragments-5% fine less than 5% coarse gravel of foreign material fragments-fine gravel and and 25% stones of cobbles of sandstone with sandstone; pH 4.8 (some some foreign material; feldspar present) abrupt, wavy to irregular; Note: 1. Foreign material refers to coarse fragments of pH 4.8 granitic, metamorphic, and volcanic rock, i.e., Bf 3.5-12 7.5YR 5/S; loam; moderate, nonsandstone. medium and coarse, 2. This profile shows some tendencies of subangular blocky; very intergrading toward the Rogersville association. friable; less than 5% coarse 3. No analytical data available. fragments-gravel and cobbles of sandstone with some foreign material; clear, Reece Association wavy; pH 5.0 Bfj 12-22 IOYR 4/5; sandy loam to Soil unit: RE4 loam; weak, coarse. Location: lat. 46”47’29” long. 65”28’04” granular; very friable; 5% Parent material: fine loamy lodgment till with a coarse fragments-gravel thin surficial deposit of coarse and cobbles of sandstone loamy ablation till with some foreign material; Slope: 0% clear, wavy; pH 5.2 Aspect: N/A BCgj 22-39 1OYR 513.5; sandy loam to Elevation: 45 m AMSL loam; few fine prominent Drainage: imperfect 5YR 5/8 mottles; moderate, Classification: Gleyed Eluviated Dystric Brunisol fine and medium, subangular blocky; friable; coarse Horizon Depth (cm) Description fragments-gravel and L trace consists of deciduous leaves cobbles of sandstone with and coniferous needles some foreign material; FH 2-o 5YR 312; consists of a abrupt, wavy; pH 5.0 mixture of humus and partly decomposed leaves and needles; very greasy; matted 226 Ae o-5 7.5YR 612; sandy loam; sandstone; abrupt, broken strong coarse granular (vertical streaks of 1OYR breaking down to medium 6.512) granular; friable; very few 1lCg 34-42 1OYR 414; sandy clay loam; coarse fragments; abrupt, many medium to coarse, wavy (pockets of Ae extend prominent 7.5YR 5/8 to 12 cm; faint streaks of mottles; strong platy mottling (7.5YR 518) breaking to strong coarse surround root channels) granular; firm; few flat and I Bfjgj 5-18 7.5YR 4.516; sandy loam; angular gravel fragments of many coarse, distinct 7.5YR sandstone; diffuse, wavy 5.518 mottles; medium weak (vertical streaks of 1OYR granular; friable; few angular 6.512 throughout horizon) and subangular gravel UC 42- 100 1OYR 4/4; sandy clay loam; fragments of sandstone with strong, platy; firm; few clay a few metamorphic skins; few specks of fragments; abrupt, wavy manganese; few red and cxgj 18-34 1OYR 518; sandy loam to brown specks of weathered loam; many medium to shale; many coarse angular coarse, distinct 7.5YR 5i8 fragments of sandstone mottles; strong, coarse, Note: 1. In this profile the fragipan is closer to the soil blocky; firm; many small surface than usual for soils of this unit. angular gravel fragments of Soil unit RE4 Mechanical analysis HY- Sand fraction W Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.25- O.I- den- % Pore space ‘76Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-l l-0.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total R % Text. sity Macro* Micro* Total IO cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm.’ HZ0 Hz0 kPa kPa cm/hr Ae c-5 2.3 3.9 17.6 25.4 10.4 59.6 33.5 6.9 SL 1.2 19.6 38.8 58.4 45.5 35.2 6.9 Bfjgj 5-18 4.6 5.7 18.9 25.7 9.4 64.3 26.1 9.6 SL IQ In-42 1.5 2.9 15.0 24.9 10.9 55.1 23.2 21.7 SCL IIC 42-100 2.2 3.4 15.8 21.6 7.9 50.8 27.5 21.7 SCL 1.9 3.9 31.0 34.9 18.1 16.8 X.0 0.1 % Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm H,O CaClz % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al (r-v) Ae O-5 4.0 3.2 0.8 0.4 0. I 3.6 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. I 0. I 2.6 Wgi 5-18 4.5 4.3 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 I.1 0.7 0.6 I.3 0. I 0.3 0.7 IICg 34-42 4.4 3.6 0.2 0.2 0.1 2.0 0.1 I.0 0.1 0.4 0. I 0.2 0.2 2.7 IIC 42-100 4.9 4.2 0.2 4.4 2.9 0.2 0. I I .4 0.1 0.4 0.2 0. I 0. I 21.4 *At a tension of 50 cm of H20. the micropores retain their water while the macropores do not 227 Reece Association Bhfgj 7-16 5YR 417 with many fine, prominent 7.5YR 414 Soil unit: RE7 mottles; sandy clay loam; Location: lat. 46”44’33” long. 65”23’28” strong, fine, subangular Parent material: fine loamy lodgment till blocky; friable to firm; Slope: 1% wavy, abrupt; pH 4.8 Aspect: east BCxg 1655 2.5Y 414 with many coarse, Elevation: 78 m AMSL prominent 7.5YR 514 Drainage: poor mottles; sandy loam; strong, Classification: Gleyed fragic Ferro-Humic Podzol medium subangular blocky; very firm and brittle; Horizon Depth (cm) Description smooth, gradual; pH 5.0 LFH 7-o not described cg 55+ 7.5YR 314 with many fine Aegj O-7 1OYR 712 with few coarse prominent 5Y 6/2 and many distinct 1OYR 5/3 mottles; coarse, distinct 7.5YR 516 sandy loam; moderate, fine, mottles; sandy clay loam; subangular blocky; friable to moderate, coarse, subangular firm; wavy, abrupt; pH 4.3 blocky; very firm; pH 5.0 Soil unit RE7 Mechanical analysis HY- Sand fraction % Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.25- O.I- den- 57 Pore space % Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-l l-O.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total % % Text. sity Macro Micro Total IO cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ HZ0 HZ0 kPa kPa cmihr Bhfgj 7-16 48.4 27.6 24.0 SCL BCgx I655 64.4 17.0 18.6 SL Cg 55 54.2 20.2 25.6 SCL % Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm HZ0 CaCI, % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al @pm) Bhfej 7-16 5.4 - - BCp 16-55 1.9 0.3 0.4 CP 55 0.2 0.1 0.1 Richibucto Association Bf 26-36 7.5YR 516; loamy sand; weak, fine granular; very Soil unit: RB2 friable; 5% by volume of Location: lat. 46”30’48” long. 64”43’02” this horizon is slightly Parent material: marine-influenced outwash sand cemented; clear, smooth Slope: less than 1% BC 36-50 7.5YR 414; sand; single Aspect: south grain; loose; gradual, smooth Elevation: 5 m AMSL C 50+ 7.5YR 4/3; sand; single Drainage: well drained grain; loose Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Note: 1. Roots down to 70 cm. 2. Very strongly acid throughout the profile. Horizon Depth (cm) Description AP O-26 1OYR 414; loamy sand; weak, fine granular; very friable; abrupt, smooth 228 Soil unit RB2 Mechanical analysis Sand fraction ‘% Bulk 0.5- 0.25- O.l- den- % Pore space 8 Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-1 l-O.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total % 8 Text. sity Macro Micro Total 10 cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm3 Hz0 H,O kPa kPa cm/hr Bf 26-36 0.4 20.2 34.7 15.5 2.8 73.5 9.5 17.0 C 50 0.2 18.1 42.6 24.6 4.0 89.6 6.0 4.4 % Free Fe and Al Depth pH org. c Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm HZ0 CaC& % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al @pm) Bf 2636 5.3 4.6 2.9 0.7 0.9 C 50’ 5.5 4.8 0.1 0.1 0. I Richibucto Association Bm 12-35 7.5YR 516; loamy sand; weak, fine, subangular Soil unit: RB2 blocky; very friable; abrupt, Location: lat. 46”38’36” long. 65”02’20” wavy Parent material: sandy glacial outwash BC 35-99 1OYR 414; loamy sand; Slope: 3% single grain; loose; clear, Aspect: north smooth Elevation: 14 m AMSL C 99+ 2.5Y 413; sand; massive and Drainage: well drained single grain; friable Classification: Eluviated Dystric Brunisol Horizon Depth (cm) Description AP O-12 IOYR 3.513; sandy loam; weak, fine, subangular blocky; very friable; abrupt, smooth Soil unit RB2 Mechanical analysis HY- Sand fraction 7~ Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.25- O.I- den- % Pore space % Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-1 l-O.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total 8 % Text. sity Macro* Micro* Total IO cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ Hz0 Hz0 kPa kPa cmihr AP C&12 0.6 6.4 24.9 35.1 7.5 14.4 15.7 9.9 SL I.2 20.3 32.6 52.8 38.4 27.2 7.8 35.0 Bm 12-35 1.4 9.7 26.3 35.9 10.8 84.0 10.7 5.4 LS BC 35-99 2.1 12.0 35.4 30.9 5.0 85.4 11.4 3.2 LS C 99 0.9 1.9 20.4 50.5 7.0 86.8 10.0 3.2 S I.5 12.2 27.6 39.8 25.2 18.7 1.9 30.0 % Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm HZ0 CaCI, % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al @pm) AP O-12 4.9 4.4 1.9 1.2 0.2 0. I 0. I 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 6.4 Bm 12-35 4.7 4.4 I.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0. I 1 .o 0.7 0.4 0.8 0. I 0.2 3.7 BC 35-99 4.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0. I 0.4 0.2 0. I 0.3 0.1 0.1 6.6 C 99 4.3 4.1 0.1 0. I 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0. I 0.1 14.6 *At a tension of 50 cm of HzO. the micropores retain their water while the macropores do not. 229 Richibucto Association Horizon Depth (cm) Description AP O-25 IOYR 3f3.5; sandy loam; Soil unit: RB2 weak, fine, and medium Location: lat. 46”36’42” long. 64”44’ 17” granular; very friable; Parent material: fine marine sand abrupt, smooth Slope: 2% Bfjgj 25-37 9YR 518; loamy sand; Aspect: southeast common fine, prominent Elevation: 8 m AMSL IOYR 3/3 vertical streaks, a Drainage: well drained few fine, prominent IOYR Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol 313 blotches and a few medium, faint 1OYR 5/7 Horizon Depth (cm) Description mottles; structureless in situ AP &I4 7.5YR 412; sandy loam; breaking into single grains strong, medium granular; and a few coarse, granular very friable; smooth, abrupt on excavation; very friable; Ae trace 5YR 6/2; loamy sand; weak, clear, wavy medium, subangular blocky; BCgi 37-56 IOYR 516; sand; few friable; irregular, abrupt; medium, faint 7.5YR 516 O-20 cm thick mottles; structureless in situ Bf 14-30 5YR 5/8; sandy loam; breaking into single grains moderate, medium granular; and a few weak, coarse and very friable; irregular, abrupt medium granular on Bfc 20-30 7.5YR 414 with many prom- excavation; very friable; inent 5YR 418 specks; loamy diffuse, wavy sand to sandy loam; CB 56-80 1OYR 5.515; sand; common massive; very firm and medium, faint IOYR 516 brittle; wavy, abrupt mottles; structureless in situ BCcj 3@-48 1OYR 414; loamy sand; breaking into single grains massive; firm; smooth, clear and a few coarse granular on C 48 + IOYR 4/3; fine, loamy sand excavation; very friable to to sand: single grain; loose loose; gradual, wavy Note: 1. The whole profile is acid. Cti 80+ IOYR 5.5/3.5; loamy sand; 2. The Bfc horizon is not continuous, occupying few medium, distinct IOYR less than 30% of Bf horizon. 312 bands (of fine sand), 3. No analytical information available. common fine to medium, distinct IOYR 5/6 and few fine, distinct 7.5YR 5i8 Riverbank Association mottles; structureless in situ breaking into single grains Soil unit: R4 and some weak, medium Location: lat. 46”57’10” long. 65”40’53” subangular blocky on Parent material: water-deposited sand excavation; friable in situ Slope: 5% breaking into very friable on Aspect: east excavation Elevation: 25 m AMSL Note: I. In the profile adjacent to the one described Drainage: imperfect above there was a weak discontinuous ortstein Classification: Gleyed Eluviated Dystric Brunisol layer in the Bf horizon (also a Bhfcj horizon). 2. The sand found in this profile is composed of quartz, hornblende, biotite, and various feldspars 3. Bedding is obvious .in the C horizon. 230 Soil unit R4 Mechanical analysis HY- Sand fraction 7~ Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.2s O.l- den- 9% Pore space 9/c Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-l l-O.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total % ‘?I Text. shy Macro Micro Total 10 cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity ZO” cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ Hz0 Hz0 kPa kPa cm/hr *P CL25 2.3 18.8 32.1 13.8 5.5 72.5 19.2 8.3 SL I.1 33.5 23.3 56.9 50.2 33.9 21.4 6.8 34.4 Bfjgj 25-37 2.1 19.5 34.8 13.9 6.2 76.4 21.2 2.4 LS BCgj 37-56 I.1 13.0 36.1 30.5 8.3 89.1 9.3 1.6 s cl3 5680 0.3 3.3 40.2 38.5 8.2 90.6 1.5 1.9 s Cgj 80 0.2 3.5 33.1 29.9 14.4 81.1 16.8 2.1 LS 1.6 28.1 10.0 38. I 23.4 15.7 6.3 1.2 1.2 L70Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm Hz0 CaClz % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al @pm) *P @25 5.7 5.1 2.8 2.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.3 19.1 Bf~gj 25-37 6.0 5.4 0.1 1.1 0.1 0.1 0. I I.0 0.5 0.4 I.0 0. I 0.2 4.2 BGi 37-56 5.9 5.3 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 3.7 CB 5680 5.4 5.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0. I 0.3 0. I 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 17.0 CgJ 80 5.5 5.2 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0. I 0.4 0.1 0. I 0.2 0.0 0.1 20.9 *At a tension of 50 cm of HzO, the micropores retain their water while the macropores do not. Rogersville Association cobbles of foreign material (see note I); abrupt, wavy Soil unit: RS2 Bhf lo-13 5YR 4f6; sandy loam; weak Location: lat. 46”45’55” long. 65’44’34” to moderate, fine, granular; Parent material: fine loamy lodgment till with very friable; 10% coarse granitic, metamorphic, and some fragments, subangular and volcanic coarse fragments subrounded, gravel and Slope: 1% cobbles of foreign material; Aspect: north abrupt, wavy Elevation: 57 m AMSL Bf 13-17 7.5YR 518; sandy loam; Drainage: moderately well drained weak, fine, granular; very Classification: Fragic Humo-Ferric Podzol friable; 10% coarse fragments, subangular and Horizon Depth (cm) Description subrounded gravel and L 4-3 consists of dead ferns, cobbles of foreign material; shrubs, grasses, and some clear, wavy coniferous needles Bfgi 17-22 7.5YR 516; sandy loam; FH 3-o black; slightly greasy; bits of common fine, distinct 1OYR plant material and dead roots 5.514 mottles; weak to not completely decomposed; moderate, medium and pH 4.3 coarse, granular; very Ae G-10 IOYR 612; sandy loam; weak friable; 10% coarse to moderate, medium, fragments, subangular and granular; very friable; subrounded, gravel and lo- 15% coarse fragments, cobbles of foreign material; subangular, gravel and a few clear, wavy 231 Horizon Depth (cm) Description gravel, with some cobbles, BC 22-36 IOYR 516; loam; common of foreign material; clear, fine, faint, 7.5YR 516 irregular mottling; weak, fine, C 70-t IOYR 4.5/4; gritty loam; subangular blocky; friable; common fine to medium, 10% coarse fragments, distinct 1OYR 4/6 mottles; subangular and subrounded, strong, medium, angular gravel and cobbles of blocky; firm to very firm in foreign material; gradual, situ, firm on excavation; wavy common, thin clay films BCxtj 36-70 1OYR 514; gritty sandy around coarse fragments and loam; common fine to in pores and on ped medium, prominent 7.5YR surfaces; 40% coarse 511 streaks; moderate, fine fragments, subangular and and medium, subangular subrounded cobbles and blocky; very firm in situ, gravel with some stones of friable to firm on foreign material excavation, brittle; few thin Note: 1. Foreign material refers to fragments of granitic, to very thin, clay films on metamorphic (gneiss, schist, slate, and ped and coarse fragment argillite), and some volcanic rocks. surfaces; 20-25% coarse 2. Subangular stones of foreign material were fragments, mostly scattered throughout the profile with the subangular and subrounded majority in the subsurface horizons. Soil unit RS2 Mechanical analvsis Hv- Sand fraction & Bulk draulic 0.5 0.2% O.l- den- 7~ Pore space o/c Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-l I-O.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total c/o o/o Text. sity Macro Micro Total 10 cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm3 Hz0 Hz0 kPa kPa cmlhr Ae O-10 8.6 11.2 13.3 15.8 10.6 59.4 36.5 4.1 SL Bhf IO-13 9.4 12.7 13.8 12.4 7.5 55.8 26.0 18.2 SL Bf & Bfgj 13-22 14.0 12.3 14.0 14.6 9.2 64.2 28.3 7.5 SL BC 22-36 9.0 8.8 11.2 13.1 8.5 50.6 37.7 11.7 L BCxtj 3670 9.4 10.9 12.8 13.3 7.1 53.5 35.5 11.1 SL C 70 9.3 10.0 12.0 13.3 6.3 50.9 32.0 17.1 L Ic Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. c Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm Hz0 CaCI, % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al @Pm) Ae @LO 4.3 3.9 0.5 - - - - 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.6 Bhf lG-13 5.2 4.8 5.1 - - - - 3.1 1.6 2.3 2. I 1.1 1.3 10.0 Bf & Bfgi 13-22 5.4 - 1.8 - - - - 1.5 1.2 0.9 2.7 0.1 0.5 I.3 BC 22-36 5.4 5.2 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.1 0. I 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.9 0. I 0.3 2.0 BCxtj 36-70 5.4 4.9 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0. I 0.5 0. I 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 21.1 C 70 5.4 4.7 0.1 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 20.9 Note: This profile is slightly low in clay content for a typical Rogersville soil 232 Rogersville Association brittle; common thin clay films along the ped surfaces; Soil unit: RS4 25% coarse fragments, Location: lat. 46”44’50” long. 65”24’29” mostly gravel but some Parent material: fine loamy lodgment till with cobbles and a few stones, granitic, metamorphic, and some similar in rock type to that volcanic coarse fragments over a of the Ap horizon; abrupt, fine loamy lodgment till dominated smooth by sandstone coarse fragments HCxj 80+ 1OYR 413; sandy loam; Slope: 0.5% massive in situ breaking into Aspect: southeast moderate to strong, medium Elevation: 95 m AMSL platy when excavated; very Drainage: imperfect firm and hard, compact, Classification: Gleyed Podzolic Gray Luvisol slightly brittle; 25% coarse fragments, mostly cobbles, Horizon Depth (cm) Description stones, and sandstone AP &17 1OYR 413; sandy loam; Note: 1. The whole profile is strongly acid. moderate, fine subangular 2. No analytical information available. blocky; very friable; lo-15% coarse fragments, mostly gravels, of dark volcanic Rogersville Association rock, slate, green siltstone, gneiss, schist, and granite Soil unit: RS7 (practically no sandstone); Location: lat. 46”47’45” long. 65”21’52” abrupt, smooth Parent material: about 80 cm of brown lodgment till with mainly granitic and Bf 17-23 9YR 517; sandy loam; moderate, fine subangular volcanic rock coarse fragments blocky; friable; 1520% over red lodgment till with coarse fragments, mostly Pennsylvanian sandstones, red gravel, similar in rock type shale, and siltstone coarse to that of the Ap horizon; fragments clear, smooth Slope: O-l% Aspect: west Bfgj 23-35 1OYR 5/6; gravelly sandy loam; common medium, Elevation: 76 m AMSL faint 7.5YR 5/7 and few fine Drainage: poor and medium, prominent Classification: Fragic Luvic Gleysol 7.5YR 6/2 mottles; weak, fine and medium, subangular Horizon Depth (cm) Description blocky; friable; 20-25% 4s O-19 IOYR 413 with common coarse fragments, mostly coarse, prominent 1OYR 516 gravel, similar in rock type mottles; gravelly loam; to that of the Ap horizon; moderate, medium abrupt, smooth subangular blocky; friable; about 15% gravel, mostly Bc 3545 1OYR 5/5; gravelly sandy loam to gravelly sandy clay subangular granitic and dark loam; common fine, faint volcanic; relatively stone 1OYR 516 mottles; moderate, free; abrupt, smooth fine and medium, subangular Aegj 19-22 1OYR 6/2.5 with common blocky; firm to very firm, medium, distinct 1OYR 5/3 hard, compact; 30% coarse mottles; loam; weak, fine, fragments, mostly gravel and subangular blocky; friable; a few cobbles, similar in 10% fine gravel, mostly rock type to that of the Ap same kinds as Apg; abrupt, horizon; abrupt, smooth broken 22-29 1OYR 5/3 with many fine to Btxjgj 45-80 9YR 413.5; sandy clay loam; JQ common coarse, distinct very fine, prominent 1OYR IOYR 5.514 and few fine, 5/6 mottles; loam; moderate, prominent 5YR 518 mottles; medium and fine subangular massive in situ breaking into blocky; friable, 10% fine moderate, medium and gravel, mostly quartz, feldspars, and some volcanic coarse, subangular blocky when excavated; very firm, rock fragments; smooth, very hard, compact, slightly abrupt 233 _. .------. .____ - -_.. __ _ -_,- __ _ .-. ,. Horizon Depth (cm) Description situ becomes moderate, Bgx & 29-6 1 Bgx is IOYR 414 with many coarse, subangular blocky Aexjg medium, distinct IOYR 516 after excavation; firm, hard, mottles; gravelly loam; and brittle; common thin moderate to strong, medium, clay films in voids; 15-20s subangular blocky; firm, gravel, mostly quartz, brittle, and hard; 1520% feldspars, a few sandstones, coarse fragments (most fine siltstone, and volcanic rock gravels are quartz and fragments; common, fine feldspars, but most coarse black manganese specks; gravels are granitic rock smooth, clear fragments and angular 77-82 8.5YR 514 with many fine, volcanic rock fragments); distinct 8.5YR 516 and Aexjg is 2.5Y 612 with common coarse, distinct common fine and medium, 1OYR 513 mottles; loam; prominent 1OYR 516 mottles; massive in situ, becomes sandy loam; moderate, fine, weak, coarse, subangular subangular blocky; friable blocky after excavation; firm and slightly brittle; forming but not brittle; lo-15% streaks within the Bgx gravel, same as Btxg in horizon, streaks have a kinds, but slight increase in width of 1.5 cm to less than siltstone and sandstone; few 0.5 cm; 10% tine gravel thin clay films in voids: (quartz and feldspars); common fine to medium boundary between Bgx and manganese specks; wavy, Aexjg is abrupt, however, abrupt boundary between Bgx and 82+ 5YR 4/3; loam; massive; the lower horizon (Btxg) is firm, compact, plastic. and wavy, clear very sticky; few thin clay Btxg 61-77 2.5Y 514 with many coarse, film in voids; 15% stone and prominent 8.5YR 516 cobble, mostly mottles plus common fine Pennsylvanian sandstone, distinct 2.5Y 612 mottles; red shale and siltstone gravelly loam; massive in Soil unit RS7 Mechanical analysis HY- Sand fraction % Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.25- o.i- den- % Pore space % Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-l l-0.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total % % Text. sity Macro Micro Total IO cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ Hz0 H,O kPa kPa cmihr Apg u-19 7.8 8.5 11.3 11.6 7.3 46.5 41.6 11.9 L Aegj 19-22 5.8 8.6 10.8 12.9 7.7 45.6 42.7 11.6 L b 22-29 6.9 9.4 10.9 13.2 7.5 47.8 39.0 13.2 L BPX 29-6 I 7.3 9.0 10.5 11.7 6.4 44.8 37.2 18.0 L Aexjg 29-61 10.1 11.1 12.2 13.6 8.0 55.0 34.1 10.9 SL Btxg 61-77 6.7 8.4 11.0 12.6 6.4 45.1 35.9 19.0 L Cd 71-82 4.7 6.8 11.5 13.8 6.5 43.2 35.7 21.1 L IIC 81 I.0 2.8 11.6 14.8 6.1 36.2 36.7 27.0 L % Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm H>O CaClz % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al @Pm) Apg O-19 5.2 4.6 1.8 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0. I 5.1 Aegj 19-22 5.2 4.4 0:8 0.8 0.3 0.7 0. I 0.6 0.2 0.3 0. I 0.2 0.1 8.7 Bg 22-29 4.9 4.1 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.6 - 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 12.3 % 29-6 1 5.2 4.4 0.3 1.7 1.7 0.1 0. I 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.3 Aexjg 29-6 1 4.8 4.2 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.4 1.4 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 I .o Btxp 6 l-77 5.4 4.8 0.2 3.0 2.4 0.0 0.2 1.4 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 9.2 Cti T-82 5.8 5.2 0. I 4.6 2.8 0.0 0.2 2.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.2 28.3 IIC 82 6.0 5.4 0.1 4.8 3.5 0.0 0.2 2.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 99.7 234 Stony Brook Association very friable: 5% rounded and subrounded sandstone Soil unit: SB2 gravels; abrupt, wavy Location: lat. 46”30’52” long. 65”09’40” Ae2 34-40 7.5YR 614 (ex ped) and Parent material: fine loamy lodgment till 5YR 413 (in ped); clay loam; Slope: 6% moderate, medium to coarse, Aspect: south subangular blocky; firm; Elevation: 18 m AMSL 10% rounded and Drainage: well drained subrounded sandstone gravel Classification: Podzolic Gray Luvisol and thin flat sandstone cobbles; clear. irregular Horizon Depth (cm) Description Bt 40-90 4YR 3.513; clay loam; LFH 3-O consists mainly of moderate to strong, coarse, moderately decomposed s&angular blocky; firm; feather moss and needles 15% rounded and Ahe o-4 1OYR 5/2; loam; weak to subrounded sandstone gravel moderate; fine to medium, and flat thin sandstone subangular blocky; friable; cobbles and stones; gradual 5% rounded and subrounded smooth sandstone gravels; abrupt, C 90+ 4YR 3.513; clay loam; weak wavy to moderate, coarse, Ael 4-14 1OYR 712; loam; weak, fine, subangular blocky; firm; platy and weak, fine 20% rounded and subangular blocky; friable; subrounded sandstone gravel 5% rounded and subrounded and thin flat sandstone sandstone gravel; abrupt, cobbles and stones wavy Note: 1 The surface horizons of soils of the Stony Bf 14-34 6YR 5/5; clay loam; Brook association are typically redder (5YR moderate, fine, granular; hue) than in this profile. Soil unit 582 Mechanical analysis Hy- Sand fraction ‘% Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.25- O.I- den- %,. Pore space B Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-l l-O.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total % % Text. sity Macro* Micro* Total 10 cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ HZ0 HZ0 kPa kPa cmlhr Ahe G4 0.5 5.2 12.9 17.9 7.2 43.8 39.0 17.2 L I.1 25.4 32.5 57.9 35.4 29.4 5.5 Ael 3-14 0.3 3.4 11.2 21.1 9.4 45.3 41.5 13.2 L Bf l&34 0.4 4.1 10.8 17.0 7.1 39.3 32.0 28.7 CL Ae2 34-40 0.4 3.1 8.8 15.0 7.3 34.6 37.1 28.3 CL Bt 4&90 0.2 2.7 8.0 14.4 6.7 32.0 35.1 32.9 CL C 90 0.2 2.8 7.6 14.2 7.0 31.8 36.1 32.1 CL 1.76 12.2 26.2 38.4 16.4 15.0 12.1 0.1 LTCFree Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm Hz0 CaCl, % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al (ppm) Ahe @4 3.7 3.4 2.8 1.7 I.1 3.0 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0. 1 16.7 Ael 414 3.8 3.5 0.5 0.7 0.3 3.2, 0.1 0.4 0. I 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 8.8 Bf 14-34 3.9 3.7 1.6 0.3 0.1 3.3 0.1 1.9 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.9 0.5 36.5 Ae2 3440 4.3 3.7 0.3 0.5 0.2 3.7 0. I 1.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 5.3 Bt 40-90 4.2 3.6 0.1 3.2 2.0 2.5 0.2 1.8 0. I 0.3 0. I 0.2 39.6 c 90 5.7 5.1 0.1 7.3 2.1 0.0 0.1 1.8 0.1 0. I 0.1 0.2 0.3 203.5 *At a tension of 50 cm of HzO, the micropores retain their water while the macropores do not 235 Stony Brook Association subangular blocky; thin clay films along ped surface; Soil unit: SB7 firm; 6% sandstone coarse Location: lat. 46”06’54” long. 65”19’04” fragments, rounded and Parent material: fine loamy lodgment till subrounded gravel, cobbles, Slope: 0% and thin flat stones; clear, Aspect: N/A smooth Elevation: 80 m AMSL BQ 52-68 5YR 4/3; common medium, Drainage: poor prominent, 5YR 5/8 mottles; Classification: Orthic Luvic Gleysol gravelly clay loam; very weak, coarse subangular Horizon Depth (cm) Description blocky; very firm; 30% LFH l@O consists of moderately sandstone coarse fragments, decomposed needles and rounded and subrounded sphagnum moss cobbles, gravel, and thin flat Aeg o-15 5Y 712; many coarse, prom- stones; gradual, smooth inent IOYR 5/6 mottles; silt Q 68 + 5YR 4/3; few medium, prom- loam; very weak, medium, inent 5YR 5/8 mottles; subangular blocky; friable; gravelly clay loam; massive abrupt, wavy to very weak, coarse, platy; Btg I5-52 5YR 4/3; many medium, very firm; 20% sandstone prominent 5YR 518 mottles coarse fragments, rounded to and many coarse, prominent subrounded gravel, cobbles, 5Y 7/2 mottles; clay loam; and thin flat stones weak to moderate, coarse Soil unit SB7 Mechanical analysis HY- Sand fraction 8 Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.25- O.l- den- % Pore space % Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-1 t-0.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total % % Text. sity Macro Micro Total 10 cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm’ Hz0 HZ0 kPa kPa cmihr Aeg O-15 2 14 21 21 9 67 24 9 SL Btg 15-52 1 8 10 13 8 40 34 26 L cg 68 2 7 9 14 9 41 37 22 L % Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm HZ0 CaC& 9E Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al @pm) A% O-15 4.2 3.5 0.8 0.1 0.1 3.6 0.0 0.1 0. I 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Bte 15-52 4.8 3.8 0.2 0.6 0.7 4.0 0.1 I .4 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0. I cg 68+ 5.1 4.0 0.1 1.5 1.8 3.0 0.1 2.0 0.1 0.6 0. I 0.1 0. I 236 Sunbuty Association Bf 4-20 7.5YR 5/6; gravelly sandy loam; weak, medium Soil unit: s2 granular breaking down to Location: lat. 46”43’36” long. 65” 15’44” fine granular; very friable to Parent material: coarse loamy ablation till loose; many angular and Slope: 5% subrounded gravel fragments Aspect: southwest of sandstone; gradual, wavy Elevation: 60 m AMSL BC 20-33 7SYR 5/8; sandy loam; Drainage: well drained weak, coarse to medium, Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol granular; very friable to loose; some angular and Horizon Depth (cm) Description subrounded gravel fragments LFH 1.5-O 5YR 2/l ; mixture of conifer of sandstone; diffuse wavy needles and deciduous leaves CB 33-46 1OYR 514; loamy sand; weak and mineralized organic pseudoplaty breaking down matter; evidence of fire, to large and medium charcoal bits granular; very friable; some Ae cb4 7.5YR 6.512; sandy loam; subangular fragments of weak, medium, granular; sandstone; diffuse, wavy loose; many angular and C 46+ 1OYR 5/4; gravelly loamy subrounded gravet fragments sand; weak, coarse granular of sandstone; abrupt, wavy breaking down to medium (there are pockets of Ae granular; loose; many down to 10 cm) subrounded and angular fragments of sandstone Soil unit S2 Mechanical analysis HY- Sand fraction % Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.25- O.l- den- % Pore space % Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 2-l l-0.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total % % Text. sity Macro Micro Total 10 cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm3 Hz0 H,O kPa kPa cmihr Ae O-4 1.5 3.7 19.4 30.9 13.3 68.8 27.4 3.8 SL 1.1 29.5 29.9 59.5 45.8 28.5 9.2 89.5 Bf 420 3.7 5.3 19.5 28.3 12.1 68.9 21.6 9.5 SL BC 20-33 1.7 3.1 17.0 35.5 16.8 74.1 20.7 5.3 SL 1.1 26.0 31.3 57.3 45.8 29.5 4.6 34.6 CB 33-46 2.1 3.8 18.8 36.0 15.3 76.0 18.2 5.8 LS 1.4 18.2 25.4 43.6 27.4 17.9 2.6 11.8 C 46 3.0 5.3 25.4 30.4 13.5 77.5 18.3 4.2 LS 1.5 18.6 21.7 40.2 23.0 14.3 2.0 12.7 % Free Fe and Al Depth pH Org. C Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm Hz0 CaClz % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al @pm) Ae CL4 3.8 3.2 0.6 0.4 0.1 1.9 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.6 Bf 4-20 4.8 4.5 1.7 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.2 2.1 1.0 1.1 2.0 0.3 0.3 6.6 BC 2&33 5.1 4.7 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.5 0.4 1 .o 0.0 0.1 4.2 CB 33-46 4.1 4.3 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 1.1 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.7 C 46 4.6 4.1 0. I 0.4 0. I 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 6.2 *At a tension of 50 cm of HZO, the micropores retain their water while the macropores do not 237 Sunbury Association Aegj &9 1OYR 6.5/2; sandy loam; common, medium, distinct Soil unit: s2 1OYR 6/3.5 mottling; weak, Location: lat. 46”38’33” long. 65”43’49“ fine and medium, subangular Parent material: coarse loamy ablation till blocky; very friable; 15-20% Slope: 2% coarse fragments, angular Aspect: northwest and subangular cobbles, with Elevation: 57 m AMSL some gravel and a few Drainage: well drained stones, of sandstone; abrupt, Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol wavy; pH 4.3 Bfl 9-27 8YR 5.518; sandy loam; Horizon Depth (cm) Description weak, fine, granular; very LFH 8-O pH 3.8 friable; 30-35% coarse Ae o-4 7.5YR 712; medium sandy fragments, angular and loam; weak, fine subangular subangular cobbles, with blocky; very friable; some gravel and a few irregular, abrupt; pH 3.8 stones, of sandstone; Bf 4-38 7.5YR 5/8; medium sandy gradual, wavy; pH 4.8 loam; strong, fine and Bf2 2746 7.5YR 518; sandy loam; very medium, granular; very weak, fine, granular; very friable; 5-10% gravel; wavy, friable; 30-35% coarse abrupt; pH 4.6 fragments, angular and BC 38-56 2.5Y 514 with common fine, subangular cobbles, with distinct 1OYR 5/6 mottling; some gravel and a few medium sandy loam; stones, of sandstone; clear, moderate fine subangular wavy; pH 5.2 blocky; friable; 15-20% BCgj 46-67 1OYR 4/5; sandy loam; cobbles and gravel; smooth, common fine, faint 1OYR clear; pH 4.6 5/6 and common fine prom- C 56+ 2.5Y 514; medium sandy inent 1OYR 7/3 mottles; loam; weak, fine platy; weak, fine, granular with friable; 15-20% cobbles and some weak, fine subangular gravel; pH 4.8 blocky; very friable; 25% Note: 1. The cobbles are thin flat gray sandstone. coarse fragments, angular 2. No analytical information available. and subangular gravel and cobbles of sandstone; gradual, wavy; pH 5.1 Sunbuty Association C 67 + 1OYR 514; sandy loam; weak, fine, subangular Soil unit: s4 blocky; friable; 40-50% Location: lat. 46”53’47” long. 65”40’05” coarse fragments, mostly Parent material: coarse loamy ablation till angular and subangular Slope: 1.5% cobbles and flat stones with Aspect: southeast some subangular and Elevation: 45 m AMSL subrounded gravel, of Drainage: imperfect sandstone; pH 4.9 (In the Classification: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol upper C horizon there is a streak of 2.5Y 6.512 Horizon Depth (cm) Description surrounded by a thin layer of LFH 2-o 5YR 2.511; consists mostly 1OYR 516. The streak is fine of semidecomposed needles, sandy loam; friable to firm; bark, roots, branches, and 2-5 cm thick; discontinuous; ground vegetation; pH 4.5 pH 4.9.) 238 Soil unit S4 Mechanical analysis Hy- Sand fraction 8 Bulk draulic 0.5- 0.25% O.l- den- 8 Pore space 8 Moisture conduc- Hori- Depth 221 l-O.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 Total 8 7c Text, sity Macro Micro Total 10 cm 50 cm 33 1500 tivity zon cm mm mm mm mm mm sand Silt Clay class g/cm Hz0 Hz0 kPa kPa cm/hr Aea &9 0.3 2.6 37.9 28.4 5.5 74.7 18.8 6.S SL Bfl 9-27 1.1 3.2 32.6 24.8 4.9 66.6 19.7 13.7 SL Bf2 27-46 2.9 6.3 26.2 21.7 6.8 63.9 21.2 14.9 SL BCgi 46-67 1.1 4.0 31.5 32.2 7.4 76.3 15.4 8.3 SL C 67+ 2.0 4.9 21.6 26.8 7.0 68.2 22.1 9.1 SL W Free Fe and Al Depth pH org. c Exchangeable cations Dithionate Oxalate Pyrophosphate Available P Horizon cm Hz0 CaClz % Ca Mg Al K Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Q-v) Aegj o-9 4.0 3.4 0.6 0.3 0.1 2.0 0. I 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.4 Bfl 9-27 4.9 4.6 1.6 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.1 1.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.5 3.9 Bf2 27-46 5.2 5.0 1.8 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 3.5 1.4 2.4 2.4 0.3 0.5 16.4 BCgj 4&67 5.4 5.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0. I 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.4 0. I 0.2 4.4 C 67+ 5.1 4.5 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.5 0. I 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 10.1 Tracadie Association Upper Caraquet Association Soil unit: TD3 Soil unit: UC7 Location: lat. 46”33’02” long. 64”58’41” Location: lat. 46”39’51” long. 64”47’41” Parent material: calcareous marine clay Parent material: marine sand over marine clay Slope: 5% Slope: I% Aspect: north Aspect: north Elevation: 35 m AMSL Elevation: 9 m AMSL Drainage: moderately well drained Drainage: poor Classification: Gleyed Brunisolic Gray Luvisol Classification: Orthic Humic Gleysol Horizon Depth (cm) Description Horizon Depth (cm) Description Ah o-5 5YR 312; silty clay loam; H 5-o range 5-7 cm; pH 4.3 strong, fine granular; friable; Ah O-14 5YR 2/l; sandy loam; smooth, abrupt; pH 4.8 moderate, coarse granular; Bml 5-20 2.5YR 315; silty clay loam; very friable; range strong, medium granular; lo-18 cm; wavy, abrupt; very friable; smooth, abrupt; pH 4.3 pH 4.6 Aeg 14-24 2.5Y 512 with many, coarse, Bm2 20-38 2.5YR 414; silty clay loam; prominent IOYR 5/8 mottles; strong, fine subangular sandy loam: friable: range blocky; friable; smooth, 6-12 cm; wavy, abrupt;- abrupt; pH 4.6 pH 4.6 Btgj 38-55 2.5YR 414 with few fine, Bg 24-50 2.5Y 412 with many, coarse, distinct, 5YR 516 mottles; prominent 5YR 416 and silty clay; strong, medium common medium, distinct blocky; very firm; common 2.5Y 614 mottles; loamy thin clay films; smooth, sand; friable; range clear; pH 5.0 20-25 cm; smooth, abrupt; Bt 55-80 2.5YR 3/4; silty clay; pH 4.6 strong, coarse blocky; very IICg 50+ 5YR 413 with many coarse, firm; few thin clay films; prominent 5GY 611 and pH 5.4 many medium, prominent CK 112-120 10R 4/4; silty clay; strong, 5YR 516 mottles; silty clay coarse platy; very firm: loam; very firm; pH 4.6 . strongly calcareous Note: 1. No analytical information avarlable. Note: 1. No analytical information available. 239 25.0 0.08-0. I2 4.(LS.O