NEWSLETTER N°14 – DECEMBER 2020

Adult neurogenesis in the mouse dentate gyrus. The newly formed cells are shown in red and neurons in green. Light pink labelled cells are new neurons that will later integrate into neural networks. (See “Lactate, a prospect for the treatment of depression”, p. 8-9.) EDITORIAL © Carron/ Toni

by Camilla Bellone

2020 has been a challenging year Despite this particularly diffi- closely monitor the epidemiological sit- for the Synapsy community and for the cult situation, we saw some positive uation, hoping that our annual meeting whole society. developments: the Year 10 site visit in Villars can still take place, as planned, received positive reviews from panel during Year 11. The impact of the COVID-19 members, and the 3rd Conference on pandemic on health, economy and the Neurobiology of Mental Health at In this newsletter, you will find out employment has been unprecedented Campus Biotech was a great success. more about the recent advances in worldwide. Like many other domains, WP#5 on mood disorders, with inter- science has been hit hardly by the We now look forward to 2021 as views and portraits of researchers and spreading of the infection. Laboratories an exciting new year for the Synapsy clinical scientists and special highlights have shut down, clinical studies have community. Taking advantage of the of exciting new findings. been put on hold and the careers of virtual platforms, we will initiate a vir- young scientists have been delayed. tual Synapsy seminar series starting Happy reading, best wishes for the In addition, Synapsy community lost in January, and will resume Synapsy holiday season and 2021. Stay safe! ● its director and beloved colleague happy hours and organize online train- Alexandre Dayer last summer. ing events. At the same time, we will

N°14 – DECEMBER 2020 (ENGLISH) NEWSLETTER Bringing Together Brain Research and Psychiatry NATIONAL CENTRE OF COMPETENCE IN RESEARCH (NCCR) SYNAPSY Naonal Centre of Competence in Research

Editor Texts & translation Contact NCCR-Synapsy Laure Bonnevie (LB) – histoiredemots.ch NCCR-Synapsy Peter Hislaire (PH) Campus Biotech nccr-synapsy.ch Conception & edition Ch. des Mines 9 Yann Bernardinelli – lesmotsdelascience.ch 1202 Geneva Layout Switzerland Céline von Tobel – lacivette.ch +41 21 379 11 21 Print [email protected] Reprographie UNIMAIL NEWSLETTER N°14 – DECEMBER 2020 NEWSLETTER N°14 – DECEMBER 2020

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT PORTRAIT

A psychologist Genetics to stratify the WP#5 cohort in a clinical research team

Giorgio Pistis is profiling polygenic scores to understand whether genetic Ryan Murray’s work within Synapsy WP#5 focuses on measuring brain risks associated with particular pathophysiological pathways are higher in The study expects to find that early reactivity to and recovery from psychosocial stress within clinical patients specific sub-groups of patients of the mood disorder cohort. Synapsy met onset probands will have a higher and healthy controls. He talked to us about his role as a psychologist in a him to find out more about his project. polygenic score for bipolar disorder clinical research group and his projects. or depression disorder, and that a lower score will be seen for late onset After psychology-related stud- of the MIST method (see box), which Giorgio Pistis is a geneticist, higher chance of developing the disor- healthy control. patients. ies, research and practice in Geneva is a codified way to elicit a small but working as a postdoc at the Centre der themselves. It has been suggested In these three studies, genetic data over a 10-year period, Ryan earned a discernable psychological stress in d’épidémiologie psychiatrique et de that offspring of patients with bipolar from some 4500 individuals, patients The Holy Grail of Modern Master of Science in Neuroscience in patients while they are in the MRI psychopathologies (CEPP) of the CHUV, disorder that emerged before the age and healthy controls has been collected. Psychiatry 2012 from the University of Geneva, scanner. The intent is to get a picture in Martin Preisig’s group, under Synapsy of 21 years of life are 8 times as likely This data is analysed against the back- The PRS are analysed for their which he holds in addition to comple- of what is occurring within the brain WP#5. to develop the same disorder as healthy ground of wider studies of the human potential to stratify, and identify sub- mentary bachelor and master degrees during the performance of stress- His role in the Preisig lab is to apply controls, whereas this risk was not sig- genome, named genome-wide asso- groups of patients in the mood disorder in Psychology from the UNIGE. He inducing tasks. Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) analyses to nificantly elevated in the offspring ciation studies (GWAS). GWAS provide cohort. This is a hot topic in psychiatric received his doctorate in Psychology patients and healthy controls involved of patients with bipolar disorder that lists of genetic variants associated with genetics because the diseases involved in 2018, from the Swiss Centre for (continued on next page) in three high-risk cohorts — the emerged after the age of 21 years. a given disease, which can be used to are very heterogeneous. While identify- Affective Sciences in Geneva, work- Lausanne-Geneva Study, the Canadian calculate the PRS of the participants of ing genetic markers for other diseases ing on mapping the neural correlates Flourish Study and the population- In Search of Genetic Risk the three studies. might be relatively easier, for highly het- of emotion processing. based CoLaus|PsyCoLaus study — to Variants erogeneous entities like depression, or Ryan is currently working as a quantify the genetic contribution to The PRS is a number that quantifies bipolar disorder, the constellation of postdoc researcher and data analyst mood disorders. risk variants identified in the DNA that symptoms is vast and the overlap of in Camille Piguet’s team at UNIGE/ Giorgio’s current work involves can contribute to the onset of a given “One study we looked at in contributing factors highly complex. HUG, where his principal activity is examining the hypothesis, formulated disease, in this case bipolar disorder the literature produced a list of As work proceeds, Giorgio and his acquiring and analyzing fMRI data for in 2016, by among others, Martin or depression. A patient experiencing genetic variants associated with colleagues are discovering that within both patients and healthy controls in Preisig, that the offspring of early onset mood disorder would have a higher major depression from a cohort the main group of people suffering from response to psychosocial stress. bipolar disorder parents would have a score (number of risk variants) than a of 800,000 individuals (patients mood disorder, there are subgroups and healthy controls). We look to that can be distinguished by genetics. Seeking Markers of see if, using those variants, we The next important aspect is to Vulnerability Neural activations correlating with emotion dys- regulation in healthy individuals during recovery can split our depressive patients hypothesise about the link between The study uses a modified version after psychosocial stress ©Murray/Piguet from our controls. We also inves- the PRS and specific symptoms and tigate whether specific depression pathways. subtypes overlap with aggregates One advantage of the teams The MIST (Montreal Imaging Stress Task) of genetic variants that influence involved in Synapsy WP#5 is that they Stress is elicited by having participants complete five blocks of arithmeti- biological pathways known to be already have a deep knowledge of cal calculations of varying difficulty under time constraints. In between relevant to depression.” these diseases and their symptoms. blocks, they are given feedback on the results of their calculations and on Hypotheses about the relevance of the how they compare to their (fictive) peers. Giorgio Pistis variants identified for mood disorder can thus be formulated more convinc- This team introduced two innovations to the MIST. The first is the inclu- ingly. ● by PH sion of a recovery period of 90 seconds immediately after the feedback is given, during which neural stress recovery can be observed. The sec- ond innovation is the addition of a positive feedback (previous standards included negative and neutral feedback only) on the idea that this can itself be a source of stress in people uncomfortable with compliments or experiencing the fear of future expectations. Giorgio Pistis

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From science… …to yoga — and back to science

(continued from previous page) After initial studies in science, in Istanbul, I never used the term. We present moment in a non-judgemental practice yoga, giving one yoga session So far, this task has been applied to Ryan explains that while MRI opera- Zeynep Knight-Celen opts for a life practiced and talked about awareness, manner, on the management of stress a week and doing one teacher training more than 200 subjects, healthy con- tors are not neurologists —they don’t practicing and teaching yoga. Ten bringing attention to the senses, listen- in young people aged 13 to 15 years. each year, over seven weekends. “The trols, as well as bipolar, ADHD and bor- diagnose— they do know brains. They years later her interest in the work- ing, watching the thoughts as they hap- Changes in the brain induced by mind- weekly practice is like a one-hour medi- derline personality disorders patients. have a responsibility to scrutinize struc- ings of the mind rekindles her scien- pen … “ fulness practices are monitored using tation for me. Grounding, being with Initial results in healthy subjects have tural images of brains and to signal any tific curiosity and leads her to a PhD physiological data, magnetic resonance people, is very balancing for me”, she been published (Murray et al. Journal abnormalities that might be apparent. position in the Mindfulness study. Back to Science imaging, biological markers and ques- explains. of Affective Disorders, 2020), illustrating They will have seen MRIs of hundreds of Seeking opportunities in Europe, tionnaires on anxiety and stress. Zeynep’s stays in touch with yoga the significant influence of maladaptive brains and can understand what might in 2015 Zeynep found a Masters pro- Zeynep’s role in the Mindfulteen practitioners in Turkey and elsewhere emotion regulation traits on brain activ- be significant.● by PH Zeynep is currently a PhD candi- gramme in Geneva (UNIGE) she was study is to compare the data before and through her YouTube channel (13,000+ ity within regions associated with self- date in Camille Piguet’s group. She is able to join and where she earned her after the intervention of mindfulness followers) and her Instagram account regulation and stress coping. The next working on the Mindfulteen project degree in neurosciences, working under training. This is the focus of her PhD (5000+ followers). While these accounts paper will most probably concern bor- (www.minfulteen.ch) (read previous Professor Patrik Vuilleumier. When, at research. At the moment she is analys- are connected to her yoga practice, she derline and bipolar patients, and more Synapsy article www.nccr-synapsy.ch/ the age of 40, she secured a PhD posi- ing the before data. She does meet all does mention her science pursuits and specifically their offspring: the initial news/11936/). After earning a bach- tion to explore the workings of the mind the participants, though without know- is pleased to receive questions about a hypothesis was that offspring of psy- elor’s degree in Molecular Biology and in the Mindfulteen study in the group ing whether they are the group practic- career in science from young women chiatric patients presenting increased Genetics in Istanbul and a neuroscience of Camille Piguet, it felt like a dream ing mindfulness training or the control to which she unfailingly responds with stress reactivity and emotion dysregula- research experience in New York with come true. group. encouraging words. ● by PH tion would show altered patterns during Professor Bruce McEwen, where she The Mindfulteen study is examining this task, that could represent a marker understood that working with animals the possible benefits of mindfulness, Still Practicing Yoga of vulnerability. was not for her, Zeynep returned to a practice of bringing attention to the In Geneva, Zeynep continues to Ryan’s long-standing interest in psy- Turkey in 2002 where she completed chological stress in children and ado- a master’s degree in the genetics of lescents is kindled by the implications plants. of data seen by the team. The team is discussing interpretations of the clinical “Then I became a yoga implications, how the findings can relate teacher.” to different types of mood disorders — She then practiced yoga for 10 and specifically bipolar and borderline years, qualifying as a teacher and giving personality disorders— and what might yoga lessons to thousands of people in be potential avenues for clinical inter- Turkey, and training numerous appren- vention, such as mindfulness training. tice yoga teachers. This practice gifted her many observations about people: Role of the MRI operator the fact that yoga was not just for the Ryan is a certified MRI operator and body, but also for the mind; it helps can capture data in connection with any focus attention, makes a person more number of enquiries. aware and helps people function better The role of the fMRI operator is first, in life in general. This rekindled Zeynep’s and foremost, to capture reliable data scientific curiosity to know more about from a monitoring of MRI scans, both how the mind was working. structural and functional, of the brain She explains: “Mindfulness is an during the performance of specific ancient practice and has been studied tasks. Ryan Murray in science since the 1970s. In my early work as a yoga practitioner and teacher Zeynep Knight-Celen

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CLINICIAN SCIENTIST RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT

Holography and cellular A career at the intersection reprogramming of physics and psychiatry in the quest for biomarkers

Pierre Marquet’s career path has been rather untypical. Combining quali- advice in their respective areas of specialise in psychiatry, and especially Bipolar disorders affect some 2% of the population. Patients present a wide fications in physics and psychiatry-psychotherapy, he is a clinical researcher expertise. psychotherapy. He then began his variety of clinical symptoms of which many can be especially handicapping. “par excellence”, engaged for over 20 years in the development of knowledge internship in psychiatry, a move that A new approach to find biomarkers, driven by Pascal Jourdain, could change about the biological dimensions of mental disorders. Opening up new paths was greatly facilitated by his reten- the game by improving treatment and diagnosis. “At the time, digital microscopic tion of a 50% research post in Pierre holography — a pioneering technique Magistretti’s lab. His career began at the EPFL where the intention of working on the brain, applied to the observation of cellular Therapeutic options for the treat- he obtained a Master’s degree in phys- all the while continuing my research behaviour — was being developed.” The clinic to give meaning ment of bipolar disorder caused by both ics (medical engineering) at a time when projects at the EPFL “, which paid for This technique opened a path towards a By 2014 optical imagery applied to environmental and genetic factors are the technology was just beginning to his medical studies and allowed him to concept of computational imagery, the the neurosciences became known as limited, with current options restricted prove its relevance to the medical field. stay connected to microscopic imag- construction of digital images, which neurophotonics. Pierre Marquet was to stabilising the moods of affected ery research. He then met Professor is particularly well suited for neuronal named to the Canada Research Chair patients. It has been shown that chil- Pivotal encounters Pierre Magistretti at the University of cells. The articulation with psychiatry for neurophotonics, attached to the dren of bipolar parents are much more Several subsequent encounters Lausanne and convinced him to apply and mental disorders came about a University of Laval (ULaval) in Quebec, likely than children of healthy parents to influenced both his collaborations new optics technology to elements of dozen or so years ago, when pluripotent to apply this imagery to psychiatry. This develop the disorder. The identification and his professional choices. The first cellular imaging. “He was exceptionally stem cells appeared: “my two areas of opportunity gave rise to the creation of of biomarkers of bipolarity in patients of these, with Professor Christian open-minded and immediately found expertise, with their common denomi- an international research unit involv- and their children would accelerate the Depeursinge at the EPFL, «a visionary linkages with the neurosciences.” This nator in neurosciences, allowed me to ing UNIL, the CHUV and ULaval, “thanks diagnosis and the development of effec- professor» in Pierre’s own words, led then led to a MD-PhD with Pierre investigate”. to the support of the Vice-Chancellor tive treatments. Such advances would him to work on applications in optics to Magistretti at UNIL/CHUV, while also Once his MD-PhD was completed, François Bussy and Professor Jacques also facilitate the implementation of analyse both tissue and cellular material continuing in the team of Christian his fascination for the workings of the Gasser”. preventive measures and improve Pascal Jourdain of the brain, the workings of which he Depeursinge at the EPFL. He was well brain undiminished, and his interest Currently, with support from knowledge of the biological compo- found fascinating. positioned to find linkages between the in understanding people and mental Synapsy and in synergy with the nent of the disorder. This is the focus to measure the activity of certain co- “I pursued medical studies with two, with his two mentors providing pathologies sharpened, pushed him to research groups within WP#5 (cf. next of Pascal Jourdain’s work – a biologist transporters involved in psychiatric article, p. 7-8) Pierre Marquet is working in the group of Pierre Marquet – within disorders, especially those transporting on investigating cellular biomarkers by the mixed international unit involving chlorin” explains Pascal Jourdain. In a combining digital holography and stem UNIL, the CHUV and ULaval, and in col- first instance, with the support of the cell technologies. laboration with Pierre Magistretti at Fondation de Préfariger, the research- Pierre Marquet would not want to UNIL/CHUV. ers in P. Marquet’s group studied fibro- have to choose between physics and blasts– skin cells – taken from adult psychiatry. It is precisely in the nexus Imaging chlorine bipolar patients and healthy controls of the two that he finds the pertinence His project combines two of the Synapsy WP#5 cohort managed of his work. “The discovery of the two approaches: digital microscopic holog- by Professor Martin Preisig at the CHUV. principal classes of medication cur- raphy and the reprogramming of The fibroblasts were cultured so as to rently used in psychiatry, neuroleptics induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC). determine their pharmacological profile and antidepressants, was fortuitous” «Holographic imagery allows us to and the specific role played by chlorine. he reminds us. The search for biomark- measure the phase changes in light ers will alter this trend. Knowing that as it passes through a cell. The phase A human neuron bank mental disorders have a biological com- change is in most cases correlated In order to observe neuro-develop- ponent will have an impact on the way with a change in volume of the cell, mental stages, the project is now seek- patients are cared for and will contrib- which is itself linked to ionic and water ing to re-programme the fibroblasts ute to reversing the stigma attached to exchanges on either side of the cellular taken from adult bipolar patients and these conditions. Both of these are key membrane. “Using this tool, we have concerns at the heart of Synapsy. ● by been able to show that it is possible (continued on next page) Pierre Marquet LB

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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT

Lactate, a prospect for the treatment of depression

(continued from previous page) According to WHO, more than 264 the survival and proliferation of stem treated the stem cells with NADH and key proteins induced by corticosterone. million people in the world suffer cells decrease. We have been able to observed that NADH leads to the same These results are currently under their healthy controls as IPSC cells, neurons that he can correlate with from depression, a disorder that has show that this inhibition is reversed by effect as lactate. review. They allow us to improve our which can then be differentiated the formation of neuronal networks a major impact on all facets of the lactate. In addition, the inhibition of understanding of the molecular mech- into a variety of neuronal options. during development. Results are lives of those it affects. It became neurogenesis eliminates the antidepres- What is your working hypoth- anisms involved in the antidepressant The reprogramming can also be car- confidential for the moment while the first cause of invalidity in 2020. sant effects of lactate. esis, and what are the potential action of lactate. We shall now attempt ried out from urothelial cells, which they are being written up, but Pascal The work on lactate carried out by applications? to identify the proteins upon which are easier to obtain from children. Jourdain describes them as «very Anthony Carrard, a biologist in the Which means that adult neuro- The oxidation of lactate into pyru- NADH acts. These could be the targets The objective is to identify, using in encouraging»! neurobiology of depression research genesis is necessary for the antide- vate is accompanied by the production for future treatments. ● by LB vitro cultivation, functional neuro- unit of the CHUV/UNIL, is opening pressant effects of lactate? of NADH. We are currently examining nal networks that carry the genetic In the future this research could new and promising perspectives Yes, at least for the adult neurogen- whether NADH reduces the oxidation of heritage of each patient. Currently lead to a personalisation of care and involving the metabolism of lactate. esis taking place in the hippocampus. the project has reprogrammed cells treatment specified to the biologi- But that still doesn’t say anything about from some 50 patients. Using the cal profile of each individual bipolar the mechanism by which lactate acts information gathered from the work patient and contribute to lifting the to regulate neurogenesis. In order to with fibroblasts, Pascal Jourdain is stigma associated with mental disor- In a preceding study you observed understand this, we are monitoring on the lookout for anomalies in the ders by highlighting their biological the antidepressant effects of lactate. its metabolism. As lactate is first oxi- pharmacological profiles of IPSC component. ● by LB Yes, indeed, we identified the antide- dised into pyruvate before entering pressant effects of lactate and showed the process of cellular respiration, we that these effects were characterised tested the pyruvate. As no effect was by changes in the expression of genes observed, the key must therefore be implicated in neurogenesis. found in between the lactate and the pyruvate. What is the link between neuro- genesis and depression? This is where the famous NADH That’s precisely what we want to factor, at the heart of your latest find out. We are particularly interested study, comes in? in the hippocampus, a part of the brain Indeed. We postulated that the known to evidence neurogenesis in NADH, a molecule produced during the adults. In order to identify a mecha- oxidation of lactate into pyruvate, plays nism, we are focussing on two stages of an important role in the regulation of neurogenesis: the proliferation of stem neurogenesis by lactate. In order to test cells and their survival. this hypothesis, we initially worked with cultures of stem cells and confirmed the What experimental model are effects of treatments conducted in vivo. you employing to answer these Then, in order to test the potential of questions? NADH, we studied the production of The model we are using is depres- ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species), a marker sion induced by corticosterone. The goal of oxidative stress within cells. The cor- is to reproduce in mice the high rate of ticosterone increases the production of cortisol (the equivalent of corticoste- ROS reflecting the oxidative stress. A rone in humans) found in the blood of co-treatment with lactate reduces the certain depressive patients. When the production of ROS to basal values. This Phase image of in vitro fibroblasts culture. Fibroblasts come from human skin. ©Mermin mice are treated with corticosterone, is not the case with pyruvate. We then Anthony Carrard

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CAREER From academia to entrepreneurship – seizing an opportunity to make a significant contribution to the treatment of neurological disorders

We spoke with Charles Finsterwald, PhD, Chief Scientific Officer and co- Gliapharm: Milestones founder of the start-up Gliapharm about his career path and his decision to switch from fundamental research to application. 1980s, 1990s, 2000s Fundamental science, looking at characteristics of glial cells, leading to an understanding of the therapeutic potential of An interest in neuroscience could represent an innovative target was able to combine with his lifelong brain areas and for different indications glial cells, by various research institutes and universities, with After a bachelor in biology and a for new therapeutic solutions as brain passion for science. that have an impaired brain energy strong leadership by Prof. Pierre Magistretti of EPFL. master’s in biomedical studies from metabolism is reduced in a number of Gliapharm was subsequently incor- metabolism. Gliapharm believes that UNIL, Charles Finsterwald earned his neurological disorders. Over the same porated in 2016. Charles, fascinated glial cells - astrocytes in particular – 2014 – 2015 PhD in neuroscience from the Lemanic period, Charles completed EPFL’s classes by the potential of this line of work to offer unique and important perspec- Funding from Innosuisse to develop the concept and look Neuroscience Doctoral School where on entrepreneurship, gaining a theo- make a major contribution to treatment tives in the treatment of neurological at business planning, intellectual property issues, human he worked in the lab of Dr Jean-Luc retical and practical overview of issues of neurological pathologies, joined the pathologies such as amyotrophic lateral resources aspects, engaging with investors. Coaching provided Martin at the Centre for Psychiatric in company management, business new company as co-founder, board sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease and through Innosuisse proved very useful in setting up systems Neuroscience on understanding the development, funding strategies, and member and Chief Scientific Officer. depression. The metabolic boost that and operations. Gliapharm also set up an independent sci- mechanisms underlying neurotropic intellectual property matters. These dif- Gliapharm aims at targeting glial astrocytes allow could also be applied entific advisory board, which provides key guidance in drug factors during brain development. After ferent courses provided Charles with cells in order to stimulate their activity in a preventative approach in specific development and clinical aspects. his PhD, Charles accepted a postdoc the tools of entrepreneurship, which he and boost the metabolism of specific cases. ● by PH position, funded by the Swiss National 2016 – present Science Foundation, to work in the lab Co-funding by Innosuisse and the Puccini Foundation has of Professor Cristina Alberini at New allowed Gliapharm to establish an operational base and lab York University (NYU), where he investi- at Campus Biotech, conduct research and development, and gated the role of stress on memory for- cultivate technical, academic, industrial and financial partner- mation, in particular in post-traumatic ships, mainly with USA, France, Switzerland and indeed Campus stress disorder (PTSD). While pursing Biotech based actors. his postdoc, Charles also graduated in project management at NYU, gaining 2019 experience in the field of management Gliapharm raised an additional CHF 2 millions from diverse and underlying business perspectives business interests. This allowed Gliapharm to intensify data that he found to be very complemen- collection and put together a full team with the requisite tary to fundamental science. expertise. Biology is kept in house, while medicinal chemistry is out-sourced. Gliapharm also works with a number of CROs Entrepreneurship (contract research organisations) on regulatory aspects or opportunity knocks preclinical pharmacology for example. When Charles returned to Switzerland, he was invited by Professor 2021 and beyond (planned) Magistretti in 2014 to join a team at Raising CHF 10-20 million to intensify work aiming at produc- EPFL to work under the terms of an ing a clinical candidate within 2 years, and conducting proof of Innosuisse grant to explore the viabil- concept clinical studies in an orphan neurological indication. ity of launching a start-up that would Continue research and development of molecules to trigger seek clinical applications derived from brain metabolic activity for specific indications. the discovery that glial cells and specifi- cally astrocytes play a fundamental role 2023 and beyond in the control of brain metabolism. This Charles Finsterwald Be in a position to begin Clinical trials.●

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CONTENT

Editorial p. 1

Content Genetics to stratify the WP#5 cohort p. 2-3 A psychologist in a clinical research team p. 3-4 Synapsy seminar series From science to yoga — and back to science p. 4-5 A career at the intersection We will invite speakers from all over the world to present basic or clinical of physics and psychiatry p. 6-7 work to our community and we will at the same time promote the Synapsy Holography and cellular reprogramming network. The seminars will take place over Zoom on a monthly basis, the last in the quest for biomarkers p. 7-8 Monday of the month at 5PM (see dates below) and each talk will consist of Lactate, a prospect for the treatment one 45min presentation, followed by 15min discussion. of depression p. 8-9 From academia to entrepreneurship – seizing an opportunity to make a significant • WP1: January 25th 2021 contribution to the treatment of neurological • WP2: February 22nd 2021 disorders p. 10-11 • WP3: March 29th 2021 • WP4: April 26th 2021 • WP5: May 31st 2021

Home More information soon on Institutions https://nccr-synapsy.ch/programs/synapsy-seminar-series/.

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