2014 Annual Information Form

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

2014 Annual Information Form Annual Information Form For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 March 30, 2015 1500‐625 Howe Street Vancouver, British Columbia V6C 2T6 www.panamericansilver.com WHAT'S INSIDE WHAT'S INSIDE ........................................................................................................................................................................1 IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT ...........................................................................................................2 CORPORATE STRUCTURE .........................................................................................................................................................7 GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUSINESS .........................................................................................................................11 NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS ........................................................................................................................13 RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS ........................................................................................................................................90 DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS .............................................................................................................................. 106 EXCEPTIONS FROM NASDAQ CORPORATE GOVERNANCE REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................... 110 DIVIDENDS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 110 MARKET FOR SECURITIES ................................................................................................................................................... 111 LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AND REGULATORY ACTIONS ........................................................................................................... 111 INTEREST OF MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS IN MATERIAL TRANSACTIONS ....................................................................... 111 TRANSFER AGENTS AND REGISTRAR .................................................................................................................................. 111 MATERIAL CONTRACTS ...................................................................................................................................................... 112 INTERESTS OF EXPERTS ...................................................................................................................................................... 112 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION .............................................................................................................................................. 112 GLOSSARY OF TERMS ......................................................................................................................................................... 113 APPENDIX “A” – AUDIT COMMITTEE CHARTER ........................................................................................................... A‐1 1 IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT This annual information form (“AIF”) provides important information about Pan American Silver Corp. It describes our history, our markets, our operations and development projects, our mineral reserves and resources, sustainability, our regulatory environment, the risks we face in our business and the market for our shares, among other things. We have prepared this document to meet the requirements of Canadian securities laws, which are different from what US securities Throughout this document, the term Pan laws require. American means Pan American Silver Corp. and the terms we, us, and our mean Pan American and its subsidiaries. Reporting currency and financial information Unless we have specified otherwise, all dollar amounts are in United States dollars. Any references to CAD$ mean Canadian dollars. All financial information presented in this AIF was prepared in accordance with international financial reporting standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. This AIF refers to various non‐GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles) measures, such as "cash and total cost per ounce of silver" and “all‐in sustaining costs per silver ounce sold” (“AISCOS”), which are used by us to manage and evaluate operating performance at each of our mines and are widely reported in the silver mining industry as benchmarks for performance, but do not have standardized meaning. Please refer to our management’s discussion and analysis for the year ended December 31, 2014 (the “2014 MD&A”) for detailed descriptions and reconciliations of these non‐GAAP measures to their closest respective GAAP measures under IFRS. Glossary of Terms The glossary of terms under "Glossary of Terms" of our AIF contains definitions of certain terms used in this AIF that might be useful for your understanding. Caution about forward‐looking information Our AIF includes statements and information about our expectations for the future. When we discuss our strategy, plans and future financial and operating performance, or other things that have not yet taken place, we are making statements considered to be forward‐looking information or forward‐looking statements under Canadian and US securities laws. We refer to them in this AIF as forward‐looking information. Key things to understand about the forward‐looking information in this AIF are: It typically includes words and phrases about the future, such as believe, estimate, anticipate, expect, plan, intend, predict, goal, target, forecast, project, scheduled, potential, strategy and proposed (see examples on page 3). It is based on a number of material assumptions, including those we have listed below, that may prove to be incorrect. Actual results and events may be significantly different from what we currently expect, because of the risks associated with our business. We list a number of these material risks below. We recommend you ‐ 2 ‐ also review other parts of this document, including "Risks Related to Our Business" starting on page 90, and our 2014 MD&A, which include a discussion of other material risks that could cause our actual results to differ from current expectations. Forward‐looking information is designed to help you understand management’s current views of our near and longer term prospects. It may not be appropriate for other purposes. We will not necessarily update this forward‐looking information unless we are required to by securities laws. Examples of forward‐looking information in this AIF: the price of silver and other metals; and pre‐feasibility studies or other reports prepared in the sufficiency of our current working capital, relation to development of projects; anticipated operating cash flow or our ability to raise estimated exploration expenditures to be incurred on necessary funds; our various silver exploration properties; the accuracy of mineral reserve and mineral resource compliance with environmental, health, safety and estimates, estimates of future production and future other regulations; cash, and total costs of production, as applicable, at estimated future closure, reclamation and remediation Huaron, Morococha, La Colorada, Dolores, Alamo costs; Dorado, Manantial Espejo, Navidad, San Vicente, or forecast capital and non‐operating spending; other properties; future sales of the metals, concentrates or other estimated production rates for silver and other payable products produced by us; metals we produce, timing of production and estimated cash and total costs of production at our continued access to necessary infrastructure, properties, including forecasted cash costs of including, without limitation, access to power, water, production; lands and roads to carry on activities as planned; the estimated cost of and availability of funding for our plans and expectations for our properties and ongoing capital replacement, improvement or operations, including, without limitation, the remediation programs; production estimates, forecasts regarding our investment activities, and other matters discussed access to and availability of funding for the future under the heading “Outlook for 2015” and under the construction and development of our projects; headings “Activities in 2015” with respect to each of estimated costs of construction, development and our material properties; ramp‐up of our projects; the expected investment and development activities at future successful development of the Navidad property the La Colorada mine; and our other development projects; the expected investment and development activities at the effects of laws, regulations and government the Dolores mine; and policies affecting our operations, including, without the ability to obtain permits, including for future limitation, expectations relating to or the effect of project development and expansion. certain highly restrictive laws and regulations applicable to mining in the Province of Chubut, Argentina; the estimates of expected or anticipated economic returns from a mining project, as reflected in feasibility Material risks and assumptions: These statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and are necessarily based upon a number of assumptions and estimates that, while considered reasonable by us, are inherently subject to significant business, economic, competitive, political and social uncertainties and contingencies.
Recommended publications
  • Plateau-Style Accumulation of Deformation: Southern Altiplano
    TECTONICS, VOL. 24, TC4020, doi:10.1029/2004TC001675, 2005 Plateau-style accumulation of deformation: Southern Altiplano Kirsten Elger, Onno Oncken, and Johannes Glodny GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany Received 5 May 2004; revised 17 December 2004; accepted 23 March 2005; published 31 August 2005. [1] Employing surface mapping of syntectonic during the Paleogene, initially reactivating crustal sediments, interpretation of industry reflection- weak zones and by thermal weakening of the crust seismic profiles, gravity data, and isotopic age dating, with active magmatism mainly in the Neogene stage. we reconstruct the tectonic evolution of the southern Citation: Elger, K., O. Oncken, and J. Glodny (2005), Plateau- Altiplano (20–22°S) between the cordilleras style accumulation of deformation: Southern Altiplano, Tectonics, defining its margins. The southern Altiplano crust 24, TC4020, doi:10.1029/2004TC001675. was deformed between the late Oligocene and the late Miocene with two main shortening stages in the Oligocene (33–27 Ma) and middle/late Miocene 1. Introduction (19–8 Ma) that succeeded Eocene onset of shortening at the protoplateau margins. Shortening [2] Although considerable advance has been made in recent years in understanding the processes involved in rates in the southern Altiplano ranged between 1 and the formation of orogenic plateaus, the precise temporal 4.7 mm/yr with maximum rates in the late Miocene. and spatial patterns of uplift and lateral progradation of Summing rates for the southern Altiplano and the
    [Show full text]
  • Genesis and Kinematic of the Northern Bolivian Altiplano
    Third ISAG, Sr Malo (France), 17-19/9/1996 GENESIS AND KINEMATIC OF THE NORTHERN BOLIVIAN ALTIPLANO Philippe ROCHAT (l), Patrice BABY (2), Gtrard HERAIL (3), Georges MASCLE (l), Oscar ARANIF3AR (4), Bernard COLLETTA (5) (l) UPRES-A. 5025, Instut Dolomieu, 15 rue M. Gignoux, 38031 Grenoble - France (2) ORSTOM Ecuador, cc 17 1 1 6596, Quito - Ecuador (3) ORSTOM Chile, cc 53390, Santiago 1 - Chile (4) YPFB. cc 1659 Santa Cruz - Bolivia (5) IFP. 1 avenue de Bois-Prtau, BP 3 1 1,92506 Rueil Malmaison cedex - France KEY WORDS: Altiplano, thrusts, inversion, syntectonic sedimentation, erosion. INTRODUCTION The Altiplano is an enigmatic high plateau of the Central Andes, characterized by a thick crust about 70 Km (Wigger et al., 1994, Beck et al. 1996). Recent seismologic data show that magmatic accretion did not cause this crustal thickening (Dorbath et al., 1992), and numerous authors have emphasized the importance of horizontal shortening in the Altiplano structuration (Roeder 1988; Baby et al., 1992; Htrail et al., 1993). New seismic data available in YPFB as well as recent field works allow us to present a new geometrical model of the northern Altiplano, and to discuss its sedimentary evolution characterized by thick accumulations of Tertiary continental sediments (10.000 m). STRUCTURAL SE'ITJNG Recent field's works and analyses of seismic perfiles reflexions available in YPFB permit us to propose a new tectonic setting. The northern Bolivian Altiplano can be divided in three structural domains (fig. 1 5 2) - domain 1: At the eastern edge, the La Joya-Toledo plain forms the northern extremity of the Poopo basin, where late Tertairy and Quaternary deposits overlay the SW verging thrusts system of the Cordillera Oriental (Coniri Fault system).
    [Show full text]
  • Sedimentary Record of Andean Mountain Building
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321814349 Sedimentary record of Andean mountain building Article in Earth-Science Reviews · March 2018 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.11.025 CITATIONS READS 12 2,367 1 author: Brian K. Horton University of Texas at Austin 188 PUBLICATIONS 5,174 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Petroleum Tectonic of Fold and Thrust Belts View project Collisional tectonics View project All content following this page was uploaded by Brian K. Horton on 15 December 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Earth-Science Reviews 178 (2018) 279–309 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth-Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Invited review Sedimentary record of Andean mountain building T Brian K. Horton Department of Geological Sciences and Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Integration of regional stratigraphic relationships with data on sediment accumulation, provenance, Andes paleodrainage, and deformation timing enables a reconstruction of Mesozoic-Cenozoic subduction-related Fold-thrust belts mountain building along the western margin of South America. Sedimentary basins evolved in a wide range of Foreland basins structural settings on both flanks of the Andean magmatic arc, with strong signatures of retroarc crustal Orogeny shortening, flexure, and rapid accumulation in long-lived foreland and hinterland basins. Extensional basins also Sediment provenance formed during pre-Andean backarc extension and locally in selected forearc, arc, and retroarc zones during Late Stratigraphy Subduction Cretaceous-Cenozoic Andean orogenesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence for the Subduction and Underplating of an Oceanic Plateau Beneath the South Peruvian Margin During the Late Cretaceous: Structural Implications
    Tectonophysics, 163 (1989) 13-24 13 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam - Printed in The Netherlands B Evidence for the subduction and underplating of an oceanic ‘i 1 plateau beneath the south Peruvian margin < I‘ r during the late Cretaceous: structural implications I l P. G. CAW-ÏER1>4and R. MAROCCO 1s - _- _- - ’ Institut Français de Recherche Scientifque pour le Développement en Coopération-ORSTOM. UR F6, 213 rue Lafayette, 7501O Paris (France) ’ UA CNRS 384 “Métallogénie et Pétrologie’: Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Tour 26, 5 et., 4place Jussieu, 75005 Paris (France) Laboratoire de Géochimie Comparée et Systématique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (France) Mission ORSTOM, Casilla 18-1209, Linla (Peru) ’Mission ORSTOM, Apartado Postal 6596 CCI, Quito (Ecuador) (Received March 28,1988; revised version accepted September 26,1988) Abstract Soler, P., Carlier, G. and Marocco, R., 1989. Evidence for the subduction and underplating of an oceanic plateau beneath the south Peruvian margin during the late Cretaceous: structural implications. Tectonopliysics, 163: 13-24. During late Cretaceous times (Santonian to Maastrichtian), the southern Peruvian and northernmost Chilean Andes . show a series of tectonic, magmatic and sedimentological features, which appear to be specific to this area when compared with northern and southern parts of the Andes: a gap in the magmatic activity in the Coastal Range and the Western Cordillera between 84 and 70 Ma; huge overthrusting faults involving the Precambrian basement in the Arequipa region; and the syntectonic filling of the Cuzco and Sicuani foreland continental basins. These particular features may be regarded as consequences of the subduction and underplating of a paleo-oceanic plateau (the “Mollendo ridge”) which would have occurred in this area between +85 and k70 Ma B.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Tectonic Evolution of the Andes of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Northern
    CORDANI, LJ.G./ MILANI, E.J. I THOMAZ flLHO. A.ICAMPOS. D.A. TECTON IeEVOLUTION OF SOUTH AMERICA. P. 481·559 j RIO DE JANEIRO, 2000 TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE ANDES OF ECUADOR, PERU, BOLIVIA E. Jaillard, G. Herail, T. Monfret, E. Dfaz-Martfnez, P. Baby, A, Lavenu, and J.F. Dumont This chapterwasprepared underthe co-ordination chainisvery narrow. Thehighest average altitudeisreached ofE.[aillard. Together withG.Herail andT. Monfret,hewrote between 15°5 and 23°S, where the Altiplano ofBolivia and the Introduction. Enrique Dfaz-Martinez prepared the southernPerureaches anearly 4000 mofaverage elevation, section on the Pre-Andean evolution ofthe Central Andes. andcorresponds tothewidest partofthechain. TheAndean Again Iaillard, onthe Pre-orogenic evolution ofthe North­ Chain is usually highly asymmetric, witha steep western Central Andes. E.[aillard, P. Baby, G. Herail.A, Lavenu, and slope. and a large and complex eastern side. In Peru,the J.E Dumont wrote the texton theorogenic evolution of the distance between the trench and the hydrographic divide North-Central Andes, And, finally, [aillard dosed the variesfrom 240 to }OO km.whereas. the distancebetween manuscript with theconclusions. thehydrographic divide and the200m contourlineranges between 280 km(5°N) and about1000 kIn (Lima Transect, 8·S - 12°5). In northern Chile and Argentina (23·5),these distances become 300 krn and 500 km, respectively. Tn INTRODUCTION: southern Peru,as littleas 240 km separates the Coropuna THE PRESENT-DAY NORTH-CENTRAL Volcano (6425 m) from the Chile-Peru Trench (- 6865 m). This, together with the western location of the Andes ANDES (jON - 23°5) _ relative to theSouth American Con tinent,explains whythe riversflowing toward the Pacific Ocean do not exceed 300 TheAndean Chain isthemajormorphological feature of kmlong, whereas thoseflowing to theAtlantic Ocean reach theSouth American Continent.
    [Show full text]
  • Coupled Tectonic Evolution of Andean Orogeny and Global Climate Rolando Armijo, Robin Lacassin, Aurélie Coudurier-Curveur, Daniel Carrizo
    Coupled tectonic evolution of Andean orogeny and global climate Rolando Armijo, Robin Lacassin, Aurélie Coudurier-Curveur, Daniel Carrizo To cite this version: Rolando Armijo, Robin Lacassin, Aurélie Coudurier-Curveur, Daniel Carrizo. Coupled tectonic evo- lution of Andean orogeny and global climate. Earth-Science Reviews, Elsevier, 2015, 143, pp.1-35. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.01.005. insu-01138548 HAL Id: insu-01138548 https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01138548 Submitted on 14 Oct 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License Earth-Science Reviews 143 (2015) 1–35 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth-Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Coupled tectonic evolution of Andean orogeny and global climate Rolando Armijo a,c,⁎, Robin Lacassin a,c, Aurélie Coudurier-Curveur a,c,DanielCarrizob,c a Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, UMR 7154 CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France b Advanced Mining Technology Center, Universidad de Chile, Tupper 2007, Santiago, Chile c Laboratoire International Associé Montessus de Ballore (LIA MdB) CNRS (France)-CONICYT Chile article info abstract Article history: The largest tectonic relief breaking the Earth's surface (13 km vertically) is at the subduction margin of the Andes, Received 28 March 2014 which generates routinely megathrust earthquakes (Mw N 8.5) and drives the paradigmatic Andean orogen.
    [Show full text]
  • Uplift of the Central Andean Plateau and Bending of the Bolivian Orocline
    JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 93, NO. B4, PAGES 3211-3231, APRIL 10, 1988 Uplift of the CentralAndean Plateau and Bending of the BolivianOrocline BRYAN L. ISACKS INSTOCCornell Andes Project, Department ofGeological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Thetopography of thecentral Andes can be consideredthe primary tectonic "signal" of lateCenozoic mountainbuilding in anarid region where the effects of upliftand magrnatism arelitfie obscured by denudation. Thespatial coverage ofthe topographic signal is more complete than that for sparsely sampled geological and geophysicaldata. A color-codedimage of digitizedtopography between 12øS and 37øS highlights the Altiplano-Puna,oneof theworld's most remarkable plateaus, and reveals important physiographic clues about theformation ofthat major feature. The topographic data combined with information onstructure, magmatism, seismicity,and palcomagnetism support a simplekinematical model for thelate Cenozoic evolution of the centralAndes. The model does not require collisional effects or enormousvolumes of intrusiveadditions to the crustbut instead calls upon plausible amounts of crustalshortening and lithospheric thinning. The model interrelatesAndean uplift, a changinggeometry ofthe subdueted Nazca plate, and a changingoutline (in map view)of theleading edge of theSouth American plate. Crustal shortening has accommodated convergence betweenthe Chilean-Peruvian forearc and the South American foreland. The Altiplano-Puna plateau can be constructedby a combinationof crustalshortening
    [Show full text]
  • EVOLUTION of the ALTIPLANO BASIN (EOCENE to MIOCENE). Dorothee Mertmann, Ekkehard Scheuber, Patricio Silva-González, Harald Ege, Klaus-J
    TOMO 1 - Análisis de Cuencas EVOLUTION OF THE ALTIPLANO BASIN (EOCENE TO MIOCENE). Dorothee Mertmann, Ekkehard Scheuber, Patricio Silva-González, Harald Ege, Klaus-J. Reutter FR Geologie, Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, FU Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, D- 12249 Berlin [email protected] The Altiplano is part of the Altiplano-Puna Plateau which, at an average height of 3.7 km (Isacks 1988), extends east of the Western Cordillera, the active volcanic front of the Central Andean Volcanic Zone. The formation of the Andean plateau was linked with the formation of the Altiplano Basin, which reflects major changes in the deformational pattern, magmatism, and the related sedimentary record. Thermochronological (apatite fission track, AFT) and sedimentological data from the central Andean high plateau are relevant to the evolution of the Andean active margin during the Tertiary. The intramontaneous Altiplano Basin covers an area of approximately 110,000 km2. Its main structural elements are the NNE trending Uyuni-Khenayani fault zone (UKFZ) in the center and the N-S to NW-SE trending San-Vicente fault system (SVFS) along the eastern borde. The UKFZ, which is marked morphologically by elongate, N-S to NNE-SSW trending ridges consisting mainly of Ordovician to Silurian sediments, shows dextral transpressional kinematics with thrusting toward E and dextral strike-slip displacements. W of the UKFZ a belt of mainly west-vergent folds and thrusts is developed. To the west these structures are covered by the late Miocene-Quaternary volcanics of the Western Cordillera and exposures of folded older strata. Along the SVFS the Ordovician strata of the Eastern Cordillera were thrust towards W onto Paleogene strata of the Altiplano in early Miocene times (Müller et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Thin-Skinned Tectonics in the Cordillera Oriental
    ACTUAL EROSION BY RIVERS IN THE BOLIVIAN ANDES Naziano FILIZOLA, Pascal FRAIZY, Jean Loup GUYOT, Frédérique SEYLER Patrice BABY & Gérard HERAIL IRD – LMTG, 38 rue des 36 ponts, F-31400 Toulouse KEY WORDS : Erosion, Hydrology, Andes, Bolivia. INTRODUCTION In Bolivia, the Andean Mountain belt is very large and deformed by thin-skinned tectonics (Baby et al., 1997). The back arc orogenic wedge is formed by the Cordillera Oriental – which limits the Altiplano enigmatic high plateau (Rochat et al., 1999) - and the Subandean zone, and characterized by an elbow shape of the mountain range (Bolivian orocline) and high relief (several summits over 6000 m). It over thrusts and supplies its adjacent foreland sedimentary basin with sediments since upper Oligocene times. The present axis of the Bolivian orocline separates the High Amazonian drainage basin in the north from the Pilcomayo drainage basin in the south. Little data is available to measure the actual erosion of the Andes cordillera. However, the measurement of sedimentary yields at the hydrological stations makes it possible to estimate these actual rates of erosion and their geographical variability. DATA AND METHODS In the Andes of Bolivia, the data obtained at the hydrological networks of various national services (ENDE, SENAMHI, SEARPI) made it possible to select 42 gauge stations (Figure 1) including 23 on the Amazon River basin, 13 on the basin of the Paraguay River and 5 on the endoreic Altiplano basin. In spite of different observation times and durations, the great quantity of samples collected on the Andean rivers (28 167) allows a realistic estimate of sedimentary flows.
    [Show full text]
  • Tectonic Evolution of the Central Andean Plateau and Implications for the Growth of Plateaus∗ Carmala N
    EA45CH20-Garzione ARI 14 August 2017 13:51 Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences Tectonic Evolution of the Central Andean Plateau and Implications for the Growth of Plateaus∗ Carmala N. Garzione,1 Nadine McQuarrie,2 Nicholas D. Perez,3,4 Todd A. Ehlers,5 Susan L. Beck,6 Nandini Kar,1,7 Nathan Eichelberger,8 Alan D. Chapman,9 Kevin M. Ward,6 Mihai N. Ducea,6,10 Richard O. Lease,11 Christopher J. Poulsen,12 Lara S. Wagner,13 Joel E. Saylor,14 George Zandt,6 and Brian K. Horton3 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2017. 45:529–59 Keywords First published as a Review in Advance on July 10, surface uplift, deformation, magmatism, basin evolution, incision, lower 2017 lithosphere removal, crustal flow The Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences is online at earth.annualreviews.org Abstract https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-063016- Current end-member models for the geodynamic evolution of orogenic 020612 plateaus predict (a) slow and steady rise during crustal shortening and ab- Copyright c 2017 by Annual Reviews. lative subduction (i.e., continuous removal) of the lower lithosphere or (b) All rights reserved rapid surface uplift following shortening, which is associated with punctuated Access provided by University of Pittsburgh on 11/30/17. For personal use only. *Please see the Acknowledgments section for removal of dense lower lithosphere and/or lower crustal flow. This review author affiliations. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2017.45:529-559. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org integrates results from recent studies of the modern lithospheric structure, geologic evolution, and surface uplift history of the Central Andean Plateau to evaluate the geodynamic processes involved in forming it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Eocene to Pleistocene Vertebrates of Bolivia and Their Stratigraphic Context a Review
    THE EOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE VERTEBRATES OF BOLIVIA AND THEIR STRATIGRAPHIC CONTEXT A REVIEW LARRY G. MARSHALL" & THIERRY SEMPERE** * Institute of Human Origins, 2453 Ridge Road, Berkeley, California 94709, U.S.A. ** Orstom, UR lH, Casilla 4875, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. Present address: Centre de Géologie Générale et Minibre, Ecole des Mines, 35 rue Saint Honor& 77305 Fontainebleau, France INTRODUCTION the type fauna of the Friasiali Land Mammal Age (conventionally middle Miocene) in southern Chile is temporally equivalent to the The record of Cenozoic fossil vertebrates in Bolivia is extremely Santacrucian Land Mammal Age. They thus use Colloncuran for the good. Compared with other countries in South America, Bolivia is land mammal age between Santacrucian and Chasicoan. For all second only to Argentina in the number of known localities and in practical purposes, Friasian of previous workers is equivalent to the wealth of taxa. Colloncuran as used in this study. Of the different vertebrate groups, the mammals are by far the This paper represents an expansion and updating of the Bolivian most abundant and best known. In fact, the record of mammal land mammal record as provided by Robert Hoffstetter (in Marshall evolution in South America is so complete that these fossils are used el al. 1983, 1984). As documented below, the highlights of this by geologists and paleontologists to subdivide geologic time. The record include: the taxonomically richest and best studied faunas of occurrence of unique associations of taxa that are inferred to have late Oligocene-early Miocene (Deseadan) and early Pleistocene existed during a restricted interval of time has resulted in the (Ensenadan) age in all o[ South America; and the exceptionally rich recognition of discrete chronostratigraphic units called Land record of late Miocene (Huayquerian) and early to middle Pliocene Mammal Ages.
    [Show full text]
  • Oligocene–Miocene Basin Evolution in the Northern Altiplano, Bolivia: Implications for Evolution of the Central Andean Backthrust Belt and High Plateau
    Downloaded from gsabulletin.gsapubs.org on July 6, 2010 Oligocene–Miocene basin evolution in the northern Altiplano, Bolivia: Implications for evolution of the central Andean backthrust belt and high plateau Bryan P. Murray1,†, Brian K. Horton2 , Ramiro Matos3, and Matthew T. Heizler4 1Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Webb Hall, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9630, USA 2Institute for Geophysics and Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA 3Instituto de Investigaciones Geológicas y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Casilla Postal 4787, La Paz, Bolivia 4New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA ABSTRACT sedimentation and fold-thrust deformation patterns in the central Andes (e.g., Horton et al., in the frontal (west-southwestern) zone of the 2001; McQuarrie, 2002; DeCelles and Horton, The upper Oligocene to lower Miocene central Andean backthrust belt was concen- 2003; McQuarrie et al., 2005; McQuarrie et al., Peñas and Aranjuez formations are exposed trated during late Oligocene–early Miocene 2008). Other studies have proposed that plateau in north-northwest–trending outcrop belts of time. These age results are consistent with uplift resulted from deeper processes such as the central Andean backthrust belt situated previous studies of east-derived sedimenta- thickening of thermally weakened lower crust within the central Andean plateau along the tion in the Altiplano and indicate regional by ductile horizontal shortening and magmatic boundary between the northern Altiplano uplift of the Eastern Cordillera at this time. addition (e.g., Isacks, 1988; Allmendinger et al., and the Eastern Cordillera of Bolivia.
    [Show full text]