Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)
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National Mission for Clean Ganga Ministry of Jal Shakti Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) Volume I - Environmental and Social Analysis Prepared by The Energy and Resources Institute (January 2011) Updated by Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd (November 2019) CONTENTS 1. NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN PROJECT ..................................................................... 1 1.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Ganga River Basin Management: Initiatives ....................................................................................... 1 1.3. NMCG: An Evolutionary Journey ......................................................................................................... 2 1.4. NMCG Projects .................................................................................................................................... 2 1.5. Identified Thurst Areas and Action Points .......................................................................................... 3 1.6. Key Achievements under Namami Gange Programme ....................................................................... 5 1.7. External Funding and Funding Mechanism of NMCG ......................................................................... 8 1.8. Portfolio of Projects: NGRBA ............................................................................................................... 8 1.9. Potential Environmental Impacts of the Projects ............................................................................... 9 1.10. Environmental and Social Analysis (ESA) and Management Framework (ESMF) ............................... 9 2. ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF GANGA BASIN ............................................................. 12 2.1. The Ganga River ................................................................................................................................ 12 2.2. Course of the Ganga.......................................................................................................................... 14 2.3. Stream and Flow Characteristics of Ganga ....................................................................................... 17 2.4. Physiography of Ganga Basin ............................................................................................................ 20 2.5. Soil Characteristics ............................................................................................................................ 21 2.6. Climatic Factors ................................................................................................................................. 23 2.7. Groundwater Resources ................................................................................................................... 25 2.8. Land Use ............................................................................................................................................ 28 3. GANGA BASIN – POLLUTION ASPECTS ......................................................................... 44 3.1. General .............................................................................................................................................. 44 3.2. Urban Water Supply .......................................................................................................................... 44 3.3. Municipal Wastewater generation and disposal .............................................................................. 48 3.4. Industrial wastewater ....................................................................................................................... 51 3.5. Agricultural sources of pollution ....................................................................................................... 52 3.6. Water Quality .................................................................................................................................... 53 3.7. Polluted river stretches ..................................................................................................................... 61 3.8. Water quality Monitoring ................................................................................................................. 64 3.9. Ganga Action Plan (Phase I & II) ........................................................................................................ 66 3.10. Existing sewage treatment capacity ................................................................................................. 68 3.11. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 71 4. SOCIAL ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................ 72 4.1. Socio-economic profile of Ganga basin ............................................................................................. 72 4.2. Cultural Practices of Communities .................................................................................................... 97 4.3. Vulnerable communities and gender .............................................................................................. 101 4.4. Key Stakeholders ............................................................................................................................. 104 4.5. Key social and cultural issues .......................................................................................................... 105 5. POLICY, PROGRAMMES AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...................................... 106 5.1. Background ..................................................................................................................................... 106 5.2. NGRBA ............................................................................................................................................. 106 5.3. Namami Gange Programme ............................................................................................................ 106 5.4. NMCG Authority .............................................................................................................................. 107 5.5. Ministry of Jal Shakti ...................................................................................................................... 107 5.6. NMCG: Vision .................................................................................................................................. 108 5.7. NMCG: Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 108 5.8. Namami Gange: Institutional structure .......................................................................................... 109 5.9. Implementation Modality under Namami Gange ........................................................................... 110 i Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1-1: NAMAMI GANGE AT A GLANCE ........................................................................................................................................ 5 TABLE 1-2: PORTFOLIO OF RIVER POLLUTION MITIGATION PROJECTS UNDER NGRBP ...................................................................... 8 TABLE 2-1: MAJOR RIVER BASINS OF INDIA ...................................................................................................................................... 12 TABLE 2-2 STATE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF THE DRAINAGE AREA OF GANGA RIVER IN INDIA ........................................................... 14 TABLE 2-3: SUB BASIN AREA OF THE RIVER GANGA AND THEIR DRAINAGE AREA ........................................................................... 16 TABLE 2-4: ANNUAL WATER INFLOW AND OUTFLOW IN GANGA BASIN AT SELECTED MONITORING STATIONS ............................ 17 TABLE 2-5: STREAM CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS TRIBUTARIES OF THE GANGA ........................................................................ 19 TABLE 2-6: SOILS TYPES IN GANGA BASIN AND THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EROSION ...................................................................... 22 TABLE 2-7: RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE DETAILS AT SELECTED STATIONS IN THE GANGA BASIN ............................................... 24 TABLE 2-8: STATE WISE GROUNDWATER USAGE PATTERN IN THE GANGA BASIN STATES .............................................................. 27 TABLE 2-9: STATE-WISE GROUND WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY, UTILISATION AND STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT ...................... 27 TABLE 2-10: STATE-WISE LAND USE PATTERN AND CROPPING INTENSITY IN GANGA BASIN STATES ............................................. 29 TABLE 2-11: TEMPERATURE ZONES OF INDIA ................................................................................................................................... 30 TABLE 2-12: STATE-WISE FOREST COVER IN GANGA BASIN STATES ................................................................................................ 32 TABLE 2-13: BIOSPHERE RESERVES COMING UNDER GANGA BASIN ................................................................................................ 33 TABLE 2-14: NATIONAL PARKS WITHIN GANGA BASIN ....................................................................................................................