Industrial production: reshaping the world in its own image Perspectives from the Global South and the path to an alternative model of sustainable livestock farming

By Inés Franceshelli, Heñoi Paraguay Contributions by Simone Lovera and Isis Alvarez, Global Forest Coalition Translated by Megan Morrissey

1. Introduction

Since the Paris Climate degradation of biomes and epidemiology. The ecological Agreement in 2015, different species loss. This activity uses soil alteration of territories, urban and rural social groups and and water inefficiently and leads overcrowding of animals, and Indigenous communities, aware to the appropriation of land in the excessive use of antibiotics have of the challenges of limiting world’s last remaining forests and generated the necessary global warming to 1.5 degrees peasant and Indigenous conditions for the development of Celsius, have been working communities around the world, these diseases, and at the same toward transforming especially in the Global South. It time have destroyed the unsustainable global patterns of displaces populations and healthcare, economic, social and production and consumption, and impoverishes communities and is cultural conditions needed to face one of the goals being debated one of the main drivers of these situations. In particular, around the world is the necessary greenhouse gas emissions. overcrowding at factory farms is reduction in meat consumption. “the ideal breeding ground for the The recent coronavirus evolution of these new The large-scale production of demonstrated the connection – pathogens,” [1] as proven by the animal protein (beef, pork, already noted by diverse emergence of African swine fever, poultry and fish) is the largest scientists – between industrial which, while not dangerous to contributor to deforestation, the agribusiness and viral humans, has wiped out a quarter

Indigenous women in Kenya with Extensive cattle pastures in the A woman with her water their livestock. Indigenous Decocratic Republic of the buffalo. Jharendu Pant/ Information Network Congo. Olive Imani/CTA Flickr

Industrial meat production: reshaping the world in its own image | april 2020 1 of global pig herds over the last disease and several types of commercialization and decade. [2] cancer. consumption and how to contribute to a 75% reduction in Although this information is Global Forest Coalition (GFC) held greenhouse gas emissions by available to increasing numbers a series of “Open dialogues on 2050 to keep global warming of people and being disseminated unsustainable livestock farming below 1.5 degrees Celsius. by more and more organizations, and alternatives” by region, including the United Nations, beginning in Africa (in Addis Participating in the dialogues demand for animal protein Ababa, Ethiopia, in September were non-governmental continues to rise. The excessive 2019), Latin America (in Santiago organizations and representatives consumption of animal products, de Chile in December 2019) and of peasant communities, particularly industrialized meat Asia (in Bogor, Indonesia, in Indigenous Peoples, pastoralists, and dairy products, is associated February 2020). The dialogues women’s groups, activists, with the pandemic of obesity and aimed to promote a better academics and research centers non-communicable diseases such understanding of the dynamics of directly and indirectly related to as diabetes, cardiovascular meat production, the Coalition.

2. Unsustainable meat production around the world

At the three regional dialogues, The FAO and OECD project that overcrowded conditions. Today, data was shared that describes meat consumption will continue between 70 and 75% of the the reality of food production and to increase: by 2026, beef world’s soy production is used for consumption around the world, production will grow by 6% in animal feed. particularly large-scale beef developed countries and around production. 17% in developing countries; Asia The companies involved in the alone will see a 44% increase. soy and meat industries, which Today, meat production is 470% Global pork consumption will we generally refer to as higher than it was 50 years ago, decline slightly by 2026, although “agribusiness,” claim that they are having increased from 70 million it will continue to increase in Latin going to combat global hunger. tons annually to more than 330 America, where it has risen However, according to FAO’s million tons in 2017. In this same rapidly in recent years, driven by latest estimates, in 2017, period, the global population domestic production and low approximately 10% of the world’s doubled. This growth in prices. Poultry meat consumption population – 770 million people – production is directly associated will increase by 45% regardless of experienced serious food with increased consumption; region or income level. [4] insecurity. At the regional level, according to the UN Food and the figures range from 1.4% in Agriculture Organization (FAO), Increased large-scale meat North America and Europe to the three largest meat consumers production and consumption are nearly 30% in Africa. As with per capita are the United States, directly associated with the malnutrition, serious food Australia and New Zealand, which expansion of monocultures of insecurity has increased at the exceeded 100 kg of meat per genetically-modified organisms global level, driven by the trends person per year. [3] aimed largely at producing food seen in Africa and Latin for animals farmed in America. [5] Meanwhile, nearly

Deforestation in the Chaco in Paraguay for cattle ranching. Peer V/Wikimedia Commons

Industrial meat production: reshaping the world in its own image | april 2020 2 1.4 billion people over the age of contradictions facing humanity. to antibiotic resistance, and by 18 suffer from obesity, an illness While we annihilate other species 2050, that number could reach 10 directly associated with poor to increase our food production, million per year, more than the nutrition as a result of the each day we find new evidence of amount that dies from cancer. excessive consumption of meat the impact of these modes of and dairy and frequent production on the world’s biomes, The use of antibiotics in meat consumption of ultra-processed human health, , production continues to grow; in foods. [6] and the speed with which the the European Union today, more climate crisis is worsening. The than 75% of all antibiotics are Today, 77% of the world’s meat and dairy industries are one used in primary production; [11] cultivated land is used for feeding of the largest contributors to the projection for emerging livestock, which provide 17% of greenhouse gas emissions, countries (Brazil, Russia, India, the calories and 33% of the accounting for 14% of total China and South Africa) is a 99% protein produced globally. The emissions and nearly half of increase by 2030 due to the remaining 23% of cultivated land methane emissions. In 2016, the expansion of livestock is used for other products that 10 largest companies in these production. [12] together provide humanity with industries produced 747 million

83% of its calories and 67% of its tons of CO2 per year (the five This meat production is also protein. [7] largest produce more emissions associated with a food than ExxonMobil, Shell or BP). [9] distribution system that Governments around the world concentrates capital and weakens provide various subsidies and Amid this process of destruction, or eliminates small local markets stimulus packages for large-scale we are faced with a pandemic of a and retailers in cities. These large meat production; the larger the zoonotic disease, COVID-19. While supply chains practice notably business or the greater the the cause of this particular virus is aggressive business practices, political weight of the economic not yet proven, there is much evade taxes, fail to comply with sector, the greater the subsidy. scientific evidence that points the law in their personnel policies Although no data exists on the towards the intensive livestock and threaten human health and indirect subsidies received by farming industry, since it is in the traditional and independent these industries, in 2013, direct general a major source of ways of feeding ourselves. Thus, subsidies to companies associated zoonoses such as the coronavirus. one of the recurring themes in with meat and dairy production in Moreover, the risk of such GFC’s open dialogues was the OECD countries totaled is increasing due to support that these transnational $53 billion. [8] the growing emergence of companies receive through “free antibiotic-resistant trade” agreements. The provisions With the growth of large-scale microorganisms; in April of 2019, of these new agreements turn production of genetically-modified the UN Interagency Coordination most developing countries into a protein, animal feed Group (IACG) was already warning source of cheap labor at the and meat, the accompanying that there is “no time to wait” service of transnational increase in malnutrition, poor given the risks posed by companies. An example of this is nutrition and serious food antibiotic-resistant infections in the EU-Mercosur Free Trade insecurity constitutes an economic the near future. [10] Today, some Agreement that was approved in blunder and one of the worst 700,000 people die each year due July of 2019 and has yet to be

Industrial meat production: reshaping the world in its own image | april 2020 3 Cattle in South Africa. FourAMinthemorning/Flickr

ratified by the countries of the today is related to the defense of From another perspective, those two trade blocks. If ultimately animal welfare and . who defend omnivore diets for approved, the new provisions Increasing numbers of people humans recognize that animal would generate the conditions for throughout the world have been husbandry is more efficient and an increase in greenhouse gas opting for vegan and vegetarian has a better impact on territories emissions of 8.7 million tons; 82% diets. Proponents of these diets if animal welfare is protected. of these emissions would arise argue that the simple act of This debate, which is present on from livestock farming. [13] separating mothers from their all continents, is far from being young for milking is a violation of over. A very important aspect of the the rights of the animal, not to debate around meat production mention slaughtering them.

Africa

The first dialogue was held in ownership arrangements, livestock farming are having a Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 2 facilitated by segmentary lineage major impact on these practices. September 2019 during the 3rd structures and age-groups with Africa Animal Welfare Conference. specific responsibilities. This Ethiopia provides a striking Participants included around 90 allowed for horizontal example of this reality: 80% of the representatives of Indigenous redistribution, friendship alliances country’s population lives in rural Peoples, research institutions, across territories and marriage areas and relies largely on natural multilateral organizations and contracts that allocated stock. resources; more than 95% of NGOs from around Africa and While such arrangements have farmers in Ethiopia operate near other continents as well. declined, due to the the subsistence level, relying on individualisation and rainwater instead of irrigation; A large percentage of families in commoditisation of pastoral and three quarters of the Africa engage in small-scale production, the cultural values country’s livestock are raised by subsistence agriculture. Pastoral and embedded practices still small producers in mixed communities still subsist in Africa remain, and are often remobilised livestock farming systems. In whose work is characterized by in times of severe crisis.” [14] contrast, agricultural products “extensive redistributive practices, However, modern agriculture produced by companies with as livestock were shared, loaned (especially sugarcane and oil palm unsustainable practices account and redistributed across multiple monocultures) and large-scale for 60% of Ethiopia’s exports and

Industrial meat production: reshaping the world in its own image | april 2020 4 ICCA guardians in the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia, defend their land from livestock overgrazing and other impacts. Simone Lovera/GFC

nearly half of its GDP. In addition to Some characteristics of the system Christians in Ethiopia, which livestock, other primary exports of meat production and significantly reduces meat include coffee, beans, molasses, consumption in Africa include the consumption. Meanwhile, oleaginous seeds and cotton. The growing consumption of meat industrial production generates government, private investors and (beef, pork, poultry and fish) and the destruction of territories; an some development agencies are dairy in some countries in recent example of this is the expansion pursuing an industrialized livestock years – by 100% in Morocco. Some of sugarcane monocultures in the sector to promote production for Indigenous communities such as traditionally pastoralist region of export. [15] the Samburu in Kenya only Semien Omo in southeast consume meat and dairy, and Ethiopia. The extractive Meanwhile, the growing supply of hence a diet based on infrastructure of irrigation has led beef imported from Argentina, the is not really an option, although to the disappearance of flood United States and Ukraine is they are also affected by the plains and grazing lands, growing modifying the traditional diet, problems of . With desertification of the territory and introducing Western habits that are each successive drought, they lose the disappearance of a more than today globalized ones: large a greater percentage of animals, a two-thousand-year-old culture. quantities of meat and dairy, problem that is worsened by sugars and ultra-processed foods. succumbing to government These territorial conflicts include This change in the diet favors the pressure to swap the drought- the system of protected areas; expansion of this unsustainable resistant breeds of sheep and lacking land for grazing, the production with a dynamic that goats that they traditionally raised communities are forced to move varies from one region to another. with genetically patented breeds to other areas, including some However, there is little debate on that were supposed to increase protected areas, to carry out their the issue, and the impacts are productivity, but that instead activities. largely hidden. Industrial generated losses. production is marketed and sold Another example is the loss of with little to no regulations, and it Sustainable livestock farming in local trade; in South Africa, 80% of is still not a main issue for territories conserved by the country’s food is processed by defenders of the climate, Indigenous and local communities 20% of companies. The and forest protection, has favored biodiversity communities are unaware of the or even groups that work on conservation. Ancient cultural origin of their food, especially animal welfare. practices also exist that contribute where and how the meat and to a balanced diet, such as the dairy products they consume were tradition of fasting among Coptic produced.

Industrial meat production: reshaping the world in its own image | april 2020 5 Latin America

This dialogue was held on 4 large expanses of direct seeding that are fed with that production December 2019 during the of genetically-modified soy and (including abroad, when meat is People’s Summit in Santiago de corn and forest plantations (pine exported); in general, the poorest Chile. Participants included more and eucalyptus) for biomass to population consumes pigs and than 35 representatives of generate energy and cellulose chickens that are fed with GMO Indigenous Peoples, peasants’ pulp. The region also has the feedstock and that is the cheapest movements, women’s groups, world’s largest meat processing meat. research institutions and NGOs industry, JBS (one of the suppliers from around the continent. It was for McDonald’s). This production The continent demonstrates the recognized that Latin America is has led to a steady deterioration enormous contradiction between currently a territory in which of the food sovereignty of two models of production: production is characterized by the countries and local communities, agribusiness and peasant and looting of the common goods of and it has a direct impact on the Indigenous agriculture. For the population: mega-mining human right to adequate food example, in Paraguay, a peasant (including fracking), genetically- and nutrition, contradicting farm that traditionally consists of modified monocultures and large- Sustainable Development Goal 2 a maximum of three to 10 scale meat production are the of the UN’s Agenda 2030. [16] hectares generally has one or two drivers of the world’s fastest cattle, usually dairy cows; deforestation process in 2019, In Latin America, the production meanwhile, the economic might including the barbaric practice of and consumption of meat is of commercial livestock farming is setting fire to forests and fields, characterized by large expanses such that it encompasses nearly as we saw with the 20 million of monocultures that use vast 15 million head of cattle, a rate of hectares burned in the Amazon quantities of highly toxic poisons. two animals per inhabitant, as that year. They sicken and kill not only the well as a ranching territory of 17 population that lives and in and million hectares. Industrial Global agribusiness has handed around these areas, but also ranching slaughters 2.5 million over land in Latin America to those who consume the animals head of cattle per year and

Dialogue participants in Chile. Oliver Munnion/GFC

Francisco Manquecheo speaking in Chile. Oliver Munnion/GFC

Industrial meat production: reshaping the world in its own image | april 2020 6 exports 380,000 tons of meat per change mitigation,” however, or by fires in the Amazon, growing year (over $1 billion), [17] making barely 1% of that investment is , and communities it the world’s seventh largest beef aimed at promoting diet change, expelled from land seized by a exporter. and the massive trade block model of production and continues to promote the consumption that poses such a With regard to issues of gender in ratification of a free trade grave threat to all of us. the region, women are generally agreement with Mercosur to responsible for family continue to expand the meat and Today, big agribusiness agroecological production, and soy business in South America, companies control governments they are also the direct victims of offering perverse subsidies and and political decisions. They the impacts of agribusiness. For incentives to an industry that ensure little or no tax pressure, example, in Bolivia, women in contributes to deforestation [18] subsidies in different phases of rural areas suffer from higher and completely contradicts the value chain of their rates of cancer. In that country, Sustainable Development Goals merchandise and benefit from the prospect of meat exports to 13 on climate change and 15 on infrastructure efforts designed for China motivated a change in terrestrial ecosystems. [19] It is them instead of the majority. forest laws and fires broke out clear that Latin American Throughout Latin America, with that “coincidentally” favored the “democracies” are strongly the health and food crisis implied expansion of commercial shaped by the hand of the by the pandemic, governments livestock farming. This model transnational companies and are taking out new loans (that affects both producer and agribusiness players that have must be paid by the people) consumer countries (for example, been behind parliamentary coups instead of undertaking tax Paraguayan beef is consumed in d’etat against progressive reforms that would involve the Chile). presidents. We have seen the wealthiest paying more to repression and murder of address the crisis. The European Union invests environmental activists, millions millions of dollars in “climate of hectares leveled by bulldozers

Small-scale livestock farming in Bolivia. United Nations Photo/Flickr

Small-scale livestock farming in Paraguay. Inés Franceschelli

Industrial meat production: reshaping the world in its own image | april 2020 7 Asia

The last dialogue of the initial of factory-farmed meat draw on (Regional Comprehensive series was held on 15 February local capital, other transnational Economic Partnership - RCEP), 2020 in Bogor, Indonesia. [20] industrial food companies such as including India, China, Japan, Participants consisted of more KFC or McDonald’s have South Korea, New Zealand and than 30 representatives of subsidiaries in most non- Australia. Various civil society women’s groups, research communist Asian countries. organizations have been voicing institutions and NGOs. It was concerns that the provisions of demonstrated that the increase in The increase in grazing or the the RCEP “could undermine per capita meat production and planting pastures for cattle over access to lower-cost generic consumption has been large expanses has led to the medications, negatively impact particularly accelerated in Asia, degradation of ecosystems, the the rights of farmers and with a steadily rising curve over destruction of soils and the loss Indigenous Peoples to seed and the last 50 years; also accelerated of adapted breeds of animals and food sovereignty, lead to has been the consumption of crops, as well as traditional privatizations of public services, dairy and eggs. The increase in knowledge. reduce salaries for workers and consumption has been restrict the ability of governments particularly rapid in China, South Meanwhile, Asia is among the to regulate public policies, leaving Korea and Vietnam. largest markets for Latin them vulnerable to international American commodities, especially lawsuits in secret courts.” [21] This process of “Westernization” genetically-modified soy and of the diet, marked by increased corn. Most of these imports are Asia is a densely populated beef and pork consumption, has for animal feed. continent where food security been led by China, where and sovereignty are of utmost economic growth has been Asia is also under pressure to importance and which faces reflected in a dramatic expansion adopt “free trade” agreements. inequity (poor distribution) and of consumption. While Currently, 16 countries are inequality. On one hand, a large in that country, the mega-chains negotiating a treaty known as the part of the population suffers

Connecting Traditional Pastoral Communities with Climate Change (Zhao Zhung, Green Camel-China)

In China, the organization Green The pastoral communities have Milking a yak in China. Green Camel Camel has been working for 13 learned to monitor the climate years in a Tibetan province called and quality of the pastures in Maqu in the extreme eastern order to better understand region of the Tibetan Plain at the climate change and its impacts. At Yellow River basin. In recent the same time, thanks to this years, the prairies have faced “citizen science,” the communities serious threats and degradation. are able to make their own The group works with local decisions about the management communities on Indigenous of their territory, including its knowledge so that they can conservation and with the recognize their own history and inclusion of women in the culture and thus generate their different activities. own solutions to climate change, which is now beginning to be For more information, visit: recognized. http://www.gcbcn.org/en/

Industrial meat production: reshaping the world in its own image | april 2020 8 from scarcity, while on the other, involves more than 90 countries. Different countries report forest there is a oversupply. Related to this project is the loss, high concentration of land, growth in Chinese agricultural population displacement and China, the world’s largest investment by private companies social conflict, as well as a economy, accounts for 32% of all that in the last 10 years have been growing presence of inhabitants of Asia. It is an buying global production chains transnationals in the agrifood immense importer of meat, diary of meat and , and the industry; for example, , and soy, among other products; advance in control over the global which operates with US capital, its imports have risen with the seeds and agrotoxins industry controls 31% of agriculture in the free trade agreements with through the acquisition of shares Philippines and operates in an Australia and New Zealand and in the Swiss firm Syngenta. alliance with Beidahuang in China the search to secure new food to produce genetically-modified sources for people and animals. China is a vast country of major rice (“golden rice”). contrasts; its Indigenous Peoples In this search, China has been are suffering due to reduced This region has been particularly implementing a mega- sources of water, pasture and affected by epidemics like the infrastructure development their ability to feed their animals swine flu and avian flu, which program known as the Belt and as they did before, and they may have been grave reminders of the Road Initiative (BRI), also called not recognize climate change as a high zoosanitary risks of factory the New Silk Road, focused on the cause. Focusing on Indigenous farming. Swine flu alone killed promotion of manufacturing, knowledge and strengthening it in 400 million pigs in Indonesia, trade and investment and pastoral communities to learn China and Mongolia. The current physical and digital integration about their history and culture coronavirus pandemic also arose with international markets. [22] It would lead to broader discussions on this continent. The three proposes to form a land “belt” in the community that may diseases are examples of the connecting China with Europe and generate solutions to climate imbalance caused by this model a “road” running across the change and thus allow these of production. Indian Ocean to Africa through people to make decisions about the Mediterranean and across the the protection of their territories Pacific Ocean to Oceania and (see Box on p8). Latin America. The initiative

Meat market in China. Veronica Belmont/Flickr

Asian regional meeting in Bogor. Fahmi/WAHLI

Industrial meat production: reshaping the world in its own image | april 2020 9 3. Conclusions: Proposals for transformation

In all three dialogues, movements dimensions of animal welfare and communities and traditional and activists from around the its relationship to human health. knowledge for the recovery of world suggested proposals, all of Other common aspects in the ecosystems and food security and which emphasized the urgent three dialogues were the need to sovereignty. need for transformations and the raise awareness, bringing need to involve women in together the different themes of Below is a synthesis of the main decision-making. They also industrial livestock farming and proposals suggested in the agreed that all of the initiatives its relationship to climate change dialogues. should include the objective of and environmental destruction halting climate change and the and the need to protect pastoral

Regarding production and land

It is necessary to promote the and animal breeds that have forms). Also, establishing replacement of conventional disappeared; recovering mechanisms of connection production systems with traditional knowledge and natural between producers and production using agroecological medicine; recovering local consumers, bringing the and traditional systems, to defend culinary traditions; promoting countryside and the city closer in all arenas access to land and local markets; and recovering, together. territory by peasant and protecting and promoting the use Indigenous communities and to of native and local seeds and We must find ways to foster combat large land owners and organizing their expansion. settlement and seek public policies their expansion. that reverse the process of It is recognized that increasing urbanization (“depeasantization”) Active mechanisms must be and strengthening alliances from occurring in recent decades, to established to eradicate the use of the grassroots is important for strengthen the role of women in agrotoxins and promote encouraging and supporting decision-making regarding politics, agroecology and traditional association among small production and food, and make agriculture and aspects that producers for production and visible issues of gender in the area strengthen it: recovering crops trade (cooperatives and other of food production systems including livestock farming and pastoralism.

It is desirable to increase and implement climate innovation technologies such as solar panels and other sources of renewable energy that promote autonomous or off-the-grid systems, as well as to generate a clearer connection at all levels between pastoralism, livestock farming, climate change, health, traditional knowledge, and deforestation.

A woman and her goats in India. Prabhu B Doss/Flickr

Industrial meat production: reshaping the world in its own image | april 2020 10 Regarding politics

It is necessary to establish better financialization of food supply We must uphold and strengthen mechanisms of influence in local chains. campaigning against the (municipal and territorial) ratification of “free trade” governments to defend land used It is also important to generate agreements such as the EU- for sustainable production and greater knowledge about the role Mercosur FTA and the Regional impose real limits on of banks in the livestock industry, Comprehensive Economic unsustainable agricultural recognize the companies involved Partnership (RCEP). At the production. We must also and promote policies of higher international level, we must insist denounce government incentives taxation on unhealthy foods and on the involvement of the United that support unsustainable less on agroecological and Nations in advocating for production and lobby to redirect traditional production. Public sustainable agrifood systems and them, pressure governments to food purchasing (for militaries, make progress in the use of Regarding production and land increase research and schools and hospitals) should be litigation as a strategy to pressure development with public – encouraged to use small businesses and businesspeople. instead of private – financing and producers. eliminate the global

Regarding the media and consumer awareness

To combat the unsustainable We must also generate collective norms and traditional model of livestock production, it commitments to disseminate conservation practices (that is also crucial to promote information based on the predate modern science) closer to conscious and responsible experiences of people in the scientific perspectives and close consumption, including territories as an alternative to the gap between these two awareness of the need to reduce studies that laud companies and “worlds” to promote collaboration meat and dairy consumption, and “wash away their sins,” and between the two currents of to inform consumers of the strengthen alliances with opinion knowledge, both of which are health and environmental leaders such as nutritionists and essential for transforming impacts of consuming factory- doctors. It is necessary to bring production and consumption. farmed meat and discourage the the perspectives of customary consumption of imported food. We must expose the industry with Organic farm in Ghana. Global Justice Now/Flickr regard to the following:

• poisoning of feedstock and hence factory-farmed meat; • the impact of excessive meat consumption; • soil degradation; • loss of biomes, including deforestation and biodiversity loss; • loss and contamination of potable water.

Industrial meat production: reshaping the world in its own image | april 2020 11 Only then, through greater growing industry that is reshaping transformation based on social articulation and strengthening of the world’s social, economic and justice. networks, can we build strategies environmental realities according to provide a counterweight to a to its own aims and achieve a true

[1] https://grain.org/es/article/6438-nuevas- [8] Heinrich Böll Foundation. Meat atlas: Global [16] https://www.un.org/ investigaciones-sugieren-que-las-granjas- facts and figures about meat, 2014. sustainabledevelopment/es/hunger/ industriales-y-no-los-mercados-de-productos- https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/atlasdela frescos-podrian-ser-el-origen-del-covid-19 carne2014_web_140717.pdf. For more information about perverse subsidies, see [17] Massachusetts Institute of Technology https://globalforestcoalition.org/ Observatory of Economic Complexity, available [2] https://www.grain.org/es/article/6429-peste- perverse-incentives-deforestation-for-livestock/ at: https://atlas.media.mit.edu/ porcina-africana-un-futuro-cultivado-en-granjas- es/profile/country/pry/ industriales-una-pandemia-a-la-vez [9] Fonterra: 42.5 million tons (mt). Dairy Farmers of America 52.2 mt. Cargill: 86.3 mt. [18] https://globalforestcoalition.org/perverse- [3] OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2017-2026, : 118.1 mt. JBS: 280.2 mt. TOTAL: incentives-deforestation-for-livestock/ 2017 578.3 mt.

[19] https://www.un.org/ [4] Ibid. [10] https://www.who.int/antimicrobial- sustainabledevelopment/es/objetivos-de- resistance/interagency-coordination- desarrollo-sostenible/ group/IACG_final_report_ES.pdf?ua=1 [5] “The state of food security and nutrition in the world, 2018,” FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP AND [20] The presentations can be accessed via WHO, 2018. [11] https://www.oecd.org/health/health- https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1sgmQH4 http://www.fao.org/3/i9553en/i9553en.pdf systems/AMR-Policy-Insights-November2016.pdf IlIqd5POHncexaVQeUrgG-hxa0

[6] “Ultra-processed foods” refers to industrially- [12] https://www.pnas.org/content/112/18/ [21] https://apwld.org/press-release-peoples- prepared foods that are mass-produced for 5649.full movements-reject-the-regional-comprehensive- human consumption. They contain much higher economic-partnership-rcep/ than the recommended quantities of sugar, salt and fats, they stimulate the appetite artificially [13] https://www.grain.org/es/article/6356-el- and generate addiction and their consumption is acuerdo-comercial-union-europea-mercosur- [22] https://grain.org/es/article/6159-la- linked to illnesses such as diabetes and different intensificara-la-crisis-climatica-provocada-por-la- iniciativa-de-la-franja-y-la-ruta-las-empresas- types of cancer. agricultura chinas-de-agronegocios-se-globalizan

[7] “Yields and Land Use in Agriculture,” Hannah [14] https://pastres.org/2020/03/27/living-with- Roser and Max Ritchie, Our World In Data, coronavirus-uncertainties-four-lessons-from- Oxford Martin Programme on Global pastoralists/ Development, 2019. https://ourworldindata.org/yields-and-land-use- [15] https://www.brightergreen.org/files/ in-agriculture ethiopia_brief_bg_3.pdf

This publication has been made possible thanks to...

a financial contribution from 50by40, a global, collective impact organisation aiming to cut global production and consumption of animal products by 50% by 2040. The dialogues themselves were also supported through contributions from Misereor, EU DEVCO, the Christensen Fund and the Silicon Valley Community Foundation. The views in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of our contributors.

Industrial meat production: reshaping the world in its own image | april 2020 12