Nutrients, Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Analysis of Selected Agricultural Wastes As Potential Livestock Feed Ingredients

Available online at http://www.ajol.info/index.php/njbas/index ISSN 0794-5698 Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science (December, 2018), 26(2): 35-44 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v26i2.6

Nutrients, Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Analysis of Selected Agricultural Wastes as Potential Livestock Feed Ingredients

*1S.O. Akiode, 2A.E. Fadeyi, 2O.E. Falayi, 2S.A. Emmanuel and 1P.C. Onyenekwe Full Length Research Article Research Length Full 1Biotechnology Advanced Research Centre, Sheda Science and Technology Complex, P.M.B. 186 Garki, Abuja, Nigeria 2Chemistry Advanced Research Centre, Sheda Science and Technology Complex, P.M.B. 186 Garki, Abuja, Nigeria [*Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; : +2348039477853, +2347050926596] ABSTRACT This study was carried out to analyse the proximate, phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of three agricultural wastes (Melon husk, moringa pod and mango endocarp).The proximate parameters of the samples were determined using the standard analytical method of Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The antioxidant activity was determined by the radical scavenging activity of the methanol extract of samples against DPPH (Sigma Aldrich) by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer at 517 nm. The results revealed that the three samples are high in crude fibre: 51.61% (melon seed husk), 58.10% (moringa pod) and 49.47% (mango endocarp). The crude protein content of the samples ranged from 3.45% to 12.22%. The mineral analysis showed that melon seed husk contains; Ca (14.94 mg/kg), Mg (52.26 mg/kg), Fe (21.2mg/kg), P (106.7 mg/kg), Zn (0.70 mg/kg); moringa pod contains Ca (243.95 mg/kg), Mg (61.44 mg/kg), Fe (3.60 mg/kg), P (33.75 mg/kg), Zn (0.35 mg/kg); mango endocarp; Ca(6.14 mg/kg), Mg (13.00 mg/kg), P (24.25 mg/kg), Zn (0.17 mg/kg). Phytochemical screening of the three samples showed small amount of antinutrient like saponin, oxalate, flavonoid etc. The results obtained from this study indicate that the agricultural wastes may serve as energy and mineral supplier and thus may be utilized as a potential feed ingredient in livestock feed, coupled with their low antinutrient content. Keywords: Antioxidant, Mango endocarp, Melon husk, Moringa pod, Nutritional

INTRODUCTION also increases the cost of poultry production Agricultural wastes are all forms of plant- (Mutayoba et al., 2011). Under normal derived or animal-derived materials that are conditions the cost of poultry feed have been considered useless either because they have reported to account for over 70% of the total no known positive economic importance or cost of poultry production (Mutayoba et al., because they are not grown/raised for any 2011; Ogbe and George, 2012). Consequently, specific purpose. These include woods, a search for alternative sources of raw material herbaceous plants, crops and forest residues, for livestock feed will go a long to mediate the animal wastes and so on (Adeyi, 2010). In competition between human food sector and Nigeria, large quantities of these wastes are animal food sector without compromising produced annually and are vastly underutilised. quality (Ogbe and George, 2012). Nutritionists Many agricultural products such as soybean and research scientists are turning attention to and groundnut used as ingredients in the alternative sources of feed ingredients such as formulation of feed for livestock are also stable agricultural and industrial by-products. An food for many people (Ogbe and George, agrarian country like Nigeria is rich in many 2012). In Africa corn/maize is a staple food for agricultural by- products, majority of which are many people and soybean is not readily laying waste as litters in the environment. available, as soybean is utilized for making soybean milk which is taken as fresh drink by Melon (Citrullus lanatus) is a cucurbit crop that many people. Soybeans are not readily belongs to the family cucurbitaceae. Melon available (Mutayoba et al., 2011). Thus, there is seeds ‘Egusi’ are grown, harvested and competition for these feed ingredients between processed by removing the seeds from the animals and humans, making them more fruits followed by washing and sun–drying. The expensive and their inclusion in poultry diet flesh is inedible but the seeds are valuable in

35 Akiode et al: Nutrients, Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Analysis of Selected……..

Africa. They found usage either as food Abayomi, 2012). Moringa seed pods can reach supplement (soup condiment) or also for well over a foot in length and each pod can medicinal purposes (Abdulrazak et al., 2014). provide over a dozen large Moringa seeds. They are used in the treatment of urinary tract Moringa trees produce seed pods on an annual infection, hepatic congestion, intestinal worms basis, much like other similar species in the and abnormal blood pressure (Moerman, plant kingdom. Moringa trees give off incredible 1998). Melon husks are shells that are volume of seed pods during their reproduction discarded after shelling of melon seeds. Melon months. An average-sized Moringa tree of husk is a lignocellulosic plant biomass and a fifteen to twenty feet in height can produce waste product from the food industry, having hundreds or even thousands of seed pods, proteins, celluloses and lipids coated on its yielding countless Moringa seeds every year surface (Adelagun et al., 2014). Mango (Adejumo and Abayomi, 2012). The fresh (Mangifera indica L.), is an Indian or a tropical moringa seeds have long been used by people evergreen (deciduous) tree which produces as a tasty vegetable and when dried, it is used green fruits when unripe but green to light as water purifier because of its coagulant green or yellowish to reddish (sweet, juicy and properties (Ayotunde et al., 2011). However, succulent) fruits when ripe (Morton, 1987; Bally, large quantities of the melon husks, moringa 2006; Seifu, 2010). Among the major pod and mango endocarp are discarded and producers of mango in the World, Nigeria ranks burnt, which pollute the environment. To the 8th (Morton, 1987; FAO, 2004; Yusuf and best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no Salau, 2007), and Benue ranks first (1st) in the comprehensive information for the nutritional league of states that produce mangos in and antioxidant assessment of moringa pod Nigeria (Yusuf and Salau, 2007). The other and as such the study would provide not only mango producing states in Nigeria include; baseline data for literature but also accord Jigawa, Plateau, Kebbi, Niger, Kaduna, Kano, industrialists a feedstock base to make choices. Bauchi, Sokoto, Adamawa Taraba and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) (Yusuf and The aim of this study therefore is to determine Salau, 2007). Mango pulp can be consumed at the nutritional, phytochemical composition and ripeness or in immaturity although most of the antioxidant properties of melon seed husk, fruit is eaten fresh, and a wide range of foods mango endocarp and moringa seed pod. The can be prepared with the pulp (Ribeiro and main objective is to evaluate their potential as Schieber, 2010). It can be canned, frozen as possible feed ingredient for livestock. concentrates, mashed, dehydrated, minimally processed, or prepared as juices and jams MATERIALS AND METHODS (Masibo and He, 2009). It is estimated that 35- Materials 60% of the fruit is discarded as waste after The materials for this analysis are: Melon husk, processing (O’Shea et al., 2012), in the Mango endocarp, Moringa pod. The melon particular case of the seed, more than one husk and mango seed were sourced in Sheda million tons of mango seeds are annually village, Kwali Area Council of FCT, Nigeria. The produced as wastes, and these are not moringa pods were obtained from the moringa currently utilized for any commercial purposes plantation of Sheda Science and Technology (Leanpolchareanchai et al., 2014). After Complex (SHESTCO), Abuja, Nigeria. All other consumption of the pulp, the mango seed reagents are of high analytical grade and were endocarps are usually dumped carelessly and products of Sigma. thereby constituting a nuisance to the environment, especially during its season. Preparation of Samples The mango seed integument and seed leaf Moringa Oleifera seeds are large and circular- were removed from the seeds, leaving the shaped, and grow inside the lengthy pods of mango endocarp. The samples (melon husk, the Moringa Oleifera tree (Adejumo and mango endocarp and moringa seed pod) were

36 Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science (December, 2018), 26(2): 35-44 air-dried for three days and pulverized to carbohydrates and expressed in calories smaller particles using blender (for the melon (Guyot et al., 2007). husk) and pulverizing machine (for the moringa pod and mango endocarp). The pulverized Mineral analysis samples were sieved, then package into air Two grams (2 g) of each of the samples was tight polythene bag and kept until when weighed into a beaker and 20 ml of nitric acid needed. was added to the sample. This was heated on the hotplate at 60ºC for 30 min. It was then Methods removed from heat and allowed to cool. The The method of AOAC (1990) was used for solution was diluted with distilled deionized proximate analysis including determinations of water and made up to 50 ml in a volumetric moisture content, ash content, crude lipid, flask. A blank was prepared in the same crude protein and carbohydrate. manner and poured into a polyproplene bottle. The samples were analysed for metals on Antioxidant capacity Thermo Scientific iCE 3000AA02134104 The antioxidant activity was evaluated by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer using discolouration of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrozyl appropriate working standards (Emmanuel et radical (DPPH) in methanol by a slightly al., 2016). Phosphorus was determined by modified method of Brand-Williams et al. vanadomolybdate colorimetric method (1995). The following concentrations of the (Ologhobo and Fetuga, 1983) extract were tested (0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.03125 mg/ml). The absorbance was Data Analysis monitored at 517nm. Vitamin C was used as All data generated were analyzed using the antioxidant standard at concentrations (0.5, descriptive statistic as described by Olawuyi 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.03125 mg/ml). A blank (1996). Statistical values that were calculated solution was prepared containing the same include mean and standard deviation. amount of methanol and DPPH. The radical scavenging activity was calculated using the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION following formula: Analysis of proximate composition provides Inhibition (%) = Ab – As X 100 information on the basic nutritional composition Ab of the samples. The compositions are moisture, Where Ab = Absorbance of the blank ash, crude fat, protein, crude fibre, and As = The absorption of the sample extract. carbohydrate. These components are crucial to the assessment of the nutritive quality of the Quantitative Phytochemical Determination samples being analysed. The results of the This analysis was carried out to test for the proximate analysis and gross energy content presence and quantity of phenols (AOAC, are shown in Table 1. The moisture level of the 1995), alkaloids (Manjunath et al., 2012), samples ranged from 6.73% to 9.52%.The tannins (Van-Burden and Robinson, 1981), moisture content of foods or its processed flavonoids (Vabkova and Neugebauerova, products gives an indication of its freshness 2012), saponins (Obadoni and Ochuko, 2001), and shelf life and high moisture content Oxalate (Ukpabi and Ejidoh (1989). subjects food items to increased microbial spoilage, deterioration and short shelf life Determination of Gross energy (Tressler et al., 1980; Adepoju and Onasanya, The gross energy content was determined by 2008). The ash content can provide an calculation from fat, carbohydrate and protein estimate of the mineral content of a product. contents using the Atwater’s conversion The values of the ash content of the samples factors; 16.7 kJ/g (4kcal/g) for protein, 37.4 kJ/g range from 3.59% to 7.69% which may be an (9 kcal/g) for fat and 16.7 kJ/g (4 kcal/g) for indication of high mineral content of the samples. The ash content of samples is similar

37 Akiode et al: Nutrients, Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Analysis of Selected……..

to a range of ash content values reported by The amount of gross energy content is shown Adeyi (2010) for some agricultural wastes. The in Table 1 with melon husk having the highest result shows that the agriculture wastes are energy content (245.69J). This may be due, in high in crude fibre (Mango endocarp, 49.47%; part, to the high lipid content of the samples as Melon seed husk, 51.61%; Moringa pod, lipids have been shown to be concentrated 58.10%), comparably higher than coconut energy source, inclusion of lipids is known to husk, cocoa pods, kola nut pod, plantain affect growth rate and feed efficiency (Brian et wastes flour reported by Adeyi (2010) and al., 2015). The presence of appreciable Okareh et al. (2015). High fibre content in diets quantity of energy in the samples in this study have been reported to result in increased may make them fit for consideration in removal of carcinogens, potential mutagens, formulation of poultry and animal feeds in steroids, bile acids and xenobiotics by binding general as sources of energy. or absorbing to dietary fibre components and be rapidly excreted, hence these wastes will Table 2 shows the mineral composition of the have health promoting benefits for the test samples. The results of mineral analysis ruminants and non-ruminants (Ayoola and showed the presence of calcium, Ca (6.14 Adeyeye, 2009). Thus, the high fibre content of mg/kg-243.95 mg/kg), phosphorus, P (24.25 the samples may make them desirable to be mg/kg-106.70 mg/kg); Magnesium, Mg (13 used as components in feed formulation. The mg/kg-61.44 mg/kg); iron, Fe (3.60 mg/kg- result showed that melon husk has the highest 29.32 mg/kg); zinc, Zn (0.17 mg/kg-0.70mg/kg). amount of crude protein (12.22%), moringa pod The presence of cobalt, nickel and copper are (7.4%) and mango endocarp (3.45%). The negligible in all the samples. From the results appreciable amount of crude protein of the obtained, moringa pod possess the highest samples, especially melon seed husk, indicates amount of calcium and magnesium (243.95 that they could be preferably used as source of mg/kg and 61.44 mg/kg respectively). The protein for animal feed enrichment and or result also showed that melon husk possessed formulation. Protein is an essential component the highest amount of iron (21.26 mg/kg). The of diet needed for survival of animals and presence of these essential nutrients and human beings, their basic function in nutrition is minerals imply that the samples from this study to supply adequate amount of required amino could be utilized as sources of essential acids. Protein deficiency causes growth nutrients in feed ingredients for livestock. retardation, muscle wasting, oedema, abnormal Minerals, which are essential nutrients are said swelling of the belly and collection of fluids in to be present in small amounts in the body or in the body (Mounts, 2000). The proximate several parts per million (Gafar and Itodo, analysis results of melon seed husk obtained 2011). They are essential because each of from this research work are in agreement with them plays important role in metabolic the study by Abdulrazaq et al. (2014) who processes of the body and their absence can reported a similar range of values. In livestock cause deficiency symptoms in animals diets, energy is one of the most expensive (McDonald et al., 1995; Gafar and Itodo, 2011). nutritional components of feed formulation.

Table 1: Proximate composition of test samples and Gross energy content Moisture Ash Crude Protein Crude Lipid Crude Fibre Carbohydrate Gross Energy Sample content content (g/100g) (g/100g) (g/100g) (g/100g) (J) (g/100g) (g/100g) Melon 8.49±0.04 3.59±0.05 12.22±0.25 20.09±0.28 51.61±0.27 4.00±0.23 245.69+4.40 husk Moringa 9.52±0.07 5.08±0.09 7.40±0.11 11.75±0.31 58.10±0.14 8.15±0.17 167.95+3.91 pod Mango 6.73±0.15 7.69±2.22 3.45±0.18 9.41±0.25 49.47±0.32 23.25±0.23 191.49+3.80 endocarp *Data are mean values ± standard deviation (SD) of triplicate results

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Table 2: Mineral composition of samples (mg/kg) Sample Iron Magnesium Calcium Zinc Copper Manganese Nickel Phosphorus Melon 21.28 52.26 14.94 0.7 0.16 1.15 0.00 106.70 husk Moringa 3.60 61.44 243.95 0.35 0.03 1.22 0.00 33.75 pod Mango 29.32 13.00 6.14 0.17 0.00 1.59 0.00 24.25 endocarp

The essential mineral elements of nutritional Melon seed husk (-6.16%-35.65%); Moringa importance are the macro (major) elements pod (10.79%-43.80%). The antioxidant assay such as Ca, P, K, Na, and Mg. The micro was carried at a concentration range of (trace) elements are Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Co 0.03125mg/ml-0.5mg/ml of the samples (Ogbe and George, 2012). ethanolic extract. Almost all chronic diseases Calcium and phosphorus are very important in are associated with the danger of free radicals, the formation of strong bones and teeth, for which are also considered a cause of advanced growth, normal nerve and muscle action, blood aging (Mustafa et al., 2010). The free radical clotting, heart function and cell metabolism scavenging assay is the most widely used (Roth and Townsend, 2003; Rolfe et al., 2009). analysis in evaluating antioxidant activity in Some minerals are required for normal body phytochemistry. It is a simple and rapid test that growth, activities of muscles and skeletal is based on the reaction rate between a stable development (such as calcium), cellular activity free radical, 2, 2-diphenyl-2-pycrylhydrazyl and oxygen transport (copper and iron), (DPPH) and antioxidants. The availability of chemical reaction in the body and intestinal DPPH radicals commercially is another reason absorption (magnesium), as well as the for its broad utilization (Paixão et al., 2007). regulation of acid-base balance (phosphorus). Historically, antioxidants have been added to Iron is useful in prevention of anaemia and commercial feeds to prevent lipid peroxidation other related diseases (Oluyemi et al., 2006). and oxidative rancidity during production, Manganese plays a role in energy production processing and storage of feeds. More and in supporting the immune system importantly, the current trend of formulating (Muhammad et al., 2011). It also works with diets with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)- vitamin K to support blood clotting, and with B rich ingredients has heightened the use of complex vitamins to control the effects of stress antioxidants in animal feeds. Indeed, PUFA-rich (Muhammad et al., 2011). Zinc is useful for foods and feeds are highly susceptible to lipid protein synthesis, normal body development peroxidation (Decker et al., 2012). The samples and recovery from illness (Muhammad et al., in this study may not only serve as source of 2011). Results from this study also show that antioxidant for preservation of animal feeds but the samples contain some of the antioxidant a natural source of antioxidants in keeping the minerals such as Ca, Zn and Mn which are livestock in good health, as natural antioxidants important for antioxidant enzymes in vivo and have been shown to possess broad spectra of hence protect the body from diseases caused biological actions, including pharmacological by oxidative stress such as cancer. This is in and therapeutic activity against free radicals agreement with the report of Elsayed and and oxidative stress (Bagchi et al., 2000). The Amany (2016). The result of macro elements of result on mango endocarp antioxidant activity mango endocarp in this study is also in range obtained in this study is in agreement with with that reported by Elegbede et al. (1995) and reports by Saito et al. (2008) and Abdullah et Odunsi (2005). al. (2014) that mango seed endocarp possess powerful antioxidants of high antioxidant Figure 1 shows the DPPH scavenging capacity capacity. Mango endocarp was also shown to of the samples. Mango endocarp displayed the compete favourably with the standard (Ascorbic highest antioxidant capacity (53.61%-85.37%); acid) used in the study.

39 Akiode et al: Nutrients, Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Analysis of Selected……..

Melon husk 100 chelators and tannin-chelated metal ions are moringa pod not bioavailable hence could decrease the mango endocarp bioavailability of iron leading to anaemia. Ascorbic acid 80 The saponin content of melon husk (0.014%), moringa pod (0.014%) is negligible while it was 60 %IBT not detected in mango endocarp. Saponins are glucosides, which includes steroid saponins 40 and triterpenoid saponins (Dei et al., 2007). Saponin in excess could cause hypocholestrolanemia because it binds 20 cholesterol making it unavailable against red blood cell (Khahlil and Eladomy, 1994). 0 Saponin-protein complex formation can reduce 0.0313 0.0625 0.125 0.25 0.5 protein digestibility (Shimoyamada et al., 1998). The presence of saponin in the body can help -20 Concentration to fight infection and microbial inversion mg/ml (Sodipo et al., 2000). High levels of saponins in IBT = Inhibition feed affect feed intake and growth rate in Figure 1: DPPH free radical scavenging activities of Melon husk, Moringa pod and Mango endocarp poultry (Dei et al., 2007).

The result of the antinutrient screening of the Table 3: Phytochemical/Antinutrient activity of samples is shown in Table 3. Antinutrients are Melon husk, Moringa pod and Mango endocarp compounds that limit the wide use of many (%) plants due to their ubiquitous occurrence. They Constituents Melon Moringa Mango are compounds capable of eliciting deleterious husk pod endocarp effect in man and animals (Kubmarawa et al., Alkaloids 0.26 0.17 0.25 2008). The presence of these anti nutrients, Flavonoids 0.38 0.38 0.33 especially in high quantity reduces the Tannins ND ND 0.52 bioavailability of nutrients in the food and plants Saponin 0.01 0.01 ND (Akindahunsi and Salawu, 2005). Oxalate for Phenols ND ND 0.09 example tends to render calcium unavailable by Oxalate (10-6) 6.55 6.55 6.55 binding to the calcium ion to form complexes ND- Not detected (calcium oxalate crystals). These oxalate crystals formed prevents the absorption and Alkaloid content of the samples is: melon husk utilization of calcium. The calcium crystals may (0.26%), moringa pod (0.17%) and mango also precipitate around the renal tubules endocarp (0.25%). Despite the medical uses of thereby causing renal stones (Ladeji et al., alkaloids, they cause gastrointestinal upsets 2004). The amount of oxalate in the samples and neurological disorders (Ogbuagu, 2008). was negligible. The antinutrient components of the samples in Tannin was not detected in melon husk and this study were very low in concentration; this is moringa pod, while mango endocarp contained in agreement with report of antinutrient content 0.52% tannin (Table 3). Tannins are plant of melon husk by Ogbe and George (2012). polyphenols, which have ability to form The presence of nutrients, such as protein, complexes with metal ions and with macro- fibre and lipid, in appreciable quantity in the molecules such as protein and polysaccharides samples in this study implies they could be (Dei et al., 2007). Excess of consumptions of utilized as feed ingredient in poultry diets. tannins in human could be toxic (Ferreira et al., Nutrients are known to improve the 2008). This is because tannins are metal ions- performance and health of birds. Nutrients are

40 Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science (December, 2018), 26(2): 35-44 required for proper bone development and Adepoju, O.T. and Onasanya L.O. (2008). improved eggs quality (Ogbe and George, Nutrient composition and antinutritional 2012). factors of Dialium guineense Wild fruit pulp. Ife. Journal of Nutritional Science, CONCLUSION 10 (1): 33-37. The results of the samples analysed in this Adeyi, O. (2010). Proximate composition of study indicate that the agricultural wastes could some agricultural wastes in Nigeria and serve as potential ingredient in formulation of their potential use in activated carbon feedstock for animal feed. This is shown in the production. Journal of Applied high level of fibre, considerable quantity of Sciences and Environmental crude protein, carbohydrate, crude fibre, ash Management, 14 (1): 55 – 58. content, crude lipid and low levels of Akindahunsi, A.A. and Salawu, S.O. (2005). antinutrients factors. The results also showed Phytochemical screening of nutrient that the samples contain some of the and antinutrient composition of antioxidant minerals such as Ca, Zn and Mn selected tropical green leafy which are important for antioxidant enzymes in vegetables. African Journal of vivo and hence could protect the body from Biotechnology, 4: 497-501. diseases caused by oxidative stress. AOAC (1990).Official Methods of Analysis 4th Thus, rather than been allowed to constitute edition, Association of Official environmental pollutants, they (melon husk, Analytical Chemists, Washington DC. mango endocarp and moringa pod) may be AOAC (1995). Official methods of analysis used as nutritive components in formulation of (16th edn) Association of Official animal feeds. Analytical Chemists. Arlington, V. A. USA. REFERENCES Ayoola, P.B. and Adeyeye, A. (2009). Abdullah, H., Mohammed, A., and Abdullah, R. Proximate Analysis and Nutrient (2014). Cytotoxic effects of Mangifera Evaluation of Some Nigerian Pawpaw indica L. kernel extract on human Seeds Varieties. Science Focus, 14 breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB- (4): 554-558. 231 cell lines) and bioactive Ayotunde, E.O., Fagbenro, O.A. and constituents in the crude extract. BMC Adebanyo, O.T. (2011). Toxicity of Complementary and Alternative aqueous extract of Moringa olifera Medicine, 14,199. seed powder to Nile tilapia Abdulrazak, S., Otie, D. and Oniwapele, Y.A. (Oreochromis niloticu) fingerlings. (2014). Proximate Analysis and Anti- International Research Journal of Nutritional Factors of Groundnut and Agricultural Science and Soil Science, Melon Husk. Online Journal of Animal 1:142-150 and Feed Research,4(2): 25-28. Bagchi, D., Bagchi, M., Stohs, S. J., Das, D. K., Adelagun, R.O.A., Berezi, E.P., Itodo, A.U., Ray, S. D. Kuszynski, C. A., Joshi, S.S. Oko, O.J., Kamba, E.A., Andrew, C. and Pruess, H.G. (2000). Free radicals and Bello, H.A. (2014). Adsorption of and grape seed proanthocyanidin Pb from aqueous solution by modified extract: Importance in human health melon (Citrulluslanatus) seed husk. and disease prevention. Toxicology, Chemistry and Materials 148 (2-3), 187-197. Research,6(2): 2014. Bally, I.S.E. (2006). Mangifera indica (Mango) Adejumo, B.A. and Abayomi, D.A. (2012). Ver, 3.1. In: Elevitch, C.R. (ed). Effect of Moisture Content on Some ‘Species profiles for pacific Island Physical Properties of Moringa Oleifera Agroforestry’. Permanent Agricultural Seed. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Research (PAR). Holualoa, Hawaii. Veterinary Science. 1(5): 12-21.

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