Settlement Level Context and Analysis

Introduction

Desktop analysis has been undertaken of the whole town context, with a view to informing how the extension to the east will knit into the fabric of the town and become an integral part of the whole.

16 Kenilworth Design Guide April 2019 01:Strategic Level Context and Analysis Thickthorn Manor Stables 02: Settlement Level Context and Analysis : Kenilworth02 Design Guide April 2019 Existing To Warwick Kenilworth University Transport Development Brief

Figure 8a: Connectivity Settlement Level Plan - Existing Vehicular A46 Transport Connectivity The Chiltern Main Line runs through Kenilworth linking London A429 and Birmingham. This will enhance the town’s connectivity to Development Brief Site Leamington Spa, Coventry and the National Rail network. Urban Area Boundary (Kenilworth) A network of roads serves the town with the A452 Priory Road as the main road through the town. The A46 Kenilworth By-pass ^_ Kenilworth Castle provides some relief to the traffic congestion in town. A452 (! Local Centres Kenilworth has a higher than average rate of car ownership and ") only 4% use public transport to travel to work, compared with the Leisure Centres national average of 15%. (! Retail Area / Town Centre (! As a result of high car ownership in Kenilworth a great deal of / Railway Station pressure is placed on the existing transport infrastructure. This ^_ ") (! Railway Line pressure will increase as a result of additional housing proposed around Kenilworth. It will therefore be necessary to encourage ") Primary Routes other means of transport such as cycling and walking to reduce (A Roads/ Strategic this. Road Network) Secondary Routes / Other Major Routes Whilst there is generally good north-south and east-west vehicular / connectivity within parts of kenilworth, the railway line does Minor Routes sever the town into two halves. As a result east-west vehicular ") connectivity is limited to those places where roads cross the railway line.

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Figure 8a - Existing Transport and Connectivity

18 Kenilworth Design Guide April 2019 02: Settlement Level Context and Analysis (! (!

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(! (! (! (! Non-Motorised To Warwick Kenilworth University 523 Transport Development Brief

Figure 8b: Connectivity Settlement Level Plan - Non-Motorised Transport Connectivity The street pattern in parts of Kenilworth lends itself to good northsouth connectivity as well as good east-west connectivity. Development Brief Site Whilst the Development Brief Site is located to potentially benefit from both, the existing railway line acts as a barrier to east/west Urban Area Boundary 52 (Kenilworth) movement for pedestrian, cycles and vehicles. The railway line runs through the middle of Kenilworth and severs East Kenilworth from ^_ Kenilworth Castle West Kenilworth and the town centre. It will therefore be necessary to re-establish those severed east /west links where possible as (! Local Centres part of the masterplan process. This should focus primarily on the ") routes that cross the railway line. Leisure Centres (! Retail Area / Town Centre Furthermore the residential area to the northwest of the (! Development Brief Site between Windy Arbour and Glasshouse / Railway Station Lane is arranged as a series of cul-de-sacs. As a result connectivity ^_ ") (! Railway Line through this area is poor and requires improving. Proposed pedestrian / cycle routes should also aim to improve connectivity ") National Cycle Routes to surrounding villages such as Ashow. Public Rights of Way

For further information concerning proposed pedestrian and cycle routes please see the pedestrian and cycle connectivity drawing on / page 116 of this report. ")

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Figure 8b - Non-Motorised Transport Connectivity

Kenilworth Design Guide April 2019 02: Settlement Level Context and Analysis 19 (! (!

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(! (! (! (! Land Use Kenilworth Development Brief

The economy of Kenilworth comprises predominantly of retail and catering industries. Owing to Kenilworth’s historic attractions, tourism is an extremely important factor to Kenilworth’s local Figure 9: economy providing jobs and sustaining local shops and restaurants. Settlement Level Plan - b Land Use There are three employment areas within the town at the industrial estates of Prince’s Drive, Common Lane and Farmer Ward Road. Kenilworth Town Centre is the key retail area in the town and this Urban Area Boundary is concentrated on Warwick Road. There are several local shopping (Kenilworth) facilities located in other parts of the town. a Town Centre

Significant woodland areas are located within the outskirts of the / Railway Station town and a large golf course is located on Crewe Lane in the north Railway Line east of Kenilworth. Smaller sports facilities and playing fields are dotted throughout the existing urban area. Larger sporting facilities !( Local Centres are found in the outskirts and surrounding areas. Abbey Fields 1 !( 1. High Street public park located to the immediate north of the town centre is a 2 protected Scheduled Ancient Monument. !( 2. Albion Street 3 3. Leyes Lane There are four allotments sites within the town (Odibourne ") !( 4. Scott Road Allotments, Spring Lane Allotments, Beehive Hill Allotments, and ") Gypsy Lane Allotments. ") Leisure Centres

c Education / Civic Use The Development Brief Site forms an urban extension to Kenilworth since residential land is the dominant land use along its eastern Employment Land boundary. Future development will therefore need to be physically / a. Common Lane and visually connected to the existing town in order to avoid an Industrial Estate isolated area of housing being created whilst maintaining visual ") b. Princess Drive Employment Area connectivity. The visual impact of the new development on existing c. Farmer Ward Road residential receptors should also be considered. There is currently Employment Area poor east-west connectivity in Kenilworth and to ensure that the Development Brief Site is well connected to the rest of the town Predominantly Residential including the town centre, Abbey Fields, Kenilworth Castle and the 4 Predominantly Retail High Street which are all in the western part of Kenilworth, there !( will need to be enhancements to both the cycle and pedestrian Historic Landscape network in Kenilworth. Green Infrastructure Leisure Agriculture Allotments or Community Growing Spaces Green Belt

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Figure 9 - Land Use

20 Kenilworth Design Guide April 2019 02: Settlement Level Context and Analysis !( !(

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!( !( !( !( Geology Kenilworth Development Brief

Kenilworth lies upon a bedrock of siltstone and sandstone with subordinate mudstone. To the east of the town, sandstone and conglomerate bedrock is prominent. Figure 10: Settlement Level Plan - A band of sand and gravel superficial geology predominantly Geology covers the north and west of the town.

The underlying geology across the whole of the Kenilworth, Development Brief Site including that of the Development Brief Site is siltstone, sandstone Urban Area Boundary and mudstone. This has provided suitable ground conditions for (Kenilworth) constructing buildings and whilst local anomalies may exist it is Town Centre assumed that the underlying geology is suitable for construction on the Development Brief Site. / Railway Station

Sand and gravel are located towards the northern part of the site Railway Line and as such future developers will need to obtain confirmation from Bedrock Geology Warwickshire County Council that these deposits do not form part Mudstone, Siltstone and of a Minerals Consultation Area which are established to safeguard Sandstone specific mineral deposits. Sandstone and Conglomerate, Interbedded Siltstone and Sandstone with Subordinate Mudstone / Superficial Geology Sand and Gravel

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Figure - 10 Geology

Kenilworth Design Guide April 2019 02: Settlement Level Context and Analysis 21 Flood Risk Kenilworth Development Brief

Flood Zones are defined by the Environment Agency where 1 is least likely to flood and 3 is most likely. Areas immediately along Figure 11: the Finham Brook which lies to the north and west of the site are Finham Brook identified as flood zone 3 with outer areas graded as flood zone 2. Settlement Level Plan - Flood Risk A meander of the River Avon along with its flood plains to the east of Kenilworth is identified as flood zone 3. Areas to the immediate west of Kenilworth in the vicinity of Kenilworth Castle are classified Development Brief Site as flood zones 2 and 3. Urban Area Boundary (Kenilworth) The Development Brief Site lies between Finham Brook and the River Avon. Nevertheless the site is not within flood zones 2 and 3 Town Centre and will not be at risk of fluvial flooding. / Railway Station

Whilst not at risk of fluvial flooding the future development within Railway Line the Development Brief Site will need to consider other forms of Rivers flooding such as surface water flooding and prepare a drainage strategy as part of the proposals. Flood Zone 2 Flood Zone 3

Inchford Brook

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Figure 11 - Flood Risk

22 Kenilworth Design Guide April 2019 02: Settlement Level Context and Analysis Biodiversity Kenilworth Development Brief

Deciduous woodland is the most common habitat within and around 4 Kenilworth. Crackley Wood, Kenilworth Common and Knowle Hill are areas of deciduous woodland that have been recognised for Figure 12: their biodiversity and designated Local Nature Reserves. The Settlement Level Plan - deciduous oak and birch woodland of the Kenilworth Common is Biodiversity habitat for rare species of slow-worm and the common lizard as well as kingfisher and brown trout in the Finham Brook. Deelopent rie ite

There is a small traditional orchard within the Development Brief rn Are oundr Site at the Woodside Hotel. Kenilworth 1 1 3 Deciduous woodland, ancient woodland and wildlife sites are o w n en tr e present within The Development Brief Site. It will be important that / ilw ttion future development retains and affords protection of the ancient 2 woodland and wildlife sites. Furthermore additional native planting ilw ine that connects these woodlands should form part of the future Priority Habitats proposals. These will act as wildlife corridors, increase biodiversity as well as creating an environment that enhances health and ostl nd loodplin well-being. Other existing deciduous woodland should be retained 5 gring rsh wherever possible. Deiduous woodlnd 3 owlnd edows 6 rditionl orhrd

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Figure 12 - Biodiversity

Kenilworth Design Guide April 2019 02: Settlement Level Context and Analysis 23 Green and Blue Kenilworth Infrastructure Development Brief

Figure 13: Kenilworth is home to a variety of open spaces which are a Settlement Level Plan - valuable resource for recreation and biodiveristy. To the west of the Green and Blue railway line, the main open spaces are Abbey Fields, Castle Farm, Infrastructure Beehive Hill and Kenilworth Common, a Local Nature Reserve. Key 5 open spaces east of the railway include the eastern extent of the Development Brief Site Common, the Kenilworth Golf Course, Knowle Hill nature reserve 5 1 5 8 Urban Area Boundary and Ebourne Close Recreational Ground. (Kenilworth)

Abbey Fields is recognised for its historic significance and is Town Centre protected as a Scheduled Ancient Monument. Crackley Wood, 4 / Railway Station Knowle Hill and the Common are all protected and managed as 1 local nature reserves sites. Railway Line 6 The Greenway is a linear park route along the disused Kenilworth Woodland 8 to Birmingham line which was closed in the 1960s. Part of the 8 Recreation Spaces / Sports Facilities Greenway forms the National Cycle Network 52 to the University of 6 9 Warwick, providing a link between the two. 6 7 2 1. Allotments or Community 1 Growing Spaces Finham Brook, a lower tributary of the River Sowe flows through 2. Bowling Green the northern end of the town. 3. Cemetery 8 6 4. Golf Course Whilst The Development Brief Site currently includes sports 5 5. Other Sports Facilities facilities, these are being relocated to the south and west / 6. Play Space 6 5 of Kenilworth. Nevertheless there is opportunity for future 7. Public Park or Garden development to retain some open space in these locations in 5 6 8. Religious Grounds addition to new green infrastructure elsewhere on the site. 5 9. Tennis Court 6 8 It will also be important that future development and residential 5 5 Rivers and Streams 3 areas are connected to existing green and blue infrastructure and National Cycle Routes green open space, in order to promote walking and cycling as well 8 5 as outdoor recreation. Public Rights of Way 5 The Greenway It is evident that there is limited publicly accessible green space within the eastern side of Kenilworth and therefore it will be important that the Development Brief Site provides a sufficient amount of accessible green open space.

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Figure 13 - Green and Blue Infrastructure

24 Kenilworth Design Guide April 2019 02: Settlement Level Context and Analysis Social Kenilworth Infrastructure Development Brief Figure 14: Kenilworth has a range of facilities to support the local community, Settlement Level Plan - including schools, leisure centres and outdoor spaces, all of which Social Infrastructure are dispersed across town.

There are multiple primary schools across town as well as one Development Brief Site secondary school which is situated on a main site off Leyes Lane and with its Sixth Form College site located at the southern end Urban Area Boundary (Kenilworth) of town. Town Centre The sport and leisure facilities include two swimming pools located at Abbey Fields, and two sports halls located at Castle Farm and / Railway Station Kenilworth School. There are also a number of clubs with their Railway Line own playing facilities including a rugby club, an association football GF club, two cricket clubs, a tennis, squash and croquet club, a golf GP Surgeries / Medical Centres club, bowling club and several indoor gyms. ") Leisure Centres Allotments or Community The Development Brief Site does currently include land uses ") Growing Spaces associated with sports and recreation however these uses are ") Bowling Green relocating to sites to the south and west of Kenilworth. Therefore Golf Course it will be important that future development provides social Sports Facilities / infrastructure such as community uses including allotments GF Playing Fields as part of the proposals. Other social infrastructure that future GF Play Space development will need to provide includes play space as well as / Public Park or Garden green open space. ") GF Tennis Court Primary Education Secondary Education Sixth Form Education

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Figure 14 - Social Infrastructure

Kenilworth Design Guide April 2019 02: Settlement Level Context and Analysis 25 Heritage Assets Kenilworth Development Brief

There are 141 Grade II Listed heritage assets within Kenilworth. A high concentration of these can be found in the north west of the town, in proximity to Abbey Fields. Figure 15: Settlement Level Plan - Grade I Listed buildings include Abbey Ruins and the Church of St. Heritage Assets Nicholas (High Street) and Kenilworth Castle. Development Brief Site Grade II* Listed buildings include Abbotsford School (New Street) Urban Area Boundary (Kenilworth) and the Church of St. John Evangelist (Warwick Road). Town Centre / Railway Station Grade II listed buildings Railway Line Scheduled Monuments There are 4 listed buildings adjacent to the site. There include 1. Kenilworth Abbey Thickthorn Manor and Stables, Rocky Lane Lodge and Grecian 2. Kenilworth Castle Lodges. Proposed development within The Development Brief Site !( !(1 4 3. Fishpond complex - will therefore need to be designed to minimise the impact on the 260m east of Castle Farm 5 3 !( setting of Grade II listed buildings. This will include: 3 4. Roman settlement !(2 2 1 at Glasshouse Wood 5. The Pleasance moated site • Locating buildings to that they do not encroach on the 2 Registered Parks and setting of the listed buildings. 4 Gardens 3 4 1. Stoneleigh Abbey • Introducing screen planting to reduce the visual impact of 2 2. Kenilworth Castle the development. / 3. Garden at 1 Castle Hill !(8 (formerly Wantage) • Using materials that are sympathetic to the setting of the !( Listed Buildings listed buildings. !( Grade I !( !( !( Grade II* !( !( Grade II 1 !(!( (Adjacent to the site) 5!( 1. Church of St Nicholas !(7 2. Kenilworth Castle 3. Abbey Ruins 6!( !( 6 4. Abbotsford School 5. Church of St John Evangelist 6. Thickthorn Manor and Stables 7. Bridge Over Rocky Lane 8. Grecian Lodges !(

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Figure 15 - Heritage Assets

26 Kenilworth Design Guide April 2019 02: Settlement Level Context and Analysis 1844 saw the arrival of the railway. This brought with it residential development on Station Road in 1848 and Southbank Road and Priory Road in 1885. The railway Historic Development stimulated the development of large horticultural industry which prospered into the 20th Century exporting fresh produce far afield. of Kenilworth The 19th and 20th Centuries also saw the growth of the brick making industry, which expanded to provide new housing developments. This development initially progressed as ribbon development, particularly to the west of Abbey Fields and on Kenilworth was first referenced in the Domesday Book land around Warwick Road. The town’s growth also bought the addition of a second Church of England parish church, St John’s, which is on Warwick Road in Knights of 1806, which records it as ‘Chinewrde’, a farm of Meadow. The church, built in 1851 has a gothic revival style with a south-west bell 17 households in the Castle Street/High Street Area. tower and broach spire. Geoffrey de Clinton initiated the building of Kenilworth Castle in 1122 and founded the Augustinian Priory After the Second World War, a more planned expansion of the town took place. There around the same time. The Priory was raised to the rank were significant changes to the area around the clock tower, which was destroyed by of Abbey in the 15th century. aerial bombing. Here Abbey End Shops, Talisman Square and the De-Montfort Hotel (now Holiday Inn) were constructed.

In the last 60 years the population has doubled with much of its development Geoffrey de Clinton reserved enough land for himself to make a park and by the mid- expanding to the east of the railway line. Initially there was a surge in building in the 12th Century had also founded a “borough” along the Warwick Road the charter for 1950s to be halted by sewer constraints. A later surge in housebuilding occurred in a market being granted in 1268. The castle park also included a large lake or mere the 1980s, which was halted by the Green Belt boundary. around the castle, which is said to have been the largest manmade lake of its time. A notable change during this period was the closure of Kenilworth Station in 1967 Substantial development of the abbey took place in the 12th and 13th Century with as British Rail withdrew passenger services from Coventry to Leamington. Although stone buildings being erected. Abbey Fields, where the abbey and it’s farmland once British Rail later reinstated the service in 1977, Kenilworth Station did not reopen were, has determined the layout of Kenilworth to a great extent maintaining a large and was eventually demolished. Recently on 30th April 2018, Kenilworth Station reopen area in the centre of the town. The Parish Church was thought to have been opened with a new station building alongside new car and cycle parking. The station built in the 13th Century adjacent to the Abbey site. In 1265/6 Simon de Montfort provides an hourly service to Coventry and Leamington. (the younger) was besieged at the castle at the end of the Baron’s War. The castle continued to be of importance under different owners and in 1279 a great joust meeting called the Round Table was held at Kenilworth.

In 1538, the Abbey was dissolved and buildings made uninhabitable, after which the grounds were made common land. Stone from the site was used for buildings works in the town, including the castle. The principal surviving buildings are now the gatehouse and the building known as the Abbey Barn, together with various standing pieces of ruin including the Chapter House wall.

During the 16th Century, a number of timber-framed houses were erected in the town, followed by a larger number of timber houses built in the 17th and 18th Centuries.

In 1649 Cromwell’s men arrived under Colonel Hawkesworth with the instruction to “slight” the castle or make it unusable and after this had been done, with the exception of the gatehouse which was converted into a dwelling, the mere was drained and the castle park divided up between his men and made into farms. This saw the destruction of the castle and left it as the ruin we largely see today.

In 1765, all the common fields of Kenilworth were enclosed and divided up into allotments. This also led to the creation of a road pattern as seen in Kenilworth today, including Leyes Lane, Glasshouse Lane, Crewe Lane, Albion Street, Park Road, Malthouse Lane, Beehive Hill, Crackley Lane and Part of Red Lane.

Light industries grew in the town relating to the agricultural economy. This included tanning, horn comb making, tanning, fell mongering (skin preparation) and short-lived Prussian Blue manufacturing. The growth in industry brought with it an expansion of the town with cottages being erected at Mill End and St John’s. Kenilworth was viewed upon by industrialists from nearby cities, such as Birmingham and Coventry as a pleasing town in which to build large mansions, including Kenilworth Hall.

The expansion of the town brought with it the need for schools and churches. By 1841 there were 8 schools and the first Roman Catholic school opened in 1831.

Figure 17 - 1886 historic map Figure 18 - 1906 historic map

Kenilworth Design Guide April 2019 02: Settlement Level Context and Analysis 27 Waverley Road 03:Neighbourhood03 Level Analysis: Kenilworth Design Guide April 2019 28 Kenilworth Design Guide April 2019 03:Neighbourhood Level Analysis