Chapter 3

3.3 18 Years of Kamaiya “Emancipation”

ccording to the 2018 Global money came with a high interest rate, ASlavery Index, an estimated fines and compounded interest, and push 40 million people were living in modern them further into indebtedness. And no slavery. Of these, 64 per cent were in the matter how much work the Kamaiya did Asia and the Pacific region and 171,000 or the landlord, the loan kept increasing. people in . The settlement and search for new The Universal Declaration of Hu- “masters” or Khojni Bhojni took place man Rights, 1948 and the Supplementary once every year from January 16 to Feb- Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, ruary 12. The debt of the Kamaiya was 1956 have provisions for taking measures called Sauki, that the new master would towards ending modern slavery. Modern have to pay for taking the Kamaiya. This forms of slavery include practices such as dragged them deeper into debt, requiring Kamaiya, Haliya, and Haruwa/Charuwa women from Kamaiya households to work that have existed in Nepal. in the landlord’s household without com- The Kamaiya system was preva- pensation. Their children also had to work lent in Dang, Banke, Bardiya, Kailali for no payment. Eventually, the landlords and Kanchanpur districts of Province began selling the Kamaiya or members no. 5 and the Far-west Province of Ne- of his family to another landlord forcing pal. Remnants of the system still remain. them to be bonded to work and unable to The word Kamaiya is related to land and pay back what they had borrowed. farming. It was used to refer to the person Estimates suggest that 16,000 Ka- who performed extreme physical labor on maiyas were living in servitude for gen- land. For a long time, those were people erations in Nepal. Following various cam- belonging to the Tharu ethnic group who paigns for the Kamaiya system in Dang, worked as Kamaiyas. They lived in small Banke, Kailali and Kanchanpur districts, huts in one corner of the land belonging to on 17 July 2000 the Government of Nepal the landlord and worked their fields. This declared their emancipation, including then became their means of subsistence. from debt. A nominal wage was fixed for the Nepal is a state party to various in- Kamaiya for the entire year of work for ternational conventions such as the Inter- the landlord. The “wage” was about six to national Covenant on Civil and Political eight sacks of rice from summer harvest Rights (ICCPR), International Covenant and red lentils from the winter crop. This on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights wage was hardly enough to meet the ba- (ICESCR), ILO Forced Labor Convention, sic needs of the Kamaiyas. This compelled 1930 that bar bonded labor. Nepal’s Con- them to borrow money from landlords to stitution and specific laws also prohibit meet their daily needs and expenses for all kinds of exploitation, trafficking, and festivals, clothing, among others. This slavery. [Number 18 and 24 of Chapter

Nepal Human Rights Year Book 2020 89 3 of the National Civil (Code) Act 2017, than Kamaiyas and landless people lead- Number 4 of Chapter 2 of the Labor Act ing to fresh protests. Successive govern- 2017; Clause 4 of Chapter 2 of the Bonded ments quashed any attempt by the Ka- Labour (Prohibition) Act, 2002] maiyas to demand their rightful share, However, two decades after the including protests led by Silta Tharu in emancipation of the Kamaiyas, the gov- 1988. ernment has yet to provide them with Multi-party democracy was rein- proper rehabilitation. The former Kamai- stated in Nepal in 1990 and even though yas have been deprived from exercising the new constitution prohibited all kinds their basic rights as all citizens. Their of slavery, laws to enforce the commit- rights to education, health, housing, em- ment were not enacted, while the issues ployment, and food have not been guaran- relating to the Kamaiyas caught the at- teed. This study attempts to re-visit situa- tention of both political parties and civil tion of former Kamaiyas and make recom- society organizations. mendations for their rehabilitation in so- The Informal Sector Service Cen- ciety. The chapter is based on discussions ter (INSEC) surveyed Kamaiyas working with former Kamaiyas in , as bonded laborers in Banke, Bardiya, with government officials, and advocates Kailali, and Kanchanpur districts in for their freedom. It also uses secondary 1992. The study revealed that 93 per cent sources as appropriate. The chapter es- of about 100,000 Kamaiyas came from the sentially focus on the implementation Tharu community, among others, which of economic, social and cultural commit- led it to launch the Kamaiya literacy ments made by the government for their and awareness program in 1994. It even rehabilitation. prepared a draft Bonded Labor Abolition Act 1994 and lobbied for its enactment. Kamaiya Emancipation Movement INSEC also filed a writ seeking an order Efforts for the liberation of Kamai- from the Supreme Court to order the gov- yas began during the Rana regime (before ernment to make a law to end bonded la- 1950). Radha Krishna Tharu had orga- bor in Nepal. The Supreme Court verdict nized a secret meeting of landless Tha- in 1999 saw no needed for such an order rus in in 1943 to begin a as the government was committed to ad- movement to demand land for the tillers. dressing the issue of bonded labor. The rulers of the day formed a commis- The Kamaiya Liberation Forum sion to address the issue and subsequent- and Kamaiya Concern Group were formed ly 25 Bighas of land was registered in the in 1996 that was followed by various cam- names of landless farmers in Bardiya paigns for emancipation of the Kamaiya. District. A study by Anti-Slavery International Farmers suffered beatings by and INSEC (1997) that reconfirmed the landlords in 1951 after they demanded existence of bonded labor in Nepal and led one-third share of the harvest. Bhimdat- INSEC and General Federation of Nep- ta Panta, and advocate for the abolition alese Trade Union (GEFONT) to jointly of the Haliya and Kamaiya systems was organize a program to demand fixation of hanged to death in 1955. But these move- minimum wages for agricultural laborers. ments had left their mark in Nepali poli- Meantime the Backward Society Edu- tics and “Land for tillers” has since been a cation (BASE) had collected household slogan of all political parties. statistics of Kamaiyas in five districts in The Lands Act was enacted in 1994 and forwarded the information to 1964, but it benefitted landlords more the government. The data said there were

90 18 Years of Kamaiya “Emancipation” 35, 874 Kamaiya households. In January and Godabari Municipalities and in 2000 the government fixed Rs. 60 as the Sub-metropolis. Another 118 minimum wage of agro-laborers. former Kamaiyas were resettled at the However, the landlords did not old airport in Dhangadhi, Fulbari, Mani- abide by the government decision and in- kapur, Pratappur, and Nawalpur on land stead physically attacked the Kamaiyas purchased using support received from demanding the minimum wage. Around the Freed Kamaiya Rebahilitation Pro- the same time, 19 Kamaiya households gram at Rs. 200,000 in 2018/2019. protested at the house of former minister Office of Land Reform, Kailali dis- Shivaraj Panta of Geta, Kailali demand- tributes four kinds of identity cards – Cat- ing the minimum wage and cancellation egory A Red, Category B Blue, Category C of Sauki. This protest was supported by Yellow and Category D White - to Freed human rights activists, political parties Kamaiyas of Kailali. 3,753 Freed Ka- and organizations working for the libera- maiyas have received Red identity cards, tion of Kamaiyas. Such protests multi- 5,157 have received Blue cards, 189 have plied leading to the government declara- received Yellow cards and 598 have re- tion emancipating the Kamaiyas in July ceived White cards. These cards showed 2000. the intensity of their vulnerability. Many organizations and communi- ties have worked for liberating and reha- Rehabilitation Efforts of the bilitating the Kamaiyas. These included Government the Kamaiya System Abolition Society, The government has formed a Freed Kamaiya Society and Freed Ka- Freed Bonded Laborer Rehabilitation Is- maiya Development Forum. These orga- sues Resolution Commission at the na- nizations/agencies continued awareness tional level and Freed Bonded Laborer campaigns for better lives for former Ka- Rehabilitation Committees at the district maiyas. level but these bodies have yet to play ef- fective roles. According to data at the Of- Situation of former Kamaiyas in Kailali fice of Land Reforms, Kailali, 9,697 Freed According to a study by the Freed Kamaiyas still need to be rehabilitated Kamaiya and Haliya Rehabilitation and while 8,910 have been rehabilitated. Most Livelihood Development Program in of the former Kamaiyas were rehabilitat- 2017, 8,373 former Kamaiya households ed on poor lands – on river banks, areas out of 8,910 in Kailali had been reha- likely to be inundated, on sandy soil, dis- bilitated in 42 VDCs of the district. Ar- puted land and near forests, with no at- rangements had been made for rehabili- tention to their basic needs such as water, tating 173 former Kamaiyas while 364 of electricity, health, education, and trans- remained to be supported. So far, 3,642 portation. The government has promised former Kamaiyas of Kailali have received to provide fivekathha land per household, red identity cards and 4,731 had received 25 cubic feet wood and Rs. 10,000 for the blue identity cards. These colors indicate rehabilitation. However, not of those eli- the vulnerability of the Kamaiyas. gible had received this and many have In all 1284 bigha 12 kattha 19.5 still not been able to build a house. dhur land was distributed to Kamaiyas in Freed Kamaiyas took to the streets different parts of the district. They now demanding proper rehabilitation after live in Janaki, Lamkichuha, Joshipur, their issues were not resolved by the Bardgoriya and Kilari Rural Municipali- government’s rehabilitation program. In ties and , , August 2015 the government again de-

Nepal Human Rights Year Book 2020 91 Former Kamaiyas at Godawari Metropolis-9, Dhanchauri

Khutiya River flows north and east of the Dhanchauri settlement of Godawari Munici- pality-9 of Kailali. There is a forest south of the settlement while a river bordering Sehari village flows on the west side. In June 2001, the government rehabilitated 65 former Kamaiya households at Dhanchauri that is bordered by rivers on three sides. Each household was provided five kaththa of land. In 2019 there were 243 former Kamaiyas there (113 men and 130 women). The soil has high volume of sand and gravel and is unsuited for agriculture. One for- mer Kamaiya said, the first 4/5 years here were difficult as they had to survive by collecting and selling firewood in Dhangadhi. The produce of the land barely saw them through for three months. The difficulties had forced 13 households to leave the settlement in search of employ- ment. There were 52 households in the settlement. Of them, 20 said even though the land ownership certificates state that they own fivekaththa land, the land in the field is less than that on paper. Forests provided a source of livelihood for many families but this also changed as forests were registered under community ownership. Khushiram Chaudhary, 81, a former Kamaiya said their problems remain unchanged despite promises made by different par- ties during the elections. He said he had become bonded to his master for generations for Rs.1,700 he had borrowed. Women from the settlement sell crushed bounders and extracted sand from the river to support their families. Most of the able men went to India to work as a wage laborer. Thirty-two youths from Dhanchauki had completed Grade 12. One worked as Assis- tant Nurse Midwife (ANM) on a contract basis, one as Child Development Teacher and another as a policeman. The others had not found jobs and did not have funds to support higher education. Budhani Chaudhary, 45, a mother of four children, had not yet obtained her citizen- ship certificate. This had prevented her from registering the birth of her four daughters. There is a health post in the adjoining Sehari village, but the former Kamaiya said it lacked medicines and that forced them to travel to Dhangadhi for treating minor ailments. Some have not been able take children to hospital because they lack the resources. There were eight senior citizens in the settlement but only four had been receiving the allowance provided y the government. The remaining four did not have citizenship certifi- cates required for eligibility. This also prevented them from accessing other government services. The Dhanchauki settlement had to rely on the river for drinking water. They were provided piped water only after two years of rehabilitation in 2003. The settlement did not also have electricity connection until five years after settlement. Electricity reaches the area in 2006. Badghar Shova Chaudhary said that the local government had graveled the road, made embankments along the riverbank, distributed goats to five women, and offered mushroom cultivation training to another five women after the local election.

cided to provide Rs. 55,000 instead of 10 households to buy land. However, 434 of thousand and Rs. 100,000 instead of 35 these families have not been able to use cubic feet of wood, and Rs. 200,000 to buy the land as ownership of the plot was dis- land. This helped 2,042 former Kamaiya puted.

92 18 Years of Kamaiya “Emancipation” In fiscal year 2019/20 the federal needed for accessing government support. government made rehabilitation the re- The sections below discuss the situation sponsibility of local governments. But the of former Kamaiyas: local governments lack procedures to pro- vide land because the provincial govern- Education ment had not made a clear policy on this. The provision of the Bonded Labor (Prohibition) Act 2002 to provide free edu- Situation update December 2019 cation for children of Kamaiyas remains As of December 2019, 380 former to be implemented. Most of the children Kamaiyas had not been rehabilitated in former Kamaiyas do not go to school, and Kailali. Even those who were rehabilitat- those attending school are required to ed remain deprived of various basic ser- pay fees and many leave because their vices such as free education, free health families cannot pay the fees. Many of the care and skills training for their children. parents were engaged in high-risk jobs in Many development agencies have tried to various parts of India and cities of Nepal. assist the former Kamaiyas by supporting them in building houses, drinking water Health systems, schools and through livelihood The Government provides 72 types programs. But most of the former Ka- of medicines free of cost at various levels, maiya settlements have not been reached but health posts lack all kinds of medi- either by government or these organiza- cines on the list. For example, Beladevi- tions. pur Health Post in Godavari Municipal- There are 434 former Kamaiyas ity-9 was visited by 10-15 service seekers now facing problems because of the dis- daily. This health post did not have 35 puted land that was provided to them. types of medicines it should have in stock. But the data at the Office of Land Re- forms shows them to have been rehabili- Employment tated. Further, thousands of Kamaiyas Children of former Kamaiyas have missed out by the Kamaiya identifica- no choice but to work as a wage laborers tion program have not received ID cards, in Nepal and abroad because they were

Former Kamaiyas in Political Party Manifestos in 2017/18

The following are excerpts from the election manifestoes of different political par- ties. The Communist Party of Nepal (formed through unification of the CPN-UML and CPN Maoist) has been the party in government since the 2017/18 elections.

Nepali Congress: Rights, social security and development of landless people, Kamaiya, Badi and other marginalized community would be taken forward with priority.

CPN UML: Landless squatters, including Freed Kamaiyas, would be made owners of land and their issues regarding education, health would be solved.

CPN Maoist: A revolutionary land reform program will be implemented. Feudal land rela- tions, absentee landownership in agriculture will be terminated. Land will be distributed free of cost to real land tillers, Freed Kamaiya, landless farmers, and poor farmers.

Janamorcha Nepal: Employment and housing would be guaranteed for Haliya, Kamaiya, Haruwa/Charuwa. Provisions of a proper settlement would be made for all squatters and Freed Kamaiyas.

Nepal Human Rights Year Book 2020 93 not able to complete education. The Of- References fice of District Land Reforms provided 1. The research report on the situation of 4,450 former Kamaiyas skills training for Freed Kamaiyas conducted by INSEC self-employment. However, the former in 2005 Kamaiyas said they could not start busi- 2. Constitution of Nepal, 2015 nesses for lack of capital or join the job 3. Statistics of the Office of Land Re- market because they were semi-skilleds. forms, Kailali Not even one of those trained had started 4. Global Slavery Index 2018 a business. 5. The report published by the Interna- tional Labor Organization in 2016 Political representation 6. Various treaties adopted by the Unit- Six former Kamaiya leaders had ed Nations contested in the first Constituent Assem- 7. National Civil (Code) Act, 2017 bly election in 2008. One of them Sukdai- 8. Labor Act, 2017 ya Chaudhary was elected as a Constitu- 9. Bonded Labor (Prohibition) Act, 2002 ent Assembly member. Similarly, one out 10. Free Voice Kamaiya (Liberation Move- of five candidates who contested in the ment: Historical Documents) (Mukta second Constituent Assembly election Awaj Kamaiya (Mukti Andolan: Aiti- (2013) was elected. In the local elections haik Dastawejharu) published by Ac- (2017) 10 women and four former Kamai- tion Aid Nepal in 2009 yas were elected to different local govern- 11. Statistics published by the Ministry ment positions. Even though some former of Land Reform and Management in Kamaiyas have been elected to public 2008 office, they have very little influence in 12. Statistics collected by Kamaiya Sys- policy and decision making. tem Abolition Society, Kaiali from five districts in March 2019. f

94 18 Years of Kamaiya “Emancipation”