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School Teachers' Salaries in Sub-Saharanafrica WDPm95 Public Disclosure Authorized ~) World Bank Discussion Papers Education and Public Disclosure Authorized D evelopment Evidence for New Priorities Public Disclosure Authorized Wadi D. Haddad, Martin Carnoy, Rosemary Rinaldi, and Omporn Regel Public Disclosure Authorized Recent World Bank Discussion Papers No. 33 Land and Laborin South Asia. Inderjit Singh No. 35 GlobalTrends in Real ExchangeRates. Adrian Wood No. 36 IncomeDistribution and EconomicDevelopment in Malawi:Some HistoricalPerspectives. Frederic L. Pryor No. 37 IncomeDistribution and EconomicDevelopment in Madagascar:Some HistoricalPerspectives. Frederic L. Pryor No. 38 Quality Controlsof TradedCommodities and Servicesin DevelopingCountries. Simon Rottenberg and Bruce Yandle No. 39 LivestockProduction in NorthAfrica and the MiddleEast: Problemsand Perspectives.John C. Glenn [Also available in French (39F)] No. 40 NongovernmentalOrganizations and LocalDevelopment. Michael M. Cernea [Also availablein Spanish (40S)] No. 41 Patternsof Development:1950 to 1983. Moises Syrquin and Hollis Chenery No. 42 VoluntaryDebt-Reduction Operations: Bolivia, Mexico, and Beyond... Ruben Lamdany No. 43 Fertilityin Sub-SaharanAfrica: Analysis and Explanation.Susan Cochrane and S.M. Farid No. 44 AdjustmentPrograms and SocialWelfare. Elaine Zuckerman No. 45 PrimarySchool Teachers' Salaries in Sub-SaharanAfrica. Manuel Zymelman and Joseph DeStefano No. 46 Educationand Its Relationto EconomicGrowth, Poverty,and IncomeDistribution: Past Evidenceand FurtherAnalysis. Jandhyala B.G. Tilak No. 47 InternationalMacroeconomic Adjustment, 1987-1992. Robert E. King and Helena Tang No. 48 ContractPlans and PublicEnterprise Pe!formance. John Nellis [Alsoavailable in French (48F)] No. 49 ImprovingNutrition in India:Policies and Programsand TheirImpact. K. Subbarao No. 50 Lessonsof FinancialLiberalization in Asia: A ComparativeStudy. Yoon-Je Cho and Deena Khatkhate No. 51 VocationalEducation and Training:A Revietvof WorldBank Investmnent.John Middleton and Terry Demsky No 52 The Market-BasedMenu Approachin Action: The 1988 Brazil FinancingPackage. Ruben Lamdany No. 53 Pathwaysto Change:Improving the Quality of Educationin DevelopingCountries. Adriaan Verspoor No. 54 EducationManagersfor Business and Government.Samuel Paul, Jacob Levitsky, and John C. Ickis No. 55 Subsidiesand CountervailingMeasures: Critical Issuesfor the UruguayRound. Bela Balassa,editor No. 56 MWanagingPublic Expenditure: An EvolvingWorld Bank Perspective.Robert M. Lacey No. 57 The Managementof CommonProperty Natural Resources. Daniel W. Bromley and Michael M. Cernea No. 58 Making the PoorCreditworthy: A Case Study of the IntegratedRural DevelopmentProgram in India.Robert Pulley No. 59 ImprovingFamily Planning, Health, and NutritionOutreach in India: ExperiencefromSome WorldBank-Assisted Programs. Richard Heaver No. 60 FightingMalnutrition: Evaluation of BrazilianFood and NutritionPrograms. Philip Musgrove No. 61 Staying in the Loop: InternationalAlliancesfor Sharing Technology. Ashoka Mody No. 62 Do CaribbeanExporters Pay HigherFreight Costs? AlexanderJ. Yeats No. 63 DevelopingEconomies in Transition.Volume 1: GeneralTopics. F. Desmond McCarthy, editor No. 64 DevelopingEconomies in Transition.Volume II: CountryStudies. F. Desmond McCarthy, editor (Continued on the inside back cover.) 95 = World Bank Discussion Papers Education and D evelopment Evidence for New Priorities Wadi D. Haddad, Martin Carnoy, Rosemary Rinaldi, and Omporn Regel The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright C 1990 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing August 1990 Discussion Papers present results of country analysisor research that is circulated to encourage discussion and comment within the development community. To present these results with the least possible delay, the typescript of this paper has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibilityfor errors. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressedin this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliatedorganizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibilitywhatsoever for any consequence of their use. Any maps that accompany the text have been prepared solely for the convenience of readers; the designations and presentation of material in them do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Bank, its affiliates,or its Board or member countries concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of the authorities thereof or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries or its national affiliation. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to Director, Publications Department, at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission prompdy and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permnissionto photocopy portions for classroom use is not required, though notification of such use having been made will be appreciated. The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Publications, which contains an alphabetical title list (with full ordering informnation)and indexes of subjects, authors, and countries and regions. The latest edition is availablefree of charge from the Publications SalesUnit, Department F, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'lena, 75116 Paris, France. ISSN: 0259-210X Wadi D. Haddad is senior education adviser, Rosemary Rinaldi an operations analyst, and Omporn Regel a research analystin the World Bank's Population and Human Resources Department, to which Martin Camoy is a consultant. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Education and development : evidence for new priorities / Wadi D. Haddad ... [et al.]. p. cm. -- (World Bank discussion papers ; 95) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8213-1624-9 1. Education--Economic aspects. I. Haddad, Wadi. II. Series. LC65.E314 1990 338.4'737--dc2O 90-41324 CIP Table of Contents Introduction ....................................................... 1 The Contribution of Education to Economic and Social Development .............. 3 Education and Economic Growth ..................... .................................. 3 Education and Productivity ....................................................... 4 Benefit-Cost Analysis ...................................................... 5 The Education of Women .............. l0........................................ Education and Poverty ...................................................... 15 Trends in Educational Development ............................ ......................... 19 Trends in Educational Enrollments ..................... .............................. 19 The Educational Spending Crisis ..................... ............................... 33 Lessons from World Bank and Other Donor Experience in Education and Training ................ ...................................... 37 Total Education Sector Lending by Multilateral and Bilateral Agencies .......... 37 History of Bank Investments in Education and Training .................... ................37 Education and Training Department/Division Reviews: Reviews of Education and Training Operations .................................................. 41 Education and Training Department/Division Reviews: Reviews of Sectoral Performance ..................................................... 42 Operations Evaluation Department Reviews: Reviews of Project Performance ............................ ......................... 42 Operations Evaluation Department Reviews: Reviews of Sectoral Performance ..................................................... 42 Education Sector Performance Review by Other Donor Agencies ............ ........42 Policy Issues and Directions ....................................................... 45 Vocational and AcademnicSecondary Education ...................................................... 45 The Quality and Efficiency of Education .................................................... ... 49 Technology in Education ........................................................ 56 Sector Management ....................................................... 56 Science Education ........................................................ 58 Higher Education, Scientific Research and Development, and Technology Transfer ........................................................ 58 Educational Finance Reform. ........................................................ 60 Conclusion ............................................. 67 Where More Work is Needed ........................................... 67 Education and the Changing International Division of Labor ................................ 67 The Knowledge Gap ............................................ 68 Nations Face a Variety of Educational Problems Demanding Different Strategies ........... ................................
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