LEGISLATIVE REFERENCE LIBRARY . TN443.M6 M564 1974
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This document is made available electronically by the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library as part of an ongoing digital archiving project. http://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/lrl.asp (Funding for document digitization was provided, in part, by a grant from the Minnesota Historical & Cultural Heritage Program.)
"MINESITE" An Environmental Plan
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Division of Waters, Soils and Minerals
,
Presented at:.
47th Annual Meeting and 35th Mining Symposium The Minnesota Section of American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers' January 16, 17, 18, - 1974
TN
i· l!d
I .I 1/ January 18, 1974
"MINESITE" An Environmental Plan
William C. Brice, Mineral Resources Environmental Coordinator .Gary W. Page, Geological Engineer Paul· E.. Poj ar, Geological Engineer
~Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Division of Waters, Soils and Minerals
Throughout the· World there is a growing awareness to the value of mineral resources. For most ·minerals, it's a sellers' market; the· demand is growing faster than the known.supplies can be pro~uced. Many of the easily acquired resources have already been used, and where readily available resources do exist they often occur in countries with unstable political or economic systems.
To combat this disequilibrium in.the supply-demand relationship of these resources, three solutions have been presented: 1
1. Resource recycling
2. Expansion of the miriing industry
3. Reduction in demand a) extend,ing produ~t lifetime b) aboli~h nbn-essential uses c) population control
All of these proposals are worthy of consideration. However, depend- ing on the ·resource, they may not be suitable. For example, recycling can be expanded for some materials if technology i~ available that results in net resource savings. However, in many cases; collection, transportation, process- ing, and redistribution of recycled materials results in a net loss in total resources. Energy shortages cou.ld quickly put many of these conservation efforts out of business, even when voluntary collection is involved.
Expanding the mining industry can also have negative aspects. As the price ·of resources rises, companies can mine lower and lower grade material until ultimately,, everything could be theoretically mineable. Accompanying this decreasing grade is a corresponding increase in land disturbance and the potential for environmental problems along with higher recovery and environ
mental costs that ultimately must be paid for by the consumer.
The last solution, that. of reducing demand, is also a potentially
viable solution, however, it will also have to be accompanied by basic social
changes in the way we utilize our mineral resources, and ultimately could re
quire some type of population control. The beginnings of such a change are
a~ready being reflected to some degree in the energy shortage. It is also
quite apparent that such a social change cannot occur quickly,and therefore must be considered more of a long-term solution. Laws can be passed overnight,
but minds and attitudes require a much longer period of time to change.
·As is quite obvious, I'm sur~,none of these proposed solutions could
be made to function alone, particularly on a short term basis. And thus it
appears appropriate that a management program where all three interact must be
encouraged.
This then provides a perspective for looking at the business of
mining in more detail. Mining is a land intensive activity. Many land uses
are completely eliminated as a result of mining, while others are seriously
restricted. At the same time, mining can enhance or create new land values
where they were previously very low.
The lo.cation of the mineral resource dictates the specific location
of the mine. This seems like a rather simple principal. However.• in many
cases this may result in some rather stringent restraints on potential mining
operations. These restrictions have in the past been considered primarily
from an economic standpoint. Environmental and land use considerations have
often been ignored. In fact, until rather recently most developmental projects
including mining have been based almost entirely on economic criteria, with
little or no environmental consideration. However, recent pollution laws and
regulations have resulted in many new economic considerations. These laws not only require pollution control during mining, but also hold the operator
responsible after mining.is completed.
The Mesabi Iron Range provides many exaµiples of land use conflicts
that should be. avoided.. Water supplies have been cut off from lakes leaving
them to stagnate. Too often~stockpiles have been placed so close to mines
that they later had to be removed in order that further mining could tak~ place.
Tailings basins have been sited adjacent to each other, when often one larger
·basin would have been adequate. As mining progressed, whole towns have been moved in a piecemeal fashion away from mine projects. However, their new
locations may still conflict with future underground mining on the Range.
These are a few examples of problems that have occurred in the past and should be avoided in the future. The 11 MINESITEt 1 project is a regional plan that should provide a framework for preventing many of these recurrences.
A recent Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) publication2 illustrates
this point as it relates to water pollution problems.
"The main planning element was always the economics of mineral
recovery. Quite often the cheapest means of mineral recovery
resulted in the largest water pollution problems.
"Recent water pollution laws have introduced a new economic
element-water pollution control costs--to be considered in
mine plaµning. Water pollution control costs can be
extremely high. Foresighted planning can minimize these
costs and provide better water pollution control ...
"Proper planning of mining and pollution control techniques
should follow the concept of a complete, comprehensive
reclamation plan. This plan should have control measures
designed for all phases of mining from initiation through completion. Preplanning involves acquiring complete
information concerning the future mine pits, defining
the reasons why mining could cause pollution from the
site, and determination of available techniques to
prevent or minimize formation or transportation of
pollutants ...
"Mine site planning is the primary step in establishing
any new mining area and is the key to a successful,
non-polluting and economical mining operation."
Planning then, is a necessity and a pre-requisite to the resolution of potential conflicts between mining and environmental quality.
MINNESOTA'S UNIQUE PLANNING OPPORTUNITY
Minnesota has a truly unique opportunity for mine planning. The
Duluth Gabbro Complex, as shown in Figure 1, is known to contain a major copper-nickel resource. 3' 4 Although this is primarily a copper resource, it contains enough nickel to be consid~red one of the largest domestic sources of nickel. If the price of these metals continues to rise, and if we are to main tain domestic supplies, requests to develop these resources will undoubtedly be forthcoming. The area of primary interest at this time, as shown in
Figure- 2, is along the footwall of the Complex and runs from Hoyt Lakes to the
Boundary Waters Canoe Area (BWCA) southeast of Ely. Other than one test shaft, no development has occurred to date.
Because there has never been a producing copper-nickel mine in this potentially large mining district, and because the location of mineral resources is ·fairly well k!1ow1t,, the elem~nts for a truly unique pl_anning. experience ·are present. Governmental agencies such a.s the Department of Natural Resources, are the only organizations that are in a position to acquire and compile the necessary data for a planning study of this magnitude. In the past, a I I I I ~f~_c;} ___ -1 ! I - -- _I ,--·----I SJ ~OIJll 1 I
IRON FORMAT ION
GREENSTO~E BELTS
DULU7H GABBRO CO~tPLEX
DIABASIC GABBRO AND RELATED ROCKS
HOVI TOM lllOCK JACICSOll
Figure 1 Minnesota GTeenstone &Gabbo Formations N
,oi ~~i r,0
Island Lake ~f~ ~ t::-::.:::J Boundary Waters Canoe Area f'ZZZJ Superior National Forest '"']Base of Duluth Complex
0 10 20 MILES
Figure 2 Prime Copper-Nickel Po~ential Shown in Rectangular Area study of this sort might not have been necessary. ·However, the demand for land is growing rapidly and, as is true in this case, the land has already been designated for other uses. The competing uses are compatible or incompatib~e with mining to varying degrees. It would be highly desirable then, if a plan could be developed to evaluate and minimize a variety of potential conflicts. Some obvious potential conflicts which must be considered include:
1. The prime mineral potential area is located within the Superior National Forest, a part of the National Forest System.
2. It is adjacent to one of the most utilized wilderness areas in the United States, the BWCA.
3. The area is environmentally sensitive; streams in the northern portion of the area flow directly into the BWCA, the lakes are primarily filled rock basins, and the soils are generally shallow or non-existent.
4. Existing land uses are primarily recreation (including hunting, fishing, canoeing, hiking, camping, and scenic beauty), forest products (sawtimber,post and poles, and pulpwood), and iron mining in several portions of the Forest.
5. A number of competitive land uses already exist, including proposed land exchanges and future highway routing.
This, then, .is the planning problem which confronts us.
A technique mu.st be develbped which is capable of combining the existing land uses and environmental concerns into a framework that can then be used to evaluate the effects of introducing a new industry, that of copper- nickel mining, into this dynamic environment. Recognizing that any change results in some impact, the objective would be to minimize negative environ- mental effects arid land use conflicts and develop a framework for evaluating individual project proposals. In May of 1973., a pilot pro~ ect w~s prop.osed and initiated.
The purpose of the pilot project is fourfold.
1. Investigate the analysis tools and capabilities of a computer system that would be selected.
2. Develop an analysis procedure that would be applicable to the prime copper-nickel potential area, then test it by applying the procedure to the pilot study area.
3. Complete a detailed analysis of the pilot area.
4. · Develop sufficient time and cost data so that reason able estimates could be made for large study areas, specifically, the prime copper-nickel potential area.
Although the pilot study has not yet been finished, considerable work has been completed. All of the data has been collected and compiled, computer printouts are available for· most of the variables, portions of the analysis have been completed, and the analysis models have been developed.
The pilot study that is described in this report is organized into the following phases:
1. Computer Analysis. 2. Environmental Planning Program Language (EPPL). 3. "MINESITE" Study Area. 4. Data Collection and Inventories. 5. Data Plotting Transfer and Punching. 6. Inventory Printouts and Verification. 7. "MINESITE" Analysis Process. 8. "MINESITE" Analysis Examples.
COMPUTER ANALYSIS
At least two computer techniques have been used for environmental planning studies of this sort in the past; overlay systems and computer mapping analysis. Overlay systems have very limited analysis capabilities.
Different types of environmental and socio-economic values are simply mapped by shading.on· transparent film and overlayed. Areas of darkest shading are considered having the highest value and to be avoided, whereas open or lightly shaded areas are of low value. Techniques of this type are useful, but have been largely superseded by computer mapping techniques. Several computer programs were considered before selecting EPPL
·for the pilot study. Due to extremely limited funds, it was determined that
for the pilot study, an existing program should be utilized.. Four systems
were evaluated:
1. GRID System - This program is an i~dividual cell mapping system and has limited analysis capability. Analysis is \ done using a scoring function where high values are given to desirable characteristics and low values or negative values to undesirable characteristics. A program of this type has been ueed for at least three projects in Minnesota. The Minnesota Highway Department used this type of program for its "Corridor Resources Analysis 1 Chaska, Minnesota, TH 212 ' and al.so for an environmental impact statement on a section of road near Granite Falls, Minnesota. The Department of Natural Resources used the GRID System for its study "Upper St. Croix Resources 11 Management Plan •
2. Polygon System6 - With this program, irregular-shaped data can be input to the computer by defining the data boun daries as a series of straight lines. The end points of each line are defined by coordinates, and a characteristic is assigned to each polygon. This progx\alll has a definite advantage in that exact geographical locations can be plotted rather than having to generalize data into indi vidual cells. Of course, as the individual cell size decreases, the polygon accuracy level is approached. Data input can be fairly streamlined; however, a digitizer and trained operator are required. Analysis is done basically with an overlay technique using either the original polygons or individual cells generalized from the polygons. The Center for Urban.and Regional Affairs (CURA) is now doing research at the University of Minnesota with the digitizer. It was felt, however, that work was not far enough along to consider a method of this type for our study.
3. Land Use Classification System - This program is an inventory storage and data retrieval system which was developed by the Department of Natural Resources and is being utilized by the Department and participating counties on public lands. Data is input using forty acre cells and can be output in map form using.a digitizer, or in list form. An update progrrun is also available for correcting or updating inventory data. The program does not have analysis capabilities, and at present can only be used by forty acre tracts. A program is now being developed at the University of Minnesota that could transform data from one type of grid to another. When completed, this system could be a valuable source of data for studies such as the "MINESITE" study. 4 .. . En.vixonmen.tal flannin.g Pr_ogram La.ngll:age CJ3PPL1 - This program was developed by Alan Robinette and Paul Sand (University of Minnesota, CURA), for the Minnesota State Planning Agency. The program is an individual cell mapping system and has considerably more analysis packages available than with the GRID system. Several studies have been undertaken using the program, including three State Highway Department projects, (Norshor, Red Wing Bypass and Red Wing to Wabasha Corridor Study), the Lower St. Croix Scenic Corridor Study, one study for the U.. S. Department of the Interior~ Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife, and University of Minnesota pilot studies.
Primarily because of its superior analysis capabilities and
its immediate availability, the EPPL computer program was selected for the
"MINESITE" pilot study.
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING PROGRAM LANGUAGE
EPPL is a computer-aided technique for analyzing land and water
areas to assist in determining their best use and wisest management.
The program was developed primarily as an efficient and economical
aid in planning outdoor recreation facilities by a) determining the feasi- bili ty of developing an area for state park purposes, or b) analyzing the
diverse natural resources of an existing state park to determine the most
appropriate activities and development locations, minimize environmental
impacts, and maximize the enjoyment of the visitor. 7
Since then, the program has been used for a variety of other
situations, including highway corridor studies, wildlife management areas,
and now the "MINESITE" study. The "MINESITE" study is the first study that
attempts to develop a regional land use plan for a large variety of uses.
EPPL was originally conceived as an extension of program GRID, to
enable operations or analysis on several data maps, that could be output by
program GRID. However, because of the limitations of GRID,(ten data levels),
EPPL evolved its own mapping routine (37 data levels) as a module of the system.
Each module is a miniprogram to perform a specific function, with one or more
control cards that define the options and parameters of that function. \
After using the original EPPL system for a year, it was decided
that a second version, (EPPL 2), should be developed. 8 Titis second version
is being used for the "MINESITE" pilot study. A third version, to be called
Environmental Planning System (EPS) will be developed for use on the entire
"MINESITE" study project. For EPPL 2, the INPUT and MAPPING routines were
expanded to 64 data levels and many of the other functions are expanded,
simplified7or modified. The program also contains built-in expansion modules
for addition of new functions and a fairly accurate time estimating system.
Future changes in EPS from the EPPL 2 version include expansion of input and
output options, capability to analyze larger study areas, addition of a LIST
function to the already existing MAP function for outputing data, and finally,
linking the EPS program to the Minnesota Land Management Information System
,(MLMIS) storage and retrieval system. .The input options will include: Card, ' .. ·.,.._, ...,_. tape, disc, digitizer, and cathode ray tube (CRT). The output options will
include: high speed line printer, cal comp line plotter, dot matrix plotter,
microfilm, and CRT.
In comparison to the other systems evaluated, EPPL has tremendously
I versatile analysis capabilities. There are fou~ specialized analysis functions
that can be utilized: SCORE, SEARCH, CLUSTER, and PROCESS. In addition, a
specialized PROCESS function called Logic, or FLOW, has been incorporated.
Another specialized technique, the VIEW Analysis Program, has now been.
incorporated as an additional function in EPPL. A Special Input Function is
also available for data level conversion and grouping on input. Several of
these analysis techniques will be considered in more detail later in the paper.
"MINESITE" STUDY AREA
About the same time that various computer programs were being
considered, a study area was established. As shown in Figure 3, the study
area is composed of portions of 25 townships in Northeastern Minnesota and Fig:ure 3 "MINESITE" Study Area Including Pilot Project (T59,60N-Rl2W) I u contains approximately 635 square miles. As shown in Figure 2, the prime
copper-nickel potential area is contained within the study area. A pilot
area was selected, consisting of appToximately two townships within the
study area. The pilot area was chosen primarily because of the existing land
use conflicts and the abundance of detailed information available.
Due to the irregularities in the legal descriptions with the town
ship-range system, a standard metric USGS grid was chosen called Universal
Transverse Mercator. (UTM). A standard GRID system was then established based
on a square unit cell of approximately 2~ acres. When the line printer is
used ·for output, this results in a vertical scale exaggeration. Each square
then appears on the printout as a rectangle for the pilot study. This, however,
will be corrected for the entire study when the dot matrix printer or micro-film
will be used for output. The pilot area is composed of 26,400 cells, each
containing approximately 2!z acres, for a total pilot area of about 100 square
miles,
DATA COLLECTION AND INVENTORIES
The first step in developing a study of this type is to determine
what data is necessary, and the availability and accuracy of such data.
An amazing amount of data is available if it can be located. We originally
began with a long list of desirable information. This was pa:red down to
sixteen variables, including the site map, and then subsequently expanded
to twenty-two V8.riables as shown in Figure 4. Information was collected
from a variety of sources. A tremendous amount of data was provided by the
Superior National Forest, including soils data, surface and mineral ownership,
'land use and recreation plans, etc. Data from USGS Quads includes: elevation,
slope orientation, percent sldpe, and surface hydrology. As is generally the
case in a study of this type, a lot of data had to be either developed or
compiled. Water availability data, (to be used by special input with the . VOl Site Map
V02 % Slope
V03 Slope Orientation
V04 Mineral Resources
VOS Surface Hydrology
V06 Watersheds
V07 Transportation & Utilities
V08 Surface Ownership
V09 Elevation
VlO Soils
Vll Mineral Ownership
V12 Land Use
Vl3 Shipstead Newton Nolan-Superior National Forest Boundary
V14 Recreation-Historical-Archeological·Sites.
VlS Potential Underground Taconite Mining
Vl6 Vegetation
V17 Timber Cutting History
V18 Crown Density
V19 Forest Size Classes
V20 Forest Height Classes
V21 Timber Site Conditions
V22 Lake and StTeam Surveys (Fish Habitat)
Figure 4 v1'MINESITE'° Inventories surface hydrology and watershed variables), was developed by Dr. C. Edward
Bowers, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, (University of Minnesota).
Vegetation data is being developed jointly by Dr. Herbert Wright,
Limnological Research Center, (U of M) and Dr. Joseph Ulliman, Remote Sensing
Laboratory, Agricultural Extension Division, (U of M), using aerial photos,
field mapping, and Department of Natural Resourc.es and Forest Service record's.
The remaining variables were developed and compiled by Department of Natural
Resources personnel. However, many other groups and individuals have provided
help in locating data and analysis input.
Figure 5 illustrates the data levels that were used in plotting two
variables} surface hydrology and watersheds. Portions or all of the surface
hydrology data will be used in the aesthetic displacement analysis, some of
the copper-nickel mine facility exclusion maps, accessability, viewpoint maps,
and others. Stream order data from watersheds will be used for tailings basin s.tockpile alternatives, and watershed boundaries will be used in
~es~rvdir alternatives.
One of the most interesting groups of inventories is the vegetation
variables. In developing the analysis for the pilot study,we found that wildlife specialists are mainly interested in ecosystems, whereas fo'!'estry
specialists are more interested in timber species. To solve this problem,
an inventory had to be developed that would be suitable for both types of
analysis. Figure 6 illustrates the data levels as they were finally
developed. Using special input, the species levels can be combined into
the ecosystems as shown at the right of the Figure.
DATA PLOTTING, TRANSFER AND PUNCHING
Probably the most time-consuming and tedious task is the plotting,
transfer, and keypunching phase of the study. It is also one of the most
important steps because of the accuracy required. Good data is completely
useless if it is plotted or transferred wrong. Its value for analysis can VOS. SURFACE HYDROLOGY
Level Symbol (1) A. River (2) B. Permanent Stream (3) c. Intermittant Stream (4) D. Lake (Part of a river chain with inlet and outlet) (5) E. Lake (Inlet and Outlet) · (6) F. Lake (Outlet only) (7) G. Lake (Inlet only) (8) H. Lake (No inlet or outlet) (9) I. Pond (5 acres=2 cells) (10) J. Marsh (Wooded or grass) 0.2) L. Mine Tailings Basins (38) No data
_V06 • .Wf\TERSHED.S
Level Symbol (1) A. 1st Order (South Kawishiwi and St. Louis) (2) B. Drainage Directly into South Kawishiwi River (3) c. Drainage Directly into St. Louis River (4) D. 2nd Order (faabella, Dunka, Stony River, Partridge, Whiteface and Cloquet) (5) E. 3rd Order (6) F. 4th Order (7) G. 5th Order (8) H. 6th Order (9) I. Boundary of the South Kawishiwi (10) J. Boundary of the St. Louis Watershed (11) K. Boundary of the Isabella Watershed (12) L. Boundary of the Stony River Watershed (13) M. Boundary of the Partridge Watershed (14) N. Boundary of the Whiteface Watershed (15) o. Boundary of the Cloquet Watershed (16) P. Boundary of the Embarrass Watershed (17) Q. Boundary of the Dunka River (18) R. Boundary of the North River (19) s. Boundary of the Colvin Creek (20) T. Boundary of the Argo Creek (21) u. Boundary of the Sand River (22) v. Boundary of the Nip Creek (23) W. Boundary of the Denley Creek (24) x. Boundary of the Little Isabella River (25) Y. Boundary of the Kawishiwi River (26) z. Boundary of the Bear Island River (38) No Data
Figure 5 Data Levels for the Surface Hydrology and Watershed Inventories V16 VEGETATION
Level Symbol Vegetation Ecosystem
~ (1) A. Aspen and paper birch Ul-Aspen and birch comprising about 90% of cover
(10) J. Jack pine U2-Natural pine stands. Pure or mixed (18) R. Red pine white, red and/or jack pine (23) W. White pine
-·----~-~.~,t.~~ ~ (13) M. Northern hard.woods U3-Mixed conifer and deciduous (14) N. Mixed aspen, birch, fir pine, etc.
(8) H. Hazel, pin cherry, etc. U4-Upland shrubs and grasslands < 10% (7) G. Open areas of grass stocked commercial trees
(16) P. Planted species U6-Plantation. Field checks show mostly species cannot be red pine and some jack pine identified on aerial photos
(2) B. Spruce-fir Tl-Mixed spruce, pine and fir comprising > 50% -----,,-~-----~.- ... ~.... -~\-....,.__. ____..______(4) D. Lowland shrubs Bl-Wetlands generally non-forested (15) o. Marsh (12) L. Open water (lakes, ponds, etc. (11) K. Non-productive swrunp
(3) C. White cedar B2-Conifer wetlands with > 40% cover (19) s. Black spruce (17) Q. Mixed spruce, balsam, cedar, etc. (20) T. Tamarack
~·-~~~----~-'-"'""'~~--...... i-• .,,.:=---~-~-~·------....- ... _----~----·~-...------·------(5) E. Ash, elm, soft maple, B3-Lowland hardwoods with ) 50% of species etc. present being hardwoods
(24) x. Harvested Dl-Cutover with only one growing season elapsed
(6) F. Farm D2-Under permanent unnatural use (9) L Industrial and residental (26) z. Quarry or gravel pit
•.
Figure 6 Data Levels for the Vegetation Inventory be seriously diminished if it is not accurately recorded.
The pilot area is broken down into eleven strips of six 2-kilometer
, squares called shorthand coding areas. Figure 7 illustrates how the pilot
area was divided into individual cells. Data was plotted using transparent
overlay grids at the appropriate scale, and plotted on a 2-kilometer square
grid. An example of a data sheet for mineral ownership is shown in Figure 8.
Information must be generalized to an individual cell, as each cell must be
assigned a sp~cific data level. This results in accuracy to at least an acre
and a quarter, which is sufficient for a regipnal study of this ty~e.
After the data is plotted, it is tr:ansferred to a shorthand transfer
form. Data can be transferred either as individual cells or, where the data
is uniform, groups of cells. The shorthand transfer form, although somewhat
confusing, was developed to cut down on punching costs and computer time for
inputting data maps. Where there is scattered data, such as surface hydrology,
\ ' or fairly uniform blocks of data, such as sur:face ownership, this shorthand
coding form is very useful and beneficial. However, when there is data in
every cell~ and the data is highly variable, such as with the percent slope
or slope orientation inventories, this shorthand form is actually more costly,
and individual cells are keypunched.
INVENTORY PRINTOUTS AND VERIFICATION
After keypunching is completed, the next step is to compare print-
outs to original data maps and check for errors. In most cases, field checking
of the original data has already been completed, although some spot checking
of field data was done using these printouts. Sources of error at this stage
include plotting, transfer, and keypunching.
Depending on the detail and uniformity of the data, verification was
done either by spot checking specific blocks, as was done for elevation, or by
detailed checking of the entire map as was done f9r surface hydrology. Some
special precautions were also taken to attempt to insure that data was . Pl L 0 T ARH ( 12 KH x 2 2 K H ) 11 ROWS OF 6 - 2 KH S 0 UAR E GRIDS
UTM V - AX l S 5285
5 2 8 3
52Bl 5 2 7 9 I SY 52 77 2 3 4 5 6 5 2 7 5
5273
5 2 71
0 F 6 - 1-!H SQ U A P.E GR I US 5269 BL 0 CY. S
5267 4 5 6 lil 11 12 5265 13 2 0 2 1 22 23 24 580 UTR X - AX 1 S 31 3 2 33 34 3; 3fi 43 4 4 4 5 46 47 48
UTH l~ENTIFYING ( 580, 5273)
U~IT CELL ADDRESS
UfflT CELL 50 CELL BLOCK UTH COORDIHATE 11 1 ~ ( 5 8U, 5 2 73 )
? ~M SOUARE GR l 0 SHOW I NG 8 - 50 CELL BLOCKS ( u c II u ti 1l c ELL "'EA s u RE·S 10 0 H x l 0 0 H )
Figure 7 Pilot Area Coordinate System I 2 3 4 :S" 6 ., B 9 I() II 1;. 13 14 I~ ,,, I? 18 I'? ,l.() 21 Zl l3 24 25 26 Z1 u, 2'i l30 "31 l3z ~ :J4 3~ 3b 31 3s ~ f-'tc 41 4Z 43 ~ .,5 -16 ~14fi *1 ~
Variable · UTM (X) UTM (Y) 2 Km Example of Unit Cell Identi Number Coord. Coord. Square fication Numbers for a so Cell Block
FIGURE 8, 2 K1UJ£rER $QuAAE GR ID interpreted the same way each time. Each plotter took care of certain specific variables, and in most cases was responsible for entire maps. Where additional plotters were required on certain variables, the original plotter instructed the new people as to how the data was to be interpreted.
With the exception of the expanded vegetation variables, most of the data inventories have now been completed. Figures 9 through 13 are examples of completed inventories. Figure 14 is a combination of portions of three original inventories; land use, transportation and utilities, and sur- face hydrology. It should be remembered that these printouts represent a square cell as a rectangle. TI1is results in a vertical distortion that will be corrected when the dot matrix plotter is used for the entire study area.
Figure 9 is an elevation map. Topographic data was originally plotted at twenty foot intervals, and then was compiled using overprints at sixty foot inteTvals. White regions on the map are lakes and mining areas. The elevation of the mining areas is unknown because.of the mining disturbance.
These mining areas include open pit iron mines, gravel pits, stockpiles, and one tailings basin. The map gives a good indication of the regional topogTaphic changes and shows the continental divide between the St. Louis and
Kawishiwi Watersheds in the left cenitral portion of the map.
Figure 10 is the inventoTy of percent slope with the black shading indicating slopes greater than or equal to 9 percent. The lighter overprint is for 4 to 9 percent slopes. Those slopes with less than 4 percent gradient are shown as a dot. The next illustration, Figure 11, is very similar to
Figure 10,o~ly in this case, the slopes are plotted according to orientation.
In general, steep sunny slopes are more difficult' to revegetate once they have been disturbed than are shady slopes. As much as possible, disturbance of these slopes should be avoided. Slope orientation was plotted perpendicular to the strike and down dip .. This map will primarily be used in the ••il "••t IU •llt..'v'110AO•&• ~ u.,. ::!:ii!:::hHh·m:mmmmmmm:m:m::m:m:mmmmmmm::m:::mm:::mmm:~::::t::•:a !:: \UU6TIUlU•nluo1U•'•U•tUJOllHOIJ,UltU011'' 10IUtlll\OPnt1nu•7UUIUHIHC\J)t.Ol.111tlPJ•U1•10111•ui ....
:::::::::::::::::::::::~~r ~:::::::::. :::::::::::.:::::: .::::::::: m •••••••tslltrl•••••••OOOI! Qt11••••t•tt •t•t••••••ttt•••••••••••••t• 00'5 t1•••tt•s•l'ltOl) ~ ~~~ f~gE;-:~. :·· ·==~~~~~~~~~~~j~~~~~~i~i;~~~m~~~i~~~j~~\:'.il.~~~tj~i~:~~~;\~~i~~i:~::'.:.~~~:~;~:~~~~~~~ i~i U') • ._. lllt11Mfl & ,..,,.,... ,.., .. ,.,.,,,,fl'IUflr'l"tlnnt1 1~~ ~- -=~~~lillili~~~~~~~~~~~i;~~~~:~mmi~mmm:i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"-~"OV:l·l'J~~c·,~•~on ~o ~in~ ...... -- .....-..- .. -~._...,..,.-t '"' ------: ..----- ...... ,...... f;; ~- -=-:~===~~:_;§~~~~~~=~~;~~~m~~m~~mrn~~ur~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~§_ :·.· mltl< ~=-., ______--=~~--=~~~~~§~~'.:~~~mimm1mmmm~~rnm~~~~~~~-=-·,...,. ____ r•"-oa--on-""""J'.J()~"~v~vu .. c..... no"'1'l""'l"'I." .. ""; ...... - .. __ ...... - ....~ .._,.,..,._-.~. ~:~ ,,.:i· ~--=== ~ -::_-:§~~~~~~~~~~~m~~~~i~g~m~~i~~~~~~g~; m;=~=:~~==-~~ 1a... ------...... ----'l"J"flO'"r"""~O'JJ\J'IC .. ':..O.J1') .. tJ(lo-'n'looJOV.JL1'"""" ...... __ ...... _ ...... __.~- rnl!" 11• ,_...... - ...... ,.. .. ., ... flQ/V~~ ...... ovOJ'lt'Oi .. c ....~ .... ~ ...... fl,\l"V .. 11.- .... .,_.. ______-t&#~ ...... 110. 11' ---~---•.--.-V•>< i;..-,.. ... -,,,.,,10roo""'"'M1or..•JO'Y1c>"\l'.J:>,)11 ...... ,,,Jl."IJ"'':i'-~-- .. -----~--- ll~ -.-<('~ .... r,(Jt111'lOOl'>~'l,,"'Vl)•lOIJ<>?J"COt'!C' o.1·;r"n...i----~""-""""~··- ...... 1" _____.....,U()_l)JflO ...... __ .,_ ...... \\4 11,. ______.._.._..,_..,.,u~....in ,..-,r..n'1J'l00"'""r;..,t-ot•1JU'l~Q~~o10 ...... -.- ...... ,...,..i.,0r.,:..,. .... _____ lt44~•s..,• 1:~ 11e --~-.o-·--- .,,,, ~ ----Greater than lo% :~~------4 to 9% .~"' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I·! Figure 10 Percent Slope Inventory Number 2 Areas marked show relative severity of slope. Each cell equals approximately 2.5 acres. Map area shown includes: T59-60N Rl2W Vertical scale 1 inch t:!. 1. 6 miles Horizontal scale 1 inch e:t 2.6 miles .,, , l•a ''' .. ontt,u•1~ .. ~ ... ,. ,,,~~n: .. ,t:~~OI'~ HlgU ~·· tuo•t &Uttf•tUll.IUtSUt~tlltUlffl'U~fUUt ..'IUfHUUtl~UOUUthlll ll ll I ti 11111111111 ~ ;;·~!tmt!~!imm'!mmm:m::m:;;;:;:;:mmmmm:::m:::~::!:l!:m:;:~:::~:m:i:::m:mm:mum: ::~ ]f:~; ~]§' ~~'~).i~~il~tJ~t~ fi: ::; • • .... ;::?.?: U••,a••IHf, .. lu*=••N u ""l•Mt••=••f;!•N• 1l•&bit11fH1 'I' m·~! • .:::::::::::! • ::: .m::::::::::::m ...... : •1tc-tt•··············~···· NW, North, NE, East }ji~~~~~~~~~~~~Hfr'------SE, West, Depre~sions ...... ~ .. u...... ,... . 1 ~! lliB.!~1mti~~:~ :~11~~lj::~tti~~!lj1i~1i1!1l1l1l~!l~!i11ii11rni1!1l1ll1111111~~~:q~~;;;~~~~..:~;;;;~-----.....---- F I at i ~ ~~r~~~~c ,, .... ~,,:::~ii~!~il!i~if.~i!i~!ii!!!!i!!i!!ii!l!i!!~iii!ii!!!ii!!ii!!~t~i ~ South, SW, Promintory m::gffi :· .:11inr:11~:1~m1rnmmmmmmmmmmmmmffif:~1mmmmr:mm m ::~ ::: ... : ,~::::::~::::!~::::::::::::::::::::::::::;:::::::n;:::::1:::::m1:!~:!:::1:t:m~ !~~ :~: • ::· .. ::::::::::::::::···:::::::::::::::::::::::::::!::::::::::m::::!:::::!:::;m:i~::::::;•:.t~:: ,,. ::~ ::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~:::::!::!::!!:!:~:::~::::;;!~:;:::::::m•, 1i4 1:~ """ ft••••••••••••••••••••u••••••••••~•••••••••••11••9ttut•11111outt•••utf•••••t••U•tl •••~ ftil :~ •t+!:::::::::.o:::~:::::::!:;::::::::: ... :::::::::::::::::::::::::~!!!!:~::&!;;:••.-• ..... :::::;:~~~ :;~ :i ~i::::::::::· ::::::::::::::::::::::::=:=::::::::::::::::::H:::::::!:::m::::::;:::;~~::~!:!:=:::: m IB ... ::i§ll~~~~~11~1i;::!i!~1;1~!1~11~~1§lljii1iiii11i11i11i11~r:11111111r:;:r:~!g11!r!ill~~~!11i~1~~ ;~i ....., ...... -tia:I••····~ ...... , •••••.••• " ...... , •• '"!••····· .. ···············--·••f•'"·············· ... ~··············,··•·•·fl••·•+lf•••···········•-"••J••·······t•••:•••''t ::i :::.;:::!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::;:::::::.H~:::::::::::::;::::::;:;:::::~:.:::::::::•·::::;:f=:t:::::::::::::::: ;:; ::; :~:!:::::::..-::-··::::!:::::::::;;::~:-:::;::::::::::::::::::!:!:!::::;::::::1:::;::::::;!:=::~::::::::;::;!:: ;.:1 .. ..,. ••••••••••• -... ··············-··········· .. ····•·••:t.••••••1'Sf••·······••hl••••l!•l4fff••••········•··· ...... •••••• '"" .. ~ ···~······-· ..,...... o... ••••• ,; ••• f'ltlt•••l•••••·····•lh'•••••eofit.w-~· !•., ..... - ...... :t.. ••······•••'Of··~······•··•••• ... i•.t•!oll•fh•·········•·+"• The next two figures relate to surface waters; Figure 12, Surface Hydrology and Figure 13, Watersheds. The data is generally self explanatory and was derived both from USGS quad data and DNR watershed data. These variables will be used extensively for recreation and aesthetic considerations, some of the wildlife analysis, mine facility siting, and environmental considerations. The last inventory map, Figure 14, is a composite map of surface hydrology and manmade features. The manmade features were primarily derived from the land use and transportation and utilities inventories. This map is useful in providing a visual representation of the starting point for developing a land use plan. "MINESITE" ANALYSIS PROCESS Once all the data is compiled and verified, the most difficult technical and coordinating effort is yet to come. The analysis that must be de'\reloped is an interdisciplinary model, which uses the computer as a mechanical tool to apply professional judgments through prescribed routines. The real advantage of the computer is that the analysis routines can be complex, they can be completed rapidly, and they can be adjusted quickly to fit actual field conditions. The accuracy of this approach is dependent upon.the reliability of data and the correctness of judgments and assumptions. It should always be kept in mind that the environment is a dynamic and ever changing system. The analysis is being developed by many resource specialists, including DNR employees, other state and federal agencies, several special consultants and environmental and mining people. The analysis is made up of three sequential steps, (Figure 15): x·egional assessment, land use plan, and project evaluation. The regional assessment phase is designed to evaluate "the state of the land" in the study area, and its capabilities. The assessment (Figure 16) involves taking the '"•' t '"t•QU .. q,1<•r&tf ••0•111..0U :c: \.l~TA I IU I lit . . ~mmmmmmmmnmmmmmmmmmmmm::m:!m!m!t!~~!!m!!!!IBmuimHmmumm Lake River Permanent Stream Intermittent·Stream Figure 12 Surface Hydrology Inventory Number 5 Marked areas indicate the existing surface hydrologic features. Each cell equals approximately 2.5 acres. Map area shown includes: T59-60N Rl2W Vertical scale 1 inch c::! 1. 6 miles Horizontal scale 1 inch ~ 2.6 miles iiiiiiiii!!!UiiiU!fiililiU!t!EUm:;::~::;:::r*H*!H~!~m~:i?!!!!!!f!!!~!~Hti!i!HH!:~~::!Uiifli!ilUl!llli .i--- First order stream Boundary of South Kawishiwi watershed Second order stream Third order stream order stream Figure 13 Watersheds Inventory Number 6 Marked areas indicate watershed boundaries and stream order. Each cell equals approximately 2.5 acres. Map area shown includes: T59-60N R12W 1 inch 1.6 miles 1 inch ~ 2.6 miles - Residential/Resort Urban Basin oad ailroad Figure 14 Surface Hydrology and Manmade Features Inventory Number 27 Marked areas indicate surface water and man-made features. Each cell equals approximately 2.5 acres. Map area shown includes: TS9-60N R12W Vertical scale 1 inch e::: 1. 6 miles """'u\•" ~ 2. 6 miles OJ " \I ll It~~ ' ' Horizontal scale 1 inch I J lll,l ti l~ OI I lUltOlllU U lll~IJIUllJlO •tu 10,oui11111t1 11u1u1111111n11u lllUllll.lllUOllolt . . . ·DAT A - . lR EG I 0 NA L ASSESSMENT IT AND . uSE . p LA ~~] /~ PROPOSED PROJECT FIGURE 15. MINESITE ANALYSIS SEQUENCE ENVIRONMENTAL LAND USE SENSITIVITY CAPABILITY ~ ORIGINAL DATA MI NE RA L RE S 0 UR C E MI NE S I T E POTENTI,~L F EA S I B I L I T Y FIGURE 16. REGIONAL ASSESSMENT original data and developing a series of environmental sensitivities, land use capabilities, feasible mine facility sites, and the mineral resource potential. Figures 17, 18,and 19. proyide more detailed information on the regional assessment. After completion of the assessment phase, the next step is to develop a land use plan (Figure 20). The plan attempts to minimize environ mental effects, land use conflicts, and ownership conflicts, while at the same time maximizing compatible land uses and providing for min.e site alternatives. Compatible land use is simply a table that compares existing or potential land uses in the study area. Land uses are rated as completely compatible, (they can occur simultaneously in the same unit of land), somewhat compatible, (they can occur together, ho'wever, conflicts do occasi.Onally arise), or incompatible. The environmental factors and land use factors will be grouped using degrees of shading. The darkest areas would result in the most environmental or land use damage, and the light areas the least damage. Those areas that will result in the least environmental and land use dam.age, and at the same time be feas_ible for mine facility sites, would then become mineral use alternatives in a land use plan. Additionally, the land use plan will contain the existing and best recreation areas, wildlife habitat, timber growth capability, and areas of high scenic and natural beauty. 111e last phase in the analysis is to evaluate proposed projects as shown schematically in Figure 21. Tiie project evaluation looks back at the land use plan and the resource assessment,along with the ownership patterns, compatible land uses, and the mineral resources. Data will be developed in this phase relating to the specific costs (environmental, land use, etc.), and benefits (compatible land uses and mineral resources), of a proposed pToject. This data will than be very useful when developing environmental Air 1. Air pollutant sensi ti vi ty 2. Noise and vibrations Water 1. Water availability 2. Discharges - surface and ground water impacts 3. Impact of level fluctuations 4. Sedimentation and critical slopes 5. Off-stream storage capabilities Land 1. Slope stability 2. Erosion potential 3. Revegetation potential 4. ·Runoff sensitivity 5. Subsidence 6. Accessibility Figure 17 Regional Assessment - Environmental Sensitivities Aesthetics 1. View analysis from major roads and navigable waterways, etc. 2. Recreational, historical and archeological sites 3. Aesthetic displacement including: land forms, virgin areas, etc. Recreation 1. Tent/trailer camping and picnicking 2. Spring trail system 3. Winter trail system 4. Canoeing recreation 5. Hunting and fishing 6. Existing recreation areas and recreation management plans Wildlife Hab:i. tat 1. Grouse habitat 2. Deer ha.bi tat (wildlife openings, conifer cover and deciduous feeding) 3. Wetland furbearer habitat 4. Warm and cold water fish and spawning areas Timber Production 1. Existing timber values 2. Timber site capability Figure 18 Regional Assessment - Land Use Capability Mine Facility Site Feasibility 1. Surface stockpile areas 2. Lean ore stockpile areas 3. Waste rock stockpile areas 4. Tailings basins 5. Water reservoirs 6. Beneficiation plants and auxiliary facilities 7. Mine and facility access Mineral Resource Potential 1. Highest open pit copper-nickel potential 2. Highest underground copper nickel potential 3. Open pit taconite potential 4. Underground taconite potential Figure 19 Regional Assessment - Mine Site Feasibility and Mineral Resource Potential E N V I R 0 N ME N T A L-1· ·1 · L A N D U S E EFFECTS CAPABILITY 'MINERAL RESOURCES ~ .....,. AND MI NE F AC I L I T Y · S I T E ALTERNATIVES 0 WN E RS HI P COMPP1TIBLE PATTERNS LAND USES FIGURE 20. lAND UsE PLAN MI NE RA L LA N D USE CONFLICTS ENVIRONMENTAL LAND USE EFFECTS CAPABILITY PROPOSED '-. PROJECT 0 WN E RS HI P LAND USE PATTERNS PLAN COMPATIBLE LA ·ND USES ~IGURE. . 21. EVALUATION OF PROPOSED PROJECTS impact statements and of particular aid in evaluating permit applications. "MINESITE" ANALYSIS EXAMPLES Although the analysis is not yet finalized, several examples can be used to illustrate some of the analysis techniques and how they are being used in the "MINESITE" project. The first example is one developed for the land.use composite, and in particular, recreation. The computer technique is called "SCORE",which overlays data variables using relative importance weights, and is illustrated in Figure 22. In this case, we located areas most suitable for family camping and picnicking. The recreation speci'alists felt the most important amenity was good access from nearby roads and closeness to surface waters for recreation purposes. Therefore, a road and stream proximity map was developed, using the surface hydrology and transportation and utilities inventories. Road and stream proximity was given the highest value, x3. The next two most important factors considered were soils, from an engineering standpoint, and vegetation as an amenity. Data levels were assigned a rating and the variables were weighted x2. The remaining inventories were all assigned rates and weighted the lowest value, Xl. The relative scores are then compiled, and each cell is assigned a potential value for family camping and picnicking. This map will then be used later as part of the recreation composite that was outlined in Figure 18. The next illustration,, Figure 23, is an environmental consideration, erosion potential, which uses a "FLOW" or Logic computer technique. This technique has an advantage over the previous SCORE technique because each path can be followed through the analysis precisely, and it is known exactly which combinations make up a final grouping. The exampl~ is designed to show which areas are highly erodable if the vegetation is removed or is non-existent. By following the extreme situations through the analysis chart, a steep slope, covered by a highly erodable soil on a southern exposure results in a severe SCORE= L Weight (Rate) EXAMPLE: FAMILY CAMPING AND PICNICING (V.45) FORMULA: SCORE (V.45) = l:: 3 (Road/Stream Proximity) + 2 (Soils) + 2 (Vegetation) + (Slope) + (Crown Density) + (Forest Size Classes) + (Forest Height Classes) + (Slope Orientation) I VMIABLE iUGHT SCORE @@ V.42) ROAD/STREAM PROXIMITY 3 80 V .10) SOILS 2 80 V.16) VEGETATION 2 8 Y_.02) SLOPE I 08 V.18) CROWN DENSITY 1 08 V.19) FOREST SIZE CLASSES 1 08 V.20) FOREST HEIGJIT 1 CLASSES 8 8 V,03) SLOPE 1 ORIENTATION 8 8 TOTAL SCORE V,45 FAMILY CAMP ING AND PICNICING Figure 22. Family Camping and Picnicking - Score Technique EXAMPLE: EROSION POTENTIAL (V. 25) V. 02) SLOPE V. 10) SOILS V. 03) ORIENTATION V. 25) EROSION POTENTIAL Figure 23. Erosion Potential - Logic Technique erosion potential, while a flat slope, regardless of the soils and orientation, results in no erosion potential. Other combinations fall some where in between, depending on the physical characteristics associated with each path. The results of this analysis are shown in Figure 24. This figure is a computer printout in which the darkest areas are the most severe erosion potential areas, and the open areas are either flat or surface waters. The third example uses the "SEARCH" computer technique. Figure 25 \ is the stream proximity map, which illustrates the shoreline within a quarter mile of lakes and streams. The darkest areas are areas in which land is within a quarter mile of both a lake and stream~ The next lighter are areas within a quarter mile of only a lake, and the third degree of sha- ding a~e areas within a quarter mile of a stream. In addition to the family camping and picnicking analysis that is shown in Figure 22, this analysis will be used for mine siting alternatives, aesthetic land use and fishing. With most programs, if shoreline data were to be used, it would have to be plotted as a separate inventory, whereas EPPL has the unique analysis capability to develop maps of this type. The "VIEW" analysis is another unique analytical technique with EPPL .. This analysis assesses what areas can be seen from navigable lakes and streams, asphalt roads, residential areas, and recreational cabins and resorts. Figure 26 is a computer printout of the visibility analysis. The darkest areas shown are seen the most, and as the shading becomes lighter, the cells are seen less and less. Open areas are not viewed, and the dots represent observer point locations. TI1is particular analysis will be used in the aesthetic com posite in the land use portion of the resource assessment, Figure 18. The southern area on the map is. a large lake that is not presently accessible. However, the aesthetic value still exists, and certainly the lake will eventually be accessible. -M.ajor Moderate Figure 24 Erosion Potential Created Vari ab le Number 25 This map shows the degree of erosion that could result if existing vegetation is removed. Dark areas represent the highest erosion potential. Each cell equals approximately 2. 5 acres. Map area shown includes: TS9-60N R12W .. Vertical scale 1 inch 1.6 miles ...... ·········· Horizontal scale 1 inch 2.6 miles . . - }a-# ~ "'j :f'*'11iVI ,._lil•lh' · l!:f"'" ~tt~m':imonf'<)·&~·M'i~t:J~tt•HMUhlfill!HeGfUUIHU~GHt!tUUhiOl•ia11euttODU#lllllOU!'>'l-totottt\,11111111ununu fl. MHHIMIO nuu ltfi;il'JUU)JU.liii/J)Uc\"'<\"••4Ut•1MUl~&<'M"64"'f11f'1nru'\t0.'1@Ui-&~fl.~&ttltt'TiM1fUffet 11\lll)llt t;I JS-,N>HTtl"t! !4<4'!-0 W:t.,};>h1t>'H&U•Q.;\ ttUUU!J1a-1'(lU;t.t.MJi'tlUJ>\UhttJIHUh111IU.\Jt.J..V1&U"674fUl1'UJfl~1114")H_. 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IJt J'li :it~1.,.,,,JfJJl#•Utlt,,.,,,.,,,, .. 4,.,,,,,,,,,itt~~ i'JJn,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .. .,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.~·•••••••••••••• 11• l>• f fi"T,,fitli~tl~i!IJ~illili~o•••••••••••••••••••••••''f\ ll~~~iu••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••"•"''•~·•• l'• 1111' f f~~lftffllitt•t1'f4tt t6Jiott~•••'''"'""''""'b'lf 'O~litlloo•~••,.tt1••••••••••"•'•••••••••••• ...... , , ... I"1·1 1·1 ,..::1 1"!... 1:• \.f n• ltl " "'Ill Ill" JI) ,;) II• !I• II> II• II' .J' llt :!-< 11' Ill ... '" ,,.IH ..."'\I> !l\ '" ll• .,. --"'.. ,,. ,,. i.l',.,"' .,. '"' i,I D4 i.: l•I 1I•'.. "" '" I"'" m "' I•'l•I ,1'1.. I" I .. I .. Figure 26 Visibility Analysis - Created !ii1:: ... I" l>I Variable Number 27 rn l>l ,.. Ill... 10 !H IH IU"' I" Areas marked indicate those which can be I .. l•I 1••l•I seen· from navigable waterways, main high lli I... .. I" ways and resort and urban locations. :;: ...'" ... I" ;;:m'" "'...10 ..... 1.. 10\ I .. Each cell equals approximately 2.5 acres. IU'" .....10 , Map area shown includes: T59-60N R12W "' '"...... "' Vertical scale 1 inch ~ 1. 6 miles Ill Horizontal scale 1 inch ~ 2.6 miles m "Ill m The last example illustrates the "PROCESS" technique of combining data from two inventory maps. Figure 27 shows the taconite resources in the pilot area. The darkest area shown is potential underground taconite resources and the medium shading is open pit reserves where two open pit mines are presently operating. Figure 28 illustrates the areas of highest potential for open pit and underground copper-nickel resources. This map is based on two criteria: state and federal leasing data and geology. In order for an area to be plotted as the highest potential, the underlying rock formation must be troctolite with small hornfels inclusions, and a company must have gone one step beyond the initial step of controlling the land. This would include holding a state lease more than five years when the rental rate increases, holding a federal lease, or having filed a preferential rights application for a federal lease. The darkest area again is shown as under ground potential and medium shading is open pit potential. It should be noted that unlike the taconite resource shown in Figure 27, the copper- nickel areas are only ,potential resources. Undoubtedly, all areas shown do not contain copper-nickel res-ources, and because of private holdings, some resources may not be indicated. We feel, however, that this map provides a good idea of potential c-mcl is useful for regional planning of this type. Figure 29 shows the taconite and copper-nickel maps superimposed. Obviously, there is potential for open pit and underground mining in the same units of land. This not only could result in some very interesting mining situations, but also some serious auxiliary land conflicts. .. ,. •JI.,, \\ l .. · '~r· • I It "'I"'""'-'\ m :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::it ....,.n-;.;;m------Underground taconi te resources m~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: m ::; ::::~:::: ::::: :: :: :: :::: ::::::: ::: :: :::::: :: :: :: ::: :;:::' ::: ~:; ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.::::: , ,,, r•• .,,,,,,.,, ...... 1••••••••••••••u••••t••t•••t11 ...... ,,.,.,,,,. ... •••::' ::~ ::::::::::::::::::::::~:::::::::;:m::::m::::m .:::::::::::::::: ::: ::t :::::::::::::::::::::::::;;mm:::mm:mm: .::::::::::::::::: ::~ ... , ''" ...... rU'•tlUUtuUthlU~h• .:::::::::::::;:::: t:! ::: ::::::::::::::::::::;;::::!::::!::::::!~::::::: .:::;:::::::::;::::: ::: ''"' ., .. , ... ••'• ...... 111.t?lttlf~t•• 'lt•ttt~tlttttal , •••., •• ,,,,, .. •••., •"' ~:: ~.: ••·:.·.·:.:.: :. ~:.:1;,t;:?.::!,;,::!,!: ::. :••~!.:E.· ~·•••• t::·. ::::::: :::::~: ::::::: ~: . . :::::::::::::::::::::: ::; ~m mmmmmrnmm~mrnmmmu1~1mnli: .:::::::::::::::::::::: ::! 1~~ immmmmg~;;mmmm;;:1:mmmmmm:mmn'mm :~j~~j~~~i~~~~~\;~~~~~;~;~~ ;;; · ~ti UttUt·••• z:;:m:iEm: !m; rnim .:.. !:.: :.= :.= :.: :.: ..1 .. :.= :.: :.: :.: ••=.l,'.;:. ~~·~: -:hu•ir~·tt:•·t·.:.t•'~!t4te :.:.~ :.:.~ :.~.~ :.~ :.~ ~.:.~ ~ :.~.~:.:~.: :.:.~:.= ':.~.: ~·1 titit'li+~,. .. ~t•••l"!'t"'~tt•ll•~ ...... ~ i~!;l'i~li~ir~~~~lllf11~1~:::,:::~11::1:·:.·:.:.,,:1:,.:· m ~ l~J~ii1i~~~~r.~~l:u:. .:!Iltiii!iiiiiiiiiiiH!iiiiii!Hi~ii ~~ :~: ~=::mmm::.i~::::m:::::m::mm~::mm~ nu~!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~~ 11 :11 lltlRIJ~~~!!~ ·:·~:•1•li•::::::::::111::1:1::::1::: Ii! 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Figure 27 Taconite Resources - Created l•I ,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,I .. ,,,,,, .. ,,, lll ''I::! t#•••'''''''''''''''''''''''"''''''''''''''''''''''"''''''''''''•••1•1••••1••••••••••••t•••ot•t••ot•111;;;;:;:::::;:;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: .. •••••1••0 .. 1• ::!ltl Variable Number 31 ,,, ...... , ...... , ...... tft .,...... , ••••••••••••••••••• , ...... u ...... ''" g! :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: m tt, ••••••••••'''"'•••••••••••••••••••••••''"'''''''''''''"''''''1t••"•lt0100100•1t1ooto1•11•••••••••••11• .. t••••••n••• lHI l•I, "'"''''''''''''''"''''''''"'"'''''''''•t•1l•O•l•l•••l•Hto•ottl•l•t111otll•ot .. to•o11oott••tlo1o•n100011001••tot1t l•t 1•1 ...... , ...... , ...... , •••••••• , ...... , ...... lfl Shaded area shows existing and potential ,., ...... ,.""'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"''''''"''' .. ''''"''' lf•t ::! ;::: ::: :: : : : : : : : : : :: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: :: :; :: :: : : : : : : ; : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ;: ::: ::: :: : : : : ::: ::: ::: :: : :: :::: ::: ::::: ~::::: I!! , ...... , •••••••••••••••••• , ...... , •••••• , ...... ,lttt• ''" I·~ o •••,. o t f • • t • • • • • 1 • • •"' f ••Io o O o t • • 0 of tfH 'It• If 11 U' o •I 01•1 tt If t I I fl I I I 1110111 ft t I I I I lot 111I!11 to' O O' II ti I ltt •••I lU 011 l•to taconite resources. I•, o 11 O .. of o • OIf I t • o of o 0I ' .. I I I I> 0 It 0 I o I O Of fl t 0I 0 0 I It I If O Io o o tot O o JI It Of 11 I 0I 0 I I 11 I 111 I 0 t It f I 0 I It 0 I It 0 f •\I It' t I It' O •If I II If I•~ '"' ••••••••·•••••••••••••••••••••••••••"•'''''"'"''''"'''''''''''''"''11111••••••1••••••••••••tt•'''''''''"''''''''''' It,. ! ~· fl I I I' t''' "''' 1' •' ''' '' f I'''•' t '' 1I I I' f OIO 0o• f O' O>Io oO I> I Io 11otrI1 IO 0H 11 t It I I IO 11t'II1 Io oO t I• HI ot I •O t I I I• I tt 11 il !l j ll lI l 1i11 I~ llit l~ li 1l11i1llli!l1l!i!1 ll ill! li l111~!l11li111111l!1~iiii1ilji!1!!!1111 il i l i ! ~ !i 1i!!1!1 !!i ~ i!i !l t!j 1i !!!11! ,Of•ttllO~~·~· 9~~· ~'~"''~~ .. ~· ·u•11r,~ ,.u.t11l-H ,,,, JllUtl"h •~1;1.-en~.;.;tdtdUOU4'flfO~~suo~-~... \U ~~~~1~ 111I1tll1l111 t I' It I\ I HHt\fll~'lllllll'tl1Ui0llUUJlHUJIHhHHHH.\Ut~ ... , ..... H."-~"u''""~•HU!lO~'IU9hn~rt·,.•.auu1t1tlilllll 11 HOJllltlf I )hU •• ., 11 )~l•P·'~. ,,.. ~. , ... ~ UHU '•"•IUUUUUUU\14'#0" )tUh'll I uot h '~', )\H '"I~ I~ j ,,~,'"•I t}•HI•?· ····•.•:"''t•I; ·' ~ ;; ;::: :;: . ;; ;:::: :.:;;;::: .:: ~:~:~:::~:·::::~:;:;~;;~::~;:::;;;:;:;:: 1 ::~:,::: :·:;;:::;:::::;:::;::'::::;: :;: \ :;l!!i: '.:' 1 1 1 'ii 11111 111111111 11111111111 111111111111111111111,,111li:i!i!l~'~"!llliilillll!!lllllll · ... .,.!llrl Potential Cu-Ni open pit resources m m "'.,, "'... ~~ ~ ~~: ::: .. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ 111111111 1111: 1:111111 11111111·111111111111·;·,il1i1!1!1!i!iil 1 ! ~ !11.. t.. !l""i ... 1;.,. ~·:_: ______p oten ti al Cu-Ni underground resources ~ ~:~ :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;::::::immmm:::m:m:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: m~~~:~~~~~:::~::~ ~~:~~:~:~~ ~ ~~~~~~~:~~~ ~~mmmmmrnmrm: ~~ ~ ~:~:: ~: ~ ~: ~ ~: ~~ :~:: ~::::: :~~:: ~:~~:: ~ ~ ~ ~: ~~~~ ~::: m ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::i:an~'t:;;:m::::::::::::::::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::mmumu1:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: m:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~::::::::::mmmmnn:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ... !;: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::mimmmm:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :~ :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::mt.!m.:mm:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ""' ...... ~t,tt?"ttfit~ ...... r-> ... ,,,,,,,,, ...... , •• ,,.,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,tlt~•Att\'t!l:Ht.l.,,,,,,,,, .• ,.,,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,.,,,,,,,,, •• ., •••••• ,,,,., .. ,,,,, ~•• ...... , ...... , ••••• , ••• ····':·•.. tt-t.l!tlt•1&t;ttai•t•'ll-'I·., ... , ...... , ••• ,, •••• ,., ••• , •• , •• , .. , ...... , ...... ~:: :::::::::::::::::::::::::=:~;;;;~::mmmm:r.::mk:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::E~i~~~mmmnEmmmu::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :~ ::~ :::::::::::::::::::::::::!;!;:m1mm::n:!::lm:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::~ :::::::::::::::::::::::::t;:.~mmmm:::::::m:m::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: '""' •••••·•••••••••••••••• .. ·!l!M?ltttll+&ll)ftllltftt!Ml•ttttf .. ,,.,,,,,,,,.,,,,,.., •• ,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,.,,,.,, ... ,.,,,,,,,,,,., ••, ...... , ...... ,fillH·UttJll"Mlf;;:tttWl•t.t&.tl'41,.t>ltoo••••••••••••oo ••••, .,., • .,, ••••••••••••••••••""''''''' .,,,, :v• ...... t-M•atv~••*-l«llf?l•fi = 11~ irn~~~~~:~~~~~i :~~~i~~~~~:~~~~~~~:~ :~~ ::~~nmE*!filfili~ffilm~:mimmw~~mm: !~~: :~i~~i ii!::~~! i:~~~: ~~ ~ ::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::m:::::::m::=m::::::::m::m:::m::m:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: CO I lt ••••••• .. ••• ... •, ••,. .... • • •• •• ••• • • • • "' ••ffJJ<:1ftf~tJlfJJAff:IJi~JOtil~~ll••~ttt;1if1'tJliG~i•t•,, • • • • •, • •, • ·, • • •.,. • • •,, • • ~i11 ...... , ...... ,.. Figure 28 Prime Copper-Nickel Potential ...'" Created Variable Number 30 1 Shaded areas show highest copper-nickel resource potential . II llll11l/llllllllllii11i!/lllllll/lllllll/llllllllllll!l!llllilllil![/ll/llil!ilillllllll!lllllillllllili/llllili !! ... ,,, ...... , .. , ...... ,...... 1•1 ,,.,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,.,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,., I'll ~m :::::::::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: i:: Each cell equals approximately 2.5 acres. ~ ~:: ~:~ :: : :::: ~: :: ~: :; : : : : ::: ~ :~: :: :: : :: ; : : : : ~::::::::::::: ~:::: ::::::::::::: :: : : : : : : ! :: : :~ :~ :: : : : : ! : ~: :! : :! : ~:: :: ::: ::: : : ~: l:; Map area shown includes: T59-60N R12W ~ Hi ~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ i~ ~~I;~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~i~i~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~! ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~i ~~~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~ n: ftl t•••••••••,.••••••'•"''"'''''''"'"'''''''"''''"''•''''''''''"'''''''"'''''''"'''''''''''''''''''''''"'''''"'''"''' '"'I m11lllj111111111ll:1:llljll:l111111:1l11:1l111l11i1ll1111ll11111lllllllllllllllllllllllll::l1:l:111il1l11lllilllllllll:1: m Vertical scale 1 inch 1:::t. 1. 6 miles m::::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: m Horizontal scale 1 inch ~ 2.6 miles 11I !! l i ! ill~ l! j ! 11 !l i l ~ !i ! 11!i1 l ~ il ~ !l l i: ll ! ~ il: ~ !! l~ ~ !! !l l ! ! ii!! 1ll l l ! l l l ! l i l [~ !11 i ! l~ i~ l ~ i lii~ ii!~! iii iii~ ii iii iii iii i~ i! ll 1 m~gi~i~~~~g ~il~~~~~ ~i~~~~ !gi ~~~~ !~;~~ !~~g g~;~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ !~ ~m ~~~ !!i~ ~g~~~ !~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~g~g ~; ~~~~~~g~ ~~~~~ g~g~g~ ~ g~~~~ m :::. ;J;;: ~·: .; .·,..,. ·'~ .m •.•,·.•th I :;;:;::::;:: i;:: ,;!;;:did i, :::~d~!:;:·:::::!i:E::b::m::::::m::: :::::;::i:::::::::::i:::. ::;i::i:: !! lHHEH ~~~l iiiiiii~iiii!!:!iiiiiiiiii:i\i~iiiiiiiiiii[iiiiiiiii!iiiiiii~iiiiiiiiiiiii~!~~000liiiiiiiiiiiiiii~ii!l !!! :;: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~:::::::::::::::::::::::u :::::;:;:::;::::::::::::;:::::::::: m ~j ~~...... ~ .. ----~~~~Underground taconite resources m m i:j·:.1:: :::... :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~!::::::mmmm...... :::m:n:i::tH!!iH~;:::mm:::::::.:::::::::-;w.;.;;.;;.;.;;...o.._ .. ______open p1• t t acon1· t e resources . :~i :::::::::::::::::::::::::;;i:t::mmm :f::::::::::::n::::iu::mm:::::::::::::::::: mi~1ii~~~)i~i~i1iimmimmm1mm1 1i11i111i;111111i1111m111111i1lii1~1i1jH11111 ::! ::: :: : : :.:~~::::~:;::::::::::::::::::: : :~:: ~: :: ;:~:~~:!~ t~~~ :~:i:: ~::::::: ~:: :::; ::: ::: j~~i ~i~~i~~~~~~ill~\l~l\(~~jj\~\ll~\:~mm: .. ,:mmm::m::~:'.;i\;iii\:~:i~:~~~jJ~!!~!!~!~\~U~H~jj)jj~\~ :~~ :mmm::::::m:~:mm:::::::;::emmmut!i:i!::::::i:::::::::::::::::::~~::i::::::::::::::::::::;:::::.: ••1 ,...~•••1ttH•••ll'•t .. •d•••O•thttt••ttM-t••••U~UtJt•f'·htf•ri•l•thlll 1 •1t•fi1f11u•1'H•••H••H••o•••••••••o••• :!~ :::=:::!t:::!:;::::::::!:::::::::::;~:::::::::::::::::::!::::::::::::::~:::~:;::::::::;!:::;::::::;::::::::;:::::::: ·•• ...... M•W"~ff••+••U·~•~1tc•Oh·tt • u• ~·t•DUUtiflH~U•t o-.H 1 t t•t '1 t I fu1•; H ,t l IH fU f ll ••, • ••,,,.,,,, •• •, •u•••, ••, 1 ·t~ 40\t(f4tt•l11 ... •t•ll<•tt•tt'••·•••••H·•CiOtU•1ttlll•tU-'''11' tlttlnt!Jt1: fl; 1Ph,1'H•l ,,,,,,.,, ,,,,., oH•t ''''"'''' otential Cu-Ni underground resources t•• ...tttM-f#•~'- .. ,. .... ~ ... " ..... ·n~· t: 11•,rfUUn•HUttU··t I ·u~·ih lt u Ht l • n•. •(. t t tHUI ...... H ...... '' ~6Q11ttt•11Tf.••"f~t'•'•• ••t•• .. ••tt'•:•tlJt11tti••Wftl•tfl•t••11•tHH'lr'"t1,•llhual&,,,,,.,0 ,,, .. ,.,,,,,,,._,,,., ''"P •&f~l1'ttl'P"l•1l\,.~ttt :h1•••H~••tf1UtU.lt•tttt•t·H•11t•lll1Uf1Ht'U1••ltHUHl,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,, • •• .....HiHf't~ .. ~ ...... ,..,.,. ·~·'. f···· .• I! ...... , .... t'P. ,, h h In •• ~ J t•tu' ·f• Ht Pl' ...... H .. . ::~ :m:Jmr:~:::!;;;~:~~;:::;~::::~::::nm::mmm:!if:~:!!!!i;t;;!!:!:::!::~;:::~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ·~) 1'tt~U4tt+•,,..,..-._ ...... ~;-~•t ·1 ! ::• .. , •·1:.•,ttt~,&t•tlU.tttt• rH h•hPtuO iH H,-rtt it t th•••.,,,,.,,,,••••,.,,, , 0 .. •••••, .... k-~t .. tti:f ··~··"•· 06 ·•;:.,..tl,tU.tOtetttMUttli•1+T:hotH1111luJ•it•rH·r•H,.,,.,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,., •• u ...... •&f~~\ ~~m~1ii!iiii\lilB~;;!;;;~;;ilii~;;~~G!l~llll!llU~!H!liiHHlil!lill!l!:-f;:;.~:~·n-;h:.:t•:•t:WltlthUUUIUtttHt•itUtltlt~:u;t:hnt:Hn 1 u~1~h.,.,,, ,,,,, .. ,,u ... , .. _. , 0 ::: ~~mmi~:~:;:;:;~~:;~:;:m.:::::m:::::m:::m::::::~;~l;;:;::;~:m:;~~~~~t::::::::::::::::: ...... ··········:: ::: ~!:t~ii;i:~~~=:~~ ~ ;:: ~:~:!:m:::::::m:m::::m:mm~i~~;;; ~; ;:~:n ~~ ;: :; ;: :: : : : : : : : : : :: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ! : : : : : ::: ~~;~~~~t~~ ~~;:::: ~~ ::~ :~:::::m::::m:m:~ :mmmt:; !i~~~ r~~~ !; ~~; t~!!: t::::::::: :: :: : : : : :: : : : : : : : : :: :: :: : :: :: : : : ~~~ :~;mt:~~:;;:~~:::m:::::::m:m::m:::m~f;~~~:~ui;;m:~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: .,. Potential Cu-Ni open pit resources :~i ~m~~m::m::mmmmmmmm!!i!H~it~!m!~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: i7~ ;~; ~~~~.:::::::::::m:m:::::::::::m::m:::::mt;~;~;w;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: '~?- ~A~itftftt1tt•fHU•ttfltttHHlftfJfl>ti4itffftttll::t;!if:.,,,,.,.., •• ,,.,,,.,,..,,.,., •• ,., ...... ,,,,,. j•I i~t.ffflttltttUt.ittff'f'lfl-ttttHlttfttU·itilU·tttft#t.,.::::hooo•••H••••••H••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• I'' l~· ~Mfffttttt•tttfttttttfitttttt•t!ifUtttt•ntntrtJtl:H-:,,,.,, •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ ...... 1·• ,,,. ~Hftllit-tllt1ttttlttttt.,,tt;1J:ttittllt6ftttHt1flt,JtJf~, ...... ,., ,.,, ...... , •• ,, •• ., ••••••••oo•oo•••·~•"••••• I•• !!: ~tl-l!'J'llftftfttftt•UtfH4~ffttllttttf.iflrt-Jttlttll1tt.,,,,.,.,,., ...... ,,.,,,,,,.,,.,,.,,,,., .. ,., •• ,,,,,,,.,H,._,. 01' ::~ :rJ:::m:m:m:::mmm::::::m::::::mm:m:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::~ !IJ ~t~ffilH·flftH·t•t :! 1;,·1111111111111111iiillili!lliiilliii'lilllill!!liiliiilliillillllil!ii!iliiliiilli!lliilillil!lllillllill ii Ill 1iii11 iii~ ii j1i1i1li1i:!i1: 1l:; ~ i: i1 i: ii li ~ii:: l: i: ii: iii: i: il ii: i\ i: iii ji: jiii liii! 1: !ii) i! ! ! i ! iii iii i ~ 1!ii li! ii) j1i)i1 !~! l!! ill jll lll ll ll 11l11l11 !: \ j ll l ! ill ll l: 1[l l l\ l 1 ll] [j j l \] \t l j] \j \ j l \ l l \ j t j l j j j \ j \ \ j j l j l l \ l \ l \ j j \ j j l \ \ j l j j j \ ! j j \ l\ l j j \j jj l 11! ttt •'''''"'*''"''"'''''''''''"''''''''''''''''''''"'''''''''"''•••1t1•l•10111•t•t•t•o111ou1101011111t10111•1t1••0•11~ ~ ~ 'H Figure 29 Mineral Resource Potential :a :::::::;::::::::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :n lfl ...... ,...... , ...... ,, ...... , ...... , •• , ••••••• "'"'''''~ ,,, Created Variable Number 32 ::: ::::;:;;;::::::::::::;;:::::::::::;;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: iH .,, ,, ...... , ...... , ...... ,_,,,,, }tJ ) ft O I" Io''"'' Hf" 1oloI''t10'' O"' O O I IO'•"'• I•'' If I• O 0 • f' O •'' O' o ••It I• 110 10O10 t tot o o 0 o I 111, 1u•1 U I' •t 0 •I Oh I II 111~111 It I } llJ 111110 ...... ''''''''''''''''''"''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"''''''''''"''''''''''"'''""''''''''''''''UI 1 ...... , •••• ,., ...... \•fllt 11'1 'o 01 rt I 110 I•• o •, o o" O O o t • t • • o • • • o t f o Ht• O Io'' O t Io•• o t I• o • • 1 o o Io I 0 O • 1011 to f o,. 010, t .. ' '1, Io\ 1111 Ht O o o t O o tt OI Io I Io"• ti lO l"\ !ft *""''"'''"''~''''''"'''''''''''''"''''''''''''''''''"'''''''''''""'''''''''''''''''1'''"'''''••toot11•1•h•Ht IAA Shaded areas show where the highest potential lH ~~~~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~Ii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i~ i~ ~ ~~ ~ i~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ i~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ m 1e1 ,,,.,,,,,,,,.,,, .. ,,,,,.,, •• ,..,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,..,,,,,,,,,,,,,,_.,1 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 ,,,.,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,"'"'' t,., exists for copper-nickel resources and lfl• ...... """"'""'"'''''''''"'""''"""''"'"""''""'""'"""""''''''''''"'' ... . ~:; :::::::::::::::::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: m taconite reserves. 1tf 0 •ff It I 11 '•I••' 0 I tf I'• 0 J 0 I' It' O' I I 0 t f I< 0' <'I j 1 t I If' t 0 • 110I1 0ot' I 0 t • 11111 O O• It I It• IO t 11 Ill Ot f 0 o0 .. n t I •1 Ol91" ~· • ···~· U I ,.,, ~!ii jjjj\\l\ij\jj\\jjjjjj\[jjj·\j\li!llj\iilll~llili1lil[lllii!iiiii1iliililiiiiliiiiiiiiliii1i1iiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiii11i1ill1 i~ Each cell equals approximately 2.5 acres. ~~1 ::: :: : :: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ~ :: :; : : : : : : : : : : : :: :: : : : : : : : :: :: : : : : : :: :: : : : : : :: :: : : : :: :: : : : : :::::: :::::: ::: ::: :: ::::: :::::: ;:: ::1 ::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::;::::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :;: Map area shown includes: TS9-60N R12W m:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: m ~~: :: :: :: : : : : : : :: ::: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: :: : : : : : : : :::: ::: :: : : : : :: :: : : : : : : : : :: ::: :: : ::: :: :::: :~::::: :: ::: :: :: ::~ ti• ••••••••••''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''•••••o•lttot•lt•••••1•••tt•••••o•••o tl·I Vertical scale 1 inch ~ 1. 6 miles H! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~; ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~; ~ ~ ~ ~ i~ ~ ~ ~ ;~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~i ;~~ ~~ ~; ~ ;; ;~~ ~;~ ~ ;~;~; ~ ~ ~~ ;~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ;~~ ;~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~i~ ;~~~ ;; ;~~~~ !! ~ Horizontal scale 1 inch ct 2 .6 miles \!! 1~1 \~ ~:1; \1\ )) ))\ ;~ 1) ~) ~ ~ ~: \j; >~ T~l !\ \/ 1~:: ~ :i: ;:; :\! ~ lH ;: l\Ul\:U ~:: j) :: ~ \\!: !! !1 njnn\;;rn; ~ \!'.~ '. Ill •• ,!.:._-. CONCLUSIONS As a result of recent land use and environmental laws, many new economic considerations have been introduced into most new develop ments:a.including mining. These laws address themselves to all phases of a mining operation and include such considerations as water and land pollution, noise, safety, etc. If potential conflicts between mining and environmental quality are to be resolved, early planning with substantial public involvement is a necessity. This means getting public participation into the planning procedure when there are still important decisions to be made. Past practices on the Mesabi Range have not always resulted in decisions that benefit the public. Stockpiles have been built that encroach on major highways and towns. Lakes on the range have been used as dump areas. And until fairly recently.frevegetation was not even a common practice for overburden materials. Minnesota has an opportunity to become involved in a truly unique planning experience. The Duluth Gabbro Complex is an important resource to the United States and to Minnesota. While at the same time, the area in which these resources are located is under growing pressures for alternative land uses and could involve several environmental considerations that have not previously been delt with in Minnesota. These land use and environmental questions must be resolved, and in a way that wi 11 benefit all involved, including the people of Minnesota. The "MINESITE" pilot project is an important first step in this planning sequence. The computer program being utilized, EPPL, is undoubtedly one of the finest comprehensive planning techniques available. The analysis procedure that is being developed includes resource assessment, a land use plan, and finally, a project evalu ation phase. Considerations in each phase include environmental factors, five land µse catagories, land use compatability, mineral resources, and mine siting alternatives. The "MINESITE" project is a regional plan. If individual projects are to be contemplated, a detailed environmental assessment will have to be.undertaken. Preplanning will be required,and alternatives should be developed as a part of that analysis. It is anticipated that the completed "MINESITE" study will serve as a valuable framework for copper-nickel planning in Northeastern Minnesota. FOOTNOTES 1. Burke, Jacquelyn M., and Fisher, Weston A. Realities of Recycling - Special Report to the 68th Session to the Legislature of Minnesota, Minn. Pollution Control Agency, January, 1973. 2. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Processes, Procedures, and Methods to Control Po 11 ution from Mining Activities_; U. S. Government Printing Office, October, 1973. I 3. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Inter-Agency Task Force Report on Base Metal Mining Impacts, January, 1973. · 4. Brice, William C., Possible Environmental Impact of Base Metal Mining in Minnesota, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, June, 1972. 5. Sims, P. K., "The Geology and Potential for Copper-Nickel Deposits in Northern Minnesota", Minnesota Geological Survey, from paper presented at Copper-Nickel Symposium, August 26, 1972. 6. Polygon Information Overlay System, Comprehensive Planning Organization, San Diego, Calif., September 15, 1971. 7. Robinette, Alan P., Computer Aided Planning for Outdoor Recreational · ·.Areas, Univ. of Minn., Center for Urban and 'Regional Affairs (CURA), 1972. 8. Sand, Paul, EPPL -2 : Environmental Planning Programming Language, Version Two, UniveTsity of Minnesota, Department of Landscape Architecture, 19.7 3.