Abstracts of Papers Presented at the

14th European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship ECIE 2019

Hosted By University of Peloponnese Kalamata, Greece

19-20 September 2019

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2 Contents

Paper Title Author(s) Page Guide no. no Preface x xviii Committee xi xix

Biographies xiii xxiii Keynote Outlines li Research papers lv The Innovation of a Hybrid Noor Abu Jbara and 1 1 Business Model for Social Geoffrey Darnton Enterprises Public Support Programs and Their Ali Ahmed Hasan Ahmed, 12 2 Impact on SMEs’ Growth Mukhtar Al- Hashimi and Allam Hamdan High-Technology Entrepreneurship Eman Ahmed and Rami 21 3 for High-Growth Innovation among Abu Wadi Entrepreneurs in Bahrain Financial Illiteracy and Noora Albastiki and Allam 28 3 Entrepreneurship Success: Hamdan Literature Review Evaluating the Impact of Social Shaikha Aldoseri, Muneer 32 4 CRM on SMEs’ Performance Al Mubarak and Said EL Hajjar The Impact of Viral Branding on Layla Faisal Alhalwachi, 41 5 SME's Brand recognition in the Allam Hamdan and Amani GCC Albinali Entrepreneurial Competencies and Mukhtar Alhashimi, Sameh 49 5 Firm Performance: Evidence from Reyad, Allam Hamdan, Bahrain Sherine Badawi, Abdalmuttaleb Al-Sartawi and Anjum Razzaque

i Paper Title Author(s) Page Guide no. no Entrepreneurship Education and Abdalmuttaleb M. A. 59 6 Country Competitiveness: Avenues Musleh Al-Sartawi, Sherine for Future Research in the Arab Badawi, Azzam Hanoon, Countries Allam Hamdan, Sameh Reyad and Anjum Razzaque Social Entrepreneurship as an Nurzhan Alzhanova and 66 7 Innovative Solution Mechanism of Aziza Sauirbayeva Social Problems in the Economy of Entrepreneurship: Does it Elevate Christina Appiah-Nimo, 72 8 Independence in a Developing Michael Adu Kwarteng, Economy? Daniel Ofori, Miloslava Chovancova The ScorX Story: Temporal Order Thomas Arctaedius and 80 9 of Actions in Early Phase Start-ups Andreas Nilsson

Change Management Aspects in Raluca Ardelean-Baidoc, 88 10 Developing the International Gabriel Oniga, Jörg Airport “Avram Iancu” Cluj Niemann, Adriana Sava and Adrian Pîslă How Constraints Influence Yuliya Asaturova and 95 11 Company Innovation Processes Tatiana Khvatova The role of job Enrichment on Sherine Badawi, Sameh M. 104 12 Employees’ Innovation in Services Reda Reyad, Mukhtar Al- Sector: Telecommunication Hashimi, Abdalmuttaleb Companies’ in Egypt Al-Sartawi, and Allam Hamdan Innovative Businesses in Russian Yulia Balycheva and 110 12 Science Cities Svetlana Samovoleva Challenges to the Ramika Bansi 117 13 Commercialization of University Innovation: A South African Study

ii Paper Title Author(s) Page Guide no. no Differences between Further and John Barker, Nick Clifton 124 14 Higher Education Enterprise and Gareth Loudon Education in South Wales Sustainable Innovation and Service Milton F. Barragán-Landy 132 15 Quality: An Integrated Overview and Fernando Romero Innovative Approaches in the Alexey Bataev, Lada 141 16 Financial Sphere: Assessment of Koroleva and Alexandr Digital Banks’ Performance Gorovoy Exploring the Contributing Factors Anji Ben Hamed Amara 151 17 in Changing Cash-flow Quadrant and Fatima Hamad Yaseen from Entrepreneurs’ Insight Motives, Perceptions and Greg Cameron Beyer 159 18 Incentives for Education, Training and Development Practitioners in South Africa Relationship of Gender, Age and Tiina Brandt 169 19 Personality on Entrepreneurial Attitude An Exploratory Study of the Role Anthony Buckley, Paul 177 20 and Contribution of University Maguire and David Knowledge Transfer Offices (KTOs) Gardiner in Knowledge Transfer and Value Creation Innovation and Intellectual Chitra Buckley and 188 21 Property: Creating Value and Roxanne Peters Cultural Currency in Fashion Products Measuring the Hoteliers’ Mark Anthony Camilleri 196 22 Interactive Engagement through Social Media

iii Paper Title Author(s) Page Guide no. no European Standardization of Jan-Patrick Cap, Fabian 205 23 Innovation Management: The Hinzmann, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sufficiency of the CEN/TS 16555 in Holger Kohl, Ronald Orth the 6th Generation of Innovation Management The Strategic-Value Network Angelo Cavallo, Antonio 214 24 Model for Entrepreneurial Ghezzi, Silvia Sanasi and Ecosystem Assessment Andrea Rangone The Impact of Significant Political Martin Cepel, Jaroslav 220 25 Factors on Starting a New Business Belas and Jan Dvorsky Does Entrepreneurship Education Edmond Çera and Gentjan 229 26 Impact Individuals’ Entrepreneurial Çera Propensity? A Pre- and Post- Program Setting Sustainable Development Gareth Huw Davies, 238 27 Legislation: The Case of the AgorIP Yvonne Jones, Mike Technology Transfer initiative Williams and Naomi Joyce Issues of Building a Digital Viktoriia A. Degtereva, 246 28 Economy in Modern Russia Maxim V. Ivanov and Anton A. Barabanov Drawing up an Optimal Investment Daniel S. Demidenko and 254 29 Program for Innovative Yulia A. Dubolazova Development of an Enterprise Analysis of the Capital Investments Daniel S. Demidenko and 260 30 Economic Efficiency of Innovative Ekaterina D. Malevskaia- Enterprises Malevich Flipping the Jigsaw Sunita Dewitt and Pete 265 31 McLuskie R&D and Profitability during the Panagiotis Dimitropoulos 273 32 Greek Crisis

iv Paper Title Author(s) Page Guide no. no Employees’ Motivation and Panagiotis Dimitropoulos, 280 33 Performance: Examining the Konstantinos Koronios and Impact of Ethical Values and Athanasios Kriemadis Emotional Intelligence of Employees in High-Tech Startup Companies Factors Driving Innovation Tenele Dlamini and Darelle 288 33 Strategies and Long-Term Groenewald Capability in the Financial Industry Developing International Tiit Elenurm 296 34 Networking Readiness for Innovative Entrepreneurship A Systematic Literature Review of Francesco Ferrati and 304 35 the Assessment Criteria Applied by Moreno Muffatto Equity Investors Innovation and Business Models Maria de Fátima Ferreiro 313 36 towards a Sustainable Food and Isabel Salavisa System Clustering as Knowledge and Mário Franco, Lurdes 319 37 Innovation Networks in Agro- Esteves and Margarida Industrial SMEs Rodrigues Entrepreneurship in Emerging Hasan Ghura, Arezou 327 38 Economies: The Role of Corruption Harraf and Allam Hamdan and Rule of Law Regulation of Meso Trajectories in Oleg Golichenko 336 39 the National Innovation System Innovative Ways of Financing Small Liudmila .A. Guzikova and 345 40 Business during Economic Crisis Valeriya .I. Shagun Entrepreneurship and Economic Allam Hamdan, Reem 350 41 Growth: Literature Review Khamis, Sameh Reyad, Sherine Badawi and Ahlam Hassan

v Paper Title Author(s) Page Guide no. no Literature Review: Impact Johanna Haunschild and 355 41 Assessment of Innovation Sara Tsog Networks Application Example: Assessment Fabian Hecklau, Florian 365 42 of the Technological Maturity of Kidschun, Markus Will, Brazilian Innovation Institutes Holger Kohl, Marcelo Fabricio Prim, Alberto Xavier Pavim and José Eduardo Oliveira Social Innovation and Crisis in Blanca Herrero de Egaña 372 43 : A Polyhedral Relationship Muñoz-Cobo Bench to Bedside: A Tool to Thomas Howson, Gareth 383 44 Support Life Science and Health Davies Naomi Joyce and Innovation Management Fern Davies Entrepreneurial Network Pathways Hao Huang, Li Zuo, 392 45 to Venture Growth: An fsQCA Guohong Wang and Lan Analysis Qin The Factors Affecting Enterprise Ghassan Husain, Allam 401 46 Startup: Proposed Research Hamdan, Abdalmuttaleb Al-Sartawi and Esra Al Dhaen Effects of a Japanese Business Yuko Inada 408 46 School Course on Entrepreneurial Competencies The Impact of Compliance Costs on Marina Ivanova and 417 47 Innovative Development Tamara Selentyeva Self-Driving Cars and Bárbara Jael, Manuel Au- 424 48 Considerations on Ethic: Where Yong-Oliveira and are we heading with Automation? Frederico Branco The Impact of Multidimensional Sanna Joensuu-Salo, 434 49 Ach on Entrepreneurial Intention Anmari Viljamaa and Elina Varamäki

vi Paper Title Author(s) Page Guide no. no Multicriteria Evaluation of Process Magdalena Jurczyk- 442 50 Innovation Variants in Bunkowska and Manufacturing System Przemysław Polak Development Environmental Awareness of the Vladimíra Jurišová 452 51 Zero Waste Concept and the Possibilities for Its Implementation within the CSR Strategy in Slovak Business Entities The Impact of Cooperation and Elsa Justino, Gina Santos, 460 52 I&D Research on Innovation in the Vanessa Marques and Healthcare Sector Carla Susana Marques Life Cycle Management Aspects in Lorand Kacso-Vidrean, 469 53 Eco-friendly Digitally Networked Ioana Gavrilei, Marinela Products Vartolomei, Dimitrios Karamousantas and Adrian Pîslă Innovation in the Agri-Food Sector: Dimitrios Kafetzopoulos, 480 55 The Case of the North Aegean Christina Sakali and Region Dimitrios Skalkos Classifying Entrepreneurial Alexandros Kakouris, 488 56 Conceptualizations through the Marianna Karagianni, ASKO Dialectical Approach Viviana Molina, Emma Fleck and Victoria Pekka- Economou Service Design Business Concepts Sangeeta Karmokar 498 57 for the Elderly: Design Thinking Approach Transformative Technologies and Sangeeta Karmokar 507 58 Social Change: An Introduction Digital Business Strategy and Fotis Kitsio and Maria 514 58 Information Systems Planning: Kamariotou Determinants of Success

vii Paper Title Author(s) Page Guide no. no Service Dominant Logic and Digital Fotis Kitsios and Maria 522 59 Innovation from Open Data: Kamariotou Exploring Challenges and Opportunities The Determinants of Banks’ Monika Klimontowicz and 530 60 Innovativeness Janina Harasim Beyond Digital Government: the Vicky Kolovou, 539 61 Role of Internal Marketing in Konstadinos Kutsikos, and Public Sector Innovation George Bithas Fuzzy-Multiple Approach to the Evgenii A. Konnikov, Olga 553 62 Analysis of the Investment Climate A. Konnikova and Nikita S. of Asia-Pacific Oil and Gas Market Lukashevich Innovation as a key Source of Vadim Krivorotov, Alexey 559 63 Company Competitiveness Kalina, Natalia Starodubets and Sergey Erypalov Creating a Market for eHealth Stefan Lagrosen, Anna- 566 64 Entrepreneurs Lena Nilsson and Lina Nilsson Waldorf Pedagogy as an Innovative Yvonne Lagrosen 572 65 Approach for School Health and Learning Assessing the Assessment Practices Kiefer Lee 581 66 in Entrepreneurship Education in Higher Education How Entrepreneurial Orientation Xiaoli Li, Guohong Wang 589 67 Affects Firm Performance? and Xuemei Liu Examining the Black Box through MASEM The Developmental Nature of Panagiotis Liargovas, 599 68 Greece's Tax System, a Key Pillar Nicolaos Apostolopoulos, for Improving Greek Zacharias Dermatis and Entrepreneurship Dimitrios Komninos

viii Paper Title Author(s) Page Guide no. no Corporate Social Responsibility Hellen López-Valladares, 612 68 Effects in Micro Entrepreneurship Manuel Díaz-Gamarra and Ventures Run by Women Jorge Mendoza

Volume 2 Startups in on the Internet Natalia Mańkowska 621 69 of Things Market: Development and Life Cycle The Impact of Environmental Carla Sunana Marques, 629 70 Benefits on Innovation in the Ana Pinto, Alexandra Healthcare Sector Braga and Gina Santos Identifying and Overcoming Adam Mazurkiewicz and 637 71 Technology Transfer Barriers at Beata Poteralska R&D Organisations Design Thinking pedagogy and Peter McLuskie and Sunita 648 72 enterprise education Dewitt Future-Proofing Students in Higher Thomas Menkhoff, Kan 657 73 Education with UAV Technology: A Siew Ning and Eugene KB KM Case Study Tan Evaluating Digital Transformation Dimitrios Mitroulis and 666 74 Strategies: A MCDA Analysis of Fotis Kitsios Greek Tourism Smes DICE Preconceptions Exploration Viviana Molina and Jorge 676 75 Card: a Tool to Avoid Maya Preconceptions among Students in Multidisciplinary Entrepreneurship Courses The Mindset of Eco and Social Christopher Moon, 685 76 Entrepreneurs: Piloting a New Andreas Walmsley and Measure of ‘Sustainability Nikolaos Apostolopoulos Mindset’ Development of an Integrative Mazanai Musara and 690 77 Business Model Innovation Cecile Nieuwenhuizen Framework

ix Paper Title Author(s) Page Guide no. no University Spin-off Firms and Razie Nejabat and Marina 699 78 Market Introduction of Sustainable van Geenhuizen Energy Inventions Innovative Behaviour Aspects Anna Németh 707 78 within the Circular Economy Generation Y Females in Ireland: Rebecca Nevins and 715 79 An Insight into a New Angela Hamouda Entrepreneurial Phenomenon How to increase Entrepreneurial John Nyamunda and Thea 723 80 Self—Efficacy using Critical Van Der Westhuizen Reflection Designing Innovative Business Celina M. Olszak 731 81 Models based on ICT The Entrepreneur in Crisis: A Adesuwa Omorede 739 81 Qualitative Lens on How Entrepreneurs Manage Failure Using Innovation Games to Assess Michael O’Sullivan and 748 82 Mass Customisation Potential from Con Sheahan the Fuzzy Front-End Effective Business Planning for George Papageorgiou, 758 83 Sustainable Urban Development: Corinne Petrakis, Natasa The Case of Active Mobility Ioannou and Despoina Zagarelou Determining the Factors Which Ruslan Pavlov 768 84 Deter the Development of Social Entrepreneurship in Russia Innovation as a Social Tor Helge Pedersen 774 85 Phenomenon: Exploring the Past of PSI Studies Social Entrepreneurship as Social Judita Peterlin 781 86 Innovation Management of Sustainable Development Global Goals

x Paper Title Author(s) Page Guide no. no Innovative Approach to Consumer Igor Piatrov and Alena 787 87 Segmentation in a Digital Age and Kusá Their Attitude to Environmental Issues Barriers to Technological Katarzyna Piwowar-Sulej, 794 88 Innovation for Small Local Izabela Kwil and Krzysztof Confectionery Companies Podsiadły Can Entrepreneurs Drive the Sergei Polbitsyn, Aleksei 803 89 Russian Economy into the Future? Kliuev and Aleksandr Iashin Research Schools and Stages of Evgeny V. Popov, Anna Y. 813 90 Social Entrepreneurship Veretennikova and Kseniya Development in the Global Space M. Kozinskaya Organisational Capabilities of an Beata Poteralska and 822 81 R&D Organisation: a Key Factor of Adam Mazurkiewicz Innovation Development University Engagement and Suteera Puangpronpitag 833 92 Knowledge-Based Entrepreneurship Development: An Empirical Study from a UK University A Case Study of Discontinuous Lan Qin, Guohong Wang 842 93 Innovation Events’ Impact on and Hao Huang Opportunity Recognition A Recipe for National Innovative CD Reddy 850 94 Entrepreneurial Activity: Finance and Industry with a Dose of Self- Confidence The Formation of Entrepreneurial Yevhen Revtiuk, and 861 94 Capital: Poland and Ukraine Joanna Malecka Compared

xi Paper Title Author(s) Page Guide no. no The Role of New Venture Skills Sameh Reyad, Sherine 870 95 Education on Entrepreneurship Badawi, Mukhtar Intentions of Accounting Students Alhashimi, Allam Hamdan, in Bahrain Abdalmuttaleb Al-Sartawi and Anjum Razzaque SoLoMo Marketing in the Eco- Monika Rezníčková and 877 96 Innovations of Business Entities Anna Zaušková Innovation Networks in the Social Satu Rinkinen 886 97 and Health Care Business: Capabilities, Challenges and Future Prospects Horizontal and Vertical Cultural Zoltan Rozsa, Zuzana 892 98 Differences in the Content of Virglerova and Anna Conflict Styles Kotaskova Emotional Intelligence of Agnieszka Rybowska 899 99 Managers as a Factor in Innovation in Shaping Customer Relations SME Internationalization in Vahid Jafari Sadeghi, Julie 908 100 Challenging Contexts Mallet, Antony Itayi Jongwe, Robert Brent Anderson4, Jean-Marie Nkongolo-Bakenda The Sandomierz Apple Trail as an Krzysztof Sala 917 101 Initiative to Stimulate Entrepreneurship and Innovation at the Local Level Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Silvia Sanasi, Angelo 927 102 the Scientific Method: A Critical Cavallo and Antonio Ghezzi Analysis of Five Experimental Approaches Enacting Business Model Change in Silvia Sanasi, Antonio 935 103 Digital Startups: An Exploratory Ghezzi, Angelo Cavallo and Multiple-Case Study Andrea Rangone

xii Paper Title Author(s) Page Guide no. no The Influence of Innovative Gina Santos, Carla Sunana 942 103 Behaviour and Entrepreneurial Marques, Vanessa skills on Agribusiness Marques and Luisa Organizational Performance Carvalho University-SME Relations: Needs Dmitry K. Shaytan and 952 104 Assessment and Feasibility Analysis Georgy D. Laptev of Crowd-Sourcing Practices Implementation

Managing Absorptive Capacity and Christopher Simms and 959 105 Open Innovation in a Low Joaquin Alegre Technology Industry Measuring the Information Viacheslav Sirotin and 967 106 Development and its Marina Arkhipova Differentiation in Modern Russia Value Co-creation Ecosystem for Aelita Skarzauskiene, 973 107 Decentralized Business Models Monika Maciuliene, Daniel Bar and Ornela Ramasauskaitė The Process of Business Model Tale Skjølsvik and Frida 980 108 Disruption in Knowledge-intensive Pemer Services: The Case of Legal Tech Cognitive Model of Organization Alexander Sergeevich 987 109 Activity in the Consulting Market Sokolitsyn, Maxim Vladimirovich Ivanov and Natalya Alexandrovna Sokolitsyna Success Dependency on Decision- Kirsti Sorama and Sanna 995 110 Making Logic and Available Joensuu-Salo Information The Analysis of Indicators Inese Spica, Baiba Berzina 1003 111 Characterising Innovations and and Ernests Spics Technological Business Environment in Latvia

xiii Paper Title Author(s) Page Guide no. no Specific Issues Faced by Romanian Gabriela Doina 1012 112 Family Businesses during the Stănciulescu, Cezar Scarlat Succession Process and Sorin Stroe Does the Location and Size of the Tanya Stanko, Elena 1022 113 University Affect Academic Chernyskova, Alexey Fundraising in Russia? Zheleznov, Sofya Chernogortseva and Svetlana Lavrova User Experience Design with Stefan Stumpp, Tobias 1031 114 Augmented Reality (AR) Knopf and Daniel Michelis The Influences of Social Media on Arun Sukumar, Zimu Xu 1040 115 Chinese Start-up Stage and Guannan Chen Entrepreneurship Kenotomy, the Domain of Creative Gheorghe Teodorescu 1048 116 Thinking Teaching Digital Innovation: Carolien van den Berg 1060 116 Collaboration between Students and Entrepreneurs Social Expat-Preneurs: Career Charles M. Vance 1068 117 Descriptions and Dynamics Raising Public Awareness of Eco- Martin Vanko and Anna 1075 118 innovations through Social Media Zaušková Knowledge Risk Management in Maxim Vlasov 1085 119 the Innovative Industrial Organizations Impact of Prior Experience of Guohong Wang, Xuemei 1092 120 Entrepreneur on Entrepreneurial Liu and Rui Xing Orientation of New Ventures Innovations in the Aquaculture Knut Ingar Westeren 1101 121 Sector: Theoretical Considerations and Case Study

xiv Paper Title Author(s) Page Guide no. no Augmented Reality Shopping Norman Wiebach and 1110 122 Services: Key Factors Affecting Hendrik Send Customer Evaluation and Acceptance Open Data as a Source of Product Jędrzej Wieczorkowski 1118 122 and Organizational Innovations Acceptance of Innovative Food Aleksandra Wilczyńska and 1128 123 Products and the Level of Joanna Newerli-Guz Neophobia Ingepreneurship: A Trust Ronald C. Williams 1134 124 Framework for Facilitating Urban Economic Growth and Socioeconomic Advancement Determinants of Business Growth Krzysztof Zięba and Jakub 1142 125 Aspirations among Polish Students: Golik An Empirical Analysis Phd Research Papers 1151 127 Rural and Urban Access to Growth Tore Frimanslund 1153 129 Capital: The Case of Norway What Does “Corporate Social Blanka Jarolimova and 1163 129 Responsibility” Mean in Taxation in Zuzana Tuckova Small Entrepreneurships? Unravelling Social Capital Value in Eryda Listyaningrum and 1170 130 Science Parks: Growth versus R&D Marina Van Geenhuizen orientation Competition Policies for the Alejandra Molina Osorio 1178 131 Internet Market in Colombia: and John Jairo García Impact in Entrepreneurship Rendón

xv Paper Title Author(s) Page Guide no. no Exploring the Role of Salma Nader and Hadia 1183 132 Entrepreneurship Education in Hamdy Influencing Cognitive Style and Subsequent Entrepreneurial Intention: A Qualitative Study in Egypt Corporate Social Responsibility Jaroslava Němcová and 1193 133 (CSR) as a Factor of the Sustainable Zuzana Tučková Development of Entrepreneurship Internal Crowdsourcing at SAP Jakob Pohlisch 1201 134 Sociotechnical Imaginaries and Moritz Philip Recke 1210 135 their Metrification that Shape Public Policy towards High-Growth Entrepreneurship in Hamburg, Masters Papers 1217 137 The Generation Transfer Process in Spyridon Chalis and 1219 139 the Greek Family Firms Ioannis Kinias Grow up to be Different: Firm Michal Jirásek and Mariko 1229 139 Responses to Performance Ueno Feedback over Their Life Cycle Non-Academic Paper 1235 141 Innovative Solutions in the Ports of Aleksandra Wilczyńska and 1237 143 the Baltic Sea for Development of Przemysław Wilczyński Small Cruise Ship Tourism Heritage Products Work in Progress Papers 1245 145 Connecting ASKO Beliefs and Domna Bousmpou, 1247 147 Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy with Alexandros Kakouris and Entrepreneurial Intention Vagis Samathrakis

xvi Paper Title Author(s) Page Guide no. no Cultural Influences on Emma Fleck, Alexandros 1250 148 Entrepreneurial Motivation and Kakouris, Doan Winkel Identity: Insights for Entrepreneurship Education Grit Tools for Entrepreneurial Liudmila Gapeyeva-Yukce 1255 148 Teams in the Conditions of Transition Economy: Case of IT Sector in The Attitude of Greek Students Stavroula Laspita and 1259 150 towards Entrepreneurship: Latest Katerina Sarri Data and Recommendations Parsing Out Innovative Mindsets: Nastaran Simarasl, Ashish 1265 150 The Role of Humility, Alertness and Hingle and Olukemi Networking Ability Sawyerr Abstracts Only 153

Reanimating Rural Areas after an Nikolaos Apostolopoulos, 155 Economic Shock: The Role of Rural Robert Newbery, Healthcare Entrepreneurial Menelaos Gkartzioz and Activities Sotiris Apostolopoulos How Innovation Management in Sami Kärnä 156 the University can Benefit from Digitalization Financing Digital Innovation for Danilo Piaggesi and Helena 157 Sustainable Development Landazuri Additional Materials 159 Participant List 161 Google Scholar The Importance of Paper 173 citations and Google Scholar About ACPI Confernces 175 Jotter Page Blank Paper for notes 183

xvii Preface These proceedings represent the work of contributors to the 14th European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship (ECIE 2019), hosted by University of Peloponnese, Kalamata, Greece on 19-20 September 2019. The Conference Chair is Professor Panagiotis Liargovas and the Programme Chair is Dr Alexandros Kakouris, both from University of Peloponnese, Greece.

ECIE is a well-established event on the academic research calendar and now in its 14th year, the key aim remains the opportunity for participants to share ideas and meet the people who hold them. The scope of papers will ensure an interesting two days. The subjects covered illustrate the wide range of topics that fall into this important and ever-growing area of research.

The opening keynote presentation is given by Professor Paul Jones, from Swansea University, UK on the topic of Exploring the impact of Entrepreneurship Education. The second day of the conference will open with an address by Professor Aggelos Kotios, University of Piraeus, Greece, on the subject Innovation and entrepreneurship during and after the Greek crisis.

With an initial submission of 277 abstracts, after the double blind, peer review process there are 138 Academic research papers, 8 PhD research papers, 2 Masters Research papers, 1 non-academic case study and 5 work-in-progress papers published in the Conference Proceedings. These papers represent research from Bahrain, China, Colombia, Cyprus, , Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, , Japan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, New Zealand, Norway, , Poland, , Romania, Russia, Singapore, , Solvenia, South Africa, Spain, , Switzerland, Thailand, The Netherlands, UAE, UK and USA.

The conference chair and the Programme chair are grateful to “The George and Victoria Karelias Foundation” and to “Costa Navarino” for generous donations which contributed in the conference activities and the overall hospitality.

We hope you enjoy the conference

Professor Panagiotis Liargovas University of Peloponnese Kalamata, Greece September 2019

xviii ECIE Committee

Conference Committee Iiris Aaltio, University of Jyväskylä, Finland; Prof Saber Abd-Allah, Beni Suef University, Egypt; Ms Noor Abu Jbara, Freelance Work, Jordan; Assc.Prof.Dr. Zafer Acar, Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey; Prof Małgorzata Adamska, Opole University of Technology, Polska; Jaione Aguirre, Tekniker Technological Centre, Spain; Dr. Hanadi Al-Mubaraki, Kuwait University, Kuwait; Dr Hamid Alalwany, Ithmaar Group/ UQ University/ Brunell University, UK; Dr. Laurice Alexandre Leclaire, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, ; Dr Jose Alvarez-Garcia, University of Extremadura, Spain; Athanasios Anastasiou, University of Peloponnese, Athens,, Greece; Dr. Rumen Andreev, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; Prof Georgios Andreiomenos, University of Peloponnese, Athens,, Greece; Dr. Zacharoula Andreopoulou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Dr. Christos Apostolakis, Bournemouth University, UK; Dr Nikolaos Apostolopoulos, University of Plymouth, United Kingdom; Dr. Talah Arabiat, Al Hussein Technical University, Jordan; Erik Arntsen, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway; Prof Lina Artemenko, National technical university of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Politechnical University"", Ukraine; Omid Askarzadeh, Polad Saab Shargh, Tehran, Iran; Dr. Manuel Au-Yong-Oliveira, GOVCOPP, Dept of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering & Tourism, University of Aveiro., Portugal; Dr. Claire Auplat, Imperial College Business School, London, UK; Dr Abu H Ayob, National University of Malaysia, Malaysia; Prof. Miroslav Baca, University of Zagreb, Varaždin, Croatia; Prof. Alina Badulescu, University of Oradea, Romania; Dr. Daniel Badulescu, University of Oradea, Romania; Dr. Afsaneh Bagheri, University of Tehran, Iran; Prof Yiannis Bakouros, University of Peloponnese, Athens,, Greece; Dr. S.R. Balasundaram, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India; Dr. Tabarak Ballal, The University of Reading, UK; Dr ing. Piotr Bębenek, Opole University of Technology, Poland; Prof. Sonia Ben Slimane, Novancia Business School, France; Dr Paulo Bento, CEMRI, Open University of Lisbon, Portugal; Prof. Cristin Bigan, Ecological University of Bucharest, Romania; Prof. Dr. Ferrucio Bilich, University of Aveiro, Portugal; Prof. Dr. Dietmar Boenke, Reutlingen University, Germany; Dr Frederico Branco, INESC TEC and University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Porugal; Tina Bratkovic, University of Primorska, Slovenia; Dr. Alexander Brem, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Fraser Bruce, University of Dundee, UK; Dr. Acma Bulent, Anadolu University, Turkey; Jeffrey Burke, National Pollution Prevention Roundtable, Washington DC, USA; Kevin Burt, University of Lincoln, UK; Francesca Maria Cesaroni, University of Urbino, Italy; Ph.D. Kuo-Sheng Cheng, National Cheng Kung University/Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taiwan; Mr Nicholas Corker, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, UK; Assistent professor PhD Cosmulese Cristina Gabriela, “Stefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, Romania, Romania; Prof. Costas N. Costa, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus; Prof. Teresa Costa, Instituto Polit cino de Set bal | Escola Superior de Ci ncias Empresariais, Portugal; Prof Renata Paola Dameri, University of Genova, Italy; Prof Ana Daniel, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal; Prof. Armando Carlos de Pina Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , ; Maria Chiara Demartini, University of Pavia, Italy; Dr Izabela Dembińska, Faculty of Management and Economics of Services, University of Szczecin, Poland; Carine Desleee, University of Lille 2- IMMD, France; xix Mr Paolo Di Muro, Politecnico di Milano, Italy; Dr. Mihaela Diaconu, The "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University, Romania; Prof Laura Diaconu Maxim, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Romania; Prof Anca Dodescu, University of Oradea, Romania; Prof. Dr. Michael Doellinger, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany; Dr Philip Dover, Babson College, USA; Dr Karolina Drela, University of Szczecin, Poland; Dr. Nelson Duarte, Porto Politechnic - School of Management and Technology, Portugal; Dr. Smile Dzisi, Koforidua Polytechnic, Ghana; Prof. Vasco Eiriz, University of Minho, Portugal; Dr. Hatem El-Gohary, Birmingham City University, UK; Dr Ramadan Elaiess, University of Benghazi, Libya; Dr. Scott Erickson, Ithaca College, USA; Dr. Mercy Escalante Ludena, USP, Brazil; Prof Panagiotis Evangelopoulos, University of Peloponnese, Athens,, Greece; Dr. Mahtab Farshchi, Kingston University, London, UK; Prof. Luis Fé De Pinho, Universidade Lusíada de Lisboa, Portugal; Prof Paula Fernandes, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança & UNIAG, Portugal; Prof. João Ferreira, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Prof. Maria Joao Ferreira, Departamento de inovação, Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal; Prof Maria Ferreiro, ISCTE-IUL, Portugal; Dr. Silvia Florea, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania; Dr. Heather Fulford, Aberdeen Business School, UK; Brendan Galbraith, University of Ulster, UK; Prof. Roberto Garelli, University of Genova, Italy; Prof. Alan Gillies, Hope Street Centre, Liverpool Science Park, UK; Dr Sayed Mahdi Golestan Hashemi, research Center for Creanovatology and Management Engineering , Iran; Prof. Oleg Golichenko, Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of Russian Academy of Science, Russia; Dr. Mario Gomez Aguirre, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Mexico; Dr Ramiro Gonçalves, INESC TEC and University of Trás-os- Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Porugal; Iwona Gorzeń-Mitka, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland; Dr. Elissaveta Gourova, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Bulgaria; Prof. Ken Grant, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada; Prof Grosu Veronica, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Roamania; Dr. Ebru Gunlu, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Business, Turkey; Dr. Liang Guo, Rouen Business School, Mont Saint Aignan, France; Prof. Jukka Hallikas, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland; Kaled Hameide, Montclair State university in New Jersey, USA; Prof. Antoine Harfouche, University of Tuscia, Italy; Dr Dale Heywood, University of Liverpool, UK; Dr. Jennifer Harrison, Southern Cross University, Australia; Prof Nola Hewitt-Dundas, Queen's University Belfast, UK; Dr. Rimante Hopeniene, Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania; John Howard, Public Health and Clinical Sciences, UK; Dr Karen Howells, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus; Prof. Paul Jones, Coventry University, UK; PhD Rajul Joshi, University of Technology Sydne, Australia; Dr. Magdalena Jurczyk-Bunkowska, Opole University of Technology, Poland; Dr Nowshade Kabir, Trouvus, Canada; Dr. Alexandros Kakouris, University of Athens, Greece; Dr. Yusniza Kamarulzaman, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Alfreda Kaminska, Warsaw Management University, Poland; Dr Selvi Kannan, Victoria University, Australia; Dr Sami Kärnä, Aalto University, Finland; Sabri Kaya, Kirikkale University, Turkey; Prof. Panayiotis Ketikidis, CITY College - International Faculty of the University of Sheffield, Greece; Dr Monika Klimontowicz, University of Economics in Katowice, Poland; Prof Jesuk Ko, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, Bolivia; Dr. Marko Kolakovic, Faculty of Economics & Business, Croatia; Dr. Sam Kongwa, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa; Dr. Renata Korsakiene, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania; Dr Ilker Kose, Istanbul Medipol UNiversity, Turkey; Prof Konstadinos Kutsikos, Business School, University of the Aegean,, Greece; Dr. Stefan Lagrosen, Linnaeus University, Sweden; Dr Jean Lai, Hong Kong xx Baptist University, Hong Kong; Dr. Jonathan Lean, University of Plymouth Business School, UK; Kiefer Lee, Sheffield Hallam University, UK; Eng. Ph.D. Anna Lemańska-Majdzik, Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Management, Poland; Prof Panagiotis Liargovas, University of Peloponnese, Athens,, Greece; Dr Andriew Lim, Hotelschool The Hague, Netherlands; Yipeng Liu, University of Mannheim, Germany; Dr. Joan Lockyer, Institute of Applied Entreprenruship, Coventry University, UK; Prof. Ilidio Lopes, Polythenic Institute of Santarém, Portugal; Prof. Sam Lubbe, NWU, South Africa; Phd María Luengo, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Spain; Dr Łukasz Mach, Opole University of Technology, Poland; Ass. Prof. Dr. Randa Mahasneh, The Hashemite University, Jordan; Dr Agnieszka Malkowska, Faculty of Management and Economics of Services of the University of Szczecin, Poland; Dr Arkadiusz Malkowski, Faculty of Economic, Poland; Dr. Maria Markatou, Technological Education Institute of Larissa, Greece; Prof. Carla Marques, University of Trás-os-Montes Alto Douro (UTAD), Portugal; Prof Ana Martins, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Prof Isabel Martins, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Portugal; Dr José Martins, INESC TEC and University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Porugal; Dr Łukasz Marzantowicz, SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Poland; Dr. Binoy Mathew, Visvesvaraya Technological University, India; Dr. Florinda Matos, ICAA - Intellectual Capital Association Accreditation, Portugal; Prof Rija Maurizio, University of Calabria, Italy; Dr Stephanos Mavromoustakos, University of Windsor, Canada; Dr Andrei Maxim, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Romania; Philip McClenaghan, Augsburg University, Germany; Mr. Mohd Shamsuri Md Saad, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia; Prof. Luis Mendes, Beira Interior University, Portugal; Prof. Hatem Mhenni, Ecole Supérieure de Commerce, Tunis, Tunisia; Dr Clemente Minonne, Institute for Innovation and Technology Management, Switzerland; Dr. Christopher J Moon, Middlesex University, UK; Dr Fernando Moreira, IJP, REMIT, University Portucalense, IEETA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Porugal; Dr. Rabeh Morrar, An-najah National University, Palestine; Isabel Mota, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Dr. Artie Ng, Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology, Toronto, Canada; Dr Tomasz Niedziółka, Warsaw School of Economics, Poland; Dr. Tomasz Norek, University of Szczeciny, Poland; Dr Melao Nuno, Polythecnic Institute of Viseu, Portugal; Dr. Noreen O'Shea, Novancia Business School, France; Dr. Maria Obeso, University of Cantabria, Spain; Alex Obuh, Delta State University, Nigeria; Prof. Jukka Ojasalo, Laurea University of Applied Sciences, Espoo, Finland; Dr Małgorzata Okręglicka, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland; Dr Siti Sarah Omar, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia; Prof. Abdelnaser Omran, School of Economics, Finance and Banking, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia; Dr. Shaun Pather, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Dr Researcher Kamal Chandra Paul, University Putra Malaysia(UPM), Malaysia; Dr Ruslan Pavlov, Central Economics and Mathematics Institute, Russia; Prof. Dr.. Elisabeth T. Pereira, University of Aveiro, Portugal; Prof Maryna Pichugina, National Technical University of Ukraine, Ukraine; Anna Pilkova, Comenius University in , Faculty of Management, Bratislava, Slovakia; Prof. Rui Pimenta, ESTSP- Instituto Politécnico Porto, Portugal; Prof. Dr. Ige Pirnar, Yasar University, Turkey; Prof Sergey Polbitsyn, Ural Federal University, Russia; Dr Daniel Politze, Zuehlke Engineering AG, Switzerland; DR. Malgorzata Porada-Rochon, University of Szczecin, Poland; Dr. Aneta Ptak-Chmielewska, Warsaw School of Economics, Poland; Dr. Jean-Michel Quentier, ESC-Bretange, Brest, France; Prof Agota Giedrė Raišienė, Mykolas Romeris xxi University, Lithuania; Prof. Marina Resta, Department of Economics, University of Genova , Italy; Prof. Ricardo Rodrigues, NECE / University of Beira Interior, Portugal; Dr. Jose Carlos Rodriguez, Economic and Business Research Institute, Mexico; Fernando Romero, University of Minho, Portugal; Prof. Paulo Rupino Cunha, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Mrs Michele Rusk, Northumbria University, UK; Dr Elpida , University of Western Macedonia,; Dr Navjot Sandhu, Birmingham City University, UK; Amitrajit Sarkar, Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology, New Zealand; Prof Alexios Savvides, University of Peloponnese, Athens,, Greece; Dr. Ousanee Sawagvudcharee, Liverpool John Moores University, Thailand; Simone Scagnelli, University of Turin, Torino, Italy; Prof. Dr. Cezar Scarlat, University "Politehnica" of Bucharest, Romania; Mark Schatten, University of Zagreb,Varaždin, Croatia; Dr Annalisa Sentuti, University of Urbino, Italy; Dr Ana María Serrano-Bedia, University of Cantabria, Spain; Dr Armin Shams, : University of Tehran and Sharif University, Iran; Eric Shiu, The University of Birmingham, UK; Prof. Sandra Silva, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Carmen Sirbu, Danubius University, Romania; Er. Manivannan Sivaperuman Kalairaj, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Prof. Aelita Skarzauskiene, Mykolas Romeris university, Lithuania; Prof. David Smith, Nottingham Trent University, UK; Dr Zdenek Smutny, University of Economics, Prague, Czech Republic; Assoc. Prof. Shahryar Sorooshian, University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia; Cristina Sousa, ISCTE-IUL, Portugal; Dr. Marzena Starnawska, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland; Prof. Dr. Rolandas Strazdas, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania; Dr. Ludmila Striukova, SKEMA Business School., France; Christy Suciu, Boise State University, USA; PhD Jukka Surakka, Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland; Prof Dindayal Swain, Institute of Management and Information Science, Bhubaneswar, India; Dr Marzena Szewczuk-Stępień, Opole University of Technology, Poland; Prof. Peter Teirlinck, Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Dr. Mangaleswaran Thampoe, Vauniya Campus of the University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka; Prof. Milan Todorovic, University Union Nikola Tesla, Serbia; Dr. Piotr Tomski, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland; Ana Trevino, ITESM , Mexico; Dr Blanka Tundys, University of Szczecin, Poland; Minna Tunkkari-Eskelinen, JAMK University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland; Prof. Dr. Lorraine Uhlaner, EDHEC Business School, France; Dr Anna Ujwary-Gil, Wyzsza Szkola Biznesu - National Louis University, Poland; Dr Maria Urbaniec, Departmet of Entrepreneurship and Innovation , Poland; Prof Tuna Uslu, Istanbul Gedik University, Occupational Health and Safety Program, Türkiye; Dr Younos Vaki Alroaia, Islamic Azad University, Iran; Armando Luis Vieira, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal; Prof. Filipa Vieira, University of Minho, Portugal; Dr. Marcia Villasana, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico; Bernard Vollmar, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany; Prof. Krzysztof Wach, Cracow University of Economics, Poland; Dr. Catherine Wang, Royal Holloway University of London , UK; Dr. Ismail Wekke, State College of Sorong, Indonesia; Mr Chizogam Wosu, University of Greenwich, UK; Fabiola Wust Zibetti, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil; Asst. Prof. Nurul Mohammad Zayed, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh; Dr. Krzysztof Zieba, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland; Dr Afonso Zinga, University of Coimbra, School of Economics, Portugal;

xxii Biographies

Conference and Programme Chairs

Panagiotis Liargovas is a professor of economics at the University of Peloponnese. He holds PhD in Economics from the Clark University, Worcester MA, and has also been a Fulbright Scholar, a Bakalas Foundation Scholar, a Teaching Assistant Scholar (Clark University) and a European Commission trainee (Brussels). He is former Head of the Parliamentary Budget Office at the Hellenic Parliament. He is currently director of the Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence at the University of Peloponnese and has also founded the “Sustainable Development and Entrepreneurship Laboratory” at the faculty of Economics. Professor Liargovas has authored a series of articles and books regarding the European integration and the role of Greece.

Alexandros Kakouris, MSc, PhD, PhD, is an adjunct lecturer in entrepreneurship and innovation at the Hellenic Open University and innovation consultant at the National Observatory of Athens. He is also postdoctoral researcher at the University of Peloponnese. He holds PhD in Physics, PhD in Entrepreneurship and a MSc in Adult Education. He has been involved in entrepreneurship since 2006 researching educational and learning issues. His special interests concern fostering entrepreneurship and innovation to science graduates and the support of youth entrepreneurship through teaching and counselling. He also specialises in nascent entrepreneurship, creativity, transformative and experiential learning.

Keynote Speakers Paul Jones is Professor of Entrepreneurship and Innovation at Swansea University. Professor Jones is an active researcher in the entrepreneurship discipline with over 260 research outputs including edited books, academic journals, book chapters and conference papers. Professor Jones has published research in information communication technology, entrepreneurship and small business management and entrepreneurship education. Professor Jones is Editor in Chief of the International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research and Associate Editor of the International Journal of Management Education. Professor Jones is a visiting Professor at Coventry University, Anglia Ruskin University, xxiii Manchester Metropolitan University and the University of South Wales. He is a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy.

Aggelos Kotios is a professor of International and European Economic Development and Rector at the University of Piraeus. He holds a PhD from Tübingen University in Germany and has published research on International and European Economics as well as European Integration. He has also served as a consultant for the Ministries of National Economy and of Foreign Affairs. Amongst others, his research interests focus on international relationships and investments, international trade and diplomacy, economic crises, Eurozone and Greek crises. In the context of entrepreneurship he has directed projects relevant to youth entrepreneurship (Youth in Action) and similar actions through Jean Monnet B.E.S.T., EuropeStARTs, YouthActiv and Universities4EU.

Mini Track Chairs Dr Haya Al-Dajani is Associate Professor in Entrepreneurship and leads the Responsible Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation Group (RESI) at the University of Plymouth. Haya also co-chairs the Gender and Enterprise Network. Her overall research focuses upon the intersectionality of gender, entrepreneurship and empowerment, and their collective impact on sustainable development.

Dr Nikolaos Apostolopoulos is a Lecturer in Entrepreneurship and Programme Leader in the MSc in Entrepreneurship at the University of Plymouth. Dr Apostolopoulos is researcher at the Responsible Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation research group of the Plymouth Business School. He holds a PhD in entrepreneurship and regional sustainable development in the European Union. He is co-editor in a collective volume in Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Development Goals.

Emma Fleck is an Associate Professor of Entrepreneurship at Susquehanna University, Pennsylvania, USA. She is an active researcher in her field, publishing in the areas of entrepreneurship and gender and entrepreneurship pedagogy. She is a reviewer for the International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship and the International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research. She is passionate about inter-

xxiv disciplinary teaching and the unique ways to engage students in entrepreneurial education. Consequently, she was recently chosen as a United States Association Small Business and Entrepreneurship Teaching and Learning scholar.

Stefan Lagrosen is a professor of business administration and director of the eHealth Institute at Linnaeus University, Sweden. His research has mainly concerned quality management, particularly in schools and healthcare as well as cultural aspects of quality management. In addition, he has researched work-related health and social media marketing as well as marketing and quality management in the health and fitness industry. He has published a large number of scientific articles and several books in those areas. He is also an experienced educator having taught courses on all levels from basic to doctoral.

Dr Robert Newbery is a Senior Lecturer in Enterprise and Innovation at Newcastle University and Head of the Marketing, Operations and Systems group at Newcastle University Business School. He has worked extensively in Asia, Africa, Europe and North America and has founded and run a number of entrepreneurial businesses having a PhD, MSc, MBA and BSc. Robert publishes on rural entrepreneurship within the developed and developing contexts and conducts consultancy to measure the impact of various entrepreneurial initiatives.

Victoria Pekka-Economou is a Professor in the Department of Business Administration at the University of Piraeus, Greece. She mainly teaches Microeconomics, Industrial Economics, Managerial Economics and Entrepreneurship. She is active in the European Erasmus-Socrates Programme and she has published more than 50 articles in journals, special issues and international conference proceedings.

Dr Andreas Walmsley is Associate Professor in Entrepreneurship at the University of Plymouth. Dr Walmsley’s research interests revolve around graduate entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship education and the relationship between entrepreneurship and responsibility. He is currently contributing to a European Regional Development Funded project that is looking at creating an eHealth ecosystem in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly.

xxv Biographies of Contributing Authors

Noor Abu Jbara is an Industrial Engineer, holds MSc Innovation and Entrepreneurship from the University of Warwick- UK. She is a Consultant, Coach and Researcher in Management Consultation and Entrepreneurship fields. Noor’s main research areas are entrepreneurship and women empowerment; her dissertation’s topic “Jordanian Women Empowerment through Entrepreneurship” and her paper’s topic “A Practical Approach for Measuring Women Empowerment”.

Noora Ahmad holds a B.s.c in Accounting from the University of Bahrain. Currently, she working as an educational specialist in the ministry of education and mainly she organizes academic programs for high school students. She is ambitious, driven and highly interested in entrepreneurship. Currently; she is an MBA student at Ahlia University – Bahrain.

Nurzhan Alzhanova is a Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor, Director of the Center for Social Entrepreneurship (Almaty Management University). Certified trainer in social journalism and investment analysis. Author of over 300 publications and tutorials "Project Analysis", "Financial Mathematics" and "Investment Design" (Kazakh, Russian languages). Graduate of "Bolashak" International Scholarship, Winner of the National Prize "Altyn Zhurek 2018".

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos is a Lecturer in Entrepreneurship and Programme Leader in the MSc in Entrepreneurship at the University of Plymouth. Dr Apostolopoulos is researcher at the Responsible Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation research group of the Plymouth Business School. He also acts as scientific adviser at the Labour Institute (INE-GSEE) in Greece

Christina Appiah-Nimo is a student at Tomas Bata University in Zlin pursuing a Ph.D. in Management and Economics. Her research interests include entrepreneurship management, marketing and firm performance.

Dr Thomas Arctaedius is affiliated professor in entrepreneurship at Royal College of Music in Stockholm, Sweden. He received his PhD in nuclear physics at Stockholm University 1989. His main research areas are early stage start-ups, musical entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education. He is also an experienced entrepreneur and has started several high-tech companies.

xxvi Yuliya Asaturova, PhD (Econ.), Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia. Currently employed as associate professor for Higher School of Economics and Engineering. Presently the research is focused on Financial management, innovative models, digital economy. Yuliya teaches Economics, Financial Management, Financial Analysis, Economics of enterprise.

Manuel Au-Yong-Oliveira PhD thesis on innovation was awarded a distinction (University of Porto, 2012). Manuel is an Assistant Professor at the University of Aveiro, and a researcher affiliated to GOVCOPP. Manuel is the Director of the Master's degree in Management; and is also a member of the Executive Committee of his department - DEGEIT – Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism; at the University of Aveiro. Manuel has over 200 academic publications.

Yulia Balycheva, PhD, is a senior research associate of the Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of RAS. Her research areas are the innovative behaviour of firms.

Ramika Bansi, recipient of the 2014 Howard Bremer Scholarship presented by AUTM, awarded to professionals bringing creativity and innovation to the technology transfer profession. Research focus: Management of Intellectual Property at Universities. Doctoral study concentrated on Technology Transfer & Commercialization. Present research on universities’ effort in increasing entrepreneurship. Current Position: Acting Director - Technology Transfer & Commercialization at DUT

John Barker Previous experience includes managing knowledge exchange and research activity between 3 start-up incubators at the University of the West of England. I am a published researcher in the field of widening participation and lifelong learning, and currently undertaking a PhD focused on innovation and entrepreneurship at Cardiff Metropolitan University.

Alexey Bataev is an associate professor of economics and information technologies at Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia. He received his PhD in technical sciences from St. Petersburg Polytechnic University in 1996. His main research areas are innovations, information technology management and cloud computing.

Anji Benhamed holds a PhD from University of Paris 13, Sorbonne, Paris City, in the area of Strategic Management and Entrepreneurship with a high level of distinction, currently a Director of MBA program, Director of Entrepreneurship

xxvii Center and assistant professor at Ahlia University Bahrain. A certified expert, coach-trainer, and mentor in entrepreneurship and SMEs strategies.

Greg Cameron Beyer is an academic researcher for Omni Academy for Education, Training and Development. He has authored and co-authored a number of papers on topics such as entrepreneurship, feminist studies, business leadership, and conflict resolution. He holds a B.A. from the University of Cape Town.

Domna Bousmpou is a postgraduate student at Alexander TEI of Thessaloniki, Greece. She works on her Master’s thesis focusing on the formation of entrepreneurial intention and its relevance to entrepreneurship education. Also she has been working in the private sector for the past 13 years as an assistant accountant.

Tiina Brandt is a research and innovation specialist and focus area leader of entrepreneurship at Tampere University of Applied Sciences. She received his PhD of Management at 2005. She has published 110 papers of the areas of leadership, teams, personality and entrepreneurship. She is working at international SME- networks and projects. She is interested of international cooperation especially in field of entrepreneurship and management both in research and development projects (e.g Horizon, Erasmus+).

Chitra Buckley is a Principal Lecturer in Entrepreneurship at London College of Fashion, University of the Arts, London. She received her M Phil from UAL on fashion innovation and team interaction in 2011. She is an Assessor for the Small Business Charter and an HE team coach. Her research interests are innovation, entrepreneurial leadership and strategy.

Dr Paul Anthony Buckley is the Assistant head, School of Marketing at the Technological University Dublin, Ireland. He holds a PhD in management from Lancaster University, a Post Graduate Certificate in 3rd level Learning and Teaching from DIT, a Master’s in Business Studies from University College Dublin (UCD) and a BSc (Management) and MA from Trinity College Dublin (TCD).

Mark Anthony Camilleri Dr is a senior lecturer in the Department of Corporate Communication at the University of Malta, MALTA. He finalised his PhD (Management) at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, where he was also nominated for his "Excellence in Teaching”. Dr Camilleri regularly participates in highly indexed conferences and has published his research in high impact, peer- reviewed journals.

xxviii Jan-Patrick-Cap head of Competence Center for Innovation Systems and Structures (CCIS) at Fraunhofer IPK, Berlin. Degrees in Mechanical Engineering from RWTH Aachen University and Tsinghua University Beijing, also Business Administration from Collège des Ingénieurs Paris. Experience includes set-up of innovation policies, planning and implementation of innovation parks and institutes throughout Europe, USA, Brazil, UAE and China. Board member of Global Benchmarking Network, an organization of Benchmarking professionals throughout the world.

Angelo Cavallo, PhD. Assistant Professor at Politecnico di Milano. Research areas include Strategic Management, Entrepreneurship and Digital Transformation. Research interests are focused in understanding how digital technologies as pervasive enablers are reshaping organizations, influencing innovation process, strategy-decision making and entrepreneurial process of both existing large organizations and new ventures. Author of journal articles (appearing in outlets such as Journal of Business Research, and the International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal), book chapters and conference proceedings.

Martin Cepel, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Faculty of Economics and Business at Pan-European University in Bratislava, Slovakia. His research and research activities focus on the quality of business environment for SMEs, entrepreneurial economics, business administration and financial risk management. He is the author of various scientific articles in international journals and proceedings of international scientific conferences.

Gentjan Çera is a PhD student in Economic Policy and Administration at Faculty of Management and Economics, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Czech Republic. He is an assistant professor at Faculty of Economics and Agribusiness, Agricultural University of Tirana. His current research interest includes business environment, entrepreneurship, and financial literacy.

Spyridon Chalis is postgraduate student in Business Administration of the University of Aegean, in Greece. His research interests are: Business Policy and Strategy, Entrepreneurship and Family Business Management.

Dr Fern Davies is a Lecturer at Swansea University in the Strategic Operations and Data Analytics subject group. She has a PhD in Business Management and a background of project management with industry. Her research and teaching interests surround the areas of Innovation Management, Networks, Clusters and Ecosystems and Knowledge Transfer, specifically in SMEs.

xxix Victoria Anatolyevna Degtereva is SPbSTU professor with a PhD in Economics. She is scientific supervisor of the master's program in Public administration "Organization of state and municipal administration". Her scientific interests are social and economic policy in the region, research on the problems of human capital development, mechanisms of state regulation of the economy, institutional aspects of financial regulation of innovations and innovative development of the economy, digitalization of public administration. She is the author of more than 70 scientific publications.

Dr Sunita Dewitt is Programme Director of MA Global Entrepreneurship at the International Centre for Transformational Entrepreneurship, Coventry University. Her research interests address transformational entrepreneurship, economic growth through entrepreneurship, female entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurship Education.

Manuel Díaz-Gamarra is a professor at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú PUCP. He is Master of Research in Management for ESAN Perú and PhD student for Universidad Complutense of Madrid in Spain. His area of interest are Strategy, Innovation and CSR.

Panagiotis Dimitropoulos Tenured Teaching Staff, Department of Sport Management, University of Peloponnese finance & accounting. Interests are financial accounting, bank financial management, sport financial management & accounting applications with econometric models & quantitative methods. Published research papers in international journals such as British Accounting Review, European Sport Management Quarterly, Journal of Economic Behaviour & Organization, Corporate Governance: An International Review, Journal of Financial Services Research and others.

Yulia A. Dubolazova Ms is an associate professor of economics at Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), Russia. She received his PhD in economics sciences from Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU) in 2019. Her main research areas are economics, management, accounting, financial and economical activity of enterprises.

Tiit Elenurm is entrepreneurship professor at the Estonian Business School, business angel and mentor for start-up entrepreneurs. Ph. D. in 1980 for the dissertation “Management of the Process of Implementation of New Organizational Structures”. Author of more than 130 research publications. Research interests include knowledge management, innovative entrepreneurship and cross-border networking.

xxx Francesco Ferrati is a PhD student in Management Engineering at the University of Padova, Italy. He holds a MS in Bioengineering. His research activity regards the identification of specific relationships between the attributes of a technology- driven startup and the investments raised along the business life-cycle.

Maria de Fátima Ferreiro, Professor at the Department of Political Economy (ISCTE-Lisbon University Institute) and researcher at Dinâmia'CET (ISCTE). Research and teaching interests in economics, territory and development studies, and social economy. Currently participating in research project on food system transitions in Lisbon Metropolitan Area, and social innovation in rural territories

Emma Fleck is an Associate Professor of Management at Susquehanna University, USA. She received her PhD from Ulster University in Northern Ireland and is the director of the Center for Economics, Business and Entrepreneurship Education. Her research focus lies in entrepreneurship education and gender and entrepreneurship.

Mário Franco is a Professor of Entrepreneurship and SME Administration at the Department of Management and Economics, Beira Interior University, Portugal. He received his PhD in Management from Beira Interior University in 2002. In 1997, he was a doctoral candidate and participated in the European Doctoral Programme in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management in Spain and Sweden. He is also a member of a Research Center (CEFAGE-UBI) and currently involved in several research projects on SMEs.

Tore Frimanslund is a research fellow at the Western Norway University of Applied Sciences in Sogndal, Norway. His PhD project focuses at the intersection between entrepreneurship, finance and regional development.

Liudmila Gapeyeva-Yukce is a research associate and a Ph.D. student at the Department of Strategic Management of the Martin Luther University Halle- Wittenberg, Germany. She received her Master degree in Business administration from Jönköping International Business School in Sweden. Her research interests are entrepreneurship development in transition economies, coping strategies in challenging entrepreneurial environment, corporate environmentalism.

Antonio Ghezzi, PhD. Professor of Strategy & Startups , Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering of Politecnico di Milano – Italy; Member of core faculty of MIP – Graduate School of Business, and Director of the Hi-tech Startups Observatory. Research fields are Strategic Management and Strategic Entrepreneurship applied to Digital industries, with focus on

xxxi business model design & innovation. Published refereed journal articles (appearing in Technological Forecasting and Social Change, International Journal of Management Reviews, Management Decision and R&D Management), books, book chapters and conference proceedings.

Hasan Ghura Dr is a Lecturer in Management and Marketing at Box Hill College Kuwait. He gained his PhD in Economics of Entrepreneurship from Brunel University London, and an MBA in Strategic Management from Kuwait Maastricht Business School. His research interests are focused on the link between entrepreneurship and economic development under institutional lenses.

Oleg Golichenko has a degree of Doctor of Economic Sciences. He is a chief research associate at the Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and a professor at the Physics and Technique Institute. His research interests are related to the investigation of innovation development and the design of public policy.

Darelle Groenewald Dr is a senior research fellow in the Department of Business Management at the University of Johannesburg. She is Group Administrative Manager at TOTALCARE. She has co-authored and authored several books, articles and conference papers in the field of business management and entrepreneurship. Her main research areas are corporate entrepreneurship, innovation and business management.

Liudmla A. Guzikova graduated applied mathematics department of the Leningrad State University. Now is a professor of the Higher Engineering and Economic School of Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, conducts classes on financial markets and financial institutions, supervises PhD students. Scientific interests - investigation and mathematical modelling of economic, financial and business systems.

Allam Hamdan: Professor of Accounting, Acting Dean of college of Business and Finance. Chairperson of Accounting and Economics Department, Ahlia University. He has many papers published in regional and international journals that discussed several accounting, financial and economic issues concerning the Arab world.

Angela Hamouda is a lecturer of Entrepreneurship, Creativity and Innovation. Her research interests include; entrepreneurship education, female entrepreneurship and enterprise support mechanisms. Her main objective is that of driving the entrepreneurship agenda. Her commitment to teaching excellence was rewarded

xxxii in being the winner of the prestigious international Innovation and Entrepreneurship Teaching Excellence Awards in Aveiro, Portugal (2018).

Janina Harasim is a Professor at University of Economics in Katowice, Department of Banking and Financial Markets. Her scientific interests focus on retail banking, competition on retail payment market (new entrants, FinTechs, regulations etc.) and diffusion of payment innovations. She is an author of over 140 scientific publications including 9 monographs. She conducted several payment surveys for payment industry in Poland.

Johanna Haunschild is a senior researcher at Fraunhofer IPK, Division Corporate Management since 2015. At Fraunhofer IPK she is involved in applied research projects, especially regarding the cooperation between Germany and Brazil.

Fabian Hecklau, M. Sc., studied industrial engineering at the Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg and started working in applied research at Fraunhofer IFF in Magdeburg. Since 2015, he works for Fraunhofer IPK in Berlin and is involved in international research and consulting projects in the field of strategic management of organizations and innovation institutions.

Blanca Herrero de Egaña holds a Phd. in Social Anthropology (2018). Her Phd. thesis "La innovación social en España: ejes vertebradores desde la Teoría Fundamentada” and her more than 25 years of professional experience in integral, sustainable and human development, makes her a reference in social innovation in Spain.

Thomas Howson is currently a third year PhD scholar and early career researcher at Swansea University Medical School, studying the commercialisation of healthcare innovation. Prior to undertaking his postgraduate research degree, Mr. Howson completed his Batchelor of Science (BSc) degree in the field of Biological and Medical Sciences at The University of Liverpool.

Hao Huang is a Ph.D candidate of management at Dalian University of Technology, China. He received his master degree in signal and information processing from Dalian University of Technology in 2013. He is a member of the International Association for Chinese Management Research (IACMR). His main research areas are entrepreneurship and venture growth.

Ghassan Husain is an MBA student in the College of Business and Finance, Ahlia University, Bahrain

xxxiii Yuko Inada is currently a PhD student and a lecturer of advanced management at Kwansei Gakuin University in Japan. She received international MBA in IE Business School in Spain. Her research interests include entrepreneurship education, collaborating learning, cross-cultural management, and EMI (English as a Medium of Instruction) in higher education.

Marina Ivanova Dr is an associate professor of public administration at Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia. She received her PhD in Economics in 2009. Her main research areas are government and civil service efficiency, regulatory impact assessment and administrative reforms.

Blanka Jarolimova Ing is a senior lecturer at Tomas Bata University in Zlin. She graduated from Technical University in Brno, majoring in Management and Economics in 1995. She studied at the Oxford University, UK, where she gained scholarship at ESCP-EAP. For many years, she is also a member of the Chamber of the Tax Advisers of the Czech Republic. Taxation is her main area of research and expertise.

Sanna Joensuu-Salo – Ph.D. (Corporate Communications) works as a principal lecturer in marketing in Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences. She has specialized in corporate communications, entrepreneurship and market orientation in the context of growth firms. Her publications have been accepted e.g. in Journal of Small Business Management, Education + Training and Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development.

Yvonne Jones is a Technology Transfer Officer with the AgorIP Project at Swansea University. She holds an MSc in Education for Sustainable Development and is therefore also responsible for delivering on project sustainability outputs. She has co-authored two papers relating to mapping of ERDF funded projects against sustainability metrics.

Vladimíra Jurišová Dr is a Head of Department of Marketing Communication at Faculty of Mass Media Communication, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Slovakia. She received her PhD in marketing communication in 2011. She is an organiser of many conferences (Design It, Marketing Identity). Her main research areas are visual identity, design, branding and partially zero waste concept.

Elsa Justino holds a PhD in Social Work by the Portuguese Catholic University. Professor at the Department of Economics, Sociology and Management at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), and also Administrator of

xxxiv UTAD. Researcher at the Center for Evaluation in Public Policy at the University of Lisbon.

Maria Kamariotou is researcher associate at the Department of Applied Informatics, School of Information Sciences, University of Macedonia, Greece. She graduated from the University of Macedonia with a degree in Applied Informatics Department. She is author and also acts as reviewer for scientific journals and conference proceedings.

Sangeeta Karmokar PhD Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Creative Technologies. Interested in fostering creative and critical thinking, providing design-thinking opportunities in building innovative and digital business models. Interest lies at intersection of entrepreneurship and design disciplines, especially social and women. Cross-disciplinary teaching/research provides opportunities and rich experience working in broader trans-disciplinary environments. Regularly contributed to various local community activities and community based projects.

Dr Sami Kärnä is working in Innovation Services at Aalto University. He is responsible for coordinating and planning innovation activities as well as managing and developing the digital invention process. He has worked enthusiastically with the various innovation commercialization projects - from ideas to impact.

Florian Kidschun, M.Sc. …started to work for Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK in Berlin in 2015. The research associate conducted international projects in the fields of strategic business development, benchmarking and competence management. The focus of his research lies on the digital transformation of organizations

Fotis Kitsios is Assistant Professor in Business Strategy and Innovation Management at the Department of Applied Informatics, School of Information Sciences, University of Macedonia, Greece. He has consulted several SMEs and has also been involved in the implementation and coordination of national and European research projects. His scientific research interests mainly focus on business strategy, service innovation management, information systems and digital transformation.

Monika Klimontowicz is an Assistant Professor at University of Economics in Katowice, Department of Banking and Financial Markets. Her scientific interests focus on business strategy, banking innovations, creating value for customers, knowledge and intellectual capital, and competition on banking market. She is an author of over 60 scientific publications including 5 monographs. The results of

xxxv her research are the topic of lectures delivered at the domestic and foreign universities in among others Finland, France, Spain, Portugal, Germany.

Tobias Knopf is Data Protection Manager at Anhalt University of Applied Sciences. In his master's studies in online communication he researched communication processes in organizations and gained practical experience in various companies in designing communication strategies. Since 2015 he has been working as a management consultant with a focus on digital communication.

Lucia Kohnová, PhD. She graduated from the Faculty of Management in Strategic Management. She continued as a PhD student at the Department of Strategy and Entrepreneurship, where she devoted her research on intellectual capital and innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises. In the field of expertise, she also deals with the balanced scorecard management system and project management.

Vasiliki (Vicky) Kolovou is an experienced public servant, specialized in human resources and internal marketing. She is currently commissioned at the Ministry of Finance, Greece. Vicky holds an MSc in Marketing from the University of Bradford, UK.

Evgenii Aleksandrovich Konnikov Has been working in St. Petersburg universities since 2014. Research interests: application of the fuzzy logic toolkit to the assessment of complex economic phenomena and systems. Author of 12 publications indexed in the Scopus database.

Alena Kusá is a university professor at Faculty of Mass Media Communication of University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Slovak Republic. She is the researcher of several international and domestic scientific projects and author of monographs, journal publications and university textbooks. Her research areas are marketing strategies, market analysis and consumer behaviour.

Stefan Lagrosen is a professor of business administration and director of the eHealth Institute at Linnaeus University, Sweden. His research mainly concerns quality management, particularly in schools and healthcare as well as work- related health. He has published widely in those areas. In addition, he is an experienced educator, teaching on all levels.

Dr Yvonne Lagrosen holds a PhD in quality management from Chalmers University of Technology in 2006. She is currently active as an associate professor of quality management at Mälardalen University, Sweden. Her main research interests are

xxxvi organizational learning and quality management – both values and practices related to health and fitness, education, creativity and entrepreneurship.

Kiefer Lee is Principal Lecturer in Marketing and Head of Teaching Quality and Enhancement at Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University. He is the lead author of Global Marketing Management (2005; 2009; 2012). His most current publications are in the areas of entrepreneurial learning and innovative learning, teaching and assessment practices in higher education.

Xiaoli Li is a full time PhD student in Dalian University of Technology, China. Her main research areas is entrepreneurial management.

Zuo Li is a professor of management at Dalian Minzu University, China. She received her PhD in technological economics and management from Dalian University of Technology. She is the dean of Institute of International Culture Exchange. Her main research areas are innovation, entrepreneurship, and high- tech industry.

Panagiotis Liargovas professor of economics, University of Peloponnese. PhD in Economics from Clark University, Worcester MA, and been Fulbright Scholar, Bakalas Foundation Scholar, Teaching Assistant Scholar (Clark University) and European Commission trainee (Brussels). Former Head of Parliamentary Budget Office at Hellenic Parliament. Currently director of Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence, University of Peloponnese. Founded “Sustainable Development and Entrepreneurship Laboratory”, Faculty of Economics. Authored a series of articles and books regarding the European integration and the role of Greece.

Eryda Listyaningrum has been working on her PhD research sing October 2016 at Delft University of Technology (The Netherlands). Prior to her current position, she has worked for Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education – The Republic of Indonesia for 8 years. Her main research areas are science and technology parks (STPs) and social capital.

Xuemei Liu is a Ph.D candidate in Dalian University of Technology, China. Her research interests include entrepreneurial cognition, entrepreneurial orientation.

Lukashevich Nikita Sergeevich Head of International Educational Programs in St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. Author of 7 publications indexed in the Scopus database

Julie Mallet obtained her master's degree in Entrepreneurship from Strasbourg Business School (France). After research in Peru on Collective Entrepreneurship in xxxvii Tambopata reserve she started in 2014 a PhD on the role of trust in collective strategies of Kanak fishermen in New Caledonia at Kingston University (London). In the field of Indigenous entrepreneurship her research aims to explore the dynamics between traditional practices and entrepreneurship development

Natalia Mańkowska is a assistant of professor. She works in Department of Information Systems in Faculty of Commodity Science and Entrepreneurship in Gdynia Maritime University. She received her PhD in economics from Gdansk University of Technology in 2017. Her main research areas are the electronic economy and the development of startups.

Carla S. E. Marques is Assistant Professor (w/Aggregation) at the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Portugal. Currently, she coordinates the ‘Innovation, Markets and Organization’ research group at UTAD’s Centre for Transdisciplinary Development Studies (CETRAD). Her research on innovation, entrepreneurship and development has been presented at numerous international conferences and journals. Her research interests include innovation, entrepreneurship, cooperation, networks and development.

Adam Mazurkiewicz, Prof. Eng., CEO – Institute for Sustainable Technologies - National Research Institute, Radom, Poland. Manager and expert in several dozen research projects in the areas of systems engineering, machine construction and maintenance, materials engineering, technology transfer, foresight. Expert in FP6, COST, Polish scientific committees and research groups. Head of strategic national and international programmes. Author and co-author of 340 publications including 22 monographs.

Thomas Menkhoff is Professor of Organisational Behavior & Human Resources (Education) at the Lee Kong Chian School of Business, Singapore Management University (SMU). Two of his edited publications are ‘Catalyst for Change – Chinese Business in Asia with Chay Yue Wah, Hans-Dieter Evers, and Hoon Chang Yau’ (Singapore: World Scientific) and ‘Governing and Managing Knowledge in Asia’ with Hans-Dieter Evers and Chay Yue Wah (Singapore: World Scientific). Email: [email protected].

Dimitris Mitroulis is researcher associate at the Department of Applied Informatics, School of Information Sciences, University of Macedonia, Greece. He is member of the Hellenic Operational Research Society. His scientific research interests mainly focus on strategic management and digital transformation.

Viviana Molina Osorio is a professor in the Business and Economics department of Univesidad Autonoma de Manizales, Colombia. She is a PhD candidate in xxxviii design and creation at Universidad de Caldas. She holds MBA in finance from Universidad EAFIT and BSc in Economics from Uneversidad Autonoma de Manizales. Her research focuses on design, entrepreneurship and complex artifacts.

Alejandra Molina Osorio, Professor in the Business and Economics department, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales – Colombia. Ph.D. student in economics from Universidad EAFIT Medellin-Colombia. She holds an MBA and undergraduate degree in Economics from Universidad Autónoma de Manizales. Her research interest revolves around industrial organization, microeconomics and development microeconomics.

Chris Moon is an ecopreneur and inventor of the patented award winning eco-bin made from recycled plastic. He was formerly head of sustainability at two companies; and divisional director of energy and sustainability for the UKs largest private firm of consulting engineers. Chris is a judge of the F Factor, the UKs premier entrepreneurship competition for 14-25 year olds; lead judge of the ECIE teaching excellence awards, and senior lecturer at Middlesex University.

Mazanai Musara is a Lecturer in Entrepreneurship at the University of Mpumalanga, South Africa. He is also a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Business Management at the University of Johannesburg. He holds an M.Com in Business Management, a B.Com Honours in Business Management and a B.Com Business Economics and Industrial Psychology.

Abdalmuttaleb M.A. Musleh Al-Sartawi Chairperson of accounting and economics department, Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Electronic Banking (IJEBank). He received his PhD in Accounting, from UBFS. He has chaired as well as served as a member in various editorial boards and technical committees in international refereed journals and conferences.

Salma Nader Abbass Hussein is an Assistant Lecturer in the field of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management at the German University in Cairo, Egypt. She has a ten years’ experience in the area of Innovation and Entrepreneurship which also constitute her main research interests.

Jaroslava Nemcova is a CSR passionate Head of Marketing and PhD student at Tomas Bata University. In her work at optics production company Meopta - opitka she focuses on brand, communication and CSR strategy and company culture. Her main research is focused on connections between how companies would like to be perceived and what projects are appropriate to help them achieve this goal.

xxxix Anna Németh is a first-year PhD student at Masaryk University, Czech Republic. She obtained her MSc in economics at the West-Hungarian University. Her research focuses on cross-cultural consumer behaviour in circular economy.

Professor Cecile Nieuwenhuizen is DHET-NRF SARChI Chair in Entrepreneurship Education at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. She has published 26 accredited articles, 50 conference papers with three Best Paper Awards. She has supervised six Doctorates and 18 Masters to graduation and has been an external examiner for 17 Doctorates and 27 Masters. In addition to her academic career she is involved in family businesses.

Andreas Nilsson received his doctorate degree from Stockholm University with a dissertation on IT Project Alignment. He has a background as a researcher and entrepreneur and has consequently throughout his career worked with applied research and its transfer into practice. He is currently head of Innovation at Intelleqt, a Stockholm based digital innovation firm he co-founded 2013.

Celina M. Olszak, Prof. Ph.D. is a dean of Faculty of Economics and a chair of the Department of Business Informatics. She is also a scholarship holder at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, German Academic Exchange Service at Trier University, and a fellowship at University of Technology, Sydney. Her research focuses on decision support systems, management information systems, business intelligence and big data.

Michael O’Sullivan is a PhD researcher for the EU Horizon 2020 project IBUS, which aims to bring manufacturing back to Europe by offering custom products that exploit digital fabrication technologies, as well as innovative supply chains and business models. With a background in product design, his current research is in new product development and mass customisation.

George Papageorgiou is a Professor in the Department of Management and Marketing, and a member of the EUC Research Centre. He holds a Ph.D. degree from the City University of London, a Masters degree in Business Administration from the University of Kent and a (First Class) Honours Bachelor of Engineering Degree from the City University of London.

Ruslan Pavlov is a senior researcher at the Central Economics and Mathematics Institute, and post graduated from the same institution. His research interests include the diversification of business within a context of the long waves theory; institutions of social entrepreneurship as factors of social innovations.

xl Dr Tor Helge Pedersen is an associate professor at Inland Business School, at Inland University College of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway. He received his PhD in political science from University of Tromsø in 2009. His main research areas are within public administration, organization and innovation.

Victoria Pekka-Economou is a Professor in the Department of Business Administration at the University of Piraeus, Greece. She mainly teaches Industrial Economics, Microeconomics, Managerial Economics and Entrepreneurship. She is active in the European Erasmus-Socrates Programme and she has published more than 50 articles in journals, special issues and international conference proceedings.

Judita Peterlin is assistant professor of management and organization at University of Ljubljana, School of Economics and Business. She received her PhD in management and organization from University of Ljubljana in 2014. She is author of several scientific monographs, chapters and papers. Her main research areas are sustainable leadership development, social innovation, and social entrepreneurship education.

Roxanne Peters Creative Rights Strategist with over 15 years’ experience, working internationally within cultural heritage sector and creative industries. Worked at V&A and at pan-European level for digital platform Europeana Foundation, cultivated relationships with artists, designers and institutions to digitise and license content for cultural and commercial exchange. UAL’s Intellectual Property Lecturer; enjoys using her practice-based knowledge to empower creatives, innovators and changemakers starting out in professional practice.

Danilo Piaggesi Global development manager with expertise in business, international development and non-for-profit sectors, focused on achieving economic growth, with 30+ years of experience managing large development projects, impact investments, fundraising and technical cooperation funds to promote ICT Innovation and Knowledge Economy for poverty reduction and social inclusion: (United Nations FAO, 1981-1991); (Telecom Italia/Telespazio, 1991- 1998); (European Union, 1997-1998); (Inter-American Development Bank, 1998- 2011); (Knowledge for Development, 2011 to present).

Igor Piatrov is a PhD candidate at Faculty of Mass Media Communication of University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Slovak Republic. He received master’s degree in marketing communication. During his PhD studies he is focusing on digital marketing, digital marketing communication and also consumer behaviour of connected consumers.

xli Krzysztof Podsiadły, PhD Student on the interdisciplinary course of the Department of Labour and Capital at Wrocław University of Economics, master’s degree in agricultural sciences, Senior Scientist in the Margin Management and De-complexity Team in one of the world's largest snacks companies. His research area is innovative projects, new technologies and project management in the confectionery industry with relations to changes on the labour market.

Jakob Pohlisch pursues a PhD at the Technical University Berlin. He is working on the project "Internal Crowdsourcing in Companies". His research focuses on open innovation, crowdsourcing and user innovation. He has published articles in high- ranking international journals such as Research Policy. Jakob holds a Master's degree in Statistics and a Bachelor's degree in Economics.

Przemysław Polak is a senior lecturer and a director of the Postgraduate Studies in Business Analysis in the Institute of Information Systems and Digital Economy at the Warsaw School of Economics. He is also an independent consultant in the field of information systems.

Sergei N. Polbitsyn Dr is the Professor of Innovation Management and Entrepreneurship at the Ural Federal University in Russia. His research interests include entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial ecosystems, innovation policies and systems, social and economic development of rural communities.

Beata Poteralska, Assoc Prof, head of the Innovation Strategies Centre in the Institute for Sustainable Technologies-National Research Institute in Radom, Poland. Involved in execution of ca 20 international projects (Horizon 2020, FP7, FP5, COST, ERASMUS+) and ca 40 national projects. Author and co-author of over 90 publications.

Suteera Puangpronpitag is an Assistant Professor of Economics from Mahasarakham Business School, Mahasarakham University, Thailand. Her area of expertise is business economics focusing on university engagement and its impacts on regional development. She is specialised in research into collaborative models for practical knowledge exchange, especially the Triple Helix model and the knowledge-based entrepreneurship.

Lan Qin is a PhD student in Institute of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, School of Economics and Management, Dalian University of Technology. Her research mainly focuses on the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and the subsequent new ventures growth.

xlii Moritz Philip Recke studied media technology at Hamburg University of Applied Sciences. He joined UNSW Business School in Sydney for entrepreneurship policy research and returned to Hamburg University of Applied Sciences for Next Media studies. For his PhD project, he focuses on entrepreneurial ecosystems, public policy agendas and sociotechnical imaginaries.

Colin Reddy teaches at Johannesburg Business School's Department of Business Management. PhD from University of Cape Town and research interest is at intersection of business and society, in which he is increasingly focusing on social entrepreneurship and societal inequality. Having worked in private sector for 20 years facilitates strategic planning, consults on enterprise development and coaches managers. At University of Johannesburg teaches management practice and research methods.

Yevhen Revtiuk, Doctor of science (Dr.hab) in Economics, adjunct professor of Poznan University of Technology (Poland), associate professor of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas (Ukraine). Author of the more than 70 publications (including three monographs). His research interest covers human capital management, knowledge management, energy policy in post-socialist countries

Sameh Reyad, Associate Professor, since 2015. Obtained his PhD in Accounting in 2008, he is a Certified Management Accountant (CMA) in March 2009. Had more than 24 years’ experience in the Academic Field. He has more than 20 papers published in regional and international Journals. An Editorial Board Member and Reviewer in many Journals.

Monika Rezníčková is a PhD student at the University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava. She is a member of Marketing Cabinet and also project team of the Scientific Grant Agency of Ministry of Education of Slovak Republic. Her main research areas are digital marketing, environmental management, social media, geolocation services and mobile devices.

Satu Rinkinen (D.Sc. (Tech.) Dr works as a Post-Doctoral Researcher at LUT University, LUT School of Engineering Science, department of Industrial Engineering and Management. Her research interests include innovation policy, regional innovation systems, innovation ecosystems and regional development. Her doctoral dissertation focused on innovation policy’s concept evolution and regional renewal.

xliii Fernando Romero is a lecturer and a researcher at the University of Minho, PT. He holds a Ph.D. in Science and Technology Studies from the University of Manchester. His main research interests are in the areas of innovation systems and innovation management, with a special interest in the relationships between university and society.

Agnieszka Rybowska is a professor in Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Quality Science at Gdynia Maritime University. She is interested in determinants of consumer behavior and sensory analysis. Author of monography “Stereotype as a behavior determinant of food products consumer”.

Silvia Sanasi is a Ph.D. Candidate in strategic management, innovation and entrepreneurship at the School of Management of Politecnico di Milano, where she also collaborates as a researcher in the Hi-Tech Startups and Startup Intelligence Observatories. Her research interests encompass experimentation in business model design, innovation, validation and scaling, as well as the strategic implications of innovation management.

Gina Santos holds a PhD in Management (UBI). She’s advisor at Rectors Office at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro. She has published articles in international journals and international conferences. Currently her research interests include entrepreneurship, innovation and university social responsibility.

Katerina Sarri, Professor is the Director of the Entrepreneurship Lab, University of Macedonia & National coordinator of the international research program GUESSS, has worked as a consultant for different organizations, has taught for almost thirty years courses in Management, Entrepreneurship & Innovation, has authored/coauthored numerous scientific papers, has more than 550 citations and 5 books.

Olukemi Sawyerr is Assistant VP for Academic Innovation and Professor of Strategy at Cal Poly Pomona. She supports the development and implementation of innovative curricula across the institution and oversees three centers. Her research interests focus on new technology startup firms; she has authored over forty journal publications and made over fifty conference presentations.

Hendrik Send Dr is professor at the HSA and project leader in the research area “Internet-enabled Innovation” at the Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society.

Dmitry K. Shaytan is co-founder of innovation Studio, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Economics, where he manages acceleration programs, and

xliv teaches entrepreneurial management courses. He is entrepreneur, founder and general manager of the innovation company “ETB” that designs software and hardware based innovative solutions. Educational background: MS in physics, and MBA.

Christopher Simms Dr is a Reader in Innovation Management and New Product Development at the University of Portsmouth. His areas of expertise are innovation management in low technology industries and non-assembly industries. He has been published in Research Policy, European Journal of Marketing and Marketing Theory.

Viacheslav Sirotin Occupation: professor, National Research University Higher School of Economics; Born: 1959 . Location: Moscow Country: Russia Education PhD, Academy of Anti-Aircraft Defense, Kharkov, Ukraine, 1990 CareerMilitary Service, 1981-2001; professor, Moscow State University of Economics, Statistics and Informatics, 2001-2008; professor, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, 2008.

Tale Skjølsvik is Professor of technology management. She develops and runs executive education on digital transformation, consults companies on strategy and digitalization and does extensive public speaking. Her research concentrates on the strategic management and digitalization of knowledge-intensive service firms. Her research has been published in a wide range of leading international journals.

Aelita Skaržauskienė is the scientific leader of a research programme for Social technologies at Mykolas Romeris University (MRU). Her research interests are in the application of new technologies in different fields of society, focusing on innovative co-creation approaches. Together with her scientific team Aelita has developed a unique methodology for monitoring collective intelligence (CI) in online communities called the CI Potential Index. From 2007-2008 she lead the Project for development of Self-managing teams in the European Parliament in Luxemburg and Brussels with the DEMOS Group Belgium.

Kirsti Sorama Dr is a principal lecturer of entrepreneurship at Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences, Finland. She received her PhD in Economics from University of Vaasa in 2008. Her main research areas are business growth and development, ownership transfers, strategic foresight, and network co-operation. She has worked as entrepreneur and business manager in many industries.

Inese Spica Dr is leading researcher, director at the scientific institution Business competence centre and professor at the ISMA University. She received her PhD in xlv economics sciences from University of Latvia in 2001. She is scientific editor of two scientific Journals, monograph and has been managed annual three international scientific practical conferences on business competences, on trade marketing, on business environment. Gabriela Doina Stănciulescu is a PhD student at Doctoral School of Entrepreneurship, Business Engineering and Management, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest. She has a Bachelor’s Degree in Electronics, Telecommunication and Information Technology and a Master’s Degree in Entrepreneurship, Business Engineering & Management, obtained within the same university.

Tanya Stanko Dr is a vice-rector for strategic development at National Technical University named after A.N.Tupolev, Russia. She received her PhD in computational aeroacoustics from University of Leeds in 2011. She works in academic leadership since 2013. Her main research areas are global trends in engineering education, talent education, and faculty development.

Natalia V. Starodubets - PhD, is Associate Professor of the Department of Economic Security of Production Complexes, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia. The topic of scientific research is circular economy, and its implementation in MSW management. Takes part in the work of dissertation council, head of editorial office of scientific journal Journal of Tax Reform.

Stefan Stumpp Dr. is a research assistant at the Anhalt University of Applied Sciences. His research focuses on participation in the internet, internet-based innovations and crowdsourcing. He is also an associate researcher at the Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society and a digital consultant at the Institute of Electronic Business (IEB) in Berlin.

George Teodorescu. Univ. Prof. Head of the International Institute for Integral Innovation. University .Professor for Integral Innovation , Head of Master Program.Author of Kenotomy International expert for Higher Education and Consulting in Integral Innovation. Innovation is Hope Projects for Creative Communities: India, South Africa, Peru, Namibia. Conceptualizer Think Tank moderator . Keynote speaker

Zuzana Tučková studied in the field of economics and business management at Tomas Bata University (TBU) in Zlín, Czech Republic, and has a PhD on The Economics and Management of Industrial Enterprises. Currently she is a recipient of a grant by the Programme EEA and Norway Grants nr. NF-CZ07-ICP-4-338-2016 about social entrepreneurship.

xlvi

Mariko Ueno is a Master level student at Masaryk University, in Brno, in the Czech Republic. Her main research interests are econometrics and challenging theoretical issues. Michal Jirásek is an assistant professor at Masaryk University, in Brno, in the Czech Republic. His main research interests are behavioral strategy and innovation management.

Carolien van den Berg Dr. Senior Lecturer in Information Systems, University of the Western Cape (UWC). PhD in Information Systems. Research and expertise include digital innovation, entrepreneurship, business development, digital strategy and innovative pedagogies. Previously served as Senior Manager in Management Consultancy that specialised in implementation of large technology transformation projects in Africa and Europe. Specialisation was designing and building systemically integrated organisation, work and people data architecture.

Thea Van Der Westhuizen Convener for Department of Higher Education and Training (EDHE) in South Africa. Founder of SHAPE (Shifting Hope, Activating Potential Entrepreneurship) which received international award at The Innovative Youth Incubator Awards (Washington DC,): International Director of Paddle for the Planet: flagship project of International Olympics Committee. International work experience and collaborations with Ambassadors, Municipality Managers, Sheikhs also CEOs of multi-national companies. Initiated, developed managed Tesen Tourism Planning and The Garden Route Tourism Academy. Senior Lecturer as programme manager for Self-Funding Teaching Programme’s Post Graduate Diploma.

Marina van Geenhuizen is Professor at TU Delft (NL), Faculty of Technology Policy and Management. Her research focusses on the knowledge economy (role of universities) and on sustainable development, specifically energy and healthcare. She is co-author of about 110 referenced articles and she is leading editor of nine international books.

Charles M. Vance Dr is a professor at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, where he teaches at graduate and undergraduate levels in various subjects including international human resources, career management, and performance management. Vance is the author of over 90 scholarly publications and three books, including Managing a Global Workforce, 3nd edition (Routledge).

Martin Vanko is a PhD student at the University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava. His main research areas are social media and social network sites, focusing on presentation of eco-innovations and environmental issues in online

xlvii environment. He is a head of Social/Mobile Media Cabinet Practicum (SOMO), through which he covers faculty's social network sites.

Anna Y. Veretennikova In 2008 the author graduated from the Ural State Technical University with the specialty "Management of Innovations" (Russia, Yekaterinburg). After that she took postgraduate studies. In 2013 Anna received a degree in Economics. The subject of the thesis was « Institutional design of knowledge generation on the enterprises». Nowadays Anna conducts research in institutional economics in the sector of public goods and innovations.

Zuzana Virglerova is an assistant professor at the Faculty of Management and Economics, Center for Applied Economic Research at Tomas Bata University in Zlín. Her research field is business environment of small and medium enterprises, especially risk management. She has published articles in proceedings of scientific conferences and in international reviewed journals. She is a director of the editorial office of the Journal of Competitiveness.

Maxim Vlasov Serious science worker of Institute of Economics, the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and associate professor of the Chair of Economics, Finance and Management, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin. Maxim Vlasov investigate the problems of institutional and knowledge economics modeling.

Guohong Wang is a professor of management at Dalian University of Technology, China. He received his PhD in technology economics and management from Dalian University of Technology. He is the director of Institute of Innovation and Entrepreneurship. His main research areas are innovation, entrepreneurship, and high-tech enterprise growth.

Knut Ingar Westeren has been a Professor of Economics at Nord University in Norway since 2001. He teaches knowledge management, knowledge and competitiveness and public economics at Nord University. He has numerous books and publications dealing with aspects of knowledge and competitiveness, the public sector and regional development.

Norman Wiebach is research assistant at the Anhalt University of Applied Sciences and PhD student at the University of the Arts in Berlin with a research focus on digital innovations.

Jędrzej Wieczorkowski is an assistant professor in the Institute of Information Systems and Digital Economy at the SGH Warsaw School of Economics (Poland). He is also an independent IT project consultant and an expert evaluating such xlviii projects. His research interests include big data, e-government as well as the economic and social consequences of their application.

Aleksandra Wilczyńska, Associate Professor, lecturer at Gdynia Maritime University, Department of Commodity Science and Quality Management. Science degree from Krakow University of Economy with speciality in quality of food stuff. Has been conducting various research and projects related to quality of food products and raw materials and pro-ecological activities in communes of Pomerania province. Recently involved in projects concerning development of Baltic Sea Region, especially culinary heritage of those countries,as well as development Small Cruise Ship heritage.

Przemysław Wilczyński, Dsc. Eng, Master Mariner, is currently working as a lecturer at Gdynia Maritime University, Department of Navigation. He has been conducting various research and projects related to the sea transport of liquid cargo in bulk, oil spill simulations & environment protection. Recently he has involved also in projects concerning the development of the Baltic Sea Region, especially the development of Small Cruise Ship.

Ron Williams, Dr the former interim dean of Coppin State University College of Business in Baltimore, Maryland, USA, received his PhD in management from George Washington University in 1997. He has authored articles on entrepreneurship, technology adoption, and is the principle investigator studying evaluability and economic impact of a 34,000 square feet makerspace in Baltimore.

Zimu Xu is a Research Assistant and a PhD candidate at the International Centre of Transformational Entrepreneurship at Coventry University. Zimu’s PhD project looks at business growth and role of entrepreneurial ecosystems with particular focus on the UK digital gaming industry. Zimu is also interested in the broad topic of creative and technology-intensive industry.

Anna Zaušková is a professor at UCM in Trnava. She focuses her research and publishing activities on the field of innovation and project management, where she specializes mainly in innovative and eco-innovative potential and performance, the use of crossline communication tools in innovative and eco- innovative processes, innovation projects, partnerships and industrial clusters.

Krzysztof Zięba, PhD, DSc, works as a professor for the Department of Entrepreneurship and Business Law at Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland. His teaching interests are focused on broad aspects of economics while major xlix scientific interests include nascent entrepreneurship, family business, as well as small and medium firms

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Keynote Outlines

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lii Keynote Outlines The following are outlines for the Keynote Speeches which will take place at ECIE 2019.

Evaluating the outcomes of Entrepreneurship Education

Prof Paul Jones Swansea University, UK

This talk evaluates career impact of entrepreneurship education (EE) considering evidence drawn from a qualitative study of alumni within three UK higher education institutions from a retrospective perspective. This study is of relevance to both enterprise support agencies and government policy makers. The evidence indicates that EE programmes provide value both in terms of helping to enable business start-ups and in supporting alternative career paths, through the enterprising knowledge and skill sets graduates acquire during their studies. This study contributes to the literature by assessing these contributions. This evidence informs course design and policy makers regarding the value of EE in creating self- employment and enterprising employees.

Innovation and entrepreneurship during and after the Greek crisis

Prof Aggelos Kotios, The University of Piraeus

Innovation and entrepreneurship are embedded phenomena in the socioeconomic environment. Relevant funding and investments, institutions, regulations, demographic changes and the overall stability and competitiveness of the economy determine the business environment where existing firms and start- ups are asked to operate. The Greek economic environment has been impeded by the Greek debt crisis and austerity measures during the last ten years. The keynote speech of Professor Kotios addresses how entrepreneurship and innovation in Greece have been influenced by the Greek financial crisis. Not only evolution of these phenomena during the Greek memoranda (2010-2018), but also their current and future state is discussed.

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Research Paper Abstracts

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lvi The Innovation of a Hybrid Business Model for Social Enterprises Noor Abu Jbara and Geoffrey Darnton University of Warwick, Coventry, UK DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.264

Abstract: Social entrepreneurship is an emerging entrepreneurial concept accompanied by an increase in the social driven enterprises, in addition to the lack of commercial enterprises, which meet the social needs for individuals and community. Social enterprise legal formats can be “for-profit” enterprises or “not- for-profit” enterprises, where the essential part of social enterprise is having social value proposition that provides a social value and meet the social aims of an entrepreneur. Additionally, business modeling is an emerging entrepreneurial concept that has received limited attention from scholars. Consequently, there is no clear agreement between scholars on a unified definition, structure, features, characteristics and evolution of the business model. Some scholars argue that many startups fail, even if they have unique idea, have passion, have sufficient resources and have attractive market opportunity; their failure may come from a poor and immature business model behind the startup. Hence the importance of a business model for the success of startups and entrepreneurs, whether a traditional startup or a sustainable-social startup. Accordingly, this paper focuses in social enterprises and help social entrepreneurs in taking the decision related to choosing a suitable business model that translates all their social and financial values and aims. This is accomplished through discussing business models types, definitions and analyzing their pros and cons, especially the traditional and sustainable business models. The main output of the paper proposes a hybrid social business model (HSBM) that combines traditional and sustainable-social models. This business model can be used as a tool by social enterprises, creating a balance for the social impact and financial values of their social enterprise. Also, it helps in translating their social and financial aims in a structured and tailored way that suits the nature of their enterprises.

Keywords: Social business model, sustainable business model, business model innovation, hybrid business model, social value proposition

1 Public Support Programs and Their Impact on SMEs’ Growth Ali Ahmed Hasan Ahmed, Mukhtar Al- Hashimi and Allam Hamdan Ahlia University, Manama, Bahrain DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.034

Abstract: Every year, public business development programs support thousands of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) within the Kingdom of Bahrain. Millions of Bahraini Dinars have been injected into small and medium enterprises projects. This study aims to measure the impact of business support programs on the growth of SMEs within the Kingdom of Bahrain, in particular, the financial aspect and SMEs' skill- development aspect. Also, researchers scan the current situation and try to explore the factors affecting SMEs' owner decisions to obtain the support of those programs. The researchers adopted mainly a quantitative approach and supported it with a qualitative approach. A questionnaire of 27 questions was designed to measure the relationship between the dependant and independents variables. A correlation test was conducted to analyse the existing relationship and regression analysis to determine the kind of relationship. Results show a positive correlation between financial aspects related to public support programs and the growth of SMEs. There was a positive correlation detected at a rate of r= 0.908, with a significant level that is less than 0.01. Also, the same result was noticed in regard to SMEs' owner skill-development and the growth of SMEs where the rate of r was 0.763, with a significance level that is less than 0.01. Hence, the researchers concluded that variables are correlated positively. Regression results also supported the research hypothesis where P value result for Financial Aspects related to Public Support Programs and the growth of SMEs was=.000 (p-value = 0.000 < 0.05). This is considered evidence that there is a significant impact of Financial Aspects related to Public Support Programs on the SMEs' growth, at 0.000 level of significance (p-value = 0.000 < 0.05). The same result could be noticed in regard to the significant impact of two SMEs' skill- Development aspects related to Public Support Programs on the SMEs' growth, at 0.000 level of significance (p-value = 0.000 < 0.05). The research revealed that there is a positive significant impact for public support programs on the growth of SMEs within the kingdom of Bahrain, hence the researchers encourage entrepreneurs to apply and obtain the assistance of those program in order to enhance their competencies and achieve prosperity and growth.

Keywords: Small and Medium Enterprises, Public Support Programs

2 High-Technology Entrepreneurship for High-Growth Innovation among Entrepreneurs in Bahrain Eman Ahmed1 and Rami Abu Wadi2 1Freelance Researcher, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain 2Ahlia University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.037

Abstract: High-technology entrepreneurship is the way toward beginning another business considering technological advances or an innovation on a new concept, which is not used in the industry yet. High-technology entrepreneurship introduces new fundamental tools and involve high-potential business opportunity and flooding the enterprise with effective technologies by preying on business opportunities through innovative solutions. The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of high-technology entrepreneurship on high-growth innovation. Principally it is an exploratory research. Simple linear regression has been used to test the hypothesis developed. The results show that all the four- hypothesis developed were accepted. The study concluded that there is a significant impact of dynamic business leadership, technology intensive, business opportunities and real time decision making on high-growth innovations. It is recommended that the government needs to take necessary steps to grow the budding entrepreneurs who possess high potential that can contribute a lot in the nation’s economy.

Keywords: High-technology entrepreneurship, Dynamic business leadership, Technology intensive, High-growth innovations

Financial Illiteracy and Entrepreneurship Success: Literature Review Noora Albastiki1 and Allam Hamdan2 1Ministry of Education, Manama, Bahrain 2Ahlia University, Manama, Bahrain DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.022

Abstract: Financial literacy is a key factor in entrepreneurship because entrepreneurship requires one make sound decisions and judgments based on a given situation. Understanding the impact of financial illiteracy on entrepreneurship has significance on a country's strategies for implementing financial education literacy in its population. This paper aims to review the 3 literature relating the impact of financial illiteracy on entrepreneurship success, as well as filling the gap in knowledge regarding studies related to the research topic. The research is helpful to entrepreneurs to realize the importance of financial literally, and for organizations to assure their top decision makers have the required skills and knowledge to assure business success.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Financial illiteracy, Financial education

Evaluating the Impact of Social CRM on SMEs’ Performance Shaikha Aldoseri, Muneer Al Mubarak and Said EL Hajjar Ahlia University, Manama, Bahrain DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.007

Abstract: This study examines the impact of social customer relationship management on performance of small and medium enterprises. It studies the impact of customer relationship management and social media usage on performance of an enterprise. It shows changes in approaching customers that secure long lasting relationships. A model is developed and tested through the analysis of randomly selected data obtained from employees using social media in their businesses as a mean of reaching existing and potential customers. The results show that there are positive relationships between independent and dependent variables. Descriptive analysis as well as regression analysis are used to reach to study findings. When social media is integrated with customer relationship management, it brings deeper understanding of customers, develops further commitment by firms, and facilitates satisfaction and loyalty, which increases a firm's performance. Firms’ employees are advised to work on social customer relationship management for better efficiency. This study shows that customer relationship management and social media usage have great impacts on firms’ performance. This research contributes to the literature by filling the gap between implementation of social customer relationship management and its impact on performance of small and medium enterprises.

Keywords: Customer relationship management, social media, small and medium enterprises, performance

4 The Impact of Viral Branding on SME's Brand recognition in the GCC Layla Faisal Alhalwachi, Allam Hamdan and Amani Albinali Ahlia University, Manama, Bahrain DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.273

Abstract: In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in social media as a platform for communication by individuals and organizations. However, there is an increasing concern regarding the rapid changes in social media as a platform for communication. These rapid changes of E-media are having an impact on new potentials for E- marketing as a platform for an efficient communication tool for both the consumers and the businesses through using viral messages to increase brand awareness among. So far, there has been little discussion exploring of using communication as a social media platform with focusing on brand and consumer perspective. This paper will provide an in-depth investigation on the impact of viral branding on consumers purchasing decision through the adoption of social media among small and medium-sized (SMEs) in the Middle East region; explicitly, in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The study also explores the root causes to brand building and the adoption of coping mechanism (i.e. word of mouth, viral marketing and social presence theory) within their target market.

Keywords: Viral, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Marketing, Branding, Smartphones, Social Media, brand Word of mouth, Social Presence Theory

Entrepreneurial Competencies and Firm Performance: Evidence from Bahrain Mukhtar Alhashimi, Sameh Reyad, Allam Hamdan, Sherine Badawi, Abdalmuttaleb Al-Sartawi and Anjum Razzaque Ahlia University, Manama, Bahrain DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.014

Abstract: The main goal of this study is to investigate the relationship among the competencies of entrepreneurs (opportunity, conceptual and strategic) and the performance in Bahrain. Data was collected from 150 respondents from various firms in the Bahrain in the period of 2017. Results showed that there is a positive relationship between opportunity competencies of entrepreneur and Return on sales only at Bahraini’ firms. On other hand the results also showed that there is a

5 positive relationship but not significant between the other competencies and Return on sales&Return on Investmentin Bahraini firms.

Keywords: entrepreneurial competencies, firm performance, small business in Bahrain

Entrepreneurship Education and Country Competitiveness: Avenues for Future Research in the Arab Countries Abdalmuttaleb M. A. Musleh Al-Sartawi1, Sherine Badawi1, Azzam Hanoon2, Allam Hamdan1, Sameh Reyad and Anjum Razzaque1 1Ahlia University, Manama, Bahrain 2American University in the Emirates, UAE DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.006

Abstract: Entrepreneurship has emerged as one of the most formidable economic forces that has been shaping the world for the past decades. Hence, many governments fund the creation of entrepreneurship programs and degrees. This has resulted in the expansion of entrepreneurship education as it is an essential gateway by which graduates enter the economic mainstream, which has been driven by entrepreneurship’s promise as a vehicle for promoting economic renewal and growth. This paper aims to start a conversation on the importance of entrepreneurship education in the Arab countries, by raising awareness on this issue and its impact on the competitiveness of their economies. It also highlights some of the challenges facing Arab universities and Arab youth which might influence their entrepreneurial intentions. Hence, this study contributes to the entrepreneurship and education literature and might be of interest to academics, researchers, university administrators and policy-makers in the Arab countries.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Education; Country Competitiveness; Economic Growth; Arab Countries

6 Social Entrepreneurship as an Innovative Solution Mechanism of Social Problems in the Economy of Kazakhstan Nurzhan Alzhanova and Aziza Sauirbayeva Almaty Management University, Almaty, Kazakhstan DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.270

Abstract: Currently, the term “social entrepreneurship” is becoming extremely popular in Kazakhstan among both academics and policy makers, and also it is widely replicated in the media. However, the concept and understanding of social entrepreneurship remains blurred and not unified, criteria for attributing a particular phenomenon to social entrepreneurship have not been established. Despite the existing theoretical background of the study of business models in social entrepreneurship, empirical studies are not sufficiently presented to systematically identify its main types. The development of social entrepreneurship is a priority object of the State’s attention. The article discusses various approaches to the identification of social entrepreneurship opportunities and provides best practices for supporting social entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan. The relevance of the topic emphasizes the lack of studies based on the materials of Kazakhstani enterprises. At present in Kazakhstan, there is no clear understanding of the possible directions for the development of social entrepreneurship and the rationale of its support. In this regard, the proposed article devoted to the study of problems and prospects for the development of social entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan seems relevant. To solve the problems posed in the article, the authors used research methods, both quantitative (interviewing, quoting), and qualitative (method of focus groups), case-analysis method. Based on the information received, conclusions are drawn regarding the characteristics of the development of social entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan, including the definition of the concept and recommendations on the most effective support measures.

Keywords: social entrepreneurship, social welfare, social enterprises, NGO sector, Kazakhstan, AlmaU

7 Entrepreneurship: Does it Elevate Independence in a Developing Economy? Christina Appiah-Nimo1, Michael Adu Kwarteng1, Daniel Ofori2, Miloslava Chovancova1 1Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Czech Republic 2University of Cape Coast, Ghana DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.216

Abstract: Policy makers regard training more entrepreneurs as a source of transforming an economy. This view does bury the notion of ‘white coloured ‘jobs being perceived as the most lucrative and only way to social, economic and financial freedom. As a developing economy, Ghana is no exception to the view of using entrepreneurship to transform the economy. This is evident in enterprise programmes churned out by successive governments to ease the burden on public institutions employment and also to reduce graduate unemployment in the country. The question still remains, do entrepreneurial motivational activities translate into improving the social and economic well-being (freedom) of the people? On this score, this paper sought to elicit entrepreneurial motivational factors as a yardstick for continuous economic freedom in a developing economy. To do this, a semi-structured questionnaire was formulated and administered to owners of start-ups during an entrepreneurship conference held in the capital of Ghana, Accra. The respondents had varied enterprises which gave a good representation of entrepreneurs in the country. The study used descriptive statistics in analysing the data. The results depicted various factors of entrepreneurial motivation with the desire to be a leader having the highest mean score. Thus, the assertion that people are highly motivated to be entrepreneurs by the need for independence was not entirely true. The study also found ‘doing something creative or innovate’ was not the strongest motivating factor, although the concept of entrepreneurship is about creativity and innovation. It is recommended that policy makers should not only focus on pushing it citizens towards being entrepreneurs but they should also consider the motives of these entrepreneurs. Emphasis should be placed on individuals who are personally motivated and also focus on the existing enterprises which have high growth potentials of creating jobs and causing economic freedom. This could influence tailored programmes and planned support that are aimed at entrepreneurship education in tertiary institutions and small businesses or start- ups. This study helped to give insights into the zeal and preparedness exhibited by entrepreneurs to enhance their fortunes within the developing economies.

8 Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Developing economies, Motivation, Ghana

The ScorX Story: Temporal Order of Actions in Early Phase Start-ups Thomas Arctaedius1 and Andreas Nilsson2 1Royal Academy of Music, Stockholm, Sweden 2Swedish Center for Digital Innovation, Stockholm, Sweden DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.146

Abstract: In 2012 startup ScorX set out to simplify and digitalize the traditional choir practice by developing a digital platform for choir leaders, choir members and sheet music publishers. ScorX is in many ways a typical start-up exploring opportunities by developing digital platform solution in a traditional, previously non-digital sector. This study utilizes a combination of interviews with founders and secondary data from analysis of documents and Internet presence from the first years of the start-up. By using all documents created in the start-up and sorting them by date of creation and adding additional data sources to the timeline from calendars and google analytics, we create a timeline of the start-up anchored in time and context, we call this an anchored timeline. The ScorX anchored timeline use data spanning over a 7-year period including 10,404 documents. The research is guided by the research question: What are the key decisions and activities made in the start-up during the first early years of operations? The paper concludes with a discussion around three main insights; i) The founders are surprised when shown the anchored timeline. The story as they remember it is different than what the timeline reveals. The founder’s memory of events seems adjusted towards a “traditional” start-up narrative, unsuccessful actions are forgotten. ii) The order of events as supported by the anchored timeline is different than what the founder spontaneous memories suggests. The anchored timeline can be used for in depth studies of the order by with key tasks are executed, and possibly how order may impact growth. iii) The founders regret initial focus on seeking funding. The time spent would have been better used on tasks related to validation of the market and developing a Minimal Viable Product.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Start-up phase, Digital innovation, Founder, Narrative, Anchored timeline

9 Change Management Aspects in Developing the International Airport “Avram Iancu” Cluj Raluca Ardelean-Baidoc1, Gabriel Oniga1, Jörg Niemann2, Adriana Sava1 and Adrian Pîslă1 1Technical University in Cluj-Napoca, C. Daicoviciu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 2Hochschule Düsseldorf, Geschäftsführender Vorstand FMDauto, FLiX Forschungsstelle Life Cycle Excellence, Gebäude 05, Ebene 3, Raum 020, Münsterstraße 156, Düsseldorf, D-40476, Germany DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.092

Abstract: In the paper is made an empirical research on the sustainable possible development and sustainability of the International Airport “Avram Iancu” Cluj (AIAIC) as a public organization; providing passengers and accompanying persons with adequate services in a continuous evolving environment, within a highly competitive situation. In the last 10 years AIAIC suffer multiple changes and becoming one of the Europe modern regional airport, second as importance in Romania, after Bucharest “Henri Coandă” International Airport, considering the number of embarked/disembarked passengers. AIAIC is comparable with the airports in similar cities like Geneva (12 million passengers) or Stuttgart (9 million passengers). This position must be preserved, with plans to enlarge the passengers traffic beyond 3 million (2020) and 7 million (2030). In the regional competition AIAIC is having “around” 5 regional airports at a radius less than 200 km: Tg-Mures (TGM), 90 km (2000m runway); Baia-Mare (BAY) 150 km (2150m runway); Oradea (OMR) 150 km (2100m runway); Sibiu (SBZ) 170 km (2630m runway) and Satu-Mare (SUJ) 180 km (2500m runway). A quantitative and qualitative PhD research starts from the historical development and the activity changes analysis, considering the rise in passengers number from 75,750 (2000) to 2,782,401 (2018) with an important 60% traffic rise in the Q1 of 2017 and the twinning with Munich airport. The empirical research is focused on the diversification, and an increase in offered services (number and quality). In the analysis is considered the actual development capacity, possibilities and requirements to attract: new operators, new charter destinations and new clients by developing different levels of multimodal interfaces (ARR – air, rail, road). In the same time is considered that the most significant increase (80%) is recorded at the cargo transport. The second focus is over the socio-economic impact on the Cluj-Napoca city, a settlement located in the middle of Transylvania, region with about 7 million inhabitants. It is important to identify the investments and the opportunities that may create new market niches for the fright-passengers combination, with better community integration, new jobs and services, greater 10 regional stability and social comfort, increasing the business and the truism for a more balanced county budget.

Keywords: change management, project management, public organizations, critical success factors (CSF), change triggering factors (CTF)

How Constraints Influence Company Innovation Processes Yuliya Asaturova and Tatiana Khvatova Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.055

Abstract: Optimization of innovation processes within companies is a key issue in the market economy. The main objective of this paper is therefore to present an analysis of innovation processes, and to propose a system of indicators to optimize these innovation processes within companies. To do this, the following tasks are undertaken: a) the concept of the innovation process is discussed and the main stages of its implementation outlined; b) factors which hinder successful innovation in Russia are investigated; and c) the concept of constraints on innovation processes is formulated and tested. The work presented herein is based on the theory of constraints (TOC) developed by E. Goldratt and J. Cox (1992), combined with the concept of innovative process. In the presented research, the main constraints impeding innovation are identified as: resources, results and market constraints. The influence of each type of constraint on the various stages of the innovation process are also identified. Financial indicators which could both a) facilitate the ability of a company to attract funding at each stage of the innovation process, and b) resist constraints on resources, are identified. This paper demonstrates how, in order to minimize the influence of constraints on results, it is important to assess the financial efficiency of project implementation. As a result of the study, a system of key performance indicators which help to overcome the different types of constraints on each stage of the innovative process is developed and presented. The main feature of this system is the distribution of selected indicators throughout the stages of the innovation process. Timely calculation and maintaining close monitoring of the selected indicators can help an entrepreneur to successfully optimize their innovative steps at all stages of the innovation process.

Keywords: innovation; entrepreneurship; indicators; theory of constraints; innovation process; efficiency

11 The role of job Enrichment on Employees’ Innovation in Services Sector: Telecommunication Companies’ in Egypt Sherine Badawi, Sameh M. Reda Reyad, Mukhtar Al-Hashimi, Abdalmuttaleb Al-Sartawi, and Allam Hamdan Ahlia University, Manama, Bahrain DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.005

Abstract: Telecommunication sector in Egypt is one of the most important sectors of economy and considered as the largest market in North Africa. Although revenues are stable, profit margins and capital expenditures have fallen caused by weakness of local currency and trials of economic development. The government recently secured billions of dollars in funding to develop technology parks to create new jobs opportunities and attract investor’s interest to the capabilities of this sector to compete globally. Consequently, this paper presents the concept of Job Enrichment as one of the human resources management tools through giving more experiences, responsibilities and growth opportunities to test its effect on employees’ innovation as a competitive advantage to keep up with the global competition. A questionnaire was distributed on a simple random sample of 384 employees from the Telecommunication sector in order to collect the primary data to test the research hypotheses and to analyze findings based on their responses. The findings of the study have revealed that Job Enrichment has a positive role in employees’ innovation according to the telecommunication sector employees in Egypt.

Keywords: Job Enrichment, Employees’ Innovation, Egypt, Telecommunication sector

Innovative Businesses in Russian Science Cities Yulia Balycheva and Svetlana Samovoleva Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.191

Abstract: The paper aims to investigate the innovative activity of companies located on the territory of the co-called science cities with their unique research environment. The hypothesis of the discrete role of these cities in the 12 development and formation of the country innovation system is also checked in the study. With this purpose, the holistic analysis of the innovation activity of the science cities is made, and the comparison with the national data is drawn. To accomplish this, we use various characteristics of innovation process which show both its inputs and outputs. The level of companies involvement in innovation process is also investigated as well as the innovation costs structure. The costs of in-house R&D, production design, personnel training and the costs of marketing research are analyzed among the others in the paper. The cost structure of technological innovation depending on the financial source is also considered. In particular, we study the ratio of firms own costs on technological innovation to budgetary financing. Their industry affiliation is considered as a crucial factor which determines firms innovation activity. For this particular reason, we analyze the companies innovation process within different industries. The approach offered in the paper allows to estimate the effectiveness of innovation activity of science cities firms in comparison with other national companies and reveal the industries based in the science cities with the much bigger innovation results than others. The further paired analysis of the revealed industries for the studied economic areas and the country in the whole makes it rather possible to establish the factors which slow down the development of the individual branch and identify the opportunities for the breakthrough in innovation process quality.

Keywords: innovation, science city, innovation process, Russia, innovation behaviour

Challenges to the Commercialization of University Innovation: A South African Study Ramika Bansi Intellectual Property Management Office-Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, South Africa [email protected] DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.274

Abstract: Efforts to market the innovations produced by publicly-funded universities are practiced in most advanced economies. However, many innovations are not patented or commercialized and this is certainly true for South African universities. This article reports the findings of a study designed to understand the obstacles to such commercialization in the South African context. A questionnaire was used to collect data from the intellectual property managers of 23 publicly-funded universities and semi-structured interviews were held with 13 innovators affiliated to one of the universities with the strongest commercialization record. Four main challenges to commercialization were identified: commercialization was not regarded as a high priority by senior university management; there was only a limited entrepreneurial culture within universities which meant, among other things, that research was not undertaken with commercialization in mind and therefore lacked market focus; funding for commercialization was lacking; and university-industry links were weak. Given the socio-economic environment in which South African universities operate, expecting them to follow the example of those in the US may not be sensible.

Keywords: commercialization; innovation; intellectual property rights; publicly- funded research; universities; technology transfer; South Africa

Differences between Further and Higher Education Enterprise Education in South Wales John Barker, Nick Clifton and Gareth Loudon School of Management, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, UK Cardiff School of Art and Design, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, UK DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.249

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to understand from a comparative institutional perspective, the picture of enterprise education (EE) regionally in South Wales. The analysis compares age and entrepreneurial self-belief (also known as self-efficacy) and looks at the differences between further education (FE) and higher education (HE) of these elements. To explore this issue quantitative demographic and enterprise narrative data was collected through a third-party platform for supporting enterprise activity gathered over a period of 2 years across 7 institutions. The research interest in entrepreneurship education has grown significantly over the past decade. Much of this interest centres around the trends, challenges, and the pedagogical tools used to teach EE. Despite the contributions of these studies, research in EE remains fragmented and beset by problems of theoretical and methodological legitimacy. This study aims to defragment, in part, this area of study by applying a quantitative approach to analysing a significant sample (n=1093) featuring demographic and entrepreneurial self-efficacy data from a wide geographic region. This study adds a highly practical and reliable source of knowledge leading to valid conclusions. In

14 conclusion, the study illustrates a huge age-range of prospective entrepreneurs and illustrates that digital platforms can be potentially used to engage more people over the age of 40 in entrepreneurial education. This paper also illustrates that entrepreneurial self-efficacy is markedly different between FE and HE perspectives. The learners in HE settings have much higher levels of self-belief in their ideas and how to action them than their FE counterparts.

Keywords: Enterprise, education, South Wales, self-efficacy

Sustainable Innovation and Service Quality: An Integrated Overview Milton F. Barragán-Landy1, 2 and Fernando Romero1 1University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal 2University of Cuenca, Ecuador DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.180

Abstract: Sustainability is today a main concern of society. One way of addressing the problem and the need for sustainability is through innovation in products and services that are geared towards the satisfaction of specific needs of organizations, institutions or costumers related to a demand for products, services or product-services that are friendlier to the environment. Sustainable innovation is thus seen as a way of meeting the expectations of consumers and organizations regarding the delivery of green products or services. Stated in this way, there are two concepts that emerge as fundamental to the study of sustainability: the concept of sustainable innovation and the concept of service quality. The research questions that motivate this research are: what is the relationship between sustainable innovation and service quality? Are the expectations of consumers or organizations being met by the supply of green products and services? What are the implications in terms of changes that organizations or consumers must make? Having in mind these questions, the aim of this document is to explore the relationship between sustainable innovation and service quality in the scientific literature, identifying the factors and interactions that are suggested by it. The research methodology used to achieve that objective was based on a literature review, made with a qualitative approach. A four-point scale was developed to assess, in each article, the level of relation between the two concepts. The scale ranges from high to null relation between the two concepts. Most of the articles propose a positive relation between the two concepts, whereby 58% of the articles reviewed have the category of "high relation", and 31% were categorized as having a "medium

15 relation". The implications for organizations may be the incorporation within their organizational culture of a strategy of integration of sustainable innovation and service quality through a mechanism called social and environmental responsibility.

Keywords: Sustainability, sustainable innovation, service quality, review

Innovative Approaches in the Financial Sphere: Assessment of Digital Banks’ Performance Alexey Bataev1, Lada Koroleva2 and Alexandr Gorovoy3 1Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation 2Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation 3Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.038

Abstract: One of the innovative areas of Fintech is the creation and development of completely new models of a financial institution - digital banks. Research of such an innovative form of a credit institution is made in this paper, the concept of a digital bank is defined, various classifications of digital banks are reviewed and presented, criteria and characteristics are identified, by which these financial institutions can be classified. A study of the global market of digital banks was carried out using the proposed classification. The paper touches upon market segments that include digital banks built on models of classical financial institutions, and challenger banks, whose model is not built on the basis of a classical bank model, but are considered to be largely telecommunications companies offering financial services. The number of such banking organizations, the volume of capital managed by digital banks, the number of clients of relevant financial institutions, and the countries identified as leaders in forming a new form of credit organization were analyzed in the study. Promising directions for the development of digital banks were determined based on this analysis. One of the main tasks in the implementation of any innovative investment project is to evaluate its economic efficiency. In this regard, the paper analyzes the development model of the largest digital financial institution in the world - Tinkoff Bank, which was established and operates in the territory of the Russian

16 Federation. A comparative analysis of traditional financial institutions against this bank was conducted in the study by key parameters: profitability, return on assets and the long-term capital. The research revealed that the financial digital institution model is effective and sustainable not only under favourable conditions of the economic development but also in crisis conditions. This is the best evidence of the economic efficiency of the proposed business model of the financial institution, which allows their development in all economic situations.

Keywords: information technology management, digitalization of the economy, innovations, financial sector, digital banks, performance evaluation

Exploring the Contributing Factors in Changing Cash- flow Quadrant from Entrepreneurs’ Insight Anji Ben Hamed Amara and Fatima Hamad Yaseen Ahlia University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.213

Abstract: The Cash-flow quadrant (CFQ) is increasingly recognized as an important concept that explains the movement of money and illustrates the different ways of generating income. Although CFQ is well-established in the literature regarding the combination of four specific methods for identifying unique financial paths (Employees (E); Small business owner (S); Big business owner (B) and Investor (I)) to generate income, the factors contributing to the transition from one quadrant to another are rather neglected. Specifically, the way in which specific skills, particular ways of thinking, different levels of education and personalities contributing dynamically to financial path transfer has not received enough attention. To fill this gap, we examined how entrepreneurs change their financial path (s) and go beyond job security to achieve greater financial freedom. Our study examines the attributes of the Cash-flow quadrant and shows how much the push-pull factors are of great importance for the Cash-Flow Quadrant transition in achieving financial freedom. Our research synthesizes the literature on push-pull factors including Financial Freedom (FF), workplace condition (WC), Independency (ID), Salary level (SL), Family Life-building (FL) and Saving for Retirement (SR) and extends knowledge on the dynamic CFQ transitions from a push-pull factor-based perspective. The obtained information regarding switching quadrant decisions would be useful for those seeking a new financial path and wish to take appropriate measures to preserve their financial freedom and legacy.

17 Keywords: Cash-flow quadrant, Push-Pull factors, changing Cash-flow quadrant, Slasher Entrepreneur, Financial Freedom, Dynamic financial path

Motives, Perceptions and Incentives for Education, Training and Development Practitioners in South Africa Greg Cameron Beyer Omni Academy for Education, Training and Development, Cape Town, South Africa DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.127

Abstract: Understanding the requirements of Education and Training Development practitioners in South Africa relies heavily on understanding the context in which ETD practitioners operate. And for ETD practitioners to be successful in a sphere that increasingly sees them turning towards operating as entrepreneurs, they too, are required to understand the variables of the South African labour market in terms of its dynamic as well as its needs. In addition to responding to labour market demands, ETD practitioners are also expected to conduct their trade in a way that is sensitive to societal expectations which take into account such things as unemployment, low education levels and lack of desired racial representation. Along with these required skills and levels of understanding, ETD practitioners who operate within an entrepreneurial dynamic must expand their skillsets in ways that are not necessarily covered within the training they receive. It is often not enough to simply respond to job advertisements. ETD entrepreneurs need to be able to evaluate market demands and needs to successfully sell their services and implement their role as an ETD practitioner. The ETD practitioner represents an expert opinion on their own labour, and to understand what skillsets are needed in an entrepreneurial sense, it is necessary to consult perceptions made by the practitioners themselves. In so doing, a foundation can be built upon which further study of ETD entrepreneurial activity can be added. It is with this is mind that this paper aims to expand upon the academic field of entrepreneurship within the ETD field.

Keywords: Education, Training and Development; ETD; entrepreneurs

18 Relationship of Gender, Age and Personality on Entrepreneurial Attitude Tiina Brandt Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences, Finland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.268

Abstract: When growing demand of entrepreneurship, there are lot of hidden potential with women, who still are clearly underrepresented among entrepreneurs. Men start more businesses and also their firms have more growth. This study is interested if the gender is related also in entrepreneurial attitude and if there may be other explanations to entrepreneurial attitude than gender. Earlier studies indicate that the personality impacts on entrepreneurship thus the both age and personality are studied also in addition to gender. Data consisted 1247 persons and they were grouped in the different age groups: under 30 years, 30-40 years, 40-50 years and over 50 years. Personality was measured with Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), which is commonly used in business and organizational behavior, in both consultancy and research. MBTI describes personality in four dimensions: extraversion-introversion, sensing-intuition, thinking-feeling and judging-perceiving. Data analyses were made with ANOVA and with t-test. There were plenty of statistically significant results, and it could be seen that age, gender and personality separately and all together impact on entrepreneurial attitude. The main results indicated that men have higher entrepreneurial attitude than women. Women had the highest entrepreneurial attitude when they were under 30 years, when in case of men the age groups did not differ. Concerning personality, generally extraverted and intuitive preferences had the highest entrepreneurial attitude in both genders and in all age groups than their counterparts introverted and sensing preferences. Introverted and sensing women tend to have more entrepreneurial orientation when they are between 31 - 40 years, and feeling and judging women when they are under 30 years. The results are discussed related to entrepreneurship education and learning.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, risk-taking, growth-orientation, gender, age

19 An Exploratory Study of the Role and Contribution of University Knowledge Transfer Offices (KTOs) in Knowledge Transfer and Value Creation Anthony Buckley, Paul Maguire and David Gardiner Technological University Dublin, Ireland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.231

Abstract: Developed European countries place emphasis on innovation as an important growth driver. Higher educational institutions, within these developed countries, actively participate in regional economic initiatives to proactively transfer and commercialise knowledge to business and society. This knowledge transfer is now performed in a more direct way than heretofore and the commercialization remit is now regarded as the Universities 3rd mission. This is in addition to its traditional remits of education and research. This study explores the effectiveness of the University knowledge transfer process and the contribution that knowledge transfer offices play in knowledge transfer and commercialisation (Value creation).This study uses exploratory in-depth interviews of selected knowledge transfer professionals across the EEA (European Economic Area) to identify the perceived value contributing aspects of the knowledge transfer process and also to evaluate the role and contribution of the Knowledge Transfer office itself in that process.The research finds that: Research institutions in the EEA have between 10 and 25 years in knowledge and technology transfer utilising a systematic approach through a KTO system. The research suggests that the time is appropriate for Universities to recognise knowledge transfer as a ‘mission critical’ activity (3rd mission) in their wider societal remit and that they should therefore prioritise funding for these activities accordingly. Evidence so far suggests that this 3rd mission has yet to achieve’ parity of esteem’ within Universities. The more successful KTOs perform important boundary–spanning roles for the University by marketing the knowledge production skills and abilities in their HEI whilst establishing deep links with indigenous industry and also by attracting multinational clients and projects. This requires the leadership and staff in successful KTOs to possess high levels of cognitive, contextual and organisational ambidexterity. Although difficult, there is also a need to develop appropriate transnational evaluative measures of the output, outcomes and impact for University knowledge transfer processes in the short, medium and long term. Theory–based evaluation utilising a balanced scorecard of evaluative measures (Hard & Soft, Short & Long term) is a methodological approach which can help policymakers and University

20 management to obtain a ‘true and fair’ view of the contribution of the knowledge transfer process to value creation.

Keywords: Knowledge transfer

Innovation and Intellectual Property: Creating Value and Cultural Currency in Fashion Products Chitra Buckley and Roxanne Peters University of the Arts, London, UK DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.239

Abstract: This paper explores the creation of value and cultural currency in innovative and artisanal fashion products through the lens of intellectual property; looking at the importance of embedding intellectual property thinking into an enterprise’s business strategy. Case studies of fashion collaborations and co-creative business projects explore how tangible and intangible elements are managed. To date, the vital role intellectual property plays in the value creation of such products has not been explored or mapped. This is due to Euro-centric business models of fashion brands positioning themselves as tastemakers and key decision-makers in the final product design in most market segments. Euro- centric fashion design and low-cost manufacturing in developing countries has sometimes inadvertently resulted in cultural appropriation, and the value generated by the maker or creator has been subsumed. This paper is useful for small-scale creative enterprises and academics to identify and leverage intellectual property as a business strategy to underpin value creation in fashion and design collaborations. The growth of design collaborations, localisation in fashion consumption and the demand for transparency in supply chains have strengthened the position of makers and creators in the fashion value chain. These shifts raise considerations concerning ownership of intellectual property and acknowledgement of intangible local cultural expressions. Collaborations between agile design-driven enterprises in diverse markets are complex and intellectual property is leveraged as the project evolves. Localisation in fashion promotes craft techniques, cultural symbols and manipulation of local materials and poses questions on how to ensure that everyone involved in the process is fairly rewarded and recognised. Supply chain transparency requires recognition of each supplier’s contribution to the value creation of the finished fashion artefact. This raises questions concerning the negotiation process and tenets of value creation. The research is empirical and draws on case studies of fashion collaborations where value creation and intellectual property were identified and

21 negotiated with all stakeholders. Qualitative data was collected from interviews with the micro-enterprises, rather than the overseas artisan producers due to limited access. The findings identified how intellectual property thinking can be used to underpin business strategy and create value for micro enterprises in complex, collaborative projects.

Keywords: enterprise strategy, intellectual property, innovation, value creation, collaboration, cultural currency

Measuring the Hoteliers’ Interactive Engagement through Social Media Mark Anthony Camilleri University of Malta, Msida, Malta DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.023

Abstract: The hospitality businesses are increasingly using the interactive technologies to promote their services and to engage with online prospects. Therefore, this study explores the hospitality executives’ stance toward the acceptance and use of social media for marketing purposes. The methodology relied on valid and reliable measures, including; the Technology Acceptance Model’s ‘perceived usefulness’ and ‘ease of use’ of technology, as well as the Theory of Planned Behavior’s ‘social influences’ and ‘behavioral intention’. Moreover, it adapted other constructs that were previously used to measure ‘interactive engagement’ and ‘pace of technological innovation’. The research model investigated whether these constructs had a significant effect on the participants’ intention to use social media for interactive engagement. The results have supported the scales’ content validity and the structural equations modeling approach has reported a satisfactory fit for this study’s research model. The findings indicated that there were highly significant, direct and indirect effects from the exogenous variables, particularly from the perceived usefulness and social influences that were predicting the hospitality owner-managers’ behavioral intentions to use social media. Overall, the direct effects represented 39 percent of the variance that predicted intention, whilst the interaction terms explained 65 percent of the variance. The individuals’ utilitarian motives to use the social media were clearly evidenced as they perceived the usefulness of the social media. They also indicated that they were influenced by their colleagues or competitors. Notwithstanding, there were significant influences from the demographic variables, including age, gender and experiences that moderated these relationships. The research model has integrated previously tried and

22 tested measures relating to the acceptance and use of technology. In sum, this study reported that the younger, female respondents were more likely to use the social media to engage with online prospects, when compared with their older counterparts. In conclusion, this contribution identifies its limitations and suggests possible research avenues to academia.

Keywords: Theory of Planned Behavior, Technology Acceptance Model, Social media; Pace of Technological Innovation; Interactive Engagement; Structural Equation Modelling

European Standardization of Innovation Management: The Sufficiency of the CEN/TS 16555 in the 6th Generation of Innovation Management Jan-Patrick Cap1, Fabian Hinzmann1,2, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Holger Kohl1,2, Ronald Orth1 1Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology (IPK), Berlin, Germany 2Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.130

Abstract: Although being an innovator is an important role to play for significant growth and profitability of firms to gain competitive advantages, companies struggle to find and implement an efficient and effective innovation management system and innovation process for new product development (Salomo et al. 2007). The emerge of innovations is rarely incidentally, therefore, require a systematic approach. To enhance the innovation system, companies are constrained to develop and implement the necessary framework for all innovation activity. Contrary to regular management objectives, innovation management can constrain new barriers and unknown challenges and requires therefore a different approach compared to routine functions (Granig und Perusch 2012). The CEN/TS 16555 has the objective to prescribe technical requirements to be fulfilled for the development and implementation of a sustainable innovation management system into an organisation. The centre of this innovation management model is the innovation process which starts with an idea and ends with innovation results. As organisational aspects, such as innovation supportive leadership, strategy, factors and techniques are key elements of this model, the innovation process get enriched by assessment,

23 improvement and planning of the process itself (Technical Specification 16555-1). This paper investigates the current European standardization activity regarding the implementation of innovation management approaches to tackle the abovementioned challenge of the implementation of innovation management in reference to the in DIN Spec CEN/TS 16555 introduced in 2016 by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). This paper will analyse the CEN/TS 16555 for its sufficiency regarding the bigger picture of innovation management by linking it to main literature and best practices. For the comparison of the specification and the innovation management requirements and purposes, this paper will specifically focus on the innovation management framework in the 6th generation of innovation management. Keywords: innovation management, 6th generation of innovation management, innovation, business innovation, standardisation of innovation management, CEN/TS 16555

The Strategic-Value Network Model for Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Assessment Angelo Cavallo, Antonio Ghezzi, Silvia Sanasi and Andrea Rangone Politecnico di Milano, Via Raffaele Lambruschini, Milano DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.099

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to review extant constructs and approaches of strategic and value network which serve the emerging, though fragmented, research on entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE), as promising research area in entrepreneurship. Specifically, we examine how to assess an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem through a strategic and value-based approach. To cope with such aim, we provide the Strategic Value Network Model, as an original framework grounded in strategic management for EEs assessment.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial Ecosystem, Strategic Network, Value Network, Business Model, Value Creation, Value Capture

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The Impact of Significant Political Factors on Starting a New Business Martin Cepel1, Jaroslav Belas2 and Jan Dvorsky2 1Faculty of Economics and Business, Pan-European University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic 2Department of Enterprise Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tomas Bata University, Zlín, Czech Republic DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.117

Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are an essential part of every country´s economic system. The entry of new potential business entities plays an important role in this regard, what is also the focus of the European Commission, which calls for a significant improvement in the conditions for starting a new business. The aim of the paper is to define significant political factors influencing the quality of the business environment and quantify their impact on starting a new business. In regards to the defined aim, a survey-based research was conducted with the enterprises operating in the SME segment in the Czech and the Slovak Republic. The research was done on a sample of 641 respondents. They were business owners and managers active in small and medium-sized enterprises. The respondents had the option to express their agreement using the Likert scale: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. The results of the research were processed via the method of regression analysis. State regulation and business support has a major impact on the decision to start a business. The second most important factor is the legislative environment and the least significant factor is the state bureaucracy. The evaluation of political factors is quite negative in both countries. Just a small proportion of entrepreneurs in both countries positively evaluated the level of legislation in business and the administrative burden on workforce for businesses. The results of the research show the need to create more appropriate conditions for starting a new business.

Keywords: small and medium-sized enterprises, political factors, starting a business

25 Does Entrepreneurship Education Impact Individuals’ Entrepreneurial Propensity? A Pre- and Post-Program Setting Edmond Çera and Gentjan Çera Tomas Bata University, Zlin, Czech Republic DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.160

Abstract: The existing body of literature on entrepreneurship claims that becoming an entrepreneur can be learned. However, the study regarding the impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial propensity in the context of transition countries has not received adequate attention from scholars. This paper aims to explore this relationship in little-studied case of Albania. The research is based on human capital theory, and its analysis is administered on an individual-level data collection through a face-to-face survey. A quasi- experimental research design is employed based on the comparison of individuals who attended an entrepreneurship programme (treated group) and those who did not (control groups). Individuals scored on entrepreneurial propensity before and after they were introduced to entrepreneurship education leading to the use of a pre- and post-program setting. Data were collected from across eight key Albanian regions (a total of 528 individuals with treated and control groups composed of 200 and 328 individuals respectively). Propensity score matching was applied to achieve the comparison of both treated and control groups, with the sample size being reduced to 392 individuals (196 individuals per each group). Paired-samples t-test was performed to explore the impact of entrepreneurship education programme on an individual’s entrepreneurial propensity. The current research found that entrepreneurship education programme impacts an individual’s intention to become an entrepreneur, a finding which is consistent with previous studies administered in advanced economies. Therefore, attending a study programme in entrepreneurship leads to far better chances for an individual to engage in start-up activities in the future. The current study is confined to just one transition country. Although Albania may share similar economic and institutional conditions as other transition economies, the generalization of findings can be rather limited in the context of other countries. This paper contributes by applying propensity score matching in a pre- and post- program setting which makes the comparison of control and treated groups possible. It also advances the theoretical and practical understanding of the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial propensity in the context of a transition country. Firstly, this article follows a rigorous methodological approach which ensures that comparison of two groups.

26 Secondly, it brings evidence from post-communist transition Albania. It is of particular interest to see whether the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial propensity is conformed even for transition countries or not.

Keywords: entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial propensity, propensity score matching, transition country, Albania

Sustainable Development Legislation: The Case of the AgorIP Technology Transfer initiative Gareth Huw Davies1, Yvonne Jones1, Mike Williams1 and Naomi Joyce2 1School of Management, Swansea University, Wales, UK 2School of Medicine, Swansea University, Wales, UK DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.045

Abstract: This paper examines a novel regional technology transfer initiative, AgorIP, within the context of an innovative piece of legislation designed to support sustainable development, the Well-being for Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015 (WFGA). AgorIP was established by a partnership from academia, health service and industry to support economic development and improved health outcomes through technology transfer. In parallel, the WFGA was created by the National Assembly for Wales with the aim of improving the social, economic, environmental and cultural well-being of Wales. This case study examines the AgorIP initiative and its project portfolio against the goals embedded within the WFGA. In order to explore both structural and operational alignment with the WFGA Goals, this study examines the regional policy and economic context, the AgorIP operation, and the emerging project portfolio. This is undertaken in the context of Technology Transfer (Bradley, Hayter et al. 2013) and Regional Innovation System (Cooke 2004) models, using bibliographic review of AgorIP project data, supported by insight from the relevant literature. Findings that the majority of AgorIP opportunities have relevance to multiple WFGA Goals suggests the activity may lead to impact beyond its original core economic development ambitions. Recognising, understanding and communicating the breadth of potential benefits from technology transfer is of importance to both practitioners and policy-makers who will want to develop joined-up interventions and maximise impact of public investment into such activities.

27 Keywords: Technology Transfer, Sustainable Development, Wales, RIS, Open Innovation

Issues of building a digital economy in modern Russia Viktoriia A. Degtereva1, Maxim V. Ivanov1 and Anton A. Barabanov2 1Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint- Petersburg, Russia, 2The Department of state and municipal management of the North-Western Institute of management of the Russian presidential Academy of national economy and public administration, St. Petersburg, Russia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.112

Abstract: In the second half of the last century, the formation of the information society began in the context of the unprecedented development of science and technology. An important feature of the information society is the existence of a digital economy, which should be considered a new stage of development of the global economic system, and which involves the transformation of all spheres of human activity under the influence of information technology. The rapid development and spread of the Internet, as well as other innovative technologies, indicates a steady increase in their impact on the world economy. No sphere of public life can avoid being involved in global digitalization. This process affects not only scientific and technical sectors, but also socio-economic ones, which is crucial in the context of developing long-term strategic prospects for the development of society. The role of the economy sectors related to information and telecommunication technologies in the formation of national income is steadily increasing. One of the key tasks of digitalization is the coordination of production processes, the creation of unified information systems. Currently, innovative systems are being actively implemented in industry, medicine, space industry, neurotechnology development, and robotics. The need to carry out economic activities with the help of digital technologies is beyond doubt. Nevertheless, in the scientific community the question of what the digital economy should be has not been finally answered. The problem of the formation and development of a digital economy in Russia is relevant not only in theoretical but also in practical terms. The development of economic relations in post-Soviet Russia was accompanied by a number of problems, the solution of which initially required

28 active participation of the state. The forced transition to a market economy and the complex process of privatization has defined the need to identify a set of economic problems, the solution of which requires an analysis of the specifics of the development of the state and society in our country. To achieve success in building a digital economy, public awareness of the key role of digital technologies in achieving stability and well-being plays a crucial role. In the context of research on building a digital economy in Russia, it is necessary to identify promising areas for its development. In order to increase international competitiveness and achieve a fundamentally new level and quality of life for citizens, building a digital economy in Russia is an important strategic perspective. This article aims to clarify basic problems of building a digital economy in Russia in order to enhance research interest in this problem.

Keywords: digital economy, economic policy, information technology, innovative development, digitalization

Drawing up an Optimal Investment Program for Innovative Development of an Enterprise Daniel S. Demidenko and Yulia A. Dubolazova Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), Russia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.220

Abstract: The development of innovation could be considered as the main direction of successful economic development of the country and raising the standard of living of the population. Innovative enterprises are at the center of all the changes necessary for the creation and implementation of innovative processes and technologies in the production of competitive products. Under these conditions, innovation policy is an essential element of the development of society and its economy as a whole. Obviously, its successful implementation is possible only on a system basis, through the introduction of innovations in all areas of society development, in the first place - in the production sector. This requires innovative changes not only directly in the production process of enterprises, but also in the field of management, product quality, planning methods, other elements of production. Innovative changes should also cover all stages of the enterprise, including the implementation of the results of activities (products, services) in the market. Companies need new capital investments for innovative changes Real capital investments are a number of investment projects. Projects can be implemented only in full, can be either included in the investment 29 plan, or not. Thus, the enterprise is interested within the limits of the available limit to choose for realization those projects which will provide the greatest increase in sales in the planned period. Thus, the purpose of the research is to develop an optimal investment program which can be represented as an optimization problem. Such a program should include investment projects that provide cumulative growth in sales and profits within resource constraints. The object of study are innovative enterprises. The subject of the research is methods and models for improving the efficiency of functioning of innovative enterprises. The works of domestic and foreign scientists and practitioners on the subject of innovative development of enterprises could be considered as theoretical and methodological basis of the study. The study was based on the principle of system analysis of transformation processes and is founded on a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The work also used the methods of economic analysis, synthesis, historical and legal analysis, observations and other well-known methods of scientific knowledge.

Keywords: innovative development, products, quantitative, enterprises, “digital” economy.

Analysis of the Capital Investments Economic Efficiency of Innovative Enterprises Daniel S. Demidenko and Ekaterina D. Malevskaia-Malevich Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.233

Abstract: Economic efficiency can be assessed “in a broad sense” - as the ability to provide the desired result (qualitative assessment), and as an indicator of the return on the cost of obtaining the desired result (quantitative assessment). An economic model for evaluating performance always involves a comparative analysis of various strategies for obtaining a result. It uses a relative indicator, which is expressed by the following condition: the economic effect related to the cost of its achievement should exceed the conventional standard of efficiency. Here, the “economic effect” is the savings obtained per unit of time from the cost of achieving these savings (most often - capital costs). “Efficiency Standard” expresses the effectiveness of an alternative investment option (for example, in the financial market). The effectiveness of investing in individual assets or an investment project (the efficiency of investing in assets) is the higher, the more the performance indicator exceeds the standard. The same principle, using the 30 efficiency criterion, is also used to substantiate the effectiveness of capital investments in production processes, which can be considered as a set of assets combined to solve one production problem, but another criterion of efficiency is required, and the development of methods for its application to processes requires further scientific research. Another feature of assessing the investment process’s effectiveness of an enterprise is the use of indicators and criteria containing the financial management elements. These are such criteria as “cash flow”, “net present value” or “economic value added”, as well as risk analysis. In the article, these features are reflected in the example of the substantive interpretation of the widely known optimal control problem — the direct and dual problem of “enterprise’s production program optimizing”. The direct problem for two products and two resources is given in the article. In fact, it is a generalization for any number of products and resources. The dual task variables are the prices of attracting the assets required for the products production in specified quantities. Therefore, the objective function of the task is to minimize the costs of an enterprise to attract assets.

Keywords: Innovation, optimal allocation of scarce resources, investment decisions, innovative enterprises

Flipping the Jigsaw Sunita Dewitt and Pete McLuskie Coventry University, UK DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.227

Abstract: Entrepreneurship education is on rise across the globe with countries promoting its importance in connection to local, national and economic development. The UK entrepreneurship education policy highlights and draws out categories of learning ‘About’, For,’ and ‘Through’ entrepreneurship (QAA, 2018). Over the years many teaching strategies have been adopted and adapted for purposes of context around these categories, however, further enhancements are necessary to reflect the changing needs of the learners. Learning ‘About’ entrepreneurship places a focus on theoretical underpinnings and therefore, can be demanding in terms of content and challenging in terms of knowledge retention and student engagement. This paper focuses on the ‘About’ element, in the view of combining two pedagogies ‘Flipped Classroom’ and ‘Jigsaw Strategy’ and to coin and advocate ‘flipping the jigsaw’ pedagogy. The philosophy behind the technique is to maximise on time, space, and importantly content, whilst keeping students engaged. The study is based on first year BA Enterprise and Entrepreneurship students at Coventry University. The findings have yielded some 31 interesting outcomes such as heightened subject understanding and retention of knowledge and student engagement. With student survey showing the module to be ‘intellectually stimulating and engaging’ an increase from 70% to 86% in one academic year.

Keywords: Flipping the Jigsaw, Flipped classroom, Jigsaw Strategy, Collaborative and Cooperative Learning, Teaching strategies, innovative and creative teaching

R&D and Profitability during the Greek Crisis Panagiotis Dimitropoulos University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.063

Abstract: Innovation and Research and Development (R&D) investments have been considered in the literature as a significant determinant of corporate development and sustainability. Previous studies have examined the impact of intangibles on financial performance but not extensively within economic environments of intense financial turmoil. The scope of this study is to shed further light on this issue and examine whether R&D investments had an impact on the profitability of Greek firms, especially during the sovereign debt crisis. We collected a sample of Greek corporations that have capitalized their R&D investments and paid significant amounts on R&D expenses during the period 2003-2016. Panel regression results indicated that R&D investments and R&D expenses had a negative impact on the profitability of sample firms before the crisis but after the crisis (2011-2016) firms which managed to sustain or enhance their level of R&D investments achieved to improve their profitability. These findings corroborate our hypotheses that during a period of limited lending (and hearse financial turmoil), R&D investments could be a vital tool for sustaining firms’ financial performance. The study offers useful managerial implications and contributes to the ongoing debate about the impact of R&D investments on corporate performance.

Keywords: R&D investments, R&D expenses, Profitability, Greece, Crisis.

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Employees’ Motivation and Performance: Examining the Impact of Ethical Values and Emotional Intelligence of Employees in High-Tech Startup Companies Panagiotis Dimitropoulos, Konstantinos Koronios and Athanasios Kriemadis University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.064

Abstract: Business organizations nowadays are confronted with a new serious of challenges in relation to human resources such as coping with one’s feelings, dealing with disputes, cultivating teamwork, impacting leadership, addressing motivation, interpersonal susceptibility, negotiating capabilities as well as personal Emotional Intelligence or internal qualities (e.g. ethical values). Building on and extending prior and recent work, the purpose of this study is to empirically examine the relationship between the dimensions of emotional intelligence and ethics in contemporary companies and their subsequent effect on employees’ motivation and performance. A quantitative method was used and a sum of 386 questionnaires were gathered from three different high-tech startup companies located in Greece and analyzed with SPSS software. For triangulation reasons, secondary data from the companies’ websites were collected and an interview with each company’s director of the human resources department was carried out. The results suggest that ethical values contribute to employee motivation and in turn employee motivation contributes to employee performance. Useful managerial implications are derived from the study.

Keywords: Motivation, Ethical values, Emotional intelligence, Employee performance, high-tech firms, Greece

Factors Driving Innovation Strategies and Long-Term Capability in the Financial Industry Tenele Dlamini and Darelle Groenewald University of Johannesburg, South Africa DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.129

33 Abstract: With innovation being one of the elements to obtain a competitive advantage, organisations in the modern business environment are primarily focused on improving existing processes and products as a means of innovation. Organisations need to go beyond product and process innovation and develop strategies specifically intended for innovation. Innovation in most organisations happens in a non-systematic, arbitrary manner. Organisations should establish clear innovation strategies such as aggressive innovation, technological innovation, market innovation and opportunity innovation. Knowing what drives innovation strategies and capability will enhance organisations to gain an additional competitive edge. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors driving innovation strategies that would ensure long-term capabilities within the financial industry. The study adopted a qualitative methodology, cross- sectional and used a case study design. As the existing body of knowledge on innovation strategies is limited, an interpretivist philosophy that is descriptive in nature were used as it describes and provides insight into this field of study. Following a thematic approach and using semi-structured interviews the empirical study was conducted on twenty top managers from twenty different organisations in the financial industry in one of South Africa’s provinces. Data was analysed using Atlas-ti. The financial industry was selected because the industry is entering a digital phase that demands sustained innovation practices to survive in this new landscape. The industry is at the core of rapid structural changes that have a significant effect on South Africa. Prior to conducting the interviews, pre- testing was conducted by undertaking pilot tests to test the viability and reliability of the questions. Empirical evidence suggests that innovation strategies and innovation success is influenced by multiple factors, mainly technology, employee motivation and leadership. The results reflected that successful innovation in organisations cannot be achieved in silo’s but organisational support is fundamental. It was found that idea-pitching platforms enhance the creation of new ideas and implementation of new innovation practices.

Keywords: innovation, innovation strategies, innovation capabilities, drivers of innovation, financial industry

Developing International Networking Readiness for Innovative Entrepreneurship Tiit Elenurm Estonian Business School, Tallinn, Estonia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.048

34 Abstract: This paper contributes to conceptualizing choices to be made by university programme developers, when online and face-to-face tools are used for developing networking readiness. The main research question is: What are opportunities and challenges in experiential learning programmes that apply fully online or blended learning programmes for improving international networking readiness of business students for innovative entrepreneurship? The paper applies action research to compare four learning projects, including inter- university pre-incubation activities that were part of the Estonian entrepreneurship education development efforts, the course Cross-border business projects with Baltic entrepreneurs, X-Culture global teams and the Nordic Ideation Camp. Pluses and minuses of these experiential learning processes for enhancing innovative mindset and teamwork in international business opportunity identification, international business model development, entrepreneurial team creation and applying creativity in teamwork are analysed. Innovation is facilitated by diversity of knowledge sources and breaking borders of the learner’s comfort zone. Different patterns of team formation and combining online and face-to-face learning have to be chosen, depending on entrepreneurial orientations of learners and resources of the entrepreneurial team to implement their ideas in a real international business. Innovative thinking in intenrational business can focus on understanding or creating international business opportunities but also on acquiring knowledge or financial resources. In both these situations also readiness to socialize with potential foreign partners by using online networking tools is needed. Programmes that assume combination of face- to-face learning and online learning such as the Nordic Ideation Camp, depend on aligning course timetables that is not an easy task for participating universities. Fully online global co-operation project of universities assumes detailed online instructions for students and tutors. A large university that has students from many countries all over the World can easily enable cross-cultural diversity for ideation in face-to-face teams but if composition of student body is mainly mono- national, online learning as applied in the X-Culture will expand the mental space for innovative and entrepreneurial learning.

Keywords: networking, innovation, entrepreneurship education, international business, X-Culture, online teams

A Systematic Literature Review of the Assessment Criteria Applied by Equity Investors Francesco Ferrati and Moreno Muffatto School of Entrepreneurship (SCENT), University of Padova, Italy

35 DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.155

Abstract: What assessment criteria are most widely used by equity investors during their funding decisions? In the context of the so-called picking winner’s problem, which aspect do they consider most? Is it the jockey (entrepreneurial team), the horse (product/service), the race-track (market) or the odds (financials) to make the difference? Despite the investment evaluation funnel being very selective, about 35% of the venture-backed firms actually fail and, considering a conservative estimate, an additional 20% doesn’t provide the expected return on investment. The data therefore indicate that the investment process has large room for improvement. This paper is a systematic literature review of the research about the assessment criteria used by equity investors (venture capital and angel investors) during their investment decision making process. The research is designed around three research questions. RQ.1: what are the criteria used by equity investors to support their decision-making process in venture funding? RQ.2: what are the investment criteria that have been most discussed in the literature? RQ.3: which aspects of the company are mostly assessed by investors? After screening the abstract of 894 unique journal publications, 53 articles were selected for a detailed analysis. The criteria mentioned in every study were registered and 208 distinct drivers were identified. The criteria were classified into 35 specific categories, 11 generic classes and 4 main domains of analysis (respectively related to the venture, the investor, the risks factors and the environment). The high detail and granularity of the analysis is one of the added values of this work compared with previous literature. The authors propose a new approach to research, based on the use of large databases on ventures funding (e.g. Crunchbase). By analysing data on thousands of actual investments, researchers could introduce a radical change of perspective in this field of research.

Keywords: startup; investment decision; evaluation criteria; venture capital; business angel; crunchbase

Innovation and Business Models towards a Sustainable Food System Maria de Fátima Ferreiro and Isabel Salavisa ISCTE - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, DINÂMIA’CET-IUL, Portugal DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.119

36 Abstract: Business models (BMs) and their link with cleaner, green production have been the subject of growing attention in the recent research on sustainability. Businesses are increasingly dealing with the challenges and opportunities associated with transition towards sustainability due to the adoption of new strategies to innovate and implement more suitable solutions for the new context. Many studies on a broad array of sectors and countries, notably farming activities and the food system in general (Smith, 2006; Spaargaren, Oosterveer and Loeber, 2012), have already documented this shift. This paper addresses the emergence and development of new business models (BM) envisaging the transition to sustainability. As little attention has been given to the food sector in this regard, the research presented reflects on BM innovation both generally and in the specific case of the food sector by presenting the case study of an innovative farm in Lisbon Metropolitan Area (Quinta do Oeste). The study is part of a Project on Spatial Planning for Change (SPLACH). The case study allows the identification of several aspects to make the food business more sustainable in certain parts of the value chain, specifically production and commercialization (short chain supply). The study was carried out with primary data collected through extensive interviews with key actors, namely the farm’s representative, and visit/detailed observation of the farm. The research shows how sustainable food production and commercialization have given rise to new offerings and demand. In terms of originality, this research aims to contribute to and stimulate the discussions on the need to create novel and more sustainable business models in the food sector. The research identifies different elements that contribute to the innovation of BM for more sustainable farms, more specifically the importance of entrepreneurs’ values as a driver of sustainable pathways and the centrality of producers’ networks in the implementation of innovative BM. The study also highlights the need to address research gaps in the theoretical and methodological dimensions of the food system transition.

Keywords: food system transition; sustainable business models; organic farming; technological innovation; commercialization practices

Clustering as Knowledge and Innovation Networks in Agro-Industrial SMEs Mário Franco1, Lurdes Esteves2 and Margarida Rodrigues1 1CEFAGE-UBI Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal 2Institute Polytechnic of Castelo Branco, Portugal

37 DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.204

Abstract: This study aims to analyse the influence of clustering in the process of sharing knowledge and innovation among firms. To this end, qualitative research of an exploratory nature was undertaken, with the information being gathered through interviews with owners and managers of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) belonging to an agro-industrial cluster in Portugal. Through content analysis, the results obtained allowed that clustering promotes the publicising and internationalisation of products and has an impact on SMEs’ results. The importance of the cluster’s action regarding innovation was also confirmed and its potential as a catalyst for the share of knowledge. The importance of business-people’s attitude and relational competences, particularly trust, mutual help and having an open mind, are essential factors for successful network functioning and the clustering process. Considering that the research carried out on clustering has been focused on regional development, this study contributes to developing existing theory by analysing the clustering as inter- organizational networks of sharing knowledge and innovation activities.

Keywords: Clustering; networks; knowledge; innovation; SMEs; agro-industrial cluster

Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies: The Role of Corruption and Rule of Law Hasan Ghura1, Arezou Harraf1 and Allam Hamdan2 1Box Hill College Kuwait, Abo Halifa, Kuwait 2Ahlia University, Manama, Bahrain DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.065

Abstract: Although emerging economies have become key players in the new global economy, they are struggling to sustain economic growth and development. In this realm, entrepreneurship has been considered as a driving force for economic growth and development. This study contributes to the literature of entrepreneurship by examining the moderating role of corruption on the relationship between rule of law and entrepreneurial activity, measured by new entry rates, in 42 emerging economies between 2002 and 2014. It suggests that the effectiveness of the rule of law on entrepreneurial activity is contingent upon the lower levels of corruption. Our results showed that rule of law has a significant effect on new entry rates only when control of corruption is strong. Implications are drawn for aspiring entrepreneurs, policy and future research.

38 Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Institutions, Corruption, Rule of law, Emerging economies

Regulation of Meso Trajectories in the National Innovation System Oleg Golichenko Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.184

Abstract: The meso trajectory is considered as a sequential process of performing core functions on the phases of the development of the national innovation system (NIS). It constitutes a three-phase process. They describe emergence (origination), diffusion (adoption, adaptation and assimilation) and retention of a new successful rule (innovation). The study focuses on two groups of factors of these phases. The first is external factors whose action is manifested in the existence of high risks and uncertainties distributed over the stages of the meso trajectory. The second group occurs within the meso populations of the trajectory. The actors of these populations shape the group. Regarding the first group of factors, two conclusions are drawn. First, government policy that aims to mitigate inherent risks and uncertainties must be dual. It means that, on the one hand, the policy should provide compensation for a part of the uncertainties and risks inherent in innovation activity, and, on the other hand, make the actors carry some significant portion of risks themselves. Secondly, if the policy is intended for regulating the effects of externalities (e.g. technological spillover) on different phases of the trajectory, then its task is to maintain the necessary balance of their influences on NIS core functions on the adjacent phases of the trajectory. The paper introduces the concept of factor-forming populations. The action of factor- forming populations contributes to the dynamics of meso trajectories and performance of NIS functions at the phases of the trajectory. In the study, such populations are carrying the attributes of factors having a significant impact on meso trajectories. The public policy must weaken a factor-forming population with a negative impact on performing the NIS functions and reinforce those that have a positive effect on them. If factor-forming populations demonstrate both positive and negative influence on the trajectory, the policy should assist in strengthening useful parameters and smoothing harmful their behavioural

39 models. The modern dynamics of some graduations of the factor-forming populations are analysed for Russia.

Keywords: meso trajectories, phases, populations, functions of innovation system, incentives and disincentives, public policy

Innovative Ways of Financing Small Business during Economic Crisis L.A. Guzikova and V.I. Shagun Graduate School of Public Administration and Financial Management, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.136

Abstract: In modern conditions, innovation is an integral part of the economic development and national competitiveness. Entrepreneurs should replace or reconstruct outdated production facilities, master new types of products and services, introduce innovative solutions. This requires enterprises to attract significant capital investments. Attracting external funding is necessary at different stages of the enterprises activity but the most importance it has when implementing a new business project and bringing it to the market. This stage is difficult and risky for investors at the stage, when the financial results were implemented. We can attract investors much higher than at the startup stage. At the next stage, when the company successfully operates and needs to expand its business. Search and attraction of external sources of financing are continuous and important tasks for any company. The adoption of measures to support small enterprises in a crisis situation is undertaken, but these measures relate only to the priority sectors of activity. For small businesses, innovative ways of financing in adverse conditions for acceleration are needed. Therefore, the aim of the study is to propose a new method "Revenue Share Loan" of financing small enterprises at the development stage. In the course of research, a new method of financing alternative types of venture is described.

Keywords: small business, state support for small business, small business financing, innovative financing method

40 Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: Literature Review Allam Hamdan1, Reem Khamis2, Sameh Reyad1, Sherine Badawi1 and Ahlam Hassan1 1Ahlia University, Manama, Bahrain 2Brunel University, London, UK DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.002

Abstract: This study aims to review the literature about the relation between entrepreneurship and economic growth. At the theoretical level, the study adds up to the literature of economy concerned with the impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth in developing countries and oil-based economy countries that have different economic and social environments and depend on oil revenues to finance their general expenditures to reinforce economic growth.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Economic Growth, developing countries; Oil-based economy countries.

Literature Review: Impact Assessment of Innovation Networks Johanna Haunschild and Sara Tsog Fraunhofer IPK, Berlin, Germany DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.218

Abstract: Networks in scientific and technological landscape are described as the new economics of science (Dasgupta and David, 2007). Innovation and technological advancements are the driving forces behind the sustainable growth and development of organizations and the economy. The knowledge economies are based upon complex technologies. This paper, therefore, aims to synthesize existing literature on the impact of innovation networks. By tracing versatile innovation metrics, the paper explores whether inter-organizational networking influences the speed and the rate of knowledge creation among the network participants. To address these questions, several empirical studies that examine the impact of networking on innovation performance are reviewed. The objective of this paper is to provide empirical results obtained up to now on the effects of innovation network on creating innovation and technological. The paper will seek

41 to deliver empirical evidence beyond case studies and researchers' individual experiences.

Keywords: Innovation network, Impact assessment, Innovation speed, Innovation performance, Innovation measurement.

Application Example: Assessment of the Technological Maturity of Brazilian Innovation Institutes Fabian Hecklau1, Florian Kidschun1, Markus Will1, Holger Kohl2, Marcelo Fabricio Prim3, 4, Alberto Xavier Pavim3 and José Eduardo Oliveira3 1Fraunhofer IPK, Division Corporate Management, Berlin, Germany 2Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany 3Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial (SENAI) - National Service for Industrial Training, Brazil 4Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA) – Aeronautics Institute of Technology, Brazil DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.271

Abstract:The advancing globalisation and simultaneous liberalisation of the markets not only have a tremendous influence on companies in the manufacturing industry, but also lead to new challenges for the research sector. Especially Research and Technology Organisations (RTOs) as bridges of basic research and the industry favour technological change on the one hand and increase the competitiveness of the industry through innovative solutions on the other. (Arnold, Clark, Jávorka 2010; Breznik 2015). The resulting high need for technological innovation pushes RTOs to intensify competition for technology leadership in order to sustain market competiveness. In this regard, RTOs must be able to develop technological solutions that translate results from research and science into state-of-the-art products and services. This can only be achieved when technological resources and competences are effectively and efficiently used to build up competitive advantages. (Kröll 2007; Figueiredo 2014; Zehnder 1997) Therefore, the assessment of technological maturity can provide RTOs with information on strengths and weaknesses in their specific technology areas (Kelessidis 2000), on the basis of which technology strategies can be derived to contribute to the development and training of substantial (core) competences (Klappert, Schuh, Aghassi 2011), which in turn improve the quality of unique and 42 differentiating products and services (EARTO 2005). In this context, the aim of this paper is to give an application example of a technological maturity assessment of a Brazilian institutes of innovation within the framework of a technology audit. The organization SENAI (National Service of Industrial Training), which is mainly responsible for vocational training and education with more than 1.000 units spread all over Brazil, started to create a network of 26 applied research units (the SENAI Innovation Institutes – ISIs) in 2012. After the first years of operation and ramping-up these institutes, the headquarter of SENAI and the Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft, under the leadership of the Fraunhofer IPK, jointly started in 2017 to evaluate the technological maturity of the SENAI Innovation Institutes. Within this paper, the methodology as well as the results of selected technology audits that were executed in different ISIs in 2019 will be described.

Keywords: Technological Maturity, Technological Capability, Research and Technology Organisations, RTO, Assessment Method

Social Innovation and Crisis in Spain: A Polyhedral Relationship Blanca Herrero de Egaña Muñoz-Cobo Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, Instituto Universitario de Migraciones y Desarrollo, Madrid, Spain Benefactor Innovación Social DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.056

Abstract: This article analyses the growth of social innovation in Spain and shows, through the study of 50 cases of Spanish social innovation, the relationship between the economic and the welfare state crisis and that flowering. The empirical study, of 50 cases of social innovation in Spain, makes it possible to reveal to what extent economic and welfare state crisis is a trigger for social innovation in Spain (and by extension in the rest of the world) but not only: it can also provide interesting angles hidden behind the relationship between social innovation and crisis. However, it is important to underline that we are not dealing with a simple causal relationship, "a major crisis, more social innovation", but, as we shall see, we are facing a multifaceted relationship and the determination and description of the multiple aspects of this relationship will help us to identify the weaknesses and strengths that could be avoided or imitated in other geographical contexts, at the same time as contributing to provide greater sustainability and coherence to social innovations in the post-crisis periods.

43 Keywords: Social innovation, Social development, Crisis, Social innovation triggers, Social innovation sustainability, Social innovation in Spain, Spanish social innovation

Bench to Bedside: A Tool to Support Life Science and Health Innovation Management Thomas Howson1,2, Gareth Davies3, Naomi Joyce1 and Fern Davies3 1 Swansea University Medical School, Wales, UK 2The Life Sciences Hub Wales, UK 3Swansea University School of Management, Wales, UK DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.206

Abstract: Health systems internationally are currently in a state of flux following the recent period of economic austerity, which has resulted in significant restrictions to public service funding. This, in combination with increased pressure on services as a result of ageing populations, increased prevalence of chronic disease and rising patient expectations (Bevan Commission, 2016), has led to challenges in the consistent provision of high quality healthcare. A recent Parliamentary Review on Health and Social Care in Wales (2018), describes NHS Wales in its current form as ‘unsustainable’, and outlines a need for a new approach to service delivery, emphasising the important role innovation will have to play in achieving this. The Life Sciences sector is renowned for its innovative nature, and possesses the potential to provide solutions to overcome the challenges currently facing NHS Wales, whilst concurrently stimulating wider economic growth. However, innovation in this realm is challenging, which is demonstrated in practice by a high attrition rate of firms within the sector. The inability to manage innovation processes effectively is considered a common cause of innovation failure, and consequently a number of Innovation Management Tools (IMT) have been designed to support practitioners manage the complexities of innovation processes. The aim of this paper is to describe the design, implementation and testing of a context specific Life Science and Health IMT. When used to support the delivery of innovation programmes in Wales, the tool allows programme staff to identify areas of weakness in participants Innovation Management approaches and facilitates the creation of bespoke innovation support packages, which aim to maximise the potential of project success. By illustrating participant case studies, this paper demonstrates the application of the tool in programme contexts and latterly details the findings of successful tool validation activities.

44 Keywords: Innovation, Innovation Management, Health Innovation, Innovation Management Tools, Performance Measurement

Entrepreneurial Network Pathways to Venture Growth: An fsQCA Analysis Hao Huang1, Li Zuo2, Guohong Wang3 and Lan Qin4 1School of Economics and Management, Dalian University of Technology, China 2College of Economics and Management, Dalian Minzu University, China 3Dalian University of Technology, Ganjingzi District, Liaoning Province, China 4Dalian Minzu University, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Liaoning Province, China DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.090

Abstract: New ventures are usually under pressure to overcome liabilities of newness and smallness. They must focus on assembling resources to survive and grow. The literature suggests that start-ups acquire or accumulate resources to utilize them building a resource base through entrepreneurial network. Yet extant literature emphasizes direct effect and causality between entrepreneurial network and firm performance, and most prior research on entrepreneurial network aggregates its features into a gestalt construct to investigate its influence on venture growth. Drawing on the resource management theory and entrepreneurial capability (EC) theories, this study investigate the multiply pathways of intricate antecedent conditions. This study deconstructs entrepreneurial network into network size and network diversity dimensions, and analyses resource orchestration sub-processes such as resource structuring, transforming and harmonizing. In terms of entrepreneurial capability, opportunity sensing capability and opportunity achieving capability are utilized as EC measure. This study focuses on technological start-ups in China. The case companies are sampled deliberately from representative industrial agglomeration areas in China, such as Beijing, Shanghai and Liaoning Province. The causal mechanisms are explored emphatically by which those factors mentioned ahead collectively affect venture growth. To realize that, the study utilizes fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), a new analytic technique that uses Boolean algebra to provide a holistic view of interrelationships, compared to traditional net effect approaches that assume symmetric and linear relationships among variables. By analyzing the derived complex solutions that illustrate the causal recipes and calculating the consistency scores for all possible complex causal combinations, 45 solutions and pathways for high membership score in the outcome conditions are given and discussed. The results show that (i) entrepreneurial network attributes lay the foundation for different types of resource orchestration actions; (ii) different combinations of resource orchestration affect the formations of entrepreneurial capability and (iii) multiple pathways of complex causal configurations can lead to certain increase of venture growth. This study provides critical conclusions and insightful implications for researchers and entrepreneurs.

Keywords: entrepreneurial network; resource orchestration; entrepreneurial capability; venture growth; condition configurations; fsQCA

The Factors Affecting Enterprise Startup: Proposed Research Ghassan Husain, Allam Hamdan, Abdalmuttaleb Al-Sartawi and Esra Al Dhaen Ahlia University, Manama, Bahrain DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.003

Abstract: The primary objective of this study is to study the critical barriers and constraints faced by young entrepreneurs when running and starting a business and to examine the potential incentives, used to improve the situation by using tools and measures.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Gulf Cooperation Council GCC countries; Start-up

Effects of a Japanese Business School Course on Entrepreneurial Competencies Yuko Inada Advanced Management, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.047

Abstract: The demand for entrepreneurship education has been increasing in many countries. Higher education programs in entrepreneurship are important to increase entrepreneurial thinking. The effectiveness of these educational programs is of interest to researchers, even though some acknowledge difficulties in evaluating the efficacy of these programs (McMullan and Gillin, 2001; Cox et al, 2002). The United States and Europe lead global interest in determining

46 entrepreneurship education outcomes. However, little is known about the effects of entrepreneurship education in other regions, including Japan. Inada (2018b) reports that only 7 out of 23 business schools in Japan include entrepreneurship courses, and research on the effects of these higher education courses is scant. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in students’ entrepreneurial competencies before and after participating in a higher education course in Japan dedicated to entrepreneurship. Participants were 21 MBA students who attended an entrepreneurship course at a Japanese business school. During the course students created a business plan in English. Survey data were collected from June- July 2017, after the 7-week course on entrepreneurship. The questionnaire survey was based on the three main elements of entrepreneurial competencies identified by Lackéus (2015): knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Results revealed statistically significant differences in knowledge and attitudes before and after entrepreneurship education. In the knowledge domain, self-insight, which includes knowledge regarding personal fit with being an entrepreneur or being entrepreneurial, was improved. Regarding attitudes, entrepreneurial passion, self- efficacy, and entrepreneurial identity were improved. Although the difference in skills fell short of statistical significance, improvement in this area was supported by a medium to large effect size. Considering the effect sizes, skills, mental models in knowledge, interpersonal skills, uncertainty/ ambiguity tolerance, and perseverance in attitudes all improved following the entrepreneurship course based on creating a business plan. As indicated by Nabi et al (2017), it is important to accumulate the effects of entrepreneurship education and develop it for future research.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship education, Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial competencies, Evaluation, MBA

The Impact of Compliance Costs on Innovative Development Marina Ivanova and Tamara Selentyeva Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.115

Abstract: The aim of this study is to examine the complex linkage between innovative development and state regulation. In particular, the authors explore the impact of taxation compliance costs on several indicators of innovative development. Also the authors assess the impact of the other regulatory costs 47 elements on the innovations to find out the proportions of the general impact. By using correlation analysis methods, the authors measure the impact of taxation compliance costs (particularly, time to comply, time to comply with VAT refund and time to obtain VAT refund) on the following indicators of innovative development: the ratio of innovative companies to total quantity of companies; gross domestic spending on R&D. The study encompasses 30 countries. In order to assess the impact of the other regulatory costs elements on the above- mentioned innovation indicators, the authors use the total tax rate indicator and the same methods of analysis. Interpretation of the results is based on estimating the determination coefficient (R) by the Chaddock scale. The analysis shows the weak link between every element of compliance costs and the innovative development indicators (R <0.3). At the same time, there is a strong impact of tax burden on the indicators. The overall conclusion of the research is that taxation compliance costs are less important in creating the overall negative effect of regulatory costs on innovation comparing to other elements of regulatory costs (such as total tax rate). The detection of a negative impact of tax burden on the innovative development confirms the findings made earlier by Carlin, Soskice that the emergence of any compliance burden affects innovations adversely. Nevertheless, the findings of this research provide more precise information about the composition of this impact. Based on this, it’s possible to make recommendations to governments, regarding regulation choice, to take into consideration not taxation compliance costs but the other regulatory costs elements. However, the results of the research cannot be extended to other specific types of regulation (non-tax regulation, such as labor or environmental law). Compliance costs of other regulation can still create a significant impact on innovative development.

Keywords: compliance costs, innovative development, regulation, taxes, operating costs, innovation indicators

Self-Driving Cars and Considerations on Ethics: Where are we heading with Automation? Bárbara Jael1, Manuel Au-Yong-Oliveira1,2 and Frederico Branco3 1University of Aveiro, Portugal 2GOVCOPP, Aveiro, Portugal 3INESC TEC, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.192

48 Abstract: We hear more and more about autonomous vehicles, however, where are we heading with automation? Recently, we have heard about some crashes of autonomous vehicles, which have occurred during trials. Therefore, can this technology be trusted? Equally important, what kind of moral and ethical questions are behind the decisions that a vehicle like this must make? Who should be saved if someone must die, in a car accident? The elderly, or perhaps younger people? Executives or the homeless? People who follow traffic rules, or is that not relevant? This article will start by reviewing some of the ethical questions that have already been raised and results found within the public domain. Then the article proceeds by discussing our survey, administered in Portugal, with 111 answers. For situations which would seemingly lead to an obvious consensus and to a 100% agreement on the matter, we found this to not be the case, as our survey never achieved such polarized results. For example, even when confronted with saving pet animals or children, there was still a split in the choice made (albeit pending heavily towards saving the children). This goes to show how people are different and make different choices in life. Are we superior to animals and do we have a greater right to life than pets? Of course, this is debatable, according to differing values and cultures. Therefore, it follows that much debate should ensue as to how to program autonomous vehicles to behave - in case the loss of life (in whatever form) is at stake. Automation, as such, is thus leading us down ambiguous avenues where grey areas abound and we may simply not know what is best all of the time. Automation is thus making us work harder at being human beings and is bringing us to new levels of rationality – where emotions should also play a big part. The spontaneity and intuitiveness of human decision- making being taken out of the equation (when an accident occurs without automated cars that is how we think) makes many pre-meditated decisions uncertain and unpopular. Profoundly humane issues, which are often culture specific, are thus yet to be discussed.

Keywords: Automation, Autonomous car, Culture, Ethics, Safety

The Impact of Multidimensional Ach on Entrepreneurial Intention Sanna Joensuu-Salo, Anmari Viljamaa and Elina Varamäki Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences, Seinäjoki, Finland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.020

Abstract: Entrepreneurial intention has been extensively studied in entrepreneurship research over the past 20 years (Kolvereid, 1996; Krueger and Carsrud, 1993; Fayolle and Liñán, 2014). In general, previous research has been 49 largely based on the Theory of Planned Beviour (TPB) by Ajzen (1991) and addressed entrepreneurial intentions in different contexts. However, entrepreneurial motivation in regard to entrepreneurial intention is an under- researched issue. Carsrud and Brännback (2011) call for studies investigating the impact of motivation on entrepreneurial intentions. This study answers the call by examining the impact of multidimensional Ach on entrepreneurial intentions. Ach is a fact-based theory of motivation initiated by Atkinson (1957, 1964). Based on this theory, a multidimensional measurement of Ach was developed by Helmreich and Spence (1978) and it contains three subscales “mastery needs”, “work orientation”, and “interpersonal competitiveness”. As Carsrud and Brännback (2011) argue, these subscales tap into some underlying motivational characteristics of the entrepreneur. The objective of this study is to explain the impact of these sub-constructs on entrepreneurial intentions by answering the following questions: 1) have mastery needs a positive association with entrepreneurial intentions?, 2) does work orientation have a positive association with entrepreneurial intentions?, and 3) does interpersonal competitiveness have a positive association with entrepreneurial intentions? This study uses linear regression analysis in testing the model. Gender and role models are used as control variables. The data for this research was gathered from Finnish higher education students studying their first year in Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences in the fall of 2018. 555 answers were received. Results show that both interpersonal competitiveness (β=.24***) and mastery needs (β=.11*) have a positive and statistically significant effect on entrepreneurial intention. However, work orientation does not have an effect. Both gender (male) and role models are significant variables in the model. The whole model explains 23 percent of the variation in entrepreneurial intention. This study verifies the importance of motivation for entrepreneurial intention. The results also have implications for entrepreneurship education and policy.

Keywords: entrepreneurial intention, multidimensional Ach, motivation, higher education

Multicriteria Evaluation of Process Innovation Variants in Manufacturing System Development Magdalena Jurczyk-Bunkowska1 and Przemysław Polak2 1Opole University of Technology, Poland 2Warsaw School of Economics, Poland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.151

50 Abstract: Process innovation is one of methods for developing manufacturing systems. By investing in a new plant and equipment, firms can gain in terms of productivity, material utilization, quality or reliability. They can even gain the capacity to manufacture new products. However, having investment funds is always associated with a decision to take a step forward or to give up an attempt to implement an innovative solution. Such a decision requires the evaluation and comparison of potential benefits and risks associated with the implementation of a specific innovation variant. Moreover, it involves conducting a multi-criteria analysis. The criteria for choosing the variant of manufacturing system development may include the impacts on: system capacity, flexibility, security, unit production cost and the natural environment. Whereas, the risk assessment is associated, among others, with: the size of an investment, the scope of necessary training, and uncertainty resulting from the novelty and the extent of necessary changes. In many cases, the overwhelming positive evaluation of one criterion prevails over the poor assessment of another criterion. In such a situation, it is possible to use the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method. This method allows to aggregate the evaluation values for many different types of criteria. The aim of the article is to propose the use of the TOPSIS method to the evaluation of innovation variants possible to implement in the manufacturing system. On the basis of the conducted research, the criteria for making the evaluation were proposed and described in detail. The authors took into account short-term and long-term management perspectives. The case study observation of the manufacturing system development at the Polish furniture manufacturer allowed to present the example of the evaluation of innovative solution variants. The paper demonstrates the possibility of using the proposed approach in practice, thus contributing to the literature in the field of innovation management. The authors showed the universality of the method, but also its limitations.

Keywords: innovation, manufacturing system, innovation variant evaluation, multicriteria decision making, TOPSIS

Environmental Awareness of the Zero Waste Concept and the Possibilities for Its Implementation within the CSR Strategy in Slovak Business Entities Vladimíra Jurišová University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.173

51 Abstract: Environmental responsibility is a key pillar of corporate social responsibility. It is often based on the principles of the circular economy and is leading towards the zero waste concepts of companies. Business entities that reflect this aspect and implement the principles and concrete measures of the circular economy into their business activities increase their competitiveness on the market. Many studies confirm that the current model of natural resource extraction, along with its processing, use, and disposal in the form of waste, is the definition of unsustainability. The future of economic growth resides within the re-use and restoration of resource efficiency, which can be achieved from the point of view of the business environment by implementing ecological innovations that are in compliance with the principles of the circular economy. The contribution deals with the principles of the circular economy, which represents a sustainable development strategy, thus creates functional and healthy relationships between nature and human society. The aim of the contribution is to provide an analysis of the theoretical background of the circular economy issue as an important part of the CSR strategy of companies, its definition, and comparison with the linear model. The contribution will provide the results of research aimed at identifying the environmental awareness of Slovak business entities about the possibilities of implementing circular economy principles in the CSR strategy, whether and how Slovak companies implement these principles in their business, as well as what they consider to be the biggest barriers and difficulties to implement this concept in their business. In conclusion, we will summarize the results of the research and also point to successful and inspirational examples of Slovak business entities that have successfully implemented the principles of a closed economy within their CSR strategies. They have brought forward solutions that go beyond recycling and apply ideas and principles of zero waste concept.

Keywords: corporate social responsibility, linear economy, circular economy, zero waste concept, good practices

The Impact of Cooperation and I&D Research on Innovation in the Healthcare Sector Elsa Justino1,3, Gina Santos2, Vanessa Marques3 and Carla Susana Marques2 1University of Trás-os-Montes, Portugal 2CETRAD Unit Research, Portugal 3Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.150 52 Abstract: This study sought to analyze the impact of cooperation and investment in research and development (R&D) on innovation in the healthcare sector. A recent definition of cooperation for innovation is that found in the Community inquiry (CIS 2014) that innovation cooperation consists of active participation in innovation projects with other non-commercial enterprises or institutions. Cooperation does not imply that both partners derive commercial benefits. Thus, investment in innovation and development of innovative products and services related both to medical equipment and management area are key to the growth of the health sector. The promotion of strategies based on innovation generates real value for the client and is highly rewarded in a highly competitive market. Although technological innovation in healthcare is often viewed with suspicion and its adoption blocked by financial constraints, it is a key part of healthcare development. The Portuguese national innovation system has produced very positive results, not only for economic agents in particular but also for the economy in a global sense. The analysis used variables included in the Community Innovation Survey – CIS 2014 database, to which multivariate statistical tests were applied. Cooperation has an impact on non-technological innovation, unlike the investment in R&D that does not have an impact on innovation in the healthcare sector in Portugal. Cooperation and investment in R&D don’t have any impact on technological innovation. This study’s results contribute to validating the importance of cooperation in technological and non-technologic innovation and investment in R&D as a way to understand trends and to plan and define innovation strategies that contribute to healthcare organizational performance and customer’s satisfaction. It´s important to note that this type of cooperation must necessarily involve the creation of new value and should not be merely a trade-off, that is, to obtain anything for the resources that have been made available to the cooperation, mainly in the healthcare sector. In the last decades, with the increase of competition, the cooperation among healthcare organizations assumes greater importance due to the difficulty to meet the requirements in isolation. Therefore, when moment two or more organizations realize the possibility of achieving their goals together and making gains, the cooperation between them develops.

Keywords: cooperation, I&D research, innovation, healthcare sector, performance

Life Cycle Management Aspects in Eco-friendly Digitally Networked Products

53 Lorand Kacso-Vidrean1, Ioana Gavrilei1, Marinela Vartolomei1, Dimitrios Karamousantas2 and Adrian Pîslă1 1Technical University in Cluj-Napoca, C. Daicoviciu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 2Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese, Kalamata, Greece DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.093

Abstract: Cluj-Napoca is an important pole city for economic and social development in Transylvania. The city’s advancement in medical, education, IT and industrial development is coming with an increased need for energy, mobility & services. This PhD research takes the entire region into consideration, but is mainly focused on the Cluj-Napoca city, considering the activities’ sustainability and the life quality by reducing the pollution level generated by the traffic together with energy & goods demand and production. It is important and correlated the combination between the extended electric energy generation, distribution and the consumption management, putting in front the final beneficiary and after considering the investments opportunities. In this way the research activity has a dual quantitative and qualitative scope, being addressed to private beneficiaries, economic partners and governmental institutions but also to the academia world. The final goal of the research is to develop an application, managed by an encapsulated algorithm within a software module, addressed to surmount the difficulties faced by a private owner in the decision making process for the acquisition of a personal use EV System (Electric Vehicle and charging source). The research is justified by the fact that more and more young and private consumers are concerned about environmental protection, desiring an ecological mobility for their personal and family use. The research focus, the already large acceptance for EVs, to be combined with green energy EV charging sources, in this case solar, a solution that can be extended to companies, in a most economic efficient way. The pretty large diversity of offers and models is not only an advantage but also a stressful decisional process, mainly due to incomplete or not entirely comparable posted characteristics. Little data about lifecycle or long term behavior, together with not precisely defined energy supply batteries and infrastructure is contributing to the uncertainty of the situation. The considered algorithm encompasses the environmental trends, acting as a general decisional “acquisition force”, which includes operation, maintenance and the eco-friendly solar energy power source. The computational software connects the EV “electric behavior” with the photovoltaic energy supply capacity, the buffering accumulators and the entire electric network components in a Digital Decisional Model (DDM).

54 Keywords: lifecycle management, project management, electric vehicles (EV), photovoltaics, numerical modeling

Innovation in the Agri-Food Sector: The Case of the North Aegean Region Dimitrios Kafetzopoulos, Christina Sakali and Dimitrios Skalkos University of the Aegean, Myrina Lemnos, Greece [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.041

Abstract: The agri-food sector is considered as one of the most important economic sectors in the north Aegean region. The sector needs to enhance its competitiveness and productivity, improve the value added and the extroversion of its products. Innovation can be the effective strategy that improves a firm’s performance and makes it more flexible and more easily adaptable to the business environment, leveraging opportunities better than competitors. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore and compare the innovation capability, competitiveness and financial performance both Greek agri-food firms as a whole and the north Aegean region in particular. This research intends to investigate and suggest the innovation dimensions that are more suitable for the Greek and for the north Aegean region agri-food sector, in order to improve its performance and make the agri-food businesses truly competitive. The empirical data of this study were acquired through a structured questionnaire addressed to the chief executive officers of the 436 Greek agri-food firms that were grouped according to their region of activity. Then, regression analysis was employed to examine the correlation between each of the four innovation capability dimensions and the two performance dimensions, namely, competitiveness and financial

55 performance in the agri-food firms of the north Aegean region and those in Greece. The findings verify that organization and marketing are the two most important innovation dimensions that have been playing a pivotal role in enhancing the competitiveness and financial performance of agri-food firms, both for the Greek firms as a whole and for the north Aegean region. This study has shown that, at present, performance in many Greek agri-food firms relies greatly on marketing and organizational innovation. The agri-food firms’ ability to develop strategies and effectively allocate resources according to the suitable dimensions of innovation will prove to be substantially beneficial.

Keywords: Agri-food sector, North Aegean Region, Innovation, Competitiveness, Financial performance

Classifying Entrepreneurial Conceptualizations through the ASKO Dialectical Approach Alexandros Kakouris1, Marianna Karagianni2, Viviana Molina3, Emma Fleck4 and Victoria Pekka-Economou5 1Sustainable Development and Entrepreneurship Lab., University of Peloponnese, Greece 2University of Crete, Rethymnon, Greece 3Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Antigua Estación del Ferrocarril, Colombia 4Susquehanna University, USA 5University of Piraeus, Greece [email protected] DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.207

Abstract: Entrepreneurial thinking has been the main objective for entrepreneurship education, career counselling and consultancy. But, is entrepreneurial thinking (i.e., mindset) a homogenous and unique construct? The many types of ventures and the many forms of entrepreneuring indicate diversity on how individuals perceive the phenomenon and its associated factors. Due to the huge spectrum of such factors and the variety of contingency approaches and perspectives to explain it, many educational curricula and outcomes remain fragmented and disperse. The newly developed ASKO framework adopts dialectics to settle the multivariate and often overwhelming interpretation of business venturing. This approach draws upon the ‘individual-opportunity nexus’ 56 implying four dialectically opposed poles for the individual (knowledge versus ability) and her/his environment (opportunity versus support). The different way that individuals prioritise the importance of these poles in the success of a new business reveals four different styles for establishing new ventures. The present study utilises minimal ASKO data from two samples, one in Greece and one in Colombia, to examine the consistency of the ASKO interpretation, the orthogonality of its dimensions and the expected dialectical opposition between the adopted unidimensional variables for each pole. The analysis also compares the outcomes for the two samples differing in age and culture. Findings show that ASKO is a coherent and universal interpretation and also consistent to contingent theoretical approaches in entrepreneurship, spanning from business planning to effectuation and entrepreneurial bricolage. Present results contribute in the establishment of the ASKO framework through its minimal configuration (i.e., with eight factors) as a base for further development and refinement. Implications of the present research pertain to strategic (i.e., systematic) fostering of the entrepreneurial mindset able to meet certain goals of educational and economic policies. It also enriches the assessment tools of entrepreneurship education by tackling the alteration of beliefs and attitudes beyond to knowledge and skills.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial thinking, Entrepreneurial beliefs for success, Entrepreneurial styles, ASKO typology, Entrepreneurship education

Service Design Business Concepts for the Elderly: Design Thinking Approach Sangeeta Karmokar Auckland University of Technology [email protected] DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.263

Abstract: This study examines the significance of design thinking approach to create innovative service-based business concepts for the elderly market. Service- driven industries such as hotels, catering, logistic services and retirement homes hold an increasingly dynamic and pivotal role in today’s “greying market”—the market segment more or less broadly defined as those people aged 55 and older. The greying market is an excellent field of launching and expanding for new- market as elderly customers will increasingly demand new products and services they had not demanded or had not been able to demand before. With the rapid changes in technology and the nature of service provided, older consumers are

57 often overburdened by complex products and difficult to use technologies. In order to be successful, service-driven businesses that cater to this market require innovative approaches based on an understanding of the customers’ needs and requirements. This case study highlights the key issues that need to be taken into consideration when designing desirable products or services for the greying market—such as empathy and engagement with the users.

Keywords: Design Thinking, Service Design, Human-Centered Design, Users Needs, Innovative Design

Transformative Technologies and Social Change: An Introduction Sangeeta Karmokar Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.086

Abstract: Rapid transformation in the technology is accelerating has create exponential growth in many areas. New innovation in product and services are seen in all sectors such as agriculture, medical diagnosis and treatment, societal changes, manufacturing and business. It has captured the imagination and provided diverse sectors of business and society with new opportunities for strategic and social changes. These changes are coming fast and we need to be creative and collaborative to navigate positively to these changes. Transformative technologies have the potential to contribute to both personal and societal transformation. Transformative technologies can enrich our life and bring social awareness and changes in the society. In this conceptual paper, we explore transformative technology and its capability to drive social change. We present some examples where transformative technologies have played a significant role in social awareness and change.

Keywords: Transformative Technologies, Social Change, Positive Technology, Emotional Well-being

Digital Business Strategy and Information Systems Planning: Determinants of Success

58 Fotis Kitsio and Maria Kamariotou University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.134

Abstract: The last decades, the view of IT strategy has been transformed to a functional-level strategy which should be aligned with the business strategy. The traditional business strategy has been reshaped through these digital technologies which have led CIOs to rethink the role of IT strategy and formulate a new business strategy into an overarching phenomenon which is called “digital business strategy”. It includes all of the functional and process strategies with digital resources. Many executives think that their IT department has a digital strategy. Specific technology groups, mobile applications, and systems that handle simple customer inquiries are not a digital strategy. The implementation of a digital business strategy requires a higher system visibility and key value appropriation mechanisms that will increase firm’s performance and avoid competitors to imitate it. However, the implementation of a digital business strategy depends on firm-internal and external factors. First, many IT executives feel uncertain regarding their positioning in the digital age and they cannot change their role from pure technologists to business strategists. While, many IT executives believe that outsourcing can be an effective strategy in order to reduce cost for IT production, they do not see the importance of digital resources to create new IT capabilities. Previous studies in Information Technology highlight the strategic significance of these perspectives. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which the process of digital business strategy affects the success of IT plans. Data were collected from IT executives in Greek firms and were analyzed using Regression Analysis. IT executives should view digital business strategy as an opportunity to diverge from competitors by formulating and implementing effective plans for digital business strategy. They could go beyond the traditional view of IT strategy and systems in order to focus on the phases of the strategic planning process and increase firm performance.

Keywords: IT strategy; digital business strategy; alignment; IT planning; performance

Service Dominant Logic and Digital Innovation from Open Data: Exploring Challenges and Opportunities Fotis Kitsios and Maria Kamariotou University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.053

59 Abstract: Private governmental datasets for service development are available through the increase of open data. A vast array of private data is becoming available and as a result new businesses can use this data to develop innovative services and increase customers’ value. One way of speeding up this development is to look at the services based on the open data. The perspective of service research and service dominant logic was un-researched and only the technical perspective of open data was examined. Previous researchers indicate that there is a clear gap in the current comprehension of open data service research. In particular, researchers did not focus on studying how to build a sustainable open data market and establish the actors within it. Furthermore, more research is required in order to explore the theoretical and practical perspective of sustainable open data network structures and the ways in which actors can gain revenues. A better examination and understanding of these challenges and opportunities can lead to improved services for consumers, organizations and citizens. Based on the existing literature, the purpose of this paper is to extrapolate open data as a phenomenon which could be studied from the perspective of the service dominant logic. In this article a research agenda for open data service research is suggested and a set of research questions for open data service research is presented. Challenges related to open data services were identified and classified based on the review of the current literature in order to develop a research agenda to support future research in this emerging field. Despite the significance of open data service research, more research is required and this area could be studied from a multitude of perspectives, and will be addressed by researchers from different disciplines. The contribution of this paper regarding the suggested research agenda which was presented remains from the fact that this paper can be used as an inspirational starting point into a scientific field that is likely to be significant for future researchers and academics.

Keywords: open data; data drive service; service dominant logic; digital innovation; information systems

The Determinants of Banks’ Innovativeness Monika Klimontowicz and Janina Harasim University of Economics in Katowice, Poland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.236

Abstract: The dynamic changes in the social, economic, legal and technological environment influence the paradigm of banks’ market behaviour. Today banks’ innovativeness becomes more and more important in the process of value creation. It helps to react to changes in market condition flexibly or even 60 sometimes create such changes that result in the bank’s competitiveness and satisfactory market performance. Building a bank’s innovativeness requires the analysis of its drivers and barriers. The paper presents the selected results of the organisational innovativeness research that was conducted in 2018 among banks operating in the Polish banking market. The analysis of banks’ innovativeness determinants included the assessment of the external and internal factors’ importance for building banks’ innovativeness. It was analysed using the relative importance index (RII). Additionally, the analysis of association was applied as a statistical method used for finding the relations between external factors (variables) measured by ordinal scales. The literature review showed that it was the first such survey conducted in Poland and Europe. The result develops the knowledge concerning organisational innovativeness and has practical implication for banks’ managers.

Keywords: banks’ innovativeness, innovativeness’ determinants, innovation in banking, competitive advantage

Beyond Digital Government: the Role of Internal Marketing in Public Sector Innovation Vicky Kolovou1, Konstadinos Kutsikos1, 2 and George Bithas2 1School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patra, Greece 2Growth Transformation & Value Engineering (W.A.V.E.) Lab, Business School, University of the Aegean, Chios, Greece DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.082

Abstract: The global financial crisis and the growing role of private organizations for public service delivery have been significant pressure levers for public sector organizations. Their managers have realized (oftentimes reluctantly) that transformation is inevitable, through innovative approaches to their structure and culture. A common starting point has been the deployment of digital infrastructures with the goal to (re)develop and deliver high quality services to citizens. Another innovation path in public management has been the implementation of performance measurement systems. Such innovation activities share a key success factor that is often neglected: the motivation and satisfaction of those who will be called upon to deliver it; i.e. the public servants. So, how can managers engage their employees in such innovation paths within public sector organizations? A number of researchers have proposed the adoption of internal marketing (IM) practices. Despite the interest, however, there is limited number of actual cases where IM has been adopted for enabling innovation and

61 transformation of public sector organizations. By conducting a Systematic Mapping Study (SMS methodology), the authors identified an exciting research gap, defined by: a) the lack of a systematic identification and mapping of relevant research efforts; b) the lack of an implementation-driven framework (critical success factors; implementation risks and hurdles). The study’s outcomes are forming the basis of ongoing work with a public service organization (Tax Authority) in order to: a) refine the critical success factors/implementation hurdles identified in this study; b) identify innovation needs and how they can be addressed through the development of an IM framework.

Keywords: service; innovation; marketing; public sector; digital; transformation

Fuzzy-Multiple Approach to the Analysis of the Investment Climate of Asia-Pacific Oil and Gas Market Evgenii A. Konnikov1, Olga A. Konnikova2 and Nikita S. Lukashevich1 1Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia 2St. Petersburg State University of Economics, St. Petersburg, Russia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.276

Abstract: The dynamics of the development of world industrial markets contribute to the growth of the need for energy sources. One of the most dynamically developing industrial markets at the moment is the Asia-Pacific market. The countries of this region are continuously declaring a dynamically growing demand for traditional energy sources. The development of oil and gas market of the region attracts significant investments. However, many major oil and gas projects are certainly less attractive for exporting countries, largely due to differentiation of macroeconomic policies of key representatives as well as logistic specifics. Within the framework of this article, the authors offer tools for analyzing the investment climate of oil and gas market of Asia-Pacific Region based on fuzzy-multiple approach. This toolkit allows potential investors to comprehensively assess the attractiveness of the market and determine the main vectors of interaction with key countries of the region.

62 Keywords: Asia-Pacific Region, investment climate, oil and gas market, fuzzy- multiple approach

Innovation as a key Source of Company Competitiveness Vadim Krivorotov1, Alexey Kalina1, Natalia Starodubets1 and Sergey Erypalov2 1Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Institute of Economics, the Ural branch of RAS, Russia 2Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.070

Abstract: The paper discusses the role of innovative transformations as one of the most important sources of the company’s competitive potential formation and as a key factor in its strategic positioning in the market. Authors provide reasons that strategic positioning incorporates two essential components of the company’s operational activity: innovation activity and market adaptability, which together define its competitive development strategy. At the same time, the basis of the company's adaptability in the market is dynamic innovative activity, which affects all areas of company operations and is related to all innovations, ensuring production costs savings, product promotion, and additional profit. In order to practically implement the innovative strategy of a company, authors offer to assess innovative projects, depending on the type of innovation: product and process innovations, and the innovative activity of the company itself. Authors suggest algorithms for possible implementation of such assessments. For product innovations, it is recommended to conduct an analog assessment of the comparative quality of goods when justifying the competitiveness and price of a new or updated product. In evaluating process innovations, one should be guided by the criteria, which include compliance of innovations with the company’s

63 development objectives, scientific and technical level of the proposed innovations, and availability of necessary production and resource capabilities for their development and further implementation. At the same time, to assess the compliance of innovative measures with these criteria the matrix-resource modeling method is used. The article concludes that a comprehensive assessment of introducing innovative transformations of a company should take into account all possible types of effects from such innovations - economic, scientific, technical, resource-driven, social, environmental, etc. The process of innovative transformation, covering all aspects of the company’s operational activity, is aimed at activating the factors that are key in terms of increasing company competitiveness. All together the mentioned innovative transformation effects s result in one unified integral effect, which is the increased company competitiveness.

Keywords: innovative transformations, innovation activity, company competitiveness, product innovations, process innovations, integral innovation effect

Creating a Market for eHealth Entrepreneurs Stefan Lagrosen, Anna-Lena Nilsson and Lina Nilsson eHealth Institute at Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.106

Abstract: Digitalisation is rapidly changing the conditions for providing healthcare. New digital products and services are continuously integrated into the operations although not without frequent hurdles and difficulties. In addition, the ehealth market for public healthcare is dominated by fairly large companies while smaller, entrepreneurial companies have difficulties accessing the public health market. The purpose for the project reported in this paper is to examine how the competitiveness of ehealth entrepreneurs can be increased by gaining access to public healthcare. The aim is to develop a model describing the necessary conditions for a common development-process involving organisations in healthcare and small and medium size companies (SMEs), which can serve as a support in iterative improvement activities. The main methodology used in the project has been interactive workshops led by a professional moderator. Ten workshops involving representatives from healthcare, elderly care, SMEs and academia as well as politicians have been carried out. The findings are summarised in the model which gradually has emerged. The model has four vital cornerstones: understanding of needs, technical openness, procurement process and collaboration forum. Understanding of needs is a crucial aspect both from the 64 perspective of healthcare and from SMEs. Currently, dialogue is lacking and SMEs do not in enough detail understand the processes taking place in healthcare and thus which the problems are. On the other hand, the healthcare representatives often do not have any overview of which suppliers and products exist and in what way they can aid in their operations. This leads to the procurement process often being ad hoc at the same time as it is limited by public procurement rules which frequently are too rigidly followed. Consequently, competence development of both healthcare organisations and SMEs is key to success. This development process will be highly facilitated by a collaboration forum – an arena in which healthcare representatives and SMEs can meet and learn from each other. The model, with its cornerstones, constitutes the main finding of the project.

Keywords: eHealth, SMEs, Healthcare, procurement, digitalisation, competence development

Waldorf Pedagogy as an Innovative Approach for School Health and Learning Yvonne Lagrosen Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.111

Abstract: A research project regarding health promotion for school health, in the context of a Waldorf School received grants from the Swedish National Agency for Education. Waldorf pedagogy contains methods different from contemporary pedagogy such as integrating aesthetics and movement together in the learning process. The purpose of the study is two-fold. First, to explore and evaluate the methods used in Waldorf pedagogy regarding their effects on health and learning. Second, to evaluate the suitability of the approach and methodologies per see for this kind of study. A case-study has been carried out involving pupils, staff and parents. A verified measurement instrument has been used. It is aimed at measuring health, quality and learning and it was further refined to better fit the present context. Quality dimensions previously identified for pupils and staff were used. Questionnaires were sent with a response rate ranging from 66% to 100%. Based on the questionnaires, pertinent questions were defined and explored in five quality cafés based on the world-café methodology. Feed-back from five focus-group interviews including all of the above-mentioned categories were also collected. In addition, a follow-up questionnaire was sent to co-workers and pupils. The results indicate that the school's activities with their basis in Waldorf pedagogy might have a health-promoting effect, since the school’s activities are of high quality and the health of the pupils is generally good. The pupils greatly 65 appreciated the quality cafes which gave them a forum to discuss things thoroughly as well as experiences of being listened to. The focus group interviews revealed that the pupils generally think that the school is good now, even better than before this project. Other perceived effects of the study concern increased team-building, happiness, increased awareness of importance of teachers’ health, advantages of serving healthy food for learning and acceptance of each pupil’s uniqueness. The study provides a holistic methodology to evaluate health promotion activities in a school project and provides insight into benefits of the Waldorf pedagogy.

Keywords: Quality Management, Health Promotion, Organisational learning, Social innovation, Waldorf pedagogy, Sense of coherence

Assessing the Assessment Practices in Entrepreneurship Education in Higher Education Kiefer Lee Sheffield Hallam University, UK DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.017

Abstract: This paper explores the current debates and issues of assessment practices in entrepreneurship education within the higher education context. While there has been considerable attention in literature dedicated to the teaching and learning of entrepreneurship in universities and entrepreneurship education more generally, there is, by contrast, a shortage of research on the assessment practices in entrepreneurship education. This shortage has been highlighted as a key area of concern. Assessment holds a crucial role in the successful delivery of any formal educational curriculum i.e. as a mean to ensure effective evaluation of learning, the assurance of educational standards, and motivating and progressing student learning. Given the importance of the role of assessment in higher education, questions remain as to how lecturers should assess students to promote optimum entrepreneurial learning. This paper seeks to begin to address this shortage in the field by developing a scoping review of the literature on assessment practices in entrepreneurship education within the higher education context. As the literature landscape in this field appears to be relatively recent and unexplored, a scoping review is considered as an ideal way to systematically identify the breadth of literature, clarify boundaries and definitions, and identify gaps in research evidence. There are three main research questions: (1) what is the extent of published evidence on assessment practices in entrepreneurial education delivered in higher education?; (2) what is known from the existing literature about the use and impact of such practices in promoting 66 entrepreneurial learning?; and (3) What are the gaps in the knowledge base in this emerging field?. By addressing these questions, the outcomes of this review would identify and summarise key concepts in the field, and offer a platform on which further debates and developments may be made. Results of this study include both a descriptive numerical summary of the published studies on assessment practices as well as a thematic analysis based on the research questions.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship Education, Enterprise Education, Assessment, Entrepreneurial Learning, Assessment Feedback, Higher Education

How Entrepreneurial Orientation Affects Firm Performance? Examining the Black Box through MASEM Xiaoli Li, Guohong Wang and Xuemei Liu Dalian University of Technology, China DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.122

Abstract: Understanding how firms can promote performance is of high interest for both scholars and practitioner. Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) which reflects the strategic posture of a firm to continuously engage in innovative, risk-taking, and proactive behaviours, is widely recognised as an important source of competitive advantage and superior performance of firms. Therefore many scholars have conducted in-depth researches on the EO–performance relationship. Some of them not only study whether EO affect firm performance, but also study the mechanism through which does EO affect performance, dynamic capabilities (DCs) are proposed as key driver factors to explain the relationship between EO and firm performance. Although a substantial body of research has been done, there are some unresolved issues, further research is needed. First, some results of empirical researches on the relationship between EO and firm performance have not been fully conclusive. Second, the mechanism through which EO influences firm performance remains unclear. In order to explore the truth and get convincing results, this study uses meta-analytic methods combined with structural equation modelling(MASEM) to synthesize extant empirical research. This study develops and empirically examines a model that investigates the mediating roles of two DCs (sensing and seizing, reconfiguring) on the relationship between EO (innovativeness, proactiveness and risk-taking) and firm performance. This study integrates findings from separate streams, covering 12 years of research, and uses a sample of 234 effect sizes from

67 49 studies to verify the model. Using R software, the results of MASEM show that the model fitting degree is good. Therefore, this paper agrees with the view that EO affects performance through DCs, which play a mediating role. The results thus provide valuable insights for managers to promote firm performance, as they provide a “guiding map” which reveals how EO may use specific DCs to enhance firm performance.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial orientation (EO), Dynamic capabilities(DCs), Performance, Meta-analytic Structural equation modelling(MASEM)

The Developmental Nature of Greece's Tax System, a Key Pillar for Improving Greek Entrepreneurship Panagiotis Liargovas1, Nicolaos Apostolopoulos2, Zacharias Dermatis1 and Dimitrios Komninos1 1University of Peloponnese, Tripolis, Greece 2Plymouth Business School, Plymouth University, UK DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.254

Abstract: The volatile tax system is a huge disincentive for taking business, as frequent changes in the tax system create extremely difficult problems. It is a major barrier to entrepreneurship, it fails to address them economic inequalities, is too complex, changing very often, and is made in a way that facilitates tax evasion.The factors that discourage investors from investing in our country are as follows (as research has shown in the past five years in our country by researchers - scientists): High Taxation, Complex Institutional Framework, Bureaucracy, Corruption, Political Liquidity, limited access to finance. These pathogens hamper the ability of the economy to produce competitive goods and quality services on the market. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the main pathogens of the tax system which are a brake on the development of Greek entrepreneurship and how they can be tackled so that our country produces competitive goods and quality services.

Keywords: tax system, entrepreneurship, tax coefficients, pathogens, tax administration

Corporate Social Responsibility Effects in Micro Entrepreneurship Ventures Run by Women

68 Hellen López-Valladares, Manuel Díaz-Gamarra and Jorge Mendoza Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.243

Abstract: Currently, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is usually considered an activity of high strategic value for companies. However, in the case of micro enterprises it is assumed that it is not a priority due to the scarcity of resources and the need to survive first at the beginning of the business. This makes difficult to carry out research on how it is implemented and the impact that CSR activities have. This empirical research seeks to contribute to this gap in knowledge by evaluating how CSR practices adds value to the growth of these kind of organizations. Through in-depth, qualitative study based on the life-story methodology, we studied the role of 21 female entrepreneurs in the gastronomic sector. The discourse analysis sought to identify how the dimensions of environment, management activities and individual characteristics had an impact on the growth of entrepreneurship, being affected by the CSR activities as a moderator variable. The results indicate that the development of support networks, and the use of psychological resources such as resilience and the presence of a strong system of social values were fundamental elements for the survival and growth of these micro ventures.

Keywords: micro enterprises, corporate social responsibility, business growth, women entrepreneurs, life-history

Startups in Poland on the Internet of Things Market: Development and Life Cycle Natalia Mańkowska Gdynia Maritime University, Poland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.154

Abstract: The article presents the results of research concerning the development of startups on the Internet of Things market in Poland. Internet of Things (IoT) offers new and enhanced services and applications allowing end users to access data collected from the environment and various artifacts located there. It is generally accepted that services based on the IoT solutions may positively affect the development of innovative economies. For several years, many startups have tried to enter the IoT market in Poland. Some of them survived, others went

69 bankrupt or ceased to operate from other reasons. The main goal of this publication is the identification of factors determining the success of startups operating on the Internet of Things market in Poland. Research on key success factors is carried-out through the analysis of data on the life cycle of IoT startups (eg. registration of activity, the period of activity, amount of co-financing, etc.). These data are confronted and compared with the stage of the startup's life cycle. The idea is to create some form of a timeline that presents all factors affecting the survival or failure of the startup along the period it was operating. The data used for the analysis have been acquired from the Startup Poland’s (http://startuppoland.org) service ‒ which is the foundation connecting and serving entrepreneurs in Poland. Startup Poland database contains information about startups dedicated to the IoT market, registered and unregistered (seed or pre-seed stage), financed or not from the external sources. In addition, data from the business register, as well as observations from websites and fan pages of startups were used for the research. Today, issues related to research on the development of startups in Poland is very important. These problems are also analyzed in other countries and regions. The results of research on the factors determining the survival of startups are used in practice – especially when assessing financing new business ventures. Results are also important for the development of the theory of economics, the theory of enterprise innovation and business management, especially strategic management.

Keywords: startup, success factors for a startup, Internet of things market, life cycle

The Impact of Environmental Benefits on Innovation in the Healthcare Sector Carla Sunana Marques1, Ana Pinto2, Alexandra Braga3 and Gina Santos1 1CETRAD/UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal 2ESTG-PP, Porto, Portugal 3UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.181

Abstract: The present study thus sought to fill a gap in the research on the relationship between environmental benefits and innovation in the healthcare sector. The conceptual model proposes to analyse the dimensions of environmental benefits on innovation in healthcare sector. The literature points out that the promotion of strategies based on innovation creates value for the

70 customer (user) and is rewarded in a highly competitive market. Existing financial constraints may limit the effectiveness of innovation in healthcare and may result in a resistance to change by health professionals. As health is now considered a priority area of intervention, it’s critical that organizations understand how they affect the environment and take responsibility for their environment. These should be guided by sustainability as it is fundamental for the development of innovation in the organizational sphere. Our analysis used variables included in the Community Innovation Survey – CIS 2014 database, to perform multivariate statistical tests. The results indicate that environmental benefits have a positive impact on innovation in healthcare in Portugal. This study’s results contribute to validating the importance of investment in environmental benefits as a means to understand trends and to plan and define innovation strategies that contribute to healthcare organizational performance and customer’s satisfaction. Cooperation relationships foster an environment conducive to the socialization and complementarity of knowledge essential to sustainable innovation. Sustainability measures aimed at reducing waste, water, energy, and costs have a strong impact on health organizations, as they can achieve a financial return on their investment.

Keywords: environmental benefits, innovation, healthcare sector, Portugal

Identifying and Overcoming Technology Transfer Barriers at R&D Organisations Adam Mazurkiewicz and Beata Poteralska Institute for Sustainable Technologies – National Research Institute, Poland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.098

Abstract: Innovation processes are affected by numerous factors influencing the technology development and transfer. The authors focus on barriers understood as any kind of limitations that hamper the effective functioning of a technology transfer system and, as a result, disturb the co-operation of R&D organisations with enterprises in the implementation and commercialisation processes. Against the background of a literature review comprising classifications of technology transfer barriers, while taking into account our own experience in executing research projects and co-operating with industry, the authors apply an original three-dimensional classification of barriers. The classification takes into account the following criteria: (1) the character of the barrier (technical, organisational- economic, system), (2) the management level at which the barrier is observed

71 (strategic, tactical, operational), and (3) the connection of a barrier with the type of an R&D organisation’s capabilities (financial, physical and material, human resource, information and management). The paper is focused on a selected type of barriers which are of an organisational-economic character, observed at the operational and tactical levels, interrelated with particular types of previously listed types of R&D capabilities. The paper presents the results of a state of the art analysis comprising organisational-economic barriers as well as examples of barriers encountered in practice by the paper’s authors in their many-year involvement in innovation development and implementation into economic practice in the field of machine construction and maintenance carried out by an R&D organisation. Against this background, having in mind the importance of overcoming or at least limiting technology transfer barriers, an original authors’ system approach to supporting innovation development processes from the stage of innovation generation through its execution, with particular attention paid to R&D capabilities available and needed, is presented. The paper is focussed at the stage of initiating innovations, where a “project generator” and a multi-criteria analysis aimed at choosing the best option are applied.

Keywords: technology transfer barriers, R&D organisation, innovation development and implementation

Design Thinking pedagogy and enterprise education Peter McLuskie and Sunita Dewitt Coventry University, UK DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.138

Abstract: Design Thinking features increasingly within Enterprise and Management education programmes. Its adoption is piece meal led by what could be described as champions and evangelists. There are nevertheless critics and detractors with accusations that the Design Thinking discipline is not robust and is a ‘simplified’ version of the design discipline. There exists a growing body of resources and how-to guides on what Design Thinking is and how to mobilise it in the classroom. However, despite these resources it is still unclear how Design Thinking is being delivered in the classroom. A number of studies have recognised this gap and have sought to begin formalising knowledge and understanding of Design Thinking pedagogy for non-designers. This study aims to contribute to this research by exploring key questions: What tools, methods and models do Design Thinking educators use: existing resources, do they create their own or do they adapt existing resources? Do Design Thinking educators present their students with a variety of methods/models or do they focus on just one or two? Do 72 educators ask students to engage critically with Design Thinking and its limitations or is there a taken for granted assumption about its efficacy? The aim is to map the range of Design Thinking methods and pedagogies. The first part of the study involved surveying thirty-nine Design Thinking educators and this paper presents the results of this study. Key findings: Design Thinking is ubiquitous: it is cited in an extensive range of contexts and applications. While there are several Design Thinking models available to educators, they nevertheless tend to create their own model rather than follow existing models. There is a high number of pedagogies which do not engage critically with Design Thinking. Design Thinking can serve other agendas. This paper will offer a fuller account of these findings and offer conclusions relating to the research questions.

Keywords: Design Thinking, enterprise education, pedagogy, entrepreneurship

Future-Proofing Students in Higher Education with UAV Technology: A KM Case Study Thomas Menkhoff1, Kan Siew Ning2 and Eugene KB Tan2 1Lee Kong Chian School of Business, Singapore Management University (SMU), Singapore 2School of Law, Singapore Management University (SMU), Singapore DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.077

Abstract: In this paper we report experiences in implementing a new course ‘Understanding Drone & Robotics Technology – History, Usage, Ethics & Legal Issues’ at the Singapore Management University (SMU) framed as a strategic knowledge management initiative in an institution of higher learning aimed at capturing, sharing and creating new knowledge about disruptive technologies such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). We posit the new course as a knowledge innovation initiative (similar to a KM-enabled business case in a corporate setting) in support of the university’s mission and vision so as to deliver new value to students and to stay ahead of the latest technological developments. In line with a ‘normal’ KM initiative, we examine how the new learning and teaching initiative was conceived, pushed forward and eventually launched, creating a new multi-disciplinary learning experience for students, instructors and other stakeholders. We explain the knowledge strategy of the course and use the SECI framework to shed light on selected aspects of the pedagogical approach towards achieving the desired learning outcomes. Overall,

73 the paper intends to make a case for more collaborative knowledge leadership as a strategic enabler of knowledge innovation in a rapidly changing higher education landscape.

Keywords: Drones, UAV technology; Higher education; Multi-Disciplinary Teaching and Learning, Knowledge Transfer

Evaluating Digital Transformation Strategies: A MCDA Analysis of Greek Tourism Smes Dimitrios Mitroulis and Fotis Kitsios University of Macedonia, Greece DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.197

Abstract: The tourism industry is one of the fastest growing industries globally. It is one of the pillars, on which the Greek economy has been based on. In this context, new digital technologies play a critical role in the industry's development and performance improvement. Greek tourism enterprises should adopt digital transformation in order to meet the changing demands of customers experience and stay competitive in a constantly evolving industry. The requirements that the organisations need to meet are the right approach to innovation and technology, in accordance with the customer-centric and data-focused organisational culture. Implementing a digital transformation strategy is very important for Greek tourism SMEs in order to successfully adapt to the new technological changes and enhance customer experience, structural changes, changes in value creation and organisational performance. In addition, there is a lack of understanding around the factors that define the digital transformation of the tourism industry, due to the lack of prior research on the subject. Decision-makers satisfaction is one of the major components for the evaluation of digital transformation strategies. Taking this fact into consideration, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of senior managers' satisfaction, related to digital transformation strategy of Greek tourism SMEs, using multicriteria decision analysis. The research was conducted in Thessaloniki, Greece using a structured questionnaire. Data were collected from SMEs in the tourism industry. All the relevant data were processed 74 using the MUSA method (MUlticriteria Satisfaction Analysis). The results of the study present that senior managers are not particularly satisfied, mainly with the implementation of new digital technologies and the needed skills for managing them. This paper provides further implications related to how tourism organisations could succeed in the digital era. Moreover, it attempts to help managers address this challenge more systematically, and also provides a set of criteria which could possibly be used as a guideline for managers and senior managers when they attempt to formulate a digital transformation strategy in the tourism industry.

Keywords: Digital transformation, strategy, digital innovation, multicriteria analysis, tourism

DICE Preconceptions Exploration Card: a Tool to Avoid Preconceptions among Students in Multidisciplinary Entrepreneurship Courses Viviana Molina1 and Jorge Maya2 1Universidad Autónoma de Manizales and Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia 2Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.042

Abstract: Many difficulties could be saved if a team starts a project using a tool to promote a clear understanding of the terms they are going to use and the abilities of each member. Design, creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship, have been studied from many different disciplines, sometimes giving diverse definitions and setting false expectations on what everyone does. The problem becomes larger when we take into consideration that interdisciplinary collaboration and integration on these fields is always promoted. So, when working with multidisciplinary groups, some participants use the terms indistinctively when discussing their new projects, particularly in the entrepreneurship class, bringing those incompatible, sometimes mistaken, views to the teamwork, making it necessary to discuss about their preconceptions. The aim of this paper is to propose a preconceptions exploration card as a pedagogical tool for entrepreneurship education in multidisciplinary groups that allows students to have that first discussion in which they can understand each other’s discipline and strengths. To propose the card, we did a content analysis of expert literature to extract the most common words used to define each field and that way incorporate it to the tool. The tool consists of one first card, the preconceptions 75 explorations card, to randomly be filled by one student on the definition, objectives, core concepts, the actors, and the context of one of the disciplines; the second, reference card, allows to compare the answers of the first card against what is defined in the literature on those disciplines. The paper contributes to relevant debates in education around the placing of value in multidisciplinary teaching, finding solutions for ill-defined societal challenges requires the integration of different knowledge fields. This century’s main problems, such as water, poverty, environmental crises, violence, terrorism and destruction of social fabric can’t be adequately tackled from the sphere of specific individualist disciplines. This poses a problem, since education systems are mostly monodisciplinary, resulting in experts in rather narrow fields. Although it is frequently attempted, the situation cannot be solved by creating teams of specialists in different areas around a given problem. This team approach only leads to an accumulation of visions emerging from the participating disciplines.

Keywords: Entrepreneurialism, Design, Creativity, Innovation, preconception

The Mindset of Eco and Social Entrepreneurs: Piloting a New Measure of ‘Sustainability Mindset’ Christopher Moon¹, Andreas Walmsley² and Nikolaos Apostolopoulos³ ¹Middlesex University, UK ² International Centre for Transformational Entrepreneurship, Coventry University, UK ³Plymouth Business School, Plymouth University, UK DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.196

Abstract: Building on the prior work of Mayer & McPherson Frantz (2004), Gilbert et al (2011), Hockerts (2015) and Outsios and Kittler (2017), this paper reports research that pilot tests a new measure of ‘sustainability mindset’. N=51 students of entrepreneurship completed the hybrid measure based on three sub-scales: empathy, compassion and connectedness to nature. Results show strong support for the validity of the measure. Based on three existing measures, strongly supported in the literature, this new measure aids understanding of which ‘entrepreneurs’ have the ‘mindset’ to become social or eco entrepreneurs. Findings reveal that the tool is suited for students to reflect on their entrepreneurial mindset e.g. have they the ‘empathy’ and ‘compassion’ associated with social entrepreneurship; and or the ‘connectedness to nature’ associated with ecopreneurship. Further, employers can use the new hybrid scale 76 to assist with recruitment and selection, and development and training e.g. in identifying individuals with the ‘sustainability mindset’ for tackling the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The paper thus explores the meaning and significance of ‘sustainability mindset’ for enterprise and entrepreneurship education.

Keywords: Eco and social entrepreneurs, mindset, practice, sustainability, enterprise & entrepreneurship education

Development of an Integrative Business Model Innovation Framework Mazanai Musara1 and Cecile Nieuwenhuizen2 1School of Development Studies, University of Mpumalanga, South Africa 2Johannesburg Business School, College of Business and Economics, South Africa DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.108

Abstract: A growing body of literature shows that business model innovations are an integral component of and important for the success of every business. Consequently, business model innovation has attracted multidisciplinary interest, including in the disciplines of entrepreneurship, innovations management, and strategic management among others. In fact, extant literature shows that innovations to improve processes and products are often costly and their returns are uncertain. As a result, several businesses are shifting their focus from process and product innovation to business model innovations. Yet, there is evidence of a lack of conceptual clarity and understanding in the literature on the notions of business model innovation. The challenge of conceptualizing business model innovation is exacerbated by the increasingly complex and volatile business environment brought by the evolving realities of the fourth industrial revolution. Thus, the lack of understanding of business models presents a challenge to the establishment and growth of the evolving business model innovation theory and practice. Using a thematic content analysis approach, we report on the recurrent as well as divergent themes based on twenty-five (25) selected articles on business model innovation conceptualizations and practice. We then propose and 77 present an integrative framework that aims to explain conceptualization and practices on business model innovation. The integrative framework presented in this article combines the categories of business model dimensions namely value creation, value delivery, value capture; with the emergent business model innovation concepts on cognitive configuration, strategy, performative practice, technological and market innovation, value shaping and sustainability to provide a consolidated conceptualization of business model innovation. The value of this article lies in its exploratory utility in providing a concrete foundation for future research and practice on business model innovation, through an integrative framework that defines business model innovation.

Keywords: Business Model Innovation, Thematic content Analysis, integrative framework

University Spin-off Firms and Market Introduction of Sustainable Energy Inventions Razie Nejabat and Marina van Geenhuizen Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.085

Abstract: Many university spin-off firms today are involved in sustainable energy technology. However, to what extent and how spin-offs reach market introduction of their inventions, is not well-understood. Spin-offs may differ in many ways, like entrepreneurial orientation and competences, and opportunities in their ecosystem. To contribute to a better understanding, this paper explores differences in market-introduction (time)and underlying factors. It draws on a carefully selected sample of almost 40 university spin-offs in Europe and it applies rough-set analysis to explore relationships. The results suggest a high probability of positive development if spin-offs grow up in a ‘Innovation Leader’ country (like Sweden and Denmark) and employ multiple networks. A second set of favourable factors include a practical mind-set in the founding team through education merely at MSc level and accessing of substantial investment capital. In contrast, hampering factors include being involved in solar energy technology as a ‘follower’, while employing one-sided/poor collaboration networks. Overall, the results suggest substantial differentiation among spin-offs, and concomitant practical (policy) implications.

Keywords: university spin-offs; sustainable energy; market introduction; entrepreneurial orientation; entrepreneurial ecosystems

78 Innovative Behaviour Aspects within the Circular Economy Anna Németh Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.210

Abstract: Companies credit innovation as a major source of their success. However, not all innovations provide profit for companies. This is often due to a company’s lack of understanding of consumer needs, understanding and acceptance of the innovation. Innovative behaviour and innovativeness of consumers as a research has been studied for several decades and relatively substantial body of knowledge exists currently. However, the concept of circular economy brings up new aspects of innovative behaviour. The focus shifts from adaptation of new products to adaptation of a new business concept, and to the new product-service offers delivered by the new business processes. Companies who wish to transfer from the linear models to the circular ones need to understand the behavioural patterns of consumers who are most likely to adopt innovations rising from the circular economy principles. This paper aims to review the existing literature related to innovative consumer behaviour and formulate relevant research questions and agenda for future research on innovative behaviour in a circular economy context.

Keywords: circular economy, consumer innovativeness, innovation adaptation, innovative consumer behaviour

Generation Y Females in Ireland: An Insight into a New Entrepreneurial Phenomenon Rebecca Nevins and Angela Hamouda Dundalk Institute of Technology, Ireland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.060

Abstract: Early research in the area of Female Entrepreneurship points to the now accepted fact that women encounter obstacles that are gender specific, have different goals and motives and that while significant strides have been made in dealing with these issues, the fact remains that men typically are more than twice as likely as women to become early stage entrepreneurs. Added to this debate is a new generation of female entrepreneurs, known as Generation Y female

79 entrepreneurs who bring with them a new mind-set; one that is more likely to ‘think outside the box’, challenging convention and demanding change. For example, they are more likely to embrace challenges and issues presented by global businesses and they bring with them a new value system. According to initial research by Manta Research and Deloitte (2017), this generation place societal values as important as profitability. These characteristics of challenging convention, a strong drive for change and a rejection of the status quo is the hallmark of an entrepreneur. It is therefore not surprising that these new millennials have become a new driving force on the entrepreneurial landscape. However, research into female Generation Y entrepreneurs is limited and hence the motivation for this study. The aim of the study is to provide a practical insight into generation Y female entrepreneurs in Ireland offering an exploration of their motivations, goals and characteristics. How and why they interact with existing enterprise programmes and supports is also examined. The findings are based on a sample of ninety-two surveys from Generation Y Female entrepreneurs along with interviews with three representatives from enterprise support agencies. The findings suggest Generation Y female entrepreneurs are motivated by challenging themselves and making an impact on the world. This wider societal focus is paramount to their entrepreneurial mantra. The results also indicate having a work-life balance and a strong focus on social responsibility are also important. The findings from this research provide important insights for enterprise support entities and policymakers, and suggest that existing enterprise support models may not be appropriate for this new entrepreneurial group.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial phenomenon, gender, early stage entrepreneur

How to increase Entrepreneurial Self—Efficacy using Critical Reflection John Nyamunda and Thea Van Der Westhuizen University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.050

Abstract: Background: South Africa continues to face three major challenges of high unemployment, crime and increasing instability. Tackling high unemployment is critical because it is positively related to crime and instability. Entrepreneurship is a viable means to reduce unemployment. About 55% of South African jobs are found in entrepreneurial organisations. Despite being the largest economy in Africa, South Africa lags many other African countries in critical entrepreneurship measures such as Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) and

80 Entrepreneurial Intentions (EI). Current entrepreneurship programmes are not resulting in the transformation of student outcomes to higher Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA), higher entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) or greater entrepreneurial intentions (EI). Aim: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of critical reflection in transformative learning when applied to develop Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (ESE). Setting: The programme studied was the Shifting Hope, Activating Potential Entrepreneurship (SHAPE), a Systemic Action Learning and Action Research (SALAR) project at the University of KwaZulu Natal. Methods: This study used a longitudinal research design, where a questionnaire was used to evaluate Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (ESE) before, during and after the SHAPE training programme. Results: This study showed a statistically significant improvement in critical reflection. However, the study could not test whether actual critical reflection occurred, as it relied on self-reports. To bridge the gap between reported critical reflection and actual critical reflection, this study proposes guided critical reflection through journaling. Conclusion: It is proposed that using guided journaling, it is possible to identify if a participant has conducted critical reflection. Proper critical reflection creates a pathway to transforming Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (ESE), which is a break with the non- entrepreneurial past.

Keywords: self-leadership; self-motivation; university-leadership; life-choices; career choice

Designing Innovative Business Models based on ICT Celina M. Olszak University of Economics in Katowice, Poland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.033

Abstract: The paper carries out a scientific discussion on ICT as an important driver for change and innovation. The thesis was put forward that ICT and information resources can have a significant impact on the development of innovative business models. The paper is of a theoretical and methodological nature, and its main goal is to propose an outline of designing an innovative business model based on ICT. While developing the model, the assumptions underlying the resource approach and the value creation theory were adopted. The proposed model enables organisations to go beyond traditional business functions and processes, integrate internal and external processes, expand existing capabilities and skills, and transform the supply chain into a dynamic system.

81 Keywords: innovative business models, ICT, design

The Entrepreneur in Crisis: A Qualitative Lens on How Entrepreneurs Manage Failure Adesuwa Omorede School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Innovation and Product Realisation (IPR) Research Group, Mälardalen University, Sweden DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.153

Abstract: Every entrepreneur faces barriers when they engage in entrepreneurial activities and for every entrepreneur, their utmost goal is to succeed in their endeavors. However, some entrepreneurial ventures fail due to several factors. After the failure, the entrepreneur either relapses or seeks for new entrepreneurial opportunities. The present study conducts a qualitative research synthesis to examine what happens after the occurrence of firm failure and how entrepreneurs manage the experiences from failure. In doing so, the present study analyses already published qualitative studies on failure by conducting a literature search from several electronic databases to capture the qualitative studies published under failure. After the elimination criteria, 19 relevant articles were identified. The identified articles were analyzed using meta ethnography and grounded formal theory to elaborate on three overarching concepts – the experience and cost of failure, the impact from failure and the outcome of failure. The findings from these analyzed qualitative research offers insight into the ongoing discussions on entrepreneurial failure by identifying recurrent themes and concepts as well as by presenting a conceptual model that describes the entrepreneur’s experiences from failure and how they manage these firm failures. The findings also provide avenues on how future research can contribute to the discussion on failure.

Keywords: entrepreneur, failure, qualitative perspective

Using Innovation Games to Assess Mass Customisation Potential from the Fuzzy Front-End Michael O’Sullivan and Con Sheahan University of Limerick, Ireland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.001

82 Abstract: The buzz surrounding mass customisation technologies like 3D printing and artificial intelligence has many start-ups hoping to capitalise on this dream of creating personalised products at an affordable price, and well established companies scrambling to innovate and maintain their market share. However, the majority of them are failing as they struggle to answer one key question – where does customisation make sense? It only makes sense where people will pay for it. For products like prosthetics, mass customisation technologies can be highly beneficial. However, for products that already sell without a custom element, customisation is not a necessary feature, and so the product development team must figure out if the customers’ perception of the added value of this feature will outweigh its premium price tag. This can be done through the use of a ‘serious game,’ whereby potential customers are given a limited budget to collaboratively buy and bid on potential features of the product, before it is developed. If the group chooses to buy customisation over other features, then the product development team should implement it into their design. If not, the team should prioritise the features on which the customers have spent their budget. The level of customisation purchased can also be translated to an appropriate production method, for example, the most expensive type of customisation would likely be free-form design and could be achieved through digital fabrication, while a lower level could be achieved through short batch production. Twenty-eight teams of final year new product development students tested this methodology when bringing a product from concept through to prototype stage, and found that it allowed them to confidently prioritise their features based on how customers would likely spend their money. Where customers were likely to pay for customisation, the team could decide what level of customisation should be implemented and how it might be produced. A team using this methodology could easily replace mass customisation with another technology or theme that they would like to consider, like the sharing economy or the use of certain materials, to see how it would influence customers’ spending. Finally, the results of the methodology can be aligned with the business goals of the company and even integrated into other lean and agile management concepts like the minimum viable product and product roadmaps.

Keywords: Mass customisation, innovation game, new product development, innovation management, fuzzy front-end

Effective Business Planning for Sustainable Urban Development: The Case of Active Mobility

83 George Papageorgiou, Corinne Petrakis, Natasa Ioannou and Despoina Zagarelou EUC Research Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.137

Abstract: This paper aims to establish the importance of business planning for sustainable urban development. More specifically, we look at how previously conducted business plans have aided urban planning and development thus far. In due course, we then discuss how business planning can be a useful tool in aiding municipalities to undertake sustainable development projects. We demonstrate the use of business planning in a particular case of urban development related to smart cities and the promotion of walking. This is carried out by crafting a business plan for the launching of a Smart Pedestrian Network (SPN) system that takes the form of a smartphone application. The proposed SPN system, with adequate provision of information, encourages individuals to walk more and use their vehicles less where and when possible. In this way, we see that business planning can substantially support sustainable mobility projects. We show that for sustainability-related projects, a business plan can help clearly define the problem we want to address, develop plausible solutions, and anticipate implementation issues. Moreover, business plans help to structure the objectives of sustainability related products and services, and market these to maximise its acceptance by end-users. As a result, business planning proves to be very beneficial for start-ups, new ventures as well as municipalities and other public organisations.

Keywords: Business Planning, Urban Development, Sustainability, Active Transport, Walking, Sustainable Transport

Determining the Factors Which Deter the Development of Social Entrepreneurship in Russia Ruslan Pavlov Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.096

Abstract: Nowadays, the level of development of social entrepreneurship in Russia is rather low. To find out the reasons that led to such state of things, some political measures in Russia and abroad are compared and analyzed. It is stated that in most part the successes of social entrepreneurship in the USA and the UK were determined by the active intervention of the state into the process of 84 development of social entrepreneurship in the form of grants and premiums or by creating a special infrastructure in the form of social stock exchange or microfinance institutions. In Russia such processes were not initiated. Vice versa, neoliberalizm predominates in the political sphere, which, in turn, influenced much the development of social entrepreneurship. So, for instance, the law on social entrepreneurship, which was enacted on first reading, doesn’t contain any measures of public support for social enterprises, which hampers much the development of social entrepreneurship. Besides, the wrong definition of social entrepreneurship based on the principles of self-sufficiency and financial sustainability is present in the scientific circles. It is stated that when such phenomena influence the process of determining the strategy of social entrepreneurship in Russia, a confusion, which results in the low level of development of social entrepreneurship, occurs. The findings of the paper are five factors that hamper much the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia.

Keywords: social entrepreneurship, innovation, neoliberalizm, governmental support

85 Innovation as a Social Phenomenon: Exploring the Past of PSI Studies Tor Helge Pedersen Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.144

Abstract: Public sector innovation is high on the policy agenda of many Western countries, with its corresponding research field dating back to the late 1980s (Borins 2014; De Vries et al. 2016; Walker 2013). However, little of this research has conducted a historical tracing of the research field even though researchers in the 1970s witnessed a growing research interest in both public and private sector innovation (see Downs and Mohr 1976). In other words, studies of public sector innovation may have a longer history than previously thought. This paper traces and explores the early studies on innovation in the public sector, asking: What characterises the understanding (and the conceptual inspiration) of innovation in these studies? The purpose of this exercise is to map these themes in order to check for possible contributions to understand public sector innovation as a phenomenon in its own right. Tracing these early studies uses a backward snowballing method, combined with a traditional literature review. Twelve early studies are identified then analysed regarding their conception of innovation and inspirational sources. The analysis of inspiration sources revealed that there exist several public sector innovation studies dating back to 1928, almost as early as Schumpeter’s invaluable contribution to innovation. The analysis of definitions shows that innovation is, for the most part, treated as a social phenomenon rather than an economic phenomenon, as Schumpeter did in his writings, operating with definitions and cases consisting of new and improved services, as well as creating new organisational units (e.g. neighbourhood institutions) and programmes (e.g. participating in programmes). Therefore, if we want to understand public sector innovation as a phenomenon in its own right, we would benefit by looking at the early studies, their methods, findings and how innovation in the public sector has been understood over time.

Keywords: Public sector, innovation, public sector innovation, history

86 Social Entrepreneurship as Social Innovation Management of Sustainable Development Global Goals Judita Peterlin University of Ljubljana School of Business and Economics, Slovenia [email protected] DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.222

Abstract: The paper distinguishes social entrepreneurs from entrepreneurs by reviewing the existing research and stating the specifics of social entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is mostly defined by economic rationality and utility maximization, whereas social entrepreneurship is characterised by solving environmental and social challenges. Social entrepreneurship can therefore offer valuable solutions for environmental and social challenges. The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical overview of the concept of social innovation and its operationalization in the social enterprise. The main goal of this theoretical overview is to understand the incorporation of seemingly conflicted logics (i.e. divergent logics of commercial and social welfare) within social enterprise and furthermore provide a theoretical model of developing social entrepreneurs. Social innovation is defined as innovation that improves either the quality or quantity of our lives. One of the most widely spread and known social innovations of our time is the Internet. According to the literature review, another oriented dimension is at the core of social entrepreneurship. The founders' goals, convictions and values distinguish entrepreneurs from social entrepreneurs, where entrepreneurs may act out of economic self-interest, social entrepreneurs are driven by the desire to be of service to others. The research question of this conceptual paper is how can social entrepreneurs be developed within a systematic developmental framework? Entrepreneurship education can be found in different contexts and time durations, such as high school, college or professional program settings. Most researchers have studied the educational impact on an individuals' intention to act entrepreneurially and to perform. With this in mind, a theoretical elaboration of entrepreneurship education and its examples around the world are provided. Thereafter, possible topics and a development design that might be useful in the social entrepreneurship education program are proposed. The theoretical implications of the paper are propositions for a social entrepreneurship education program and development initiatives. Knowledge, skills, teaching and development design most suitable for developing empathy, compassion and care for others is conceptualized at the core of the social enterprise.

87 Keywords: Social Innovation, Entrepreneurship Education, Education Management, Social Entrepreneurship

Innovative Approach to Consumer Segmentation in a Digital Age and Their Attitude to Environmental Issues Igor Piatrov and Alena Kusá University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Slovakia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.170

Abstract: There is no doubt that the modern digital age in marketing is moving forward thanks to innovations. Fast-growing digital lifestyle of the population is generating a new consumer segment which is bringing about an innovated view on consumer segmentation. It is destroying former rules of segmentation into generation cohorts which are defined on the basis of demograpic factors and is focusing mainly on psychographic characteristics which have started to play a key role in the online environment. The above mentioned segment is called Generation C or connected users and despite being firstly defined back in 2012, its importance has emerged only nowadays. It is often referred to as the consumer segment of the future. It is a cross-section group of consumers from various generation types which is mainly defined by the extent to which its members have adapted to new digital technologies. In spite of being easily targeted, this audience can also be defined as a medium whose influence is spread through other consumer generation cohorts. What is more, this segment is made of highly environmentally conscious consumers. They are aware of all the environmental issues and they are interested in solving these problems. Therefore they can be defined as a perspective segment for solving one of the most serious problems of modern society and that is environmental sustainability. However, businesses need to implement new marketing communication, communicate properly with this audience and be able to ensure discussions on environmental issues this demanding audience is asking for. The paper is going to present the innovative view on consumer segmentation in a digital era and by means of the questionnaire research it is going to define basic characteristics of consumer behaviour of Generation C, its attitude to sustainability issues and towards marketing communication of environmentally friendly products. These days such knowledge is regarded as highly important know-how for both local as well as global brands and their successful operation in the market.

Keywords: Consumer segmentation, Generation C, Connected consumer, Consumer behaviour, Sustainability

88 Barriers to Technological Innovation for Small Local Confectionery Companies Katarzyna Piwowar-Sulej, Izabela Kwil and Krzysztof Podsiadły Wrocław University of Economics, Poland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.141

Abstract: With regard to manufacturing companies, technological innovations are the subject of analyses. These innovations include new products and processes as well as significant technological changes in products and processes. The aim of the article is to answer the following research questions: What are the main barriers to technological innovation for small local companies representing confectionery industry in Poland? In order to achieve this objective, a literature review (devoted mainly to the determinants of enterprise innovation) and empirical research was conducted based on the case study method. The research focuses on four small Polish confectionery enterprises. The research shows that the lack of financial resources and competent employees is the main barrier to innovation for small enterprises. The enterprises are characterized by flat organizational structures and therefore do not give their employees as vast growth opportunities as international corporations. In addition, small enterprises are often located in rural areas or in small towns, while young people frequently migrate to large cities. This is referred to as a spillover effect. The companies also focus on internal innovation projects and do not implement the open innovation concept. The article offers insights into barriers to technological innovation for small domestic enterprises operating in a specific industry. These insights can be used to stimulate innovative activities across the confectionery industry – for example to maintain and develop the Polish confectionery tradition. Bearing in mind the growing interest of foreign investors in the confectionery industry in Poland, note that the article may also provide information useful for making decisions on the location of further investments.

Keywords: technological innovation, barriers to technological innovation, confectionery industry, food industry

89 Can Entrepreneurs Drive the Russian Economy into the Future? Sergei Polbitsyn, Aleksei Kliuev and Aleksandr Iashin Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.024

Abstract: The giant leap of Russia from planned economy to free market economy in 1990s created both opportunities and disillusions for the Russian population. However, since 1990, the government of the Russian Federation has begun to proclaim small businesses and private enterprises as a panacea for the restoration of the Russian economy. This study aims to identify the potential of the Russian entrepreneurship to become the engine for the Russian economic system. The study is based on the descriptive quantative analysis of official statistical data on SMEs in Russia for the period 2000 – 2017 supplemented with surveys of entrepreneurs. We found that three periods of the development of entrepreneurship in Russia were clearly distinguished: the period of the stable development of the country's economy in 2000-2007; the second stage began in 2008, when the ruble devaluated, which made the import of consumer goods less profitable, and local production became more efficient; and the third period, which began in 2014, was closely connected with political events. The period of sanctions and countersanctions, when imported goods, primarily food, began to disappear in the country, created exceptionally favorable conditions for small business development, which led to rapid growth of small enterprises. We conclude that the future development of the economic system of the Russian Federation depends mostly on the ability of small and medium business to evolve than on the activities of large natural resource companies. In thirty years of new economic system development Russian entrepreneurs learned basic principles of entrepreneurship and continue their education. Russian small businesses managed to evolve into one of the most effective economic forces and affirm that the next decade will be the time of turmoil for Russian entrepreneurship, but we dare to state that in the future we may expect Russian entrepreneurship progress to be better than now. The future research must be aimed on elaborating of scenarios for future development of Russian entrepreneurship.

Keywords: Russian entrepreneurship, SME, trends of the economic development, prospective entrepreneurs’ motivation, prognosis for the entrepreneurial development

90 Research Schools and Stages of Social Entrepreneurship Development in the Global Space Evgeny V. Popov, Anna Y. Veretennikova and Kseniya M. Kozinskaya, Institute of Economics, the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B.N Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.076

Abstract: Interest in social entrepreneurship as a new direction of research and practical activity is continually growing. This paper presents the result of analyzing scientific schools and periodization of social entrepreneurship in different countries. The findings suggest that the leading role in the development of social entrepreneurship play European and American approaches. Based on criteria such as the object of study, the organizational and legal form, the presence/absence of innovation, the attitude to the receipt and distribution of profits, the form of management, four schools of social entrepreneurship were investigated. It has been established that the formation and development of social entrepreneurship in different countries are heterogeneous. Social entrepreneurship features depend not only on the current institutional environment but also on the historical conditions of forming social entrepreneurship. Also, it is determined that the model of European and American social entrepreneurship is transplanted to developing countries in Latin America and Africa through the active support of international organizations and foundations. The study presents the characteristics of the main driving forces contributing to the emergence and development of social entrepreneurship. A prerequisite for creating social enterprises is a political and legal environment but for their successful functioning and development are essential socio-cultural conditions and the presence of institutions involved in the study, training, and support of social entrepreneurship. The practical significance lay in the analysis of the implementation experience of social entrepreneurship in different countries.

Keywords: social entrepreneurship, evolution, factors of social entrepreneurship development, drivers

91 Organisational Capabilities of an R&D Organisation: a Key Factor of Innovation Development Beata Poteralska and Adam Mazurkiewicz Institute for Sustainable Technologies – National Research Institute, Poland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.101

Abstract: Future studies, mainly foresight executed at an R&D organisation, enable the identification of potential far-reaching research and application areas and the directions of their development. In order to be able to carry out research and service activity in innovative and dynamically developing areas, it is of key importance to have adequate organisational capabilities. Thus, this implies the necessity to use appropriate methods for the assessment of its current state and future needs. The article is focused on R&D organisations and their organisational capabilities necessary for developing and implementing technological innovations. It is aimed at presenting a methodology for the assessment of organisational capabilities that is tailored to the specific features and needs of an R&D organisation, developed and applied by the article’s authors. The methodology is presented against the background of the literature review results, comprising definitions, classifications, and assessment methods of the organisational capabilities. The methodology has two components. The first component concerns the complex assessment of organisational capabilities of an R&D organisation as a whole. Its application enables one to analyse the strengths and weaknesses of the available organisational capabilities and to forecast future needs. The second component comprises organisational capabilities assessment regarding an individual research undertaking aimed at assessing the possibility of conducting particular R&D activities. The methodology has been applied to assess the organisational capabilities at the disposal of an R&D organisation, and verified on the example of the Institute for Sustainable Technologies. Application of the methodology makes it possible to identify the shortages in the organisational capabilities, and it constituted the basis for preparing and submitting project proposals aimed at the research infrastructure development. Such projects are focused on providing research and technological support meeting the increasing innovation needs of enterprises. A project prepared by the authors of the article was positively evaluated, and it is currently being executed with co-financing from EU structural funds. Even now, when the research infrastructure development is in progress and it is only partly completed, an interest from the side of enterprises for the use of the so far achieved results of the project comprising ordering services and executing joint research projects is clearly visible.

92 Keywords: organisational capabilities assessment, R&D organisation, strategic and operational organisational capabilities

University Engagement and Knowledge-Based Entrepreneurship Development: An Empirical Study from a UK University Suteera Puangpronpitag Mahasarakham University, Thailand DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.148

Abstract: This paper focuses on the role of university engagement in promoting the sustainable development of the regional economy. It fulfils the need to develop a greater understanding of the creation of place-based innovation and knowledge exchange networks. This research is an empirical case study of a leading UK university located in North West England. The paper follows experiences of seven interview participants including a senior university manager, a university engagement staff, a senior academic, a mid-career academic, a manager of a regional family business, a manager of community enterprise and a local farming business owner. Qualitative techniques are used to consider university engagement activities, knowledge exchange networking, and development of knowledge-based entrepreneurship through the developed networks. A framework for data collection and analysis was developed from the literature review. Empirical findings presented in this paper include knowledge network building through university engagement, systematic institutional mechanism for engagement and practical engagement management. These findings deliver a better understanding of the institutional dynamics of university engagement and its impacts on sustainable regional development. This paper also delivers discussion on how university engagement can contribute to the development of regional enterprises towards knowledge-based entrepreneurship and place-based innovation required by regional enterprises. The discussions bring new insights into the scope for and barriers to engaged universities. These could be employed to help university leaders design effective place-based innovation policies. The paper also provides robust empirical evidence on the roles and expectations of participants in the knowledge exchange networks. Implications of the findings will help academics and researchers perform their knowledge services more practically.

Keywords: University Engagement, Academic Services, Knowledge-Based Entrepreneurship, Regional Economic Development

93 A Case Study of Discontinuous Innovation Events’ Impact on Opportunity Recognition Lan Qin, Guohong Wang and Hao Huang Dalian University of Technology, China [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.126

Abstract: Opportunity recognition is always the central of entrepreneurship research. Recently, the role of environmental conditions during opportunity recognition has elevated extensive research interests. Numerous studies have discussed the effect of environmental factors on opportunity recognition. But the impact of environment on the formation of subjective perception In the path that environment affect opportunity recognition remain unexplored. To address this gap, this study attempts to explore how discontinuous innovation events in external environment would affect the opportunity recognition by introducing the concept of attention. Based an exploratory case study approach, this study gets fine-grained insights into the impact path and internal mechanism from discontinuous innovation events to opportunity recognition. Abiding by Kirzner’s view that the essence of entrepreneurial opportunities recognition is to form new means-ends relationships, this study draws the following conclusions. Discontinuous innovation events in external environment attract entrepreneurs’ attention and provide sets of new information for entrepreneurs. Combined with new information, perceptions about the new means are developed and reflected on entrepreneurs’ attention allocation, which promotes further moves on entrepreneurial search (help locate target to ensure a new match between means and end) and internal resources integration (helps to further refine the means to ensure the feasibility of the means-end relationship). Thus a new and feasible means-end relationship is formed under the impact of discontinuous innovation events. The findings also suggest that alertness is an important basis for the impact process. This study extends opportunity recognition literature by revealing how environmental factors affect opportunity recognition, and also enriches the role of entrepreneurial search and internal integration in opportunity identification process from the perspective of means-end relationship. Meanwhile, attention literature is also extended by applying it in entrepreneurial field and reveal its role as a go-between in the process that environmental factors affect opportunity recognition. Several practical implications for entrepreneurs

94 and policymakers is proposed to encourage taking advantage of discontinuous changes in external environment.

Keywords: Discontinuous innovation events; Opportunity recognition; Attention allocation; Internal impact mechanism; Case study

A Recipe for National Innovative Entrepreneurial Activity: Finance and Industry with a Dose of Self- Confidence CD Reddy University of Johannesburg, South Africa DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.029

Abstract: We argue that a nation’s industry context and financial system have a stronger positive effect on its proportion of innovative entrepreneurship when its cognitive institutions promote entrepreneurial self-confidence. This argument is supported by analysis of 333 country-year observations for 88 countries from the GEM and WEF databases. The findings highlight how a nation’s informal institutional context moderates the effect of its objective resource context on its proportion of innovative entrepreneurship. In particular, they contribute to the nascent interest in the cultural processes impacting on the sense making of a nation’s proportion of innovative entrepreneurship.

Keywords: innovation, entrepreneurship, finance, industry, cognition, institutions

The Formation of Entrepreneurial Capital: Poland and Ukraine Compared Yevhen Revtiuk1, 2 and Joanna Malecka1 1Poznan University of Technology, Poland 2Ivano-Franlivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Poland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.084

Abstract: The main purpose of the study is to compare the formation of entrepreneurial capital in different economic systems, namely, in Poland and Ukraine. These two Central European countries are close mentally and culturally; they almost simultaneously abandoned the socialist system, but have achieved different socio-economic results. Poland is a country with a developed market

95 economy. Ukraine is just starting to integrate into the European Economic Area and is a transition economy. The study proposes to consider entrepreneurial capital as an innovative component of human capital, the rational accumulation and use of which is one of the characteristics of a successful economic system. The components of entrepreneurial capital are not only the knowledge and skills, but also motivational and cultural characteristics of an entrepreneur. In addition, in different economic systems, terms and conditions for doing business may vary significantly, which will affect the characteristics of the entrepreneurial capital. In this paper we analyze the descriptive statistics of the survey, covering near 200 individuals, which was carried out among the students of economics and management in the universities of Poland and Ukraine, and address the following research question: How do the cultural and motivational environments in the two countries differ in terms of entrepreneurship perception, namely the readiness of graduates to carry out their own business and the choice of forms of its conduct? Our study revealed a number of significant differences in the prevailing entrepreneurial capital of the countries analyzed. In particular, there is a difference in the functioning of university education in the two countries in terms of providing the necessary entrepreneurial knowledge and skills to graduates. We also highlight the areas of knowledge the graduates lack to open their own business, including looking for investment to finance innovative projects and their willingness to acquire this knowledge. Our results demonstrate the differences in formation of the entrepreneurial capital in the countries with different types of economic systems. The results of the study will be useful for researchers studying the formation of the entrepreneurial capital, and contribute to the ongoing debates in the field of transition economies research.

Keyword: entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial capital, human capital, motivational capital, transition economy, entrepreneurial knowledge

The Role of New Venture Skills Education on Entrepreneurship Intentions of Accounting Students in Bahrain Sameh Reyad, Sherine Badawi, Mukhtar Alhashimi, Allam Hamdan, Abdalmuttaleb Al-Sartawi and Anjum Razzaque Ahlia University, Manama, Bahrain DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.004

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the role of new venture skills education that may be essential to the entrepreneurship intentions of accounting 96 students in Bahrain. Three Hundred Twenty Eight accounting students were surveyed in universities of Bahrain to determine their intensions for business ownership and assess their perceived educated skills that may have contributed to those intensions. The findings indicate that the role of new venture skills (Problem solving-Innovation-Need for achievement-Autonomy) is statistically significant on students’ intension to start their own business. The results demonstrate that the important entrepreneurial skills perceived by accounting students to start their own business are problem solving and innovation respectively. Many obstacles of new venture creation may be controlled by empowering business-specific educational innovation in accounting curricula. Entrepreneurial education create openness, confidence to start a new venture.

Keywords: new venture, entrepreneurship, skills education, intentions, accounting students, universities

SoLoMo Marketing in the Eco-Innovations of Business Entities Monika Rezníčková and Anna Zaušková University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.169

Abstract: The persistent critical state of the environment in the areas of excessive pollution represents a global problem that needs to be urgently addressed not only by representatives of the state administration bodies of individual European Union member states but also by private sector representatives. When we talk about waste and the pollution of natural resources such as water, soil or the air, it usually leads to the disruption of the biodiversity of the environment and, in the long run, increases the threat to the quality of life on Earth. The key roles of environmental policy should therefore include a commitment to environmental sustainability, preservation of biodiversity and the ecological stability of the landscape, especially for future generations. In the submitted scientific contribution the authors address the need for the necessary transformation of social values regulating the behaviour and actions of market entities in order to protect the environment. They further analyse selected innovative digital marketing communication tools applied to introduce eco-innovations in the operations of Slovak business entities. In the scientific section, the authors also present the partial results of conducted quantitative marketing research about which business entities operating in the Slovak business environment were questioned in order to assess the extent of the use of SoLoMo marketing tools in presenting eco-innovations. The SoLoMo marketing concept combines three 97 highly topical trends − social media, geolocation services and mobile devices into one unit. It can be referred to as a convergence of technologies that are based on collaboration and localization, connecting digital and mobile marketing with the offline world, bringing personalized messages at the right time and in the right place. The concept creates a connection between a company and its market, facilitating the creation of a better customer experience. The main aim of environmentally oriented marketing communication is, among other things, to maximize the quality of life and thus to carry out marketing activities that are part of a company's responsible approach to entrepreneurial activity and at the same time provide an opportunity for business growth.

Keywords: green marketing, eco-innovations, SoLoMo marketing, social media, geolocation services, mobile devices, research

Innovation Networks in the Social and Health Care Business: Capabilities, Challenges and Future Prospects Satu Rinkinen LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Lahti, Finland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.100

Abstract: The health and well-being sector has been one of the main targets of strategic development in the Lahti region, located in Southern Finland. Pekkarinen and Harmaakorpi (2006) have studied the age and well-being business network in Lahti and its cross-sectoral innovation potential at the beginning of the millennium in 2002, and already at the time the well-being sector was seen to include significant innovation and business potential. The social and health care sector forms a unique research context for innovation and business network research, as the social and health care sector provides services that are partly publicly provided and funded services having strong societal value. Also, the social and health care sector has strong political significance and involves many ethical considerations. The majority of Finnish social and health care businesses are small firms employing less than 50 people. Major trends in their operational environment, such as digitalization, crossing the fields of businesses, and emphasis of user-centric service design, challenge SMEs to search for new business opportunities and innovate in co-operation with other network actors. The challenge of continuous business development and renewal is present in these small service intensive firms even more profoundly than before. The changes in their operational environment require skills and resources that small firms often lack compared to large enterprises, and their ability to compete with large multinational companies is very limited. The aim of this study is to answer 98 the following research questions, considering the characteristics of the social and health care sector and its requirements as a research context: 1. What type of networking capabilities do small social and healthcare sector businesses hold? 2. What are the hindering factors for the development of co-operation networks in social and health care business? Answers to these questions were sought by interviewing social and health care business entrepreneurs in the Lahti region. Our results present both the challenges and the potential of co-operation and innovation network building among small enterprises in the social and health care sector. This study contributes to research on regional innovation networks and the identification of the networking potential of social and health care businesses, considering the characteristics of the social and healthcare sector and the enterprises within this sector.

Keywords: innovation network, innovation ecosystem, co-operation, social and health care business, SME, case study

Horizontal and Vertical Cultural Differences in the Content of Conflict Styles Zoltan Rozsa1, Zuzana Virglerova2 and Anna Kotaskova3 1Alexander Dubcek University in Trencin, Slovakia 2Tomas Bata University, Zlín, Czech Republic 3Pan-European University in Bratislava, Slovakia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.110

Abstract: Cultural differences often result in conflict and thus require careful consideration, because unmanageable conflicts significantly affect organisations’ effectiveness. On the other hand, if conflicts in the organisations absent, it leads to its stagnation. The study aims to determine whether conflict management styles (CMSs) as specific behavioural patterns that individuals prefer to employ when dealing with conflict are correlated with horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism. The research design following the purpose of the study utilised a quantitative design. An online questionnaire survey was used to obtain data. The survey was conducted during October 2018 with 160 managers of Slovak small and medium IT start-ups as the respondents. We employed the 28 items Rahim Organisational Conflict Inventory-II scale (ROCI-II) and 32 items Signelis et al. (1995) scale. The response format was the seven-point Likert scale with 1 representing strongly disagree and 7 representing strongly agree. The alpha coefficients (ROCI-II 0.8963 and Signelis et al. (1995) scale

99 0.8641) suggested relatively high internal consistency. Results showed significant links between cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism and adopting conflict styles. Integrating style strongly correlates with horizontal individualism (0.6607) and collectivism (0.7433). Obliging style strongly correlates with horizontal collectivism (0.6182). Compromising style strongly correlates with horizontal individualism (0.6032) and collectivism (0.6033). Other relationships were found, but their meaning requires further study. The practical implications of research suggest that managers should consider cultural differences in conflict management when diagnosing and intervening in conflict situations. Future research may address these issues of CMSs and their impact on company performance.

Keywords: conflict management styles, culture, managers, SMEs, start-ups

Emotional Intelligence of Managers as a Factor in Innovation in Shaping Customer Relations Agnieszka Rybowska Gdynia Maritime University, Poland

DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.172

Abstract: In the era of high competition for entrepreneurs, it is significant to attract and retain a regular customer. In this process, it is important to properly manage customer relationships and shape those relationships. This task belongs to managers most frequently. Until now, this position was occupied by people with appropriate knowledge, experience and specific character traits. However, as research shows, customers, both external and internal, expect different traits and different approaches. These qualities include empathy, social understanding, and the ability to motivate. They correspond to the assumptions of emotional intelligence (EI). According to Goleman, emotional intelligence includes the ability to understand oneself and one's emotions, to manage and control them, the ability to self-motivate, empathy and social skills. In connection with the above, the study hypothesized that managers should have high emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is a key skill in relations with clients, as emotions are an inseparable element of the customer relationship at all levels of service. It is more important than many attributes recognized as the characteristics of a perfect employee cooperating with the client, for example: a good CV, high IQ, nice appearance, appropriate personality or product awareness. Emotional intelligence (EI) in business is the ability to properly identify and respond to customer needs, with particular emphasis on their emotional aspect. This is a 100 new, innovative approach to the issues of shaping customer relations and the impact of this innovation on the company's success. The EI assessment should be the basis for the opinion on the professional predispositions of future and current managers, which also indicates an innovative approach to this issue and its importance. The study was conducted in a group of 30 managers and in a group of 50 students of Gdynia Maritime University (GMU). The questionnaire method and emotional intelligence test were used. The research allowed to identify the group with the highest professional potential and to define their demographic profile. A study of professional predisposition among forthcoming managers, including the level of emotional intelligence, may affect their self-awareness, changes in customer relationships, customer perception of the company, strengthening its position on the market, means increasing the company's success.

Keywords: client, manager, intelligence, customer relationship management, shaping customer relations

SME Internationalization in Challenging Contexts Vahid Jafari Sadeghi1, Julie Mallet2, Antony Itayi Jongwe3, Robert Brent Anderson4, Jean-Marie Nkongolo-Bakenda4 1University of Turin, Italy 2Kingston University, UK 3Wits Business School, South Africa 4 University of Regina, Canada DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.067

Abstract: This paper reports on the results of a research project built on two streams of work. The first is a well-established framework for the participation of Indigenous peoples in the global economy through entrepreneurship in the pursuit of development on their own terms (Colbourne and Anderson, 2017). The second is research into the structural and competitive determinants of successful participation by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the global economy (Nkongolo-Bakenda et al., 2006, 2010). Combining these two streams, the project involves case studies on SMEs in challenging contexts struggling to participate internationally to increase the well-being of the enterprises’ owners, families, and communities. The communities are (1) the Kanak People in New Caledonia and (2) the San People from South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Botswana with (3) SMEs from Iran all struggling to compete internationally.

101 Keywords: Internationalisation, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), motivations toward internationalisation; international networks, entrepreneurship, and development

The Sandomierz Apple Trail as an Initiative to Stimulate Entrepreneurship and Innovation at the Local Level Krzysztof Sala Pedagogical University of Cracow, Institute of Law, Administration and Economics, Poland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.026

Abstract: Entrepreneurship is one of the most important elements of the functioning of modern market economy. As in the case of other phenomena, entrepreneurship can be considered multidimensional and multifaceted. The purpose of this publication is to characterize and attempt to evaluate entrepreneurial and innovative activities under the Sandomierz Apple Trail as a relatively unknown and valuable theme route in Poland. The presented subject is connected with fruit-growing, in particular a rare example of viticulture and wine production in Poland. Thanks to the functioning of the trail and the non- governmental organization established within its framework, there has been a significant intensification of entrepreneurial activities and the emergence of many initiatives. It is also worthwhile for other centers in the country and abroad to follow these activities. The hypothesis of this work was based on the statement, that the common cooperation of business entities, the local community, non- governmental organizations or local self-government can unleash synergistic effects in terms of entrepreneurship and innovation which are difficult to achieve in the case of a single-handed action. The article is based on a range of book materials, magazines as well as netographic information and telephone conversations with entities included in the Sandomierz Apple Trail. The work describes the attractiveness of the Sandomierz Subregion located in the southern part of Poland. There are also the elements shaping its economic potential and tourism pointed out. The functioning of the Sandomierz Apple Trail and the results of its activities, which have been created so far, are analyzed in detail, particularly the most interesting achievements in the field of entrepreneurship and innovation. The research methods used in the publication are critical research method and telephone interviews.

102 Keywords: Business, development, non-governmental organizations, economic entities, local community, local government authorities

Entrepreneurship, Innovation and the Scientific Method: A Critical Analysis of Five Experimental Approaches Silvia Sanasi, Angelo Cavallo and Antonio Ghezzi Politecnico di Milano, Italy DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.103

Abstract: According the empiricists, science is based on experience and observation, the only means humans have to access real knowledge. Companies often find themselves operating in uncertain, fast-moving and unpredictable environments, where experimental and discovery-driven approaches may result beneficial for both established companies and startups. Experimentation and hypotheses falsification can play a key role in validating and legitimizing business model choices and shifts by aiding executives and entrepreneurs in selecting the most suitable strategic alternatives to pursue and reducing uncertainty related to decision-making. The learning school of strategy and the adaptive approach have extended and built on the argument supporting the adoption of an approach based on learning, testing and the use of empirical data to reduce uncertainty in decision-making. An increasing number of scholars have since been igniting the discourse on the role of scientific methods in entrepreneurship and strategy- making although often lacking comprehensiveness in analyzing and including approaches and methods that are actually employed in entrepreneurial and corporate practices. This study aims at addressing the similarities and differences between different experimental approaches undertaken by startups and established companies in dealing with uncertainty, often connected to renewal processes or the launch of new products and services. By means of a critical discussion, we provide conceptual considerations about the different experimental approaches and their relationship with the scientific method.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Experimenting, Scientific Method, Lean Startup

103

Enacting Business Model Change in Digital Startups: An Exploratory Multiple-Case Study Silvia Sanasi, Antonio Ghezzi, Angelo Cavallo and Andrea Rangone Politecnico di Milano, Italy DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.102

Abstract: Research on Business Model (BM) is extensive and well-grounded in entrepreneurship, strategy and innovation fields. However, gaps remain. A current debate urging for contributions, both in research and practice, is on the role of experimental approaches in BM change. Specifically, research is needed on whether and how approaches - such as lean startup, agile or design thinking - may support BM change and validation process. We address this gap in this study, by means of multiple case study approach - as suitable approach for relative un- known phenomena. Our findings suggest that, initially, startups apply experimental approaches in an unstructured and unconscious way. Their maturation, though, brings them to evolve, at first, towards the rigorous application of such approaches and, consequently, to progressively tailor them to their needs. Our work reinforces the existing contributions linking BM change with the experimental approaches, contributing to the academic body of work regarding experimentation in entrepreneurship and strategic management.

Keywords: Business Model Validation, Business Model Change, Lean Startup, Experiment, Digital Entrepreneurship

The Influence of Innovative Behaviour and Entrepreneurial skills on Agribusiness Organizational Performance Gina Santos1, Carla Sunana Marques1, Vanessa Marques2 andLuisa Carvalho3 1CETRAD Unit Research & UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal 2UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal 3CEFAGE Unit Research & IPS, Setubal, Portugal DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.147A

104 Abstract: The current competitive environment forces organizations to innovate since their innovation capabilities are currently considered as a source of competitive advantages. Thus, the organizations best prepared to respond to these adversities will be able to enhance their capabilities, and also achieving sustainable growth. Consequently, organizations need people to develop innovative activities and, under these circumstances, both innovative behavior and entrepreneurial skills have been recognized as a benefit to organizational functioning. This study sought to use quantitative analysis to (1) explore how innovative behavior of entrepreneurs of the agri-food sector is influenced by the previous training in the area, gender and their entrepreneurial skills, (2) study how innovative behavior, the entrepreneurial skills, and previous training in the area influences innovation outputs, (3) investigate how innovative behavior of entrepreneurs, previous training in the area and entrepreneurial skills influences performance, as well as (4) the influence of gender in previous training in the area and in entrepreneurial skills. Data were collected through questionnaires applied online and on paper. The final sample consists of 153 entrepreneurs from the agri-food sector of the region of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro and data analysis was performed using SmartPLS 3.0 software. The results indicate that entrepreneurial skills positively impact innovative behavior, performance, and innovation outputs. Regarding innovative behavior, it has a positive influence on innovation outputs. Therefore, the results confirmed that education in management revealed a positive significant impact on performance and gender influences innovative behavior, entrepreneurial skills as well as education in management. This study’s findings contribute to a deeper and more detailed understanding of entrepreneurs' innovative behavior since most of the existing studies assume employees as unit of analysis.

Keywords: Innovative behavior, entrepreneurial skills, organizational performance, innovation outputs, agri-food sector

University-SME Relations: Needs Assessment and Feasibility Analysis of Crowd-Sourcing Practices Implementation Dmitry K. Shaytan and Georgy D. Laptev Innovation Business & Entrepreneurship Lab, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.120

105 Abstract: Existing ICT knowledge sharing platforms among scientific/teaching communities are well developed and enable peer-to-peer (“university-university”) sharing and accumulation of knowledge that meet university community requirements. The capacity building in this “university-to-university” knowledge sharing systems lays predominantly in direction of extra financing to expand subscriptions to existing databases and to increase participation at international conferences/seminars. However, in the field of “universities-to-enterprises” knowledge/skills transferring there is another situation among requirements of universities communities, enterprises, and enabling infrastructure for peer-to- peer knowledge/skills sharing. Universities’ researchers/teachers form and hold potential intellectual value for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) where universities structures could be regarded as mediums for this value transfer. At the current research authors identify current situation with “university-to-SMEs” value exchange: identify and analyze needs of the universities’ and SMEs’ staff in values exchange in the form of research, consulting or other named service contracts; identify capacity building potential by crowdsourcing practices. Authors surveyed how many universities’ staff had business relationships with enterprises in the format of research or consulting contracts. The need analysis shows the following gap: less than 9% of Universities’ research and teaching staff have business relationships (research and consulting contracts) with SMEs based on their university expertise and at the same time more than 74% are willing to be engaged. This gap exists despite operating universities’ structures like business incubators/accelerators, joint laboratories, technology transfer offices, or regular events like hackathon and design thinking sessions for “university-to-enterprise” or “enterprise-to-university” relationships building. The authors show through needs assessment and feasibility analysis how that capacity building in university- to-SMEs relations can be done not only through improvements in operational efficiency of these, mentioned above institutional programs/ structures but also through implementation of the recent management innovations in crowdsourcing (ICT person-to-people or enterprise-to-people) mediating platforms.

Keywords university-enterprise relations, crowd-sourcing, entrepreneurship

Managing Absorptive Capacity and Open Innovation in a Low Technology Industry Christopher Simms1 and Joaquin Alegre2 1University of Portsmouth, UK 2University of Valencia, Spain DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.031

106 Abstract: Despite the growing body of literature on open innovation and absorptive capacity, low and medium technology industries have been overlooked. We argue the need for the literature to recognise the differences in open innovation across a range of sector types. Our study examines the application of externally developed technologies within the low technology food processing sector. We reveal how the interrelationships between different product ingredients, as well as the production process, result in high levels of complexity when integrating externally developed technologies. This creates the need to integrate knowledge within complex networks of internal and external individuals across a diverse variety of technical and non-technical disciplines. Managing the diversity, timing and number of individuals involved in the open innovation process forms a core capability of organisations.

Keywords: Absorptive capacity, Open Innovation, Low Technology Industries, Doing Using and Interacting Innovation, Process Industries

Measuring the Information Development and its Differentiation in Modern Russia Viacheslav Sirotin and Marina Arkhipova National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.237

Abstract: The paper is focused on the problem of balanced information and communication technologies development in modern society and its measures. Existing indices allow estimating the progress of this development, but they are mostly constructed for between countries comparison. At the lower level, we face the problem of different data set structure that does not allow us to use same indices immediately. Another problem is a lack of measures that provide both the estimation of the overall progress in ICT and the progress in its particular aspects at the regional level. Additional attention should be paid to the possible increase of regional differentiation in order to prevent its transformation into extreme form of digital divide. We propose the model in the form of hierarchical system of indices that includes the advantages of information development measurement in particular aspects and as a whole. Sub-indices in the system are just orthogonal, and widely used principal component analysis is not functional for their aggregation. That is why a measure of closeness of the aggregate indicator to the best possible value is used to create the main index. The output oriented data envelopment analysis is used along with the aggregate indicator construction 107 technique to compare the positions of the most advanced regions. We also introduce the method of measuring the differentiation in some aspects of information and communication development to assess the dynamics of this differentiation. The results of the study can be used to stimulate progress in information and communication development that prevents an excessive increase in regional differentiation.

Keywords: digital divide, information and communication technologies, aggregate indicator, robust measure of variability, saturation effect, principal component analysis, data envelopment analysis

Value Co-creation Ecosystem for Decentralized Business Models Aelita Skarzauskiene¹, Monika Maciuliene2, Daniel Bar3 and Ornela Ramasauskaitė4 1Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania 2Social Technologies LAB, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania 3bitfwd community, Sydney, Australia 4Kaunas University of Technologies, Kaunas, Lithuania DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.068

Abstract: With the arrival of Web 2.0 tools, people and companies started to share information through centralized services provided by big companies such as Google, Facebook, Microsoft and Amazon that accumulate the data for profit. The innovative idea of decentralized Web (DWeb) is based on communication without the centralized operators. Instead users keep control of their data and connect or interact directly with others in their network avoiding risks such as hacking, surveillance, control and censorship. The DWeb is under early stage of development for now, but the number of the experimental apps and programs built on the decentralized models is increasing. Some of the more developed products include OpenBazaar (a decentralized marketplace), Graphite Docs (a Google documents alternative), Textile Photos (an Instagram-like alternative for storing, managing, and sharing photos on the DWeb), Matrix (which provides Slack and WhatsApp alternatives) and DTube (a YouTube alternative), etc. The Blockchain technology has increasingly been adapted to enable innovative “decentralized” business models for the sharing economy and thereby potentially

108 provide an alternative to traditional “centralized” economy business models. The joint research, implemented by bitfwd community (http://bitfwd.com/) and University of New South Wales Sydney (Australia), Vilnius Gediminas Technical University and Social Technologies LAB (Lithuania) aimed to deepen understanding about sustainable business models for decentralized Web. The exploratory qualitative study identifies the adoption patterns for different scenarios and highlights the importance of the individual attitudes toward the decentralized business models and the contextual influences.

Keywords: ecosystem, value co-creation, service science, decentralization, Blockchain, DApps, community, business models.

The Process of Business Model Disruption in Knowledge-intensive Services: The Case of Legal Tech Tale Skjølsvik 1&2 and Frida Pemer3 1 Faculty of Engineering, Arts and Design, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway 2School of Business, Department of Business, Strategy and Political Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway 3 Department of Management and Organization, Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.232

Abstract: Disruptive technologies were introduced as a concept in the late 1990s, where the process of disruption was largely attributed to technological developments and the inertia of incumbents. Later scholars have emphasized the difference in technological and business model disruption, where recent scholars point to the integration of the two. Whereas technological disruption considers the substitution of user value as a result of a superior technology, business-model disruption is the discovery of a fundamentally different way of dealing with and offering value to the user compared to existing models. The process through which these dual disruption processes takes place at the same time has to a limited degree been researched. While past research has pointed to the role of first and second movers, limited work has been done in understanding how new business models disrupt industries. Past research further emphasizes product- based businesses in their exploration of disruption. The fourth industrial revolution implies considerable disruption in service and knowledge-based

109 industries. The research presented here aims to address the process of this disruption. In particular, we study LegalTech and explore the business models of 400 start-ups based on Angel’s List – a list for start-ups and Angel investors – as well as articles on Legal Tech in the Factiva database. The context of law is interesting as it is characterized by a high level of regulation and institutionalization, which restricts and limits the opportunity for innovation. Still, alternative technology-based business models arise and survive. Based on inductive classification, the data reveals 3 main business models that target the existing law industry: platform, software and infrastructure. The research shows that these different business model contribute to disruption in different ways and based on different logics – illustrating how the application of different technologies in different business models impact disruption differently. In particular, the models emphasize ease of access, work process support and prevention. Each of the mechanisms and how these models impact incumbents are discussed in the paper. Thus, the paper develops and details existing disruption theory in enriching existing understanding of the process and models used. By doing this it adds insight of relevance to practitioners in start-ups and incumbent firms, as well as to policy makers.

Keywords: Business Models, Legal Tech, Disruption, Incumbents, Start-Ups

Cognitive Model of Organization Activity in the Consulting Market Alexander Sergeevich Sokolitsyn, Maxim Vladimirovich Ivanov and Natalya Alexandrovna Sokolitsyna Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), St. Petersburg, Russia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.165

Abstract: In recent years consulting for organizations has become very popular. Let us consider marketing consulting which includes several types. They can be divided in the following three directions: single solutions to selected aspects; solution of a set of problems; outsourcing of certain activities. Each of these directions is heterogeneous. Successful marketing consulting development requires deep investigation of processes taking place in it and its environment. One of initial important stages in studying organization’s activity in marketing consulting is creating a cognitive model of this activity. The model considers important variables of external and internal environment as well as qualitative

110 cause-and-effect relations between them. Later, a quantitative model of consulting activity is constructed on the basis of this model, with the help of which the methods of successful consulting organization management are developed. Initial statements and assumptions concerning the structure of the consulting activity model are proposed based on the analysis of the processes taking place in the model. The initial model received serves as the basis for creating more detailed models. The consulting organization activity model takes into account both external and internal factors. An enlarged scheme of interrelations of the major groups of factors is created taking into account the features of marketing consulting: economic parameters; external demand for consulting services; competitors; marketing tactics; order flow; personnel; order execution. The obtained model can be used also for quantitative analysis of activity of a small consulting organization. It considers variables that are important for this activity and their relations. The model allows identifying a change in the structure of demand as a result of a change of phases of a business cycle. It is possible to select the appropriate marketing tactics on the basis of the parameters considered. Apart from that, the paper shows that the activity of an organization using this model is sustainable. Thus, a cognitive model of organization activity in the consulting market is an important step in understanding the processes being analyzed, which is necessary for a transfer to upper level models for raising the financial sustainability of the organizations considered.

Keywords: Innovations, cognitive model, activity, consulting, consulting organization

Success Dependency on Decision-Making Logic and Available Information Kirsti Sorama and Sanna Joensuu-Salo Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences, Finland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.028

Abstract: One of the most cited emerging theories in entrepreneurship is effectuation (Sarasvathy, 2001; Fisher 2012). This research applies effectuation theory and contrasts it to the traditional approach to entrepreneurship – causation (Sarasvathy, 2001) in the context of social and health care SMEs in South Ostrobothnia, Finland. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether causation/effectuation decision-making logics affect the performance of social and health care SMEs and whether one is dominant. The paper seeks to clarify causation boundary conditions relative to experimentation (one dimension of 111 effectuation’s construct), particularly the role of risk and uncertainty in relation to the utilization of information. The objectives of this study are follows: 1) to examine the effect of causation and effectuation (specifically experimentation dimension) decision-making logics on firm performance, 2) to examine the impact of performance measurement system (PMS) adoption on firm performance, and 3) to examine the effect of causation logic on performance measurement system adoption. Using empirical data collected by a survey from 46 Finnish social and health care SMEs we test a path model examining the hypothesized effects. Even though the data is small, it represents well social and health care SMEs in the area. The path model explains 53 percent of the variance in firm performance. Results show that both causation decision-making logic and performance measurement system adoption have positive and direct effect on firm performance. In addition, causation decision-making logic has a positive effect on performance measurement system adoption, and performance measurement system adoption partially mediates the effect of causation decision-making logic on firm performance. The path model explains 53 percent of the variance in firm performance. Social and health care industry is one of the growth industries in Finland and firms in the field do not experience uncertainty in their future business. In addition, many firms in the field consider public sector as their primary customer and rely on the public sector’s need to outsource tasks in the long term. Therefore, they experience no particular risk in their relative stable future business environment. The future is predictable by the information available and favors causation decision-making logic.

Keywords: causation, experimentation, performance, PMS, social and health care industry

The Analysis of Indicators Characterising Innovations and Technological Business Environment in Latvia Inese Spica1, Baiba Berzina1 and Ernests Spics 2 1Scientific Institution Business Competence Centre, ISMA University, , Latvia 2Scientific Institution Business Competence Centre, Riga, Latvia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.240

Abstract: Innovation is becoming more important in boosting competitiveness of enterprises. It will not be possible to ensure rapid economic growth of Latvia without competitive innovations and without their introduction into business

112 practice. The object of the present research paper is innovations. The subject of the research paper is analysis of the technological business environment and innovations in Latvia. The objective of the research paper is to study the integration process of micro and macro business environment and innovations problems, to elucidate the technological business environment factors influencing innovations, to develop proposals for solving problems and for innovation management mechanism by making use of relationship between these factors in investigation of innovations in Latvia. The tasks advanced in order to reach the objective: to identify the concept of business micro and macro environment and their main economic indicators; to carry out analysis of the factors influencing innovations in the process of micro and macro environment integration; to carry out analysis of indicators characterising innovations. Theoretical study methods are reported analysis of business micro and macro environment, innovations, management, marketing; study of correlation between technological business environment factors and innovations. Empirical pilot methods are observation for the purpose of studying mutual influence between technological business environment factors and innovations; study of documents regulating innovations in Latvia; economic and statistical analysis of the innovations indicators; economic and statistical analysis of business environment indicators; study of public and non-government institutions data in Latvia. Research basis are innovations, business and its environment in Latvia. The research period is from the year 2008 till the year 2018, separate themes have been studied for a shorter period of time or by way of comparison. This is the first research on the analysis of factors influencing innovations in the macro and micro business environment integration process by making use of innovations factors, regularities of business environment and innovations development have been revealed, legal and economic aspects of innovations of Latvia have been evaluated, economic indicators of business environment, innovations and the mechanism for management of innovations of the Republic of Latvia have been developed.

Keywords: Technological business environment, indicators, innovation, marketing, development, Latvia

Specific Issues Faced by Romanian Family Businesses during the Succession Process Gabriela Doina Stănciulescu, Cezar Scarlat and Sorin Stroe University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, Romania DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.250

113 Abstract: This article attempts to highlight some specific issues related to succession in family firms, as well as the main issues faced by successors in the current period in Romania. In developed Western European countries, unaffected by the communist era, family businesses are already in their fourth or fifth generation. In former communist countries, private businesses began after 1990, with a break of more than 40 years, during which entrepreneurial spirit was annihilated by communist education. During this time, a small percentage of companies achieved business succession, the vast majority of them being in the process of realizing the first generation succession/exchange. The paper presents several aspects with important weight in the succession decision in family enterprises, aspects determined by the extremely complicated socio-economic and political context of the current period. In the first part of the paper is emphasized the influence of factors related to the personality and education level of the persons directly involved in succession, and in the second part are analyzed the social-economic and political factors that characterize the current period, which can strongly influence both the decisions to achieve the succession of the business, and the way of further action on its evolution. At the beginning of the paper there is a summary of some researches on the phases of the succession process in the family firms. The situation of Romanian companies, their current tendencies in terms of management and ownership, is briefly presented. In the second part of the article, an analysis of the current business environment, strongly influenced by the phenomenon of globalization, is made. Finally, the paper presents a brief analysis of the foreseeable threats to the start and development of family businesses. The study findings can be useful both in justifying the decisions of the persons involved in the succession process, as well as the young entrepreneurs, for establishing action strategies for the development of their family-owned businesses.

Keywords: family business, succession process, leader, successor, manager

Does the Location and Size of the University Affect Academic Fundraising in Russia? Tanya Stanko1, Elena Chernyskova1,2, Alexey Zheleznov4, Sofya Chernogortseva5 and Svetlana Lavrova6 1 Kazan National Research Technical University, Kazan, Russia 2 University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain 3 Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia 4 State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia 114 5 Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia 6 European University, Saint Petersburg, Russia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.066

Abstract: Academic fundraising landscape in Russia radically changed within the past ten years with increased research funding from different sources. Most of funding for Russian universities is still provided from for-profit education, but each public university setting has been required to earn extra money through external grants, contracts, building endowments and attracting sponsors. The effectiveness of research funding contests on reducing the regional disproportion problem of Russian universities has not been clearly characterised before this study. Here we employ the dataset from the 2014-2018 research grants and tiled cartogram to illustrate the different relationship between number of researchers and number of research grants. Then analyse the data on endowments to rank universities in terms of overall income. We observe that the support from business and political elite is essential for building endowment, however the state regional universities are often more efficient in attracting research funding. In this paper we aim to provide a clear picture of the challenges and opportunities for the modern academic fundraising in Russia illustrated with five representative cases from the university practice.

Keywords: Academic fundraising, internationalization in academia

User Experience Design with Augmented Reality (AR) Stefan Stumpp, Tobias Knopf and Daniel Michelis Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburg, Germany DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.019

Abstract: The paper examines the influence of augmented reality (AR) technology on the user experience, comparing the IKEA Place AR App with the IKEA website. The International Organization for Standardization (2010) defines user experience as a “person's perceptions and responses resulting from the use and/or anticipated use of a product, system or service” and thus describes a person’s quantification of satisfaction with a company’s digital touchpoint. AR is a technology that overlays information or interactive elements on top of the user’s physical environment. The technology is increasingly being used in an economic context and changes the user’s brand experience, as we demonstrate in our IKEA research case. User experiences at digital touchpoints are a decisive success criterion for brands like IKEA, due to their influence on the image of the company

115 and its products. IKEA, therefore, focuses on touchpoint innovations such as the IKEA Place AR App. Taking this development into account, the research question of our study was: “How does the user experience differ when using an AR App as a substitute for the use of a web application?” To answer this question, we conducted experimental A/B testing with two groups of 28 persons each: one group used an AR touchpoint (IKEA Place App) to make product decisions and the other group used a conventional touchpoint (IKEA website) for the same task. After testing, the participants' user experience with the respective touchpoint was recorded using the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) (Laugwitz, Held and Schrepp, 2008; Schrepp, Hinderks and Thomaschewski, 2017). Results showed that the innovative IKEA Place App touchpoint could deliver a better user experience than the IKEA website. The App scored stronger in the user experience dimensions “Stimulation” and “Novelty”. The results illustrate the importance of innovative digital touchpoints and reflect practical recommendations for their design and thus to improve the brand experience of companies.

Keywords: Augmented Reality, User Experience, Brand Touchpoints, IKEA

The Influences of Social Media on Chinese Start-up Stage Entrepreneurship Arun Sukumar, Zimu Xu and Guannan Chen Coventry University, UK DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.229

Abstract: In today’s digital era, information is increasingly shared and distributed through online social networks. Online social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, Youtube in the west and Sina Weibo, Wechat in China have not only greatly extended the reach of traditional social networks but also facilitated the information distribution process within the networks. With the rising popularity of such social media platforms, the channel where people obtain information has dramatically compared to traditional print media. Acknowledging the differences in social, culture and economic conditions and the uniqueness of Chinese economy, we argue there is a need to look at the influence of online social networks for Chinese start-up companies specifically. Therefore, in this research, we aim to investigate the influences of online social networks on Chinese young people’s perception on entrepreneurship and its impact on entrepreneurial activities for start-up companies. We collected survey data from 100 Chinese participants and carried out 25 interviews. The results revealed current status quo, opportunities and challenges on using online social networks. For instance,

116 Weibo and Wechat are the most popular choices for business activities in China. The main entrepreneurial activities on social networks include information collection and analysis as part of the decision-making process or facilitate the sales and promotion activities. Challenges include such as the overly populated false news and information distributed through the online social networks.

Keywords: social networks, social media, entrepreneurship, start-ups, China

Kenotomy, the Domain of Creative Thinking Gheorghe Teodorescu International Institute for Integral Innovation, Meran, Italy DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.035

Abstract: Creativity is designative for the mankind, distinguishing it among the other species. Everyone is born with the affinity to speculate the perceived reality - overlaying it by his own imagination, inventing a playful use for the encountered items and refreshing extant ideas by new approaches, creating new mental outcome. The perceived world is not enough for the human mind, which challenges the given reality, animated by the need for questing and creatively exploring beyond it. As a result, the history of humanity is a history of realized inventions and different visions. If the creativity is an organic part of the human nature, why are so few mature people creative?

Keywords: Kenotomy, Extrinsic and Subliminal Creativity, Cognitive/Emotional Dyads, Seminal Thinking Modes, Taxonomy of Ideas, Ideas’ Attributes

Teaching Digital Innovation: Collaboration between Students and Entrepreneurs Carolien van den Berg University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.078

Abstract: This paper presents a case study of a project that was collaboratively developed between industry and academia using a design-based research (DBR) 117 approach in a mixed-methods design. The aim of the project was the cultivation of entrepreneurship via a teaching and learning agenda that foregrounds digital innovation within communities with a particular focus on entrepreneurs in Small Medium Micro Enterprises (SMMEs). The outcome of the project was to design and implement an innovative, research-led, design thinking framework to provide an authentic learning experience for students in Information Systems. The key design principles and overarching approach that was applied in the design of the project stemmed from a framework developed as part of a PhD study. The paper discusses the advantages of design thinking to involve students in a process of collaboratively solving complex, real-world or wicked problems. Evidence of collaboration and teamwork, as well as the cultivation of empathy and social interaction within the rollout of the design process are further provided. The paper makes an important contribution in the design of responsive curricula that supports knowledge exchange between universities and SMMEs in developing countries especially in the context of entrepreneurship. A plea is made for students to be more aware of the bigger picture and the impact that they have on society, and work closely with community organisations or SMMEs to develop and implement beneficial solutions. Curricula that apply this future-focused framework for teaching digital innovation will assist in to solve the mismatch between what is taught in formal education versus what is required by an innovative society.

Keywords: curriculum transformation, design thinking, design based research, digital innovation, entrepreneurs

Social Expat-Preneurs: Career Descriptions and Dynamics Charles M. Vance Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, USA DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.246

Abstract: Social entrepreneurship extends beyond home country borders as individuals seek to find meaning and share altruistic passion with the world. The globalization of corporations and individuals has resulted in a surge in expatriate social entrepreneurs. These individuals have broken down barriers to pursue a passion and increase social awareness around the globe. This paper examines an a priori international career typology of six different forms of expatriate social entrepreneurs or “social expat-preneurs” within the broader international career construct of self-initiated expatriates: (1) pre-departure, (2) transitioned, (3)

118 retired senior, (4) avocation-driven, (5) flexpatriate, and (6) social expat- intrapreneur. This paper also outlines benefits to host countries and proposes further research qualitative field research to enhance our understanding of this international career category.

Keywords: Expatriate Entrepreneur, Social Entrepreneurship, Sustainability, Careers

Raising Public Awareness of Eco-innovations through Social Media Martin Vanko and Anna Zaušková University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.167

Abstract: Absence of waste sorting and plastic waste recycling belongs amongst the most serious environmental problems with a considerable adverse effect on the whole society. In the present paper, the authors emphasise a need for change in consumer behaviour as a result of the implemented marketing communication from the part of businesses in the online environment. They mainly focused on the application of innovative forms of promotion of ecological products through social media in order to enhance awareness of eco-innovations in both the general and expert public. Simultaneously, they draw attention to a growing demand for eco-friendly products, which enables businesses to reevaluate the effectivity of formerly applied marketing strategies. Globalisation efforts of nowadays have made bio-degradable plastic products a real necessity. First social networking websites are considered a unique tool by means of which the topic of environmental protection could be presented to the young. Ensuring a certain level of environmental awareness in a practical life may be accomplished by endorsement from so-called influencers. By publishing high-quality and educative content, these can popularise various corporate social responsibility projects which could possibly have a positive impact on future generations in the field of environmental activism, community activities and motivation in problem-solving linked to creation of healthy environment. Thanks to the power of social media we are able to “consume” not only visually attractive content, but also share

119 freely our own interesting and reliable information with our friends and relatives. In the paper, the authors present partial outcomes of the primary marketing research to have been implemented on the specific sample of respondents representing businesses operating within Slovakia and thus define particular tools of social networking websites and their role in promotion of eco-innovations. Unless producers of goods and providers of services pay enough attention to environmental protection, we cannot expect any change in thinking of their employees or business partners and eventually of all prospective customers. Existence of various forms of social networking websites provides an opportunity how to responsibly form a public opinion in the long term and increase interest in environmental and ecological education.

Keywords: eco-innovations, environment, environmental problems, social media

Knowledge Risk Management in the Innovative Industrial Organizations Maxim Vlasov Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.199

Abstract: The research aims is to develop the theory and practice of managing risks in the process of generating new knowledge and identify patterns of knowledge generation risks spread depending on cost structure for different types of knowledge. Firstly, authors formed the stratified random sampling by way of stratification of the parent population. The list of companies whose innovative programs were chosen for further analysis consisted of 102 enterprises, from six industries The second stage, to identify the pattern of increase knowledge process and formulating recommendations in the field of knowledge risk management the six focus group interviews with 108 executives as carried out. The third stage included structured interviews with 24 representatives of leading organizations in the field of the innovative process. Empirical results show that in terms of knowledge generation importance of internal risks is much higher than that of external ones, weight coefficient of internal risks 63,8% and external - 36,2%. There is an interrelation between the risk of knowledge generation and the structure of costs for different types of knowledge. The larger the costs for research are, the less the risk of functional knowledge generation is and the higher the risk of generating operational knowledge is. Following the study, there is an awareness of the importance of differentiation of new knowledge and innovations during the developing of

120 competitive strategy of the enterprise and costs planning on R&D. When the managers know the potential risks of knowledge generation, they could avoid or neutralize the unfavorable consequences. Analysis of academic publications lead the authors to the conclusion that despite the existence of individual research into knowledge generation and increase the strategy formation process. There is no research devoted to identifying interdependence between risk level and cost structure of different knowledge.

Keywords: knowledge generation, risk, knowledge risk management

Impact of Prior Experience of Entrepreneur on Entrepreneurial Orientation of New Ventures Guohong Wang, Xuemei Liu and Rui Xing Dalian University of Technology, China DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.139

Abstract: Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has become the core of enterprises’ adaptation, competition and development in an increasingly competitive environment. Scholars have begun to get interest in the origin of EO. However, existing research has not paid enough attention to the antecedents of EO, especially on the entrepreneurs’ individual level. EO is an important imprinting outcome of entrepreneurs on the organization and prior experience is the main source of entrepreneurs’ imprinting. We use listed companies in China GEM 2009- 2017, empirically analyzing the influence of entrepreneurs’ prior experience on EO of start-ups from the perspective of imprint theory and the moderating role of opportunity innovativeness. The results show that the breadth of prior experience of entrepreneurs is positively related to EO, and the depth of prior experience is negatively related to EO. The results show that the stronger the opportunity innovation is, the greater the positive influence of breadth of prior experience on EO will be, and the greater the negative influence of the depth of prior experience will be. We studies the impact of the breadth and depth of prior experience of entrepreneurs on the formation of EO of new ventures under different opportunities, contributing to the research of EO. Secondly, we analyze the connotation and formation mechanism of EO from the perspective of imprinting, expanding the application of imprinting theory in organizational research. Thirdly, this study enriches empirical research on the relationship between prior

121 experience and EO of new ventures. This study will help enhance entrepreneurs’ rational knowledge of prior experience in the process of entrepreneurship.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial orientation, Prior experience, Imprinting theory, Opportunity innovativeness

Innovations in the Aquaculture Sector: Theoretical Considerations and Case Study Knut Ingar Westeren Nord University, Steinkjer, Norway DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.116

Abstract: Aquaculture has the possibility to continue to grow strongly and thus make a significant contribution to providing the global population with valuable protein. With this background it is easy to argue that the study of innovations will increase in importance in aquaculture. In this paper we mainly look at process innovations where feeding systems, technology changes, like new camera equipment, and fish health are central aspects, but we also touch on other aspects like product and organizational innovations. We have just finished data collection at two firms that are part of the Marine Harvest Group, (recently renamed Mowi), Marine Harvest, Norway and Marine Harvest, Chile where we have studied the innovation process. We have focused on how innovations take place in different stages of the production process and how these are built into the production and managerial system. This paper will offer insights into how innovations are integrated in firm management in two different companies and thus we can compare respective innovations relating to the harvesting of quality salmon, with different contexts like management styles, knowledge levels, and cultural backgrounds. We find, like in most studies, links between firm operations and the actual innovations, but these links do not have the same structure in Norway and Chile. Factors like human and financial resources, firm organization and technology seem to explain most of the differences between how innovations take place in the two companies.

122 Keywords: Innovations, technology, harvested salmon, Norway, Chile

Augmented Reality Shopping Services: Key Factors Affecting Customer Evaluation and Acceptance Norman Wiebach1 and Hendrik Send1, 2 1Anhalt University of Applied Sciences (HSA), Bernburg, Germany 2Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society (HIIG), Berlin, Germany DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.083

Abstract: Augmented Reality (AR) will have the potential to alter strategies within digital marketing and especially mobile marketing in the next few years. We conducted a test of a prototypical purchasing process based on Microsoft HoloLens technology in a laboratory setting with a group of test persons and collected the impressions of the users through semi-structured interviews. In our research, we firstly identified numerous challenges in the interaction with AR shopping technology such as the correct execution of gestures for interaction with the technology. At the same time, however, we were able to show that the users perceived the clear advantages of this technology, for instance, the contextual presentation of products in a real-world setting. Finally, the enthusiasm and goodwill of the users are two unexpected and salient results that warrant future research.

Keywords: Augmented Reality, AR, Head-Mounted-Display, HMD, Digital Marketing, E-Commerce, Innovation, Technology

Open Data as a Source of Product and Organizational Innovations 123 Jędrzej Wieczorkowski SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Poland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.190

Abstract: Open data, in particular Open Government Data (OGD), can be treated as an inspiration and source of innovation in the modern economy. As a result of the ongoing digitization, enterprises and public organizations have more and more available data with huge hidden potential. The openness of the public data on the one hand is associated with the concept of an open government and thus it implements the control aspect of OGD. On the other hand, data openness can stimulate the innovation development and the achievement of economic goals. The open data is used in the development of innovative products, including services and software. It is also applied in the management of organizations by supporting decision making. The aim of the article is to show the business opportunities of sharing OGD in the perspective of product and organizational innovation. The paper presents possible and real innovative products and business models of companies using open data, especially from the public sector. The results of the authors research on the scale and methods of open data sharing in various countries with different maturity levels of the OGD concept were also presented. The analysis includes the biggest European Union countries (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain and Poland) and the USA as leader of this idea. The OGD services in the form of Central Repository for Public Information were compared in terms of the possibility of their re-use. The conclusions result from the research carried out by the author on open data websites, the market as well as literature, including the concepts of: innovation, open data and big data.

Keywords: Open Data, Open Government Data, OGD, Innovation, Innovativeness, CRPI, Business model

Acceptance of Innovative Food Products and the Level of Neophobia Aleksandra Wilczyńska and Joanna Newerli-Guz Gdynia Maritime University, Poland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.095

Abstract: The process of introducing innovative products to the market is very complicated and its effects depend mainly on consumer’s acceptance. A negative approach (neophobia) and suspicion towards new products may lead to 124 unsuccessful product commercialization. When choosing a food product, the consumer is guided by various factors that may stimulate, curb or condition the changes in his/her eating behaviour. This article discusses the results of the experiment, which aimed to investigate the role of neophobia for the acceptance of new products. The research was conducted in a group of 100 young consumers. The level of food neophobia was assessed according to FNS (Food Neophobia Scale). Afterwards, the respondents were asked to determine the degree of their acceptance of new food products ( in this case it was honey with the addition of spices such as basil, oregano, rosemary and thyme) according to a 7-point hedonic scale and to specify their willingness to purchase those products. The association between food neophobia and acceptance of innovative food product allied with application of ANOVA variance. It has revealed that in the studied group the level of neophobia had no significant impact on the acceptance of the tested products or on willingness to buy.

Keywords: neophobia, innovative food products, young consumer, consumers’ acceptance

Ingepreneurship: A Trust Framework for Facilitating Urban Economic Growth and Socioeconomic Advancement Ronald C. Williams Coppin State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.123

Abstract: This paper explores the development trust frameworks in ingepreneurial ecosystems in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. An ingepreneur is “a person who engages in entrepreneurial activity with an emphasis on the innovative aspects of enterprise development while infusing creativity into the entrepreneurial and business development process. Ingepreneurs demonstrate a concern for influencing the socioeconomic trajectory of members of select geographic or demographic communities (Williams & Klugh, 2017). Trust frameworks will facilitate relationship-building between non-profit, private, and university partners where historic distrust has existed and generate knowledge and skills through research, teaching, and practice. The greatest period of socioeconomic advancement for minority communities in American history, particularly African American communities, occurred during the middle of the 20th century. Despite institutionalized social inequities, a foundation for growth of an African American middle class was established by efforts to educate migrant 125 communities that left the southern region of the United States in search of industrial jobs, education, and relief from racial oppression. As approximately six million African Americans moved from the rural south between 1916 and 1970 (Great Migration, 2015), schools were established to provide educational opportunities. “Normal schools” trained high school graduates to become teachers. These schools later became “teachers' colleges” and were a precursor for the US system of state colleges (Cremin, 1959). The trained teachers and educators helped transform agricultural workers into professionals and spurred unprecedented socioeconomic advancement. Dynamics have changed since the middle of the twentieth century. Social integration has caused many to question the relevance of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU). The manufacturing base that was an employment incentive in northern cities and enabled African Americans to acquire jobs paying livable wages has declined. A new global, information-driven, technology-based economy has emerged and changed the requirements for participation. While new economic dynamics have developed, the historic distrust due to perceived and actual inequities creates barriers to equitable, collaborative economic development. The “Trust Framework for Facilitating Equitable Access to Ingepreneurial Opportunity” is offered as a potential solution.

Keywords: entrepreneurship, deindustrialization, economic revitalization, institutional trust, innovation hub

Determinants of Business Growth Aspirations among Polish Students: An Empirical Analysis Krzysztof Zięba and Jakub Golik Gdansk University of Technology, Poland DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.230

Abstract: This paper aims to discuss the concept of growth aspirations and growth intentions, as well as to identify factors that influence growth aspirations expressed by students with regard to their future businesses. On the basis of a literature review potential determinants of growth aspirations have been identified and tested empirically using data obtained from 223 students from the Pomeranian region in Poland. The authors use Binomial Logistic Regression to propose an econometric model with endogenous variable Growth Aspiration. The results of the study show that from the set of chosen variables, surprisingly some turned out to be statistically insignificant i.a. entrepreneurial self-efficacy, entrepreneurial intention or risk propensity. Eventually, four of the variables have

126 been found to influence declared growth aspirations of respondents in a statistically significant way, namely: gender, declared resistance to stress, perception of higher income being one of the most attractive feature of entrepreneurship and belief that prestige also belongs to the most attractive features of entrepreneurship. Research results are limited to students from one university only and as such, they cannot be perceived as representative for the whole country. Nevertheless, the findings of empirical analysis of growth aspirations determinants allow to identify factors that may decide whether entrepreneurial endeavours undertaken in the future will be intended to be high growth businesses. The paper contributes to a better understanding of the difference between growth aspirations and growth intentions. It also shows what factors shape business growth aspirations of students, which may impact the actual growth of their businesses in the future.

Keywords: growth aspirations, entrepreneurship, student entrepreneurship, SEAS, logistic regression

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PhD Research Papers

128 129 Rural and Urban Access to Growth Capital: The Case of Norway Tore Frimanslund Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.200

Abstract: Financial access is considered one of the main obstacles to firm growth. Whether rural financial gaps exist or that entrepreneurs perceive access to be scarce due to other factors has been debated. In this study, a multiple-case approach of two capital-intensive and technological innovative entrepreneurs in the Norwegian market for entrepreneurial capital is carried out. The aim is to explore the main determinants to commonly available financial sources. Further, it differentiates between rural and urban conditions and highlights the differences in the Norwegian context. Main findings indicate that rural and urban entrepreneurs, as well as stakeholders, vary between employment- and growth- orientation and that the issue influence the capital acquisition processes on demand side and selection preferences on the supply side. They also indicate that business sector diversity is an obstacle to growth capital and that such a barrier is prevalent in rural areas. Such findings are presented in a conceptual model which illustrates the factors influencing access to capital and how the difference in financial availability affects firm performance and aggregate income. The study adds nuance to the debate on financial gaps and points to the role of value- adding activities related to the source of capital. The study contextualises finance and regional development and provides useful insights to practitioners and policymakers when considering the issue of rural financial access.

Keywords: Financial access, rural, urban, entrepreneurship

What Does “Corporate Social Responsibility” Mean in Taxation in Small Entrepreneurships? Blanka Jarolimova and Zuzana Tuckova Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Czech Republic DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.186

Abstract: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a business approach that contributes to sustainable development by delivering economic, social and environmental benefits for all stakeholders. It can also be viewed as a self-

130 regulating business model that helps a company be socially accountable. The way it is understood and implemented differs for each company and country. CSR is a broad concept that addresses many and various topics, such as human rights, labour, environment, economic and business issues, contribution to economic development, consumer issues, and community development. Regardless the definition, the purpose of CSR is to drive change towards sustainability. Implementation of CSR is voluntary. Yet, it is currently expected that businesses take an active role and use their influence and funding to influence the life around them, especially its quality. The companies themselves should also feel a certain commitment to engage in the society in which they operate, as the corporate sector is an integral part of the society. Socially responsible companies strive not only to meet traditional economic objectives, but also to fulfil the social and environmental aspects of their activities. Although, in the field of taxation, CSR is a relatively new phenomenon and for many companies it will mean a new innovative approach to social responsibility, even today we see that paying taxes is already being looked at as an element of corporate responsibility at some companies. Companies effect society in several dimensions and one of them is economic dimension. Therefore, paying taxes into public finances is inherently part of how businesses contribute to society, as taxes provide public revenues for governments to meet economic and social objectives. That is why some companies are starting to treat taxes as an element of their approach to corporate responsibility. The first section of the article contains scientific work, with the introductory part focused on a survey of the current state of the issue and the level of knowledge. The following part of qualitative research contains study cases to either prove or disprove that the Czech companies see the taxation as responsibility to the community and society. In conclusion, the findings will be formulated and presented.

Keywords: corporate social responsibility, taxation, innovation, sustainable development, society

Unravelling Social Capital Value in Science Parks: Growth versus R&D orientation Eryda Listyaningrum and Marina Van Geenhuizen Delft University of Technology, Netherlands DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.094

Abstract: Science and Technology Parks (STPs) have fueled many debates on their effectiveness in policies to enhance innovation and regional economic growth.

131 Some authors put emphasis on advantages of physical proximity between on-site firms and the university, while others pay increasingly attention to benefits from social capital between the stakeholders involved. According to theory, social capital works as a ‘glue that binds’ stakeholders who may originally have different interests, visions and different power positions. Adopting the last point of view, the aim of the paper is to increase understanding of the role of social capital in performance of STPs. The paper explores the relationship between growth and innovativeness of STPs and social capital-related power position, trust, and shared visions, using regression analysis. We make use of a survey-based sample of almost 50 STPs in various Asian countries. With regard to stakeholders and social capital, we distinguish between STPs’ management, local university, local government and national government. We control for variation on country-level regarding innovativeness and planning culture and for variation in STPs’ land-size. Our results show that higher STPs’ growth (numbers of firms) tends to go along with some shortage in social capital, mainly on the local level concerning university and government. This situation may point to different opinions about growth, connected to physical limits regarding land and road system. In contrast, social capital on the local level but also national level, tends to be positively associated with degree of R&D orientation of STP firms.

Keywords: Science and technology parks, Asia, social capital, power perceived by STP, growth, innovation

Competition Policies for the Internet Market in Colombia: Impact in Entrepreneurship Alejandra Molina Osorio1, 2 and John Jairo García Rendón2 1Universidad Autónoma de Manizales,Colombia 2Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.202

Abstract: The internet is one of the most important services worldwide, its use and increase in coverage are between the main concerns of development agendas. These markets tend to be highly concentrated, and competition policies have few tools to differentiate between companies with market power or possible abuse of it. The development, innovation, and research in the technology and telecommunications sector is growing and is promoted by the government. There are many entrepreneurs that need broadband for their business; that is the main reason for studying this sector. In Colombia, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) made recommendations for the 132 telecommunications market, including the Internet, to improve not only the indicators but also the policies. The competition policies for the internet market in Colombia generate an impact on consumers and of course on entrepreneurship. The competition policy is made for the companies that have direct contact with the final consumer, so the wholesaler can manage different prices and practices that can affect the final consumer but there is not a clear policy for them. The aim is to analyze the Internet market in Colombia between 2010 and 2015 in a theoretical and empirical way, what is the impact of vertical integration on companies, competition policies and especially in the entrepreneurship. In Colombia, 75% of the population lives in the urban area. According to data from the OECD, the gap in the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in large and small companies is high, only 20% of small medium enterprises (SMEs) are connected to the internet; this figure is low, given that 96.4% of companies in Colombia are microenterprises. The competition policy for the internet sector in Colombia is focused on regulating the retail market, which has direct contact with the end users of the service. It is common to hear that the superintendence of commerce, industry, and tourism has sanctioned an enterprise, but they still have a lot to do in the regulation of the wholesale market of the internet. The concentration of the internet market in Colombia has a clear impact in all the entrepreneurship because, compared with other countries, in Colombia is more expensive to work with internet so, this has an impact in innovation, research, and competition.

Keywords: internet, competition policies, industrial organization, retail, wholesaler, entrepreneurship

Exploring the Role of Entrepreneurship Education in Influencing Cognitive Style and Subsequent Entrepreneurial Intention: A Qualitative Study in Egypt 1 2 Salma Nader and Hadia Hamdy 1German University in Cairo, Egypt 2University of Canada, Cairo, Egypt DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.032

Abstract: Entrepreneurial education has been identified as one of the most critical factors in promoting entrepreneurship over the long run. Therefore, it is now a main concern in Egypt to develop an enterprise culture by encouraging entrepreneurship education. Cognitive style has been the center of attention

133 among researchers and practitioners as an important factor in influencing entrepreneurial behavior. However, very few researchers studied the flexibility of cognitive style in terms of exploring factors that may influence the development of one’s cognitive style. How far individuals could have an analytical or intuitive cognitive style and the possibility of possessing a balanced thinking style and whether or not this can be aided by education and training is now of a particular interest to many researchers. . In this sense, a better understanding of how entrepreneurship education would impact one’s cognitive style along the entrepreneurial intention process is imperative. Hence, this research aims to explore how formal entrepreneurship education would influence one’s cognitive style and subsequent intention. The qualitative findings reported that entreprenresuhip education should enhance students’ intuitive and analytical styles emphasizing the importance of thinking style versatility in order to increase their entrepreneurial intentions. Moreover, most of the interviewees reported that individuals’ cognitive styles will play a major role in influencing attitudes, perceptions and entrepreneurial self-efficacy in the road to entrepreneurial intentions.

Keywords: Cognitive Style, Entrepreneurial Intention, Entrepreneurship Education, Exploratory Study

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a Factor of the Sustainable Development of Entrepreneurship Jaroslava Němcová and Zuzana Tučková Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Czech Republic DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.185

Abstract: CSR should be systematic approach integrated into business strategy based on high quality internal and external communication and focused on society beneficial behaviour. Results are seen in long term period, so it is extensively about building relationship with stakeholders. In a changing and challenging environment, corporate scandals (consumption of natural resources, increased pollution, multinational companies’ exploitation of child labour, the Enron affair, etc.) force companies to commit socially and environmentally. Corporate social responsibility and its right communication to all stakeholders becomes a game changing advantage. It has influenced society to impose new restrictions on companies to prevent them from engaging in inappropriate behaviour. CSR is being described as a voluntary obligation of firms to behave responsibly, within the scope of their work, to the environment and the society in

134 which they operate. Strong Company Culture and its Good name represents a competitive advantage, leads to sustainability, pressures companies to stay up-to- date and attracts new employees as it opens new business opportunities. The opposite behaviour is no longer accepted from the market. A voluntary responsible behaviour of a firm stands on three pillars: economic, social and environmental. They all should be the content of social responsibility of any firm, however, each of them means a variety of activities from which an enterprise has to choose according to its orientation and to the requirements of the surroundings. A challenge comes when company has to come up with CSR strategy and focus on particular areas. Since there are usually strictly given budgets, firms have to have systems helping them to decide what direction of support and communication to choose. Based on their value chain of a potential NGO projects connection can be found. A current state of CSR implementation in companies in the region will be mapped by using questionnaire survey or personal interviews. The last part of the research will contain a comparative analysis according to specific values of companies and values which are linked to different supportive NGO projects. Finally, conclusions will be specified to build up new decision-making system for managers in CSR.

Keywords: Corporate social responsibility, sustainable development, entrepreneurship, CSR, company culture

Internal Crowdsourcing at SAP Jakob Pohlisch Technical University Berlin, Institute for Technology and Management, Berlin, Germany DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.142

Abstract: Crowdsourcing provides an online platform matching the knowledge and expertise of people scattered around the world with problems to solve. More recently, some companies have introduced this approach within their own company boundaries. Big, multinational corporations oftentimes have thousands of employees widespread around the globe, embedded in divisions and virtually separated from each other. Although a large proportion of companies nowadays use social IT to mitigate problems of distance, only few companies are able to access their employees’ wisdom effectively – let alone efficiently. And while external crowdsourcing nowadays represents a field of extraordinary interest in both the corporate and scientific world, internal crowdsourcing (IC) has received much less attention. In this business case study, we report the findings of our

135 investigation of the different solutions to IC implemented at SAP SE. With almost 100,000 employees worldwide, SAP possesses significant resources within the company, which IC can help to access. Based on interview data collected in 2018, we analyse the process and governance structures of the different IC approaches used at SAP. The interviewees represent various perspectives on the observed IC mechanisms. We identify six different approaches to IC that cover a wide array of use cases. Ranging from the search for new and sustainable business models with the aim to impact and improve the lives of millions of people to an approach that uses crowdsourcing for the competence development of SAP’s employees. The aim of this paper is to provide a framework embedded in previous theoretical discussions as well as lessons learned from a large multinational corporation from Germany. We believe that our findings will help academics and practitioners alike to understand the determinants for a successful introduction of IC to increase the innovation potential of firms, further the entrepreneurial mindset of its employees and thus provide a competitive advantage.

Keywords: crowdsourcing, internal crowdsourcing, corporate crowdsourcing, intrapreneurship, governance, idea challenge, innovation Sociotechnical Imaginaries and their Metrification that Shape Public Policy towards High-Growth Entrepreneurship in Hamburg, Germany Moritz Philip Recke Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.069

Abstract: For many years, entrepreneurship, more specifically the formation of tech startups, has often been attributed with economic growth and job creation due to their high-growth potential by policy makers. Still, this link is widely debated in scientific literature, which does not necessarily seem to inform public policy. This paper outlines how entrepreneurship policy stakeholders and the institutional arrangements of entrepreneurship in Hamburg, Germany, represent a self-perpetuating discourse of domination. It is based on sociotechnical imaginaries that sustain their power, position and privilege via the accumulation, display and deployment of capitals. This discourse is an "unreal reality" that this paper seeks to unpack to unmask. The author will introduce a critical discourse analysis and ethnographic methodology approach to uncover and identify the sociotechnical imaginaries inherent in the stakeholders ́ discourse that fuel the

136 creation of misguided or even counterproductive public policy towards innovation and high-growth entrepreneurship in Hamburg, Germany.

Keywords: sociotechnical imaginaries, entrepreneurship, metrification, entrepreneurship policy, policy discourse, discourse analysis

137

Masters Papers

138

139 The Generation Transfer Process in Greek Family Firms Spyridon Chalis and Ioannis Kinias University of Aegean, Chios, Greece [email protected] [email protected] DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.058

Abstract: Nowadays, 70-80% of businesses in Europe are family owned, employ 40-50% of the total work force and, most of them, are very small. According to statistics, succession is a problematic issue since only 30% of family businesses survive to be passed on to the second generation and a mere 10% of them to the third generation. The aim of this research is to explore the parameters that affect the generation transfer and ultimately the development of the enterprise. In this context, we investigate the influence of the founder's and successor's gender, the strategic planning and preparation of the succession process, the two generations’ points of view and several other factors. The implementation of this survey has been carried out on a sample of 100 manufacturing family businesses in Northern Greece which have already been passed on to the second generation or are in the process of such transition, involving the successors in the company's procedures. Having taken into account the above, we present our conclusions and discuss potential future research avenues and implications derived for both academia and practice.

Keywords: Family Business, Generation Transfer, Preparation of Successor, Role of Family Owner, Greece

Grow up to be Different: Firm Responses to Performance Feedback over Their Life Cycle Michal Jirásek and Mariko Ueno Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic [email protected] [email protected] DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.107

Abstract: Investment in research and development projects has the potential of bringing advantages to the firm after the project is finished. These long-term benefits are on the other hand counterbalanced by short-term costs of running projects. The bet on a future innovation is always uncertain, and it takes several 140 years before it will be clear whether it turned out into a gain or a loss. Nevertheless, the question of whether the firm considers such a bet worthwhile may be shaped a priori by its situation. The literature on performance feedback theory generally considers investment in research and development as a response to unsatisfactory performance, i.e., it assumes that the firm attempts to solve its performance problems via investment. On the other hand, some studies point to moderating role of slack resources, proximity to bankruptcy and other factors that shape firms’ preferences of more or fewer investments in response to negative performance feedback. In our research, we propose that these preferences are much shaped by the firm’s life cycle stage, which is beside other factors characterized by differences in above-mentioned moderators. In this sense, we assume that firms’ responses to performance feedback differ systematically, which may explain contradictory findings we currently observe across empirical studies based on the performance feedback theory. Using a sample of U.S. industrial firms, the most commonly studied population in the literature, we show how firms’ responses are shaped by life cycle stages they are currently in. The findings have considerable implications for the study of firm strategic behavior. First, they help to explain when and why some firms see research and development as a potential solution for unsatisfactory performance; while other firms in the same situation see it as a good target for cost-cutting. Second, they help in reconciling contradictory findings of the empirical studies in the performance feedback literature.

Keywords: R&D investment; performance feedback; organizational life cycle; manufacturing firms

141

Non-Academic Paper

142

143 Innovative Solutions in the Ports of the Baltic Sea for Development of Small Cruise Ship Tourism Heritage Products Aleksandra Wilczyńska and Przemysław Wilczyński Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland [email protected] [email protected] DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.257

Abstract: In recent years, the cruise ship industry has been the fastest growing segment in the overall tourism worldwide. According to CLIA since 2013 the cruisers’ passengers number has been growing at a rate of about 1 million per year. This growing trend is predicted to continue and in 2022 it is estimated to reach the number of 31.5 million of cruise passengers. Due to insufficient depth of port waterways in ports of the Baltic Sea, access to them for larger cruisers is significantly limited. Another limiting factor is the length of the summer season, which within the Baltic Sea, lasts only from May to September, while, for example, in the Mediterranean Sea - it practically lasts the whole year. Therefore, the only possibility of increasing the traffic of cruisers’ density is to use the so- called “small” cruise ships (SCS). It is also very important to raise the attractiveness of destination ports. This issue is being taken care of by the partners co-operating within the JOHANN project (Joint development of Small Cruise Ship tourism heritage products in the Southern Baltic Sea Region). The main objective of this project is to develop cultural and natural tourism products by establishing new small cruise ship heritage tours in South Baltic outlying city ports and by doing so enable these destinations to exploit economic potential of arriving cruise passengers. One of the activities included in the project are study visits to import knowledge and learn from cross-border model regions and destinations and single ports that have already successfully promoted and operated SCS. This article describes innovative solutions observed during performing those study visits that took place in the spring and autumn of 2018. Project partners met, among others, in Norwegian and Danish ports (Kristiansand, Arendal, Aalborg, Fredericia and Copenhagen).

Keywords: small cruise ships, innovative solutions, ports

144

145

Work in Progress Papers

146 147 Connecting ASKO Beliefs and Entrepreneurial Self- Efficacy with Entrepreneurial Intention Domna Bousmpou1, Alexandros Kakouris2 and Vagis Samathrakis1 1Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece 2Sustainable Development and Entrepreneurship Lab., University of Peloponnese, Greece DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.272

Abstract: Studies regarding the formation of the entrepreneurial intention have revealed its dependence on entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Further to self-efficacy beliefs, the present article discusses the theoretical framework of a research in progress which aims to enrich the individual’s belief structures with the ASKO typology for entrepreneurial success factors and to connect them with entrepreneurial intention and behaviour. Research hypotheses are formulated along with a Structural Equation Model (SEM) capable of empirically examining the relationships amongst the previous concepts. Constructs and scales for appropriate measurement are introduced along with expected results. It is maintained that consistency between self-efficacy and ASKO beliefs offers a new variable of explanatory value in the study of entrepreneurial intention. Implications for entrepreneurship education are discussed in the last part of the article.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial self-efficacy, Entrepreneurial beliefs, ASKO typology, Entrepreneurial intention, Entrepreneurship education

148 Cultural Influences on Entrepreneurial Motivation and Identity: Insights for Entrepreneurship Education

Emma Fleck1, Alexandros Kakouris2, Doan Winkel3 1Department of Management, Susquehanna University, USA 2Sustainable Development and Entrepreneurship Lab., Department of Economics, University of Peloponnese, Greece 3Boler College of Business, John Carroll University, USA DOI DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.205

Abstract: The article examines the concept of entrepreneurial identity in different cultural contexts. Identity refers to the individual’s self-perception of the entrepreneurial role as well as possession of similar aspirations. Based on data from the Entrepreneurship Education Project (EEP), identity is studied across seven different countries (Brazil, Colombia, Germany, Malaysia, Mexico, Spain and USA). The construct of identity along with entrepreneurial motives were found correlated with local cultural indices. Both Hofstede’s and Schwartz’s cultural dimensions have been employed in the analysis. The results are discussed toward cross-national differences and across each separate cultural dimension to provide some preliminary insight into the implications for entrepreneurship education. The research is currently in progress but implications for further analysis are addressed.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial motivation, Entrepreneurial identity, Culture, Cultural indices, Entrepreneurship education

Grit Tools for Entrepreneurial Teams in the Conditions of Transition Economy: Case of IT Sector in Belarus Liudmila Gapeyeva-Yukce Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.054

Abstract: Alongside with an extensive body of literature about determinants of entrepreneurial success, there is another direction in research about entrepreneurial failure and coping with difficulties that needs further exploration. 149 Moreover, there are supported data that more than half of new businesses fail within their first years of operating. One of the important phenomena, related to dealing with entrepreneurial challenges, is grit. This construct was introduced in 2007, while the researchers of entrepreneurship started paying attention to it only recently. There is a clear need to study grit further, especially to determine specific grit tools for entrepreneurs and triggers of gritty behaviour. The current Ph.D. project is planned as a qualitative study to tackle the problems in the research around grit. The first part provides a literature review of grit and similar constructs, attempting to develop a theoretical model of grit tools. A case study method will be used for the second part to find evidence for the model, discover further tools in order to enhance the model and check if specific tools fit particular entrepreneurial problems. Finally, the third paper will explore the prerequisites and triggers of gritty behaviour in order to build a comprehensive model of grit for entrepreneurial teams. Transition economies and Belarus, in particular, was chosen as a stage to study grit tools as there one can often find an environment of challenge and uncertainty. At the same time, many success stories can be found in the IT sector in Belarus. Among IT businessmen there is even a saying: “If you have a mission-impossible IT project, send it to Belarus”. The study concentrates on entrepreneurial teams as the notion of entrepreneur is mostly plural. Moreover, studies on teams also demonstrate a negative connection between relationship conflict in teams and firm performance that provides a promising setting to study grit. The results of the study will have a considerable contribution for practitioners, both entrepreneurs and those who teach, support and develop entrepreneurship. The research will contribute to the theory by structuring the terminology in the field and creating a model of grit.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, grit, self-regulation, entrepreneurial teams, transition economy, Belarus

150 The Attitude of Greek Students towards Entrepreneurship: Latest Data and Recommendations Stavroula Laspita1 and Katerina Sarri2 1International Hellenic University, Entrepreneurship Lab University of Macedonia, Greece 2Department of Balkan Slavic and Oriental Studies, Entrepreneurship Lab University of Macedonia, Macedonia, Greece DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.269

Abstract: The Greek economy has been challenged during the last 10 years by the economic crisis, demonstrated among others, by recession and unemployment. Entrepreneurial activities could help pave the way from recession to growth, since entrepreneurship is an important contributor to innovation, job creation and a driver of economic and social development. As today’s university students, will to a great extent be the entrepreneurs of the future, this study tries to shed some light, based on recent data, on the entrepreneurial attitude of students in Greece, aiming to provide useful recommendations to policy makers and educators.

Keywords: students, career choices, intention, attitude, entrepreneurship, skills

Parsing Out Innovative Mindsets: The Role of Humility, Alertness and Networking Ability Nastaran Simarasl, Ashish Hingle and Olukemi Sawyerr Cal Poly Pomona, California, USA DOI: 10.34190/ECIE.19.124

Abstract: We are currently in an innovation economy in which individual initiative to identify opportunities to lead effective change is the bottom line. If individuals’ agentic capabilities such as self-efficacy and traits such as humility are developed, they are more likely to identify and pursue innovative opportunities and become change agents. In this quantitative study, we examine the factors that impact students’ innovative mindset or their “ability to sense, act upon, and mobilize innovative solutions under uncertain conditions” before and after participating in entrepreneurship training programs. In other words, we examine the impact of students’ humility (teachability and openness to accept their mistakes and limitations), their alertness to change (their ability to recognize, identify & acquire resources to effect change), their self-efficacy (their belief that they can be effective) and their abilities to network effectively on their innovative mindset. 151 We hypothesize that students’ humility and self-efficacy positively impact their innovative mindset. In addition, we speculate that students’ alertness to change mediates the relationship between their self-efficacy and humility as independent variables and their innovative mindset as the dependent variable. Furthermore, we examine students’ ability to network effectively as a moderator in the relationship between alertness to change and innovative mindset. We have already collected survey data from a number of students who have gone through different entrepreneurship programs, offered at an entrepreneurship and innovation center at a public university in Southern California in the United States. We are collecting more data as more students will start similar programs at the center in the coming months. We will complete data collection in December 2019 and will use regressions to analyze the data. Our preliminary findings show that alertness to change fully mediates the relationship between general self-efficacy and innovative mindset. In addition, networking abilities moderate the relationship between alertness to change and innovative mindset.

Keywords: humility, alertness to change, general self-efficacy, networking abilities, innovative mindset, innovation economy, enterprise education

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154 155 Reanimating Rural Areas after an Economic Shock: The Role of Rural Healthcare Entrepreneurial Activities Nikolaos Apostolopoulos1, Robert Newbery2, Menelaos Gkartzioz2 and Sotiris Apostolopoulos3 1University of Plymouth, UK 2Newcastle University, UK 3Diaplasi Rehabilitation Centre, Greece

Abstract: This research explores rural entrepreneurship in healthcare sector as a result of the withdrawal of public services due to the economic crisis and austerity measures. Rural entrepreneurship in healthcare sector is examined through the lens of resilience investigating the impact of the entrepreneurial activities in the local society in overcoming the shock of the economic crisis. To mitigate the consequences of the economic crisis, the institutional framework supported the development of these centres offering and the creation was subsidised by the Greek Government and EU Structural Funds. Ten healthcare rehabilitation centres based in Greek provinces are examined through semi-structured interviews and observations. These centres specialise in the rehabilitation of patients after surgeries or patients with severe kinetic problems who cannot self-serve themselves. The findings show the importance of these centres to the local society in terms of employment and service providing. Beyond the fact that they helped local population to remain in the rural areas, they acted as agents of counterurbanisation as patients took advantage of the existence of these centres to return and rehabilitate in their places of origin along with their families and enjoy the low cost of life. The need of specialised staff to work at these centres acted positively for high educated personnel in returning to rural areas. Moreover, the centres facilitated the development of other new entrepreneurial activities which act supportive to centre such as entrepreneurial activities in hospitality sector. Overall, the quality of life in rural areas was improved and the centres supported transformational resilience. However, practical implications are emerged as the dysfunctionality of the Greek institutional framework causes operational problems with high taxation and delays in payments from the patients’ public insurance schemes as main issues restricting further development of the centres.

Keywords: rural entrepreneurship, resilience, economic crisis, healthcare, rehabilitation

156 How Innovation Management in the University can Benefit from Digitalization Sami Kärnä Aalto University, Espoo, Suomi

Abstract: Digitalization, or more commonly digitization, challenges traditional practices in every branch of industries and universities are not exceptions of that. Globally, universities ' ability to create innovations is a key competitive factor for the future. Universities are also competing for funding and the best researchers worldwide. In general, innovation management in universities is responsible for the management of inventions, intellectual property and technology transfer at facilitating the translation of research ideas into societal impact through commercialization. Typically, the innovation commercialization process is consisting of stages such as evaluation, concept development and technology transfer. Typically, in the process there is a strong collaboration between inventors and university´s innovation advisers. The interaction between the main actors also typically increases when approaching final technology transfer. This stage typically binds the most human resources, because the nature of the technology transfer is complex and requires multiple negotiations. The aim of the research is to explore how university´s innovation management can utilize digitalization to improve and make the process more efficient. Digitalization could also help to allocate resources in the most valuable part of the processes. In this context, digitalization means turning interactions, communications, business functions and business models into digital ones. The case is Aalto University in Finland, which have developed digitalization strategy in the year 2018. As a part of the digitalization strategy, innovation management processes are examined and discussed for example, which (autonomous, semi-autonomous) digitalization tools can be used in the innovation commercialization process.

Keywords: Innovation management, digitalization, commercialization of innovations in university

157 Financing Digital Innovation for Sustainable Development Danilo Piaggesi and Helena Landazuri Knowledge for Decelopment (K4D), USA

Abstract: The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), 17 (SDG 17), supports “access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing … through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, at the United Nations level”. SDG 17 pursues capacity building through improved access to data (i.e. solid statistics), information and knowledge to support decision- making and oversight. SDG17 is also closely linked to Objective 6, which covers the provision of technical knowledge, quality and services. Such guidelines embrace the economic viability, replicability and sustainability attributes that innovation must have to be called such, in the field of promoting digital innovation. Those guidelines provide a clear path to streamline efforts in this area by directing support to three crucial areas: (i) developing a market for digital innovation products and services; (ii) supporting initiatives to bring about new and more efficient business models and processes; and (iii) providing focused support to the generation of innovative products and services. To achieve these ends, it is proposed to establish adequate mechanisms to provide technical and financial support in each one of those areas, utilizing partners and collaboration mechanisms. In this context, the authors propose two different Digital Innovation Trust Funds financing innovation for sustainable development, reviewing other funds and funding sources with similar or complementary purposes that operate at international development agencies. Observations from success and failure stories from other donors as well as lessons learned in the implementation of innovation funding in developing countries have been used to shape this paper. The specific nature and workings of the financial instruments is discussed in detail and defined further, presenting scenarios for the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), two of the largest international organizations working for the development of emerging economies.

Keywords: Innovation; Ict; Sustainable Development Goals; International Development; Multilateral Financing Organizations

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Additional Materials

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Participant List

162

163 Surname First Institution email Name

University of Warwick, Abu Jbara Noor [email protected] Coventry, UK United Arab Emirates Al Abbadi Maysam [email protected] University, Abu Dhabi, UAE Ahlia University, Manama, Albinali Amani [email protected] Bahrain Hasan Ahlia University, Manama, Ahmed [email protected] Ahmad Bahrain Alvarado Van Universidad EARTH, San Jose, Irene [email protected] der Laat Costa Rica Almaty Management Alzhanova Nurzhan [email protected] University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Apostolopoul University of Plymouth, [email protected] Nikolaos os Plymouth, UK om Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Appiah-Nimo Christina [email protected] Zlin, Czech Republic Arctaedius Thomas KMH, Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] Bournemouth University, Arslan Emre [email protected] Bournemouth, UK Peter the Great St. Petersburg Asaturova Yuliya Polytechnic University, St. [email protected] Petersburg, Russia Au-Yong GOVCOPP, University of Aveiro, Manuel [email protected] Oliveira Aveiro, Portugal Middlesex University, London, Bace Edward [email protected] UK Russian Academy of Sciences, Balycheva Yulia [email protected] Moscow, Russia Durban University of Bansi Ramika [email protected] Technology, South Africa Cardiff Metropolitan Barker John University, Cardiff, United [email protected] Kingdom Peter the Great St. Petersburg Bataev Alexey Polytechnic University, St [email protected] Petersburg, Russia Ahlia University, Manama, Benhamed Anji [email protected] Bahrain Omni Academy for Education, Beyer Greg Training & Development, South [email protected] Africa

164 Surname First Institution email Name

Alexander Technological Bousmpou Domna Educational Institute of [email protected] Thessaloniki, Greece Tampere University of Applied Brandt Tiina [email protected] Sciences, Tampere, Finland Technological University Buckley Anthony [email protected] Dublin, Ireland London College of Fashion, Buckley Chitra University of the Arts London, [email protected] UK Mark University of Malta, Msida, Camilleri [email protected] Anthony Malta Fraunhofer IPK, Berlin, jan- Cap Jan-Patrick Germany [email protected] Cavallo Angelo Politecnico di Milano, Italy [email protected] Faculty of Economics and Business, Pan-European Cepel Martin [email protected] University in Bratislava, Slovakia Tomas Bata University, Zlin, Çera Gentjan [email protected] Czech Republic University of Aegean, Chios, Chalis Spyridon [email protected] Greece Federation University Australia, [email protected] Chin Grace Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ation.edu.au Davies Fern Swansea University, Wales, UK [email protected] Peter the Great St. Petersburg Degtereva Victoria Polytechnic University, Saint- [email protected] Petersburg, Russia Dewitt Sunita Coventry University, UK [email protected] Pontificia Universidad Catolica Diaz Manuel [email protected] del Peru, Lima, Peru University of Peloponnese, Dimitropoulos Panagiotis [email protected] Sparta, Greece Peter the Great Saint- Petersburg Polytechnic Dubolazova Yulia [email protected] University, St.Petersburg, Russia Estonian Business School, Elenurm Tiit [email protected] Tallinn, Estonia

165 Surname First Institution email Name

Ahlia University, Manama, Eman Ahmed [email protected] Bahrain Department of Industrial Ferrati Francesco Engineering, University of [email protected] Padua, Padova, Italy Maria de Ferreiro REMIT - UPT, Porto, Portugal [email protected] Fatima Susquehanna University, Fleck Emma [email protected] Selinsgrove, USA Universidade da Beira Interior - Franco Mario [email protected] CEFAGE-UBI, Covilha, Portugal Western Norway University of Frimanslund Tore Applied Sciences, Sogndal, [email protected] Norway Martin-Luther-University Halle- Gapeyeva- liudmila.gapeyeva- Liudmila Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Yukce [email protected] Germany Technical University in Cluj- Gavrilei Ioana [email protected] Napoca,, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Ahlia University, Manama, Husain Ghassan [email protected] Bahrain Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Ghezzi Antonio [email protected] Italy Ghura Hasan Box Hill College Kuwait, Kuwait [email protected] Russian Academy of Sciences, Golichenko Oleg [email protected] Moscow, Russia University of Johannesburg, Groenewald Darelle [email protected] South Africa Peter the Great St. Petersburg Guzikova Liudmila Politechnic University, St. [email protected] Petersburg, Russia Ahlia University, Manama, Hamdan Allam [email protected] Bahrain Dundalk Institute of Hamouda Angela [email protected] Technology, Ireland, Ireland University of Economics in Harasim Janina [email protected] Katowice, Poland Fraunhofer IPK, Berlin, [email protected] Haunschild Johanna Germany hofer.de Fraunhofer IPK, Berlin, [email protected] Hecklau Fabian Germany .de

166 Surname First Institution email Name

Herrero de Benefactor Innovacion Social Ega a Mu oz- Blanca [email protected] SL, Madrid, Spain Cobo Howson Thomas Swansea University, Wales, UK [email protected] Dalian Minzu University, Huang Hao [email protected] Dalian, China Kwansei Gakuin University, Inada Yuko [email protected] Nishinomiya, Japan Peter the Great St.Petersburg Ivanov Maxim Polytechnic University, [email protected] St.Petersburg, Russia Peter the Great St.Petersburg Ivanova Marina Polytechnic University, [email protected] St.Petersburg, Russia Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Jarolimova Blanka [email protected] Czech Republic Seinjoki University of Applied Joensuu-Salo Sanna [email protected] Sciences, Seinjoki , Finland Jones Yvonne Swansea University, UK [email protected] Jones Paul Swansea University, UK [email protected] University of Ss. Cyril and Jurišová Vladimíra [email protected] Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia University of Trás-os-Montes e Justino Elsa [email protected] Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal Hellenic Open University, Kakouris Alexandros [email protected] Greece University of Macedonia, Kamariotou Maria [email protected] Thessaloniki, Greece Auckland University of Karmokar Sangeeta [email protected] Technology, New Zealand Kärnä Sami 1973, Espoo, Finland [email protected] Fraunhofer IPK, , Berlin, [email protected] Kidschun Florian Germany er.de Windesheim University of Kiewiet Derk Jan Applied Sciences, , The [email protected] Netherlands University of Macedonia, Kitsios Fotis [email protected] Thessaloniki, Greece University of Economics in [email protected]. Klimontowicz Monica Katowice, Katowice, Poland pl

167 Surname First Institution email Name

Hochschule Anhalt, Bernburg Knopf Tobias [email protected] (Saale), Germany Faculty of management Kohnová Lucia Comenius University, [email protected] Bratislava, Slovakia Vasiliki Hellenic Open University, Kolovou [email protected] (Vicky) Patra, Greece Konnikov Evgenii Peter the Great, Russia [email protected] National Institutes of Health, Koustova Elena [email protected] Rockville, USA Kurmantayev Almaty Management [email protected] Assel a University, Almaty, Kazakhstan z University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Mass Kusá Alena [email protected] media Communication, Trnava, Slovakia Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Lagrosen Stefan [email protected] Sweden Mälardalen Unviersity, Lagrosen Yvonne [email protected] Eskilstuna, Sweden Lee Kiefer Sheffield Hallam University, UK [email protected] University of San Francisco, San Lee June [email protected] Francisco, USA Dalian University of Li Xiaoli [email protected] Technology, Dalian, China University of Peloponnese, Liargovas Panagiotis [email protected] Tripolis, Greece LUASA – Lucerne University of Link Patrick Applied Sciences and Arts, [email protected] Lucerne, Switzerland Listyaningrum Eryda TU Delft, The Netherlands [email protected] Dalian University of Liu Xuemei [email protected] Technology, China Kingston University, London, Mallet Julie [email protected] UK Gdynia Maritime University, [email protected]. Mankowska Natalia Gdynia, Poland pl University of Trás-os-Montes e Marques Carla Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal [email protected]

168 Surname First Institution email Name

Institute for Sustainable Technologies - National [email protected] Mazurkiewicz Adam Research Institute, Radom, m.pl Poland Singapore Management Menkhoff Thomas University, Singapore, [email protected] Singapore University of Macedonia, Mitroulis Dimitrios [email protected] Thessaloniki, Greece Universidad Autónoma de Molina Viviana [email protected] Manizales, Colombia Universidad Autónoma de Molina Osorio Alejandra [email protected] Manizales, Colombia Middlesex University, London, Moon Christopher [email protected] UK University of Mpumalanga, Musara Mazanai [email protected] Nelspruit, South Africa Musleh Al- Abdalmutta Ahlia University, Manama, [email protected] Sartawi leb Bahrain Nader German University in Cairo, Salma [email protected] Hussein Egypt Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nemcova Jaroslava [email protected] Czech republic Masaryk University, Brno, Németh Anna [email protected] Czech Republic Instituto Politïcnico do Porto, Nicola Susana [email protected] Portugal Nieuwenhuize University of Johannesburg, Cecile [email protected] n South Africa Lan Invest AB, Djursholm, Nilsson Andreas [email protected] Sweden Ahlia University, Manama, Albastiki Noora [email protected] Bahrain University of Economics in Olszak Celina [email protected] Katowice, Poland Mälardalen University, Omorede Adesuwa [email protected] Eskilstuna, Västerås, Sweden Gabriel Technical University in Cluj- Oniga [email protected] Mihai Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania University of Limerick, Ireland O'Sullivan Michael [email protected]

169 Surname First Institution email Name

EUC Research Centre, Nicosia, Papageorgiou George [email protected] Cyprus Central Economics and Pavlov Ruslan Mathematics Institute, [email protected] Moscow, Russia Inland University of Applied Pedersen Tor Helge [email protected] Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway Pekka Victoria University of Piraeus, Greece [email protected] Instituto Politïcnico do Porto, Pereira Alberto [email protected] Portugal Peterlin Judita SEB UL, Ljubljana, Slovenia [email protected] London College of Fashion, Peters Roxanne University of the Arts London, [email protected] UK Knowledge for Development Piaggesi Danilo [email protected] (K4D), Alexandria, USA University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Mass Piatrov Igor [email protected] media Communication, Trnava, Slovakia University of Economics, [email protected] Podsiadly Krzysztof Wroclaw, Poland l Technical University Berlin, Pohlisch Jakob [email protected] Germany SGH Warsaw School of Polak Przemysław [email protected] Economics, Poland Ural Federal University, Polbitsyn Sergei [email protected] Yekaterinburg, Russia Institute for Sustainable Technologies - National [email protected]. Poteralska Beata Research Institute, Radom, pl Poland Puangpronpit Mahasarakham University, Suteera [email protected] ag Mahasarakham, Thailand Faculty of Management and Qin Lan Economics, Dalian University of [email protected] Technology, Dalian, China Moritz Hamburg University of Applied moritz.recke@haw- Recke Philip Sciences, Hamburg, Germany hamburg.de University of Johannesburg, Reddy Colin David [email protected] South Africa 170 Surname First Institution email Name

Poznan University of Revtiuk Yevhen [email protected] Technology, Poland University of Ss. Cyril and Rezníčková Monika [email protected] Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia University of Minho, Romero Fernando [email protected] Guimarães, Portugal Zeelat International Nigeria Runsewe Victoria [email protected] Limited, Barnawa, Nigeria Gdynia Marirtime University, Rybowska Agnieszka [email protected] Poland Pedagogical University of Sala Krzysztof [email protected] Cracow, Poland Ahlia University, Manama, Reyad Sameh [email protected] Bahrain Sanasi Silvia Politecnico di Milano, Italy [email protected] University of Beira Interior, Santos Gina [email protected] Portugal University of Macedonia, Sarri Aikaterini [email protected] Thessaloniki, Greece Satu Rinkinen LUT University, Lahti, Finland [email protected] JAMK University of Applied Saukkonen Juha [email protected] Sciences, Jyvaskyla, Finland California State Polytechnic Sawyerr Olukemi [email protected] University, Pomona, USA Alia University, Manama, Aldoseri Shaikha [email protected] Bahrain Lomonosov Moscow State Shaytan Dmitry [email protected] University, Moscow, Russia ISEG Universidade de Lisboa, Silva Jorge [email protected] Lisbon, Portugal Simms Chris University of Portsmouth, UK [email protected] National Research University Sirotin Viacheslav Higher School of Economics, [email protected] Moscow, Russian Federation University of the Aegean, Skalkos Dimitris [email protected] Myrina, Lemnos, Greece Vlnius Gediminas Technical Skarzauskiene Aelita [email protected] university, Lithuania Seinjoki University of Applied Sorama Kirsti [email protected] Sciences, Finland

171 Surname First Institution email Name

Scientific Institution Business Spica Inese Competence Centre, ISMA [email protected] University, Riga, Latvia Gabriela University “Politehnica” of stanciulescu.gabriela2na@yah Stănciulescu Doina Bucharest, Romania oo.com University of Navarra, Chernyshkova Elena [email protected] Pamplona, Spain Ural Federal University, Starodubets Natalia [email protected] Ekaterinburg, Russia Anhalt University of Applied Stumpp Stefan Sciences, Bernburg (Saale), [email protected] Germany City University of Hong Kong, Sun Hongyi [email protected] China International Institute for Teodorescu Gheorghe Integral Innovation, Meran, [email protected] Italy Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Tuckova Zuzana [email protected] Czech Republic Masaryk University, Brno, Ueno Mariko [email protected] Czech Republic University of the Western van den Berg Carolien [email protected] Cape, Cape Town, South Africa van der University of KwaZulu-Natal, [email protected] Thea Westhuizen Durban, South Africa a Van Delft University of Technology, Marina [email protected] Geenhuizen The Netherlands Loyola Marymount University, Vance Charles [email protected] Thousand Oaks, USA University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Mass Vanko Martin [email protected] media Communication, Trnava, Slovakia Ural Federal University named Veretennikov after the first President of Anna [email protected] a Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Virglerova Zuzana [email protected] Czech Republic Ural Federal University, Vlasov Maxim [email protected] Ekaterinburg, Russia

172 Surname First Institution email Name

Dalian University of Wang Guohong [email protected] Technology, China Nord University, Faculty of Westeren Knut Ingar Social Sciences, Levanger, [email protected] Norway Anhalt University of Applied norman.wiebach@hs- Wiebach Norman Sciences, Bernburg, Germany anhalt.de Wieczorkowsk SGH Warsaw School of [email protected] Jędrzej i Economics, Poland w.pl Gdynia Maritime University, Wilczyńska Aleksandra [email protected] Poland Gdynia Maritime University, Wilczyński Przemyslaw [email protected] Poland Coppin State University, Williams Ronald [email protected] Baltimore, USA Coventry University, Coventry, Xu Zimu [email protected] UK Yaseen Fatema Ahlia University , Hidd, Bahrain [email protected] University of Ss. Cyril and Zaušková Anna [email protected] Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia Gdansk University of Zieba Krzysztof [email protected] Technology, Poland

173 The importance of paper citations and Google Scholar

As an academic researcher you will know the importance of having access to the work of other researchers in your field as well as making your own work available to others. In the area of academic publishing this is achieved through citation indexing. There are a number of bodies that undertake this task including Thompson ISI, Elsevier Scopus and Google Scholar – to name just a few.

At ACPI we do all we can to ensure that the conference proceedings and the journals that we publish are made available to the major citation bodies and you can see a list relevant to this conference on the home page of the conference website.

However, it is also important for you, the author, to make sure that you have made your work available for citation – particularly with organizations such as Google Scholar. We are providing you here with the simple steps you need to take to do this and we would ask you to take the time to upload your paper as soon as you can.

Step one: Extract your paper from the full proceedings that you have downloaded from the Dropbox link provided to you.

Step two: Upload your paper to your own website, e.g., www.university.edu/~professor/jpdr2009.pdf ; and add a link to it on your publications page, such as www.university.edu/~professor/publications.html.

Make sure that the full text of your paper is in a PDF file that ends with ".pdf",

The Google Scholar search robots should normally find your paper and include it in Google Scholar within several weeks. If this doesn't work, you could check if your local institutional repository is already configured for indexing in Google Scholar, and upload your papers there.

More information is available from http://scholar.google.com.au/intl/en/scholar/inclusion.html

174 We will separately upload the proceedings to Google Books which is also searched – but evidence has shown that individual upload results in quicker indexing by Google Scholar.

Your own institution may also subscribe to an institutional repository such as http://digitalcommons.bepress.com/ or http://dspace.org/

Providing the original reference of your paper is included you have our permission as publishers to have your paper uploaded to these repositories.

Sue Nugus ACPIL

175 Academic Conferences and Publishing International

Facilitating excellence in scholarship through double blind peer reviewed conferences on eight topics

Vision and Mission

Our vision is that there is an ever increasing need for high quality research in most if not all aspects of 21st century society. Universities are the primary provider of quality research education.

Quality research education requires the participation of both established faculty, newly appointed staff and research students. There is also the requirement for academe to reach out to the general society as comprehensively as possible.

As the university sector becomes increasingly focused on research excellence there is a need to provide more fora, primarily in the form of peer reviewed conferences, for academics to exchange ideas, questions, problems, and achievements concerning their personal research activities. These fora provide opportunities to exchange ideas, to experience critiques and to obtain some recognition for individuals’ progress towards research excellence. The more international the forum the more effective it is.

Although publishing in highly rated indexed academic journals is still the most prized form of academic communication, the conference medium has become a significant outlet for research findings as well as an important facilitator to achieving this goal. All papers submitted to ACPIL conferences are double blind peer reviewed and accepted papers are published in a book with an ISBN and ISSN. These conference proceedings are indexed by a number of authorities, including WOS, Scopus, Proquest, etc.

Our mission is to facilitate the creation of global academic research communities by providing all the administrative and management functions required to deliver a comprehensive academic conference experience.

176 This is supported by the provision of seminars, workshops and the publishing of suitable books, monographs and proceedings.

It is also supported by 5 academic journals three of which are indexed by Elsevier Scopus.

ACPIL’s conference activities

For over 20 years we have facilitated conferences globally. Originally our focus was only on ICT. Over the years we have broadened the scope, but there is still a strong leaning towards ICT. Currently there are 16 conferences run in various parts of the world which are attended by approximately 1,500 conference participants annually. Global reach is one of the dimensions that differentiates us. At any given conference there are regularly participants from 30 or more countries. Some of the conferences are accompanied by master classes in their associated field which are run on the day before the conference.

Seven conferences are associated with Excellence Awards for which we appoint judges, accept nominations, conduct evaluations and award prizes. The Games Based Learning Conference runs an established annual competition. Details of these events are contained in our website at www.academic-conferences.org

Contact information

If you would like to host a conference, facilitate a workshop or have a book published please contact [email protected]

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Research Jotter Research ideas can happen at any time – catch them in writing when they first occur