American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 11-12, November-December 2018 [email protected]

SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

Manuscript info: Received November 4, 2018., Accepted November 17, 2018., Published November 30, 2018.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF AND THE THEORETICAL BASIS OF ITS STUDY

Darmonjon Kuryazova, National Institute of Arts and Design named after KamoliddinBekhzod, DSc, Candidate of history

http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2573-5616-2018-12-9

Abstract: The purpose of article is studying of aspects of material cultural heritage of Uzbekistan from the museological point of view. The main aspects of a methodological problem of a research of material cultural heritage are analysed and his place, a role in cultural traditions and modern practice are revealed. And also, in this article questions on a problem of studying, preservation, classification of material cultural heritage are considered. Key words: museology, methodology, problems, historical period, material cultural heritage, analysis, research, archeology, UNESCO.

Recommended citation: Darmonjon Kuryazova. Classification of material and cultural heritage of Uzbekistan and the theoretical basis of its study. 11-12. American Journal of Research P. 81-102 (2018).

During the review of the prestige of its cultural heritage. methodological problems of the Hundreds of monuments reflecting study of the material cultural the millennia-old history of the heritage, it is necessary to take into Republic represent international account the complexity and multiple historical significance. Studying, the phases of this concept. The cultural museumification and protecting heritage of any country or nation is them is an important task for the a miracle of culture. The culture of state. In our view, it is desirable to Uzbekistan is a unique and bright incorporate the study of the material culture that has developed over cultural heritage into its own thousands of years, including the scientific methodology and the traditions and customs of the people subject of research in the field of living on this territory at different museology and history. The concept times. Literature, sources, and of cultural heritage has been documentary analysis of the sphere described differently at different show that Uzbekistan is one of the times. World cultural norms refer to richest countries in terms of the the following definitions: "protection

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96 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 11-12, November-December 2018 [email protected] of historical and cultural heritage", of reasons, and thirdly, all products "historical and cultural heritage", of culture created by our "historical cultural values", contemporaries and use now. In our "collections", "cultural layers", view, the study of material cultural memorial complexes". In accordance heritage requires a historical approach. with Article 1 of the UNESCO For many years in these areas, Convention for the Protection of representatives of different World Cultural Heritage in 1972, nationalities have left valuable the concept of cultural heritage has cultural heritage. The Great Road been classified into three categories: has a special, unique effect on Uzbek monuments: architectural culture. This is a commercial route, installations; monumental sculpture from to two destinations: one and painting works; archeological to Fergana and Kazakh steppes, the elements and structures; carvings on other to , and then to Parfia, caves; cave houses, as well as objects India and the Middle East to the of universal value, from the point Mediterranean Sea. The of view of history, art and science; a allowed bringing not only products, group of buildings: a group of but technology, languages, ideas, separate or interconnected buildings and primarily religious ideas. The expressing universal values in terms ancient route of the Great Silk Road of history, art and science, due to - theAjina-tepa in Tadjikistan, the their architecture, their Buddhist temple in the Quva city of homogeneity, or their place in the Fergana valley, the Fayaz-tepa near landscape; objects: areas created by Termez, and the monuments of human beings, or combinations of Buddhist culture allowed the spread nature and man, as well as of Buddhism throughout the entire architectural sites with exceptional Central Asian region. Music and value in the historical, architectural, musical instruments traveled with ethnological or anthropological caravans, accompanied by context [1]. musicians, paper making, and A review of scientific sources and embossing on steel items, as well as literature shows that material cultural moving from one country to another. heritage is a broad concept. It includes Caravans along the Great Silk Road a vast diversity of objects of material not only engaged in transportation culture. Thus, the concept of of merchants, but also served as a material cultural heritage is primarily means of bringing together the the monuments that have come to cultural ideas and traditions of the us from ancient times to ours and West and East. The rapid adoption mastered by people, which have and adaptation of Achaemenid- been preserved by human beings, Iranian, Greek-Hellenic, Chinese, and secondly, hidden from the Indo-Buddhist, Iranian-Sassanid attention of the general public and and Arab-Muslim cultures, and not spread monuments for a variety later Russian and European cultures

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97 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 11-12, November-December 2018 [email protected] and traditions, have long recognized Khorezm, 1.5 kilometers far from the transcontinental nature of the the south of Jonbos-kala. It belongs cultural heritage of Uzbekistan [2]. to the IV-III millennium BC, with Based on the above points, it is the name of the nearest settlement worth mentioning that the cultural - Kalta Minor culture. Kalta Minor heritage of the Uzbek people has very culture is one of the stages of diverse and deep historical roots. civilization development. First of all, it concerns the genesis Academician S.P.Tolstov noted that of the Uzbek people formed in the most important of the modern Uzbekistan.Stating that it is monuments found here are pottery expedient to study the cultural products.Because, the material can heritage in chronological order, it be derived from the social status of was found out that it was permissible the people of that time, as the to give a brief description of the inhabitants of have historical cultural heritage of peoples connections with other regions living in Uzbekistan. The borders of [3].The end of the IInd millennium modern Uzbekistan have changed BC and the beginning of the Ist for several thousand years. millennium BC began a bronze age Therefore, some of the cultural on the territory of modern heritage sites bordering it are Uzbekistan where three historical described as monuments of and cultural regions were formed: Uzbekistan or its historical and Bactria is in the middle and upper cultural treasures. Almost every streams of the Amu Darya River, century, material heritage of Soghd is the between two rivers of Uzbekistan has been preserved in Kashkadarya and the Khorezm is in Uzbekistan. In 1985, near the the lower reaches of the Amudarya Khaydarkon village in the Ferghana River.In these areas, culture is valley, the first Palaeolithic period, prosperous, and architecture, artistic i.e. the Selungur settlement of 700- handicraft and the local variants of 40 thousand BC, was discovered. other areas have been developed, Due to this discovery, it was and the cultural traditions of convinced that Central Asia entered nomadic and settled populations are the region where the man of the intertwined[4].At the beginning of ancient Stone Age had formed. By the 1st millennium, iron was looking at pictures of the rock, invented in Central Asia. This led to archaeological finds, it is possible the formation of the first class society to understand what ancient people in this region.Cultural heritage found are doing in their everyday life. The in ancient cities of Chust, next stage of human civilization Dalvarzin, Oshkoltepa, Eylaton in development is the Neolithic era, Ferghana, and also in , which covers 10-2 thousand years , Khorezm and Kashkadarya BC. In 1939, an ancient man of regions are the most famous Neolithic origin was found in the monuments of this period.

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The next historical period in art. In the field of art and culture, question is related to Zoroastrianism. the new direction of Kushan is based It was the oldest among the world on synthesis of east, Hellenistic, religions and had a great impact on Indian and nomadic traditions. There human life. Zoroastrianism was are numerous architectural and considered a state religion of three sculptural monuments in North large Iranian empires and ruled from India, the Coast of the Kabul River, the VIth century BC to the VIIth Bactria, and the North and South century AD. There is strong evidence Coast of the Amudarya, which that all these religious beliefs witnessed an important stage in the emerged in the ancient past in cultural development of Central Central Asia. Avesto is the sacred Asia.At that time Buddhism was a book of Zoroastrianism and has form of cultural exchange between come to us in two main publications. North India and Central Asia. During The subject of this religion is the Kushan era, the old Termez was presented in detail in the monograph the center of popularization and of Mary Boyss, the British dissemination of new religious scientist[5]. It is noteworthy that doctrine throughout Central Asia. In during this period, we can see the north-western part of the city, through the material cultural the Buddhist culture center, the heritage we have reached that the Kara-Tepe, which encircled the fine arts and the applied art had cave and the surrounding buildings, developed and reached the highest and the further entirely on the peaks. ground was located - FayazTepe. The The next step in the formation Buddhist castle was situated in of the material cultural heritage of Airetam, to the east of Termez, the the people of Central Asia is related Buddhist temple with the clay to the occupation of the territory by sculpture of Buddha decorated with Alexander the Great. The influence gilding in Zar-tepa was operated. In of Hellenism on local culture during Dalvarzin-tepa, there was a small the three-year rule of Central Asia Buddhist temple with beautiful is undeniable. In the Istcentury BC, sculptural artifacts from gypsum. the Kushan Kingdom was formed The emergence of the Qangui by the Kanch in Central Asia. It state, which occupied the territory spread to the entire Ferghana Valley, from Syrdarya to Zarafshan, also from which all of Movarounnakhr coincides with those times. The was, and established its sovereignty Qangui country was more like in the northern part of Khorezm, Kushan in terms of its socio- Kashkadarya, Soghd, Samarkand, economic relations and political Bukhara and . During the structure, customs and traditions. existence of the Kushan Kingdom, There were two main centers in the it coincides with the most fertile of state of Qangui - Sogd and Tashkent Central Asia's economy, culture and oasis. The most developed region of

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99 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 11-12, November-December 2018 [email protected] the Qangui state was Soghd, which country.The local people had along with the river of Zarafshan, preserved their traditions and Bukhara, Kesh and Nasir, covered customs. The literature monuments the Kashkadarya valley. The most in Sogdian dialects of Buddhist, ancient center was, of course, Christian and Manichaeus were Afrasiab. Its formation dates back to found in East Turkestan. Afrasiyab's the VII-VI centuries BC, but it was wall paintings provide information formed as a major city in the VI-IV on the political and cultural life of centuries BC. At the end of the first Central Asia in the IVth century. century BC and early in the first Holidays, customs, and ceremonies century AD, the state of Dowon, related to the past have been based on the farming economy of preserved. The Turkish people irrigated land in the Ferghana region, seemed to have adopted a religion existed. Here is the name of this that was close to Zoroastrianism or wealthy state, attracting the changed their form by adapting attention of the Chinese emperors, their beliefs. At this time many who tried to conquer these lands funeral ceremonies were held in several times. Numerous large and Central Asia. Buddhism and small centers of Central Asia played Christianity continued to evolve. some role in the political, economic At the end of the VI - beginning and cultural development of the of the VII century, a new religious region's peoples in some historical doctrine emerging and rapidly stages and contributed to the history spreading in the Arabian Peninsula of these peoples. Their northern was for humanity emerged. Islam has Khorezm, which borders the two become a global religion, a religion worlds, nomadic and cross-farming. of the great empire that replaced the Among the thousands of monuments Byzantine and Sassanid Empires in of this culture, the great power of North Africa, Syria, Palestine, the rulers of that region, the great Iraq, Iran and Central Asia. By the achievements of its inhabitants and middle of the VIII century, Islam the endless love of the creators who covered large areas ranging from the built it, the land of Tuprak-Kala Chinese border to the French south. emerged in the III-IV centuries AD Unfortunately, all the ancient in the Amudarya rivers [6]. monuments of the rich and diverse In the IV century BC, Central cultures of the ancient peoples of Asia fell under the influence of the Uzbekistan were destroyed under Turkic kingdom, a strong state the brutal blows of the invaders. In founded by tribes of Altai and the VIII century in Iran, Sogd and Central Asia. Turkish rulers not only Khorezm, priests destroyed, and interfered with the internal affairs their books were burned by Qutayba. of the occupied people, but also Many monuments of material solely paid taxes and provided culture have also been devastated. stability and peace in the The ruins of the towers in the Sogd

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100 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 11-12, November-December 2018 [email protected] area, near the Samarkand, the Movarounnakhr on the threshold of Karshi Oasis, and the Tashkent (Oq- the X-XI centuries. Akhmed Tepe) are well-known. Yassaviy, the founder of one of the During the reign of Samanids streams of Sufism, the author of the (IX-X centuries), the cultural life collection of spiritual poems of Khurasan and Movarounnakhr "Khikmat". had increased, while the cities of As a result of the Mongol invasion Marw, Bukhara, Samarkand and of the XIII century, development Urgench were the most cultural of culture, science and art, this has centers of that time. In the IX been observed in the X-XI centuries century, the Arab dominion in the Central Asian region, ceases weakened and local dynasties began and ends. Amir Temur (1336-1405) to dominate. However, the Islamic developed a new impetus for the civilization has led to the restoration development of culture, science and of the cultural life here. The IX-XII art. At the end of the XV century centuries were considered the first nomadic Uzbek tribes led by renaissance period in Central Asia. Shaybanykhan invaded the territory Once the Abbasids dynasty came to of Movaraunnakhr. Under their power, they began to understand the attack Amir Temur's empire was importance of science and culture abolished, and the development of for social development. The culture was different, i.e. religious establishment of the centralized appearance. During the states of the Samanids, the Shaybanikhan period, architecture Karakhanids, and the developed, social buildings, Khorezmshakhs created conditions mosques and madrassas were built. for the accelerated development of Bukhara was one of the most famous science. Architecture was developed, centers of theology. At the end of the mosques, madrassas, the XVI century Shaybanykhan state mausoleums, libraries, book was eliminated. The XVIth century markets, baths, and caravanserais and the first half of the XVII century throughout the entire Great Silk were the period when the Road were built. In the X-XI Ashtarkhon dynasty of centuries, a well-educated ruler in dominated in Central Asia, with a Khorezm, Abu Al-Abbas Ma'mun, unique transition from the sponsored poets, scholars, and centralized state to three artists, gathered around him the independent states. The Emirate of great scholars from various fields of Bukhara, and the Kokand science and set up his own khanate are replaced by the "Academy of Sciences". It was Ashtarkhani state. In this case, founded in 998, with research on science and culture have also been mathematics, astronomy, medicine, developed, and many mosques, jurisprudence, history, philosophy madrassas and palaces have been and literature. Sufism is spreading in erected[7]. Today, monuments of

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101 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 11-12, November-December 2018 [email protected] such historical and cultural heritage foundation for strengthening are of great artistic value. independence. Studying, preserving From the above historical facts and the museumification of the it is clear that in our territories, material cultural heritage has a great from the ancient times till the XIX impact on the development of century, unique architectural education, science and culture, as monuments were erected, well as the enrichment of cultural archeological researches discovered life of the people and the unique monuments of rare cultural interaction of States. The emphasis heritage of that period. In short, on storage and promotion of these material cultural heritage is a objects for the future generations powerful tool for national self- is an important process in the consciousness and national pride, cultural development of each and as a result, it is a spiritual country.

Literature:

1. Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972. http://wh.unesco.ru/text/convention.htm 2. KhàkimovÀ.A. Art of Uzbekistan: history and modernity. - Ò. San'at. 2010. - p. 10. 3. Tolstov S. P. Ancient Khorezm. - Moscow: Edition of Moscow state University, 1948. - P. 59-66. 4. KhàkimovÀ.A. Art of Uzbekistan: history and modernity. - Ò. San'at. 2010. - p. 15. 5. Boyce M. Zoroastrians. Beliefs and customs. 3-edition, completely revised. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Center for Oriental studies. 1994. - P. 11. 6. 6. Pugachenkova G. A., Rempel L. I. Art History of Uzbekistan from ancient times to the middle of XIX century - M.: Iskusstvo, 1965. - p. 688. 7. Rtveladze E. The Historical past of Uzbekistan.- Tashkent: 2006.- p. 198.

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