Spanish-Based Creoles
Gaby Meneses Refresh our memories a little bit...
★ Creoles → essentially when a pidgin develops native speakers ○ more complex!! ○ mixture of different languages ○ imperialism and slave trade ○ parent language lexicon derivations ■ semantic and phonetic shifts do occur Spanish-Based Creoles
★ Palenquero ○ South of Cartagena, Colombia ★ Chabacano ○ Southern island of Mindanao and Northern island of Luzon in the Philippines
Palenquero - History
★ San Basilio de Palenque → runaway slave community ○ Founded by Benke Biohos ○ Geographically isolated for years ■ mountains
Phonological differences with Spanish
★ Presence of tense geminates ○ due to assimilation of syllable-final liquids Phonological differences with Spanish
★ Presence of tense geminates ○ due to assimilation of syllable-final liquids Phonological differences with Spanish
★ This has caused phonemic oppositions not found in Spanish Phonological differences with Spanish
★ Lambdacism and rhotacism present with word-initial or intervocalic Spanish /d/ Phonological differences with Spanish
★ Lambdacism and rhotacism present with word-initial or intervocalic Spanish /d/ Lexicon Lexicon Grammatical differences with Spanish
★ No inflectional morphology ○ characteristic of creoles ★ Gender is non-existent Dialects
★ No dialects! ○ mainly because of its isolation and concentration of speakers Writing system
★ Latin ○ Spanish alphabet Contact induced Changes
★ No real contact induced changes ○ again, a secluded community
Chabacano - History
★ Spanish colonization ○ mid 1500s-1898 ○ contact with Tagalog ★ Earliest known texts in mid-18th century ○ thought to have formed in late 19th century → the lack of literary texts poses issues for historical linguists Dialects
★ Zamboanga → most speakers (359,000) ○ Zamboanga City ★ Caviteño (4,000) ○ Cavite City, Manila Bay ★ Ternateño → oldest variety (3,000) ○ Ternate, Manila Bay
Dialects
★ Different pronominal systems, particularly in the plurals ○ 1.PL ■ Z → kame [inclusive] and kita [exclusive] similar to Tagalog’s exclusive/inclusive features ■ C → niso ■ T → mihotros ★ All have the presence of 3 aspectual particles
Phonological Differences with Spanish
★ Loss of distinction between Spanish trill /r/ and flap / ɾ/ ★ Intervocalic /d/ is often elided Phonological Differences with Spanish
★ Loss of distinction between Spanish trill /r/ and flap / ɾ/ ★ Intervocalic /d/ is often elided Lexicon
★ Content words are primarily Spanish-derived Lexicon
★ Content words are primarily Spanish-derived Grammatical Differences with Spanish
★ Austronesian grammatical features ○ VSO word order ○ plural marker ‘maga’ < tagalog ‘mga’ ★ Also no inflectional morphology ★ Masculine gender applied to almost all nouns ○ feminine exceptions exist like in → la virgen Writing System
★ Latin Contact induced changes
★ English influences by US occupation (1898 - 1946) References
★ https://www.academia.edu/5567523/The_sociophonetics_and_phonology_of_the_Cavite_Chabacano_vowel_system ★ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/038800019290005Y ★ http://www.geocurrents.info/cultural-geography/linguistic-geography/chavacano-a-spanish-based-creole-language-of-the-philippines ★ Lipski, J. M. (2013). Remixing a mixed language: The emergence of a new pronominal system in Chabacano (Philippine Creole Spanish). International Journal Of Bilingualism, 17(4), 448-478. doi:10.1177/1367006912438302 ★ https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/32/45/44/32454451685558883875985627898546946039/09_Steinkruger_final.pdf ★ http://www.personal.psu.edu/jml34/chabacano.pdf ★ https://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/i.e.mackenzie/chavacano.htm ★ http://www.philippines-languages.sil.org/ical/papers/barrios-austronesian%20elements.pdf ★ https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cbk ★ https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pln/21 ★ https://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/i.e.mackenzie/palenque.htm ★ https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/18/world/americas/18colombia.html ★ https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/11/palenquero-identity-language-colombia-161117114021558.html ★ https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI3197717/ ★ Moñino, Y. & Schwegler, A. (2013). Palenque, Cartagena y Afro-Caribe. historia y lengua. Berlin, Boston: Max Niemeyer Verlag. Print. ★ McWhorter, J.H. (2000). The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages). University of California Press.