Tajikistan Mine Action Programme

Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction

Volume 10 Issue 1 The Journal of Mine Action Article 36

August 2006

Jonmahmad Rajabov Tajikistan Mine Action Centre

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Recommended Citation Rajabov, Jonmahmad (2006) "Tajikistan Mine Action Programme," Journal of Mine Action : Vol. 10 : Iss. 1 , Article 36. Available at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cisr-journal/vol10/iss1/36

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for International Stabilization and Recovery at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction by an authorized editor of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rajabov: Tajikistan Mine Action Programme

of mine accidents in Tajikistan. Children ac- and Cooperation in Europe, the European conduct complementary activities to educate count for 20 percent of these casualties. Union, the International Committee of the local population about mine hazards and The problem of mine contamination se- the Red Cross, UNICEF, the Tajikistan how to live with landmines. riously affects the civil population who are Red Crescent, representatives of the donor More than 3,200 large mine-hazard engaged in farming, wood gathering, graz- countries in Tajikistan, Fondation Suisse de warning signs have been manufactured and ing and activities related to normal rural Déminage, the Geneva International Centre more than 2,200 were placed in border areas Tajikistan life. Landmines also adversely affect agri- for Humanitarian Demining, Ministries of in the Sugd region. The remainder will be Mine Action Programme cultural development, the environment and Security, Justice, Interior, Foreign Affairs, erected in the southern part of the country. the economy of the country. Almost all the Education, Labour and Social Protection, In addition, to provide more information on inhabitants within at-risk communities have Defence, Health, and Emergency Situations, MRE activities, the U.N. booklet Guideline The Tajikistan Mine Action Centre is received mine-risk education and awareness the State Committee for Protection of the to Mine & UXO Safety was translated and training. Still, economic imperatives drive State Border and local executive authorities. 6,000 copies in Tajik and 3,000 copies in local populations to continue visiting haz- Uzbek languages were distributed. More responsible for all mine-action-related ardous areas, which often results in death Mine Clearance than 22,000 leaflets were issued with ap- and injury. In accordance with Article of the propriate guidelines for distribution by the Ottawa Convention, each State Party un- programme’s volunteers, military personnel, programs in the country. The author Tajikistan Mine Action Centre dertakes to destroy or ensure the destruction local authorities, teachers and active advo- On 20 June 2003, the Tajik government of all AP mines in mined areas under its ju- cates of the programme. signed an agreement with the United Nations risdiction or control, as soon as possible but details Tajikistan’s landmine problems PHOTO COURTESY OF TAJIKISTAN MAC Development Programme called “Support not later than 10 years after the entry into Assistance to Survivors to the Tajikistan National Mine Action force of this, for Tajikistan this deadline is A project called Assistance to Landmine and provides a report on TMAC’s Programme,” and the Tajikistan Mine Action 1 April 2010. Survivors, implemented within the frame- Centre was established. The Centre is a gov- As a signatory to the Convention, work of cooperation among the Ministry ernmental structure and is responsible for Tajikistan completed destruction of its of Labour and Social Protection of the progress in various aspects of mine all mine-action-related issues in Tajikistan. stockpiles (3,029 AP mines) on 31 March Population of the Republic of Tajikistan, It is also the executive authority of the na- 2004. The Ministry of Defence, supported ICRC, UNDP and RCST, assists disabled tional Commission on Implementation of by Fondation Suisse de Déminage, undertook persons, including landmine survivors, by action as well as its goals for future International Humanitarian Law. the destruction. providing prostheses and medical assistance in On 20 June 2003, the government the national Orthopaedic Centre, Dushanbe. mine-related operations. Planning, Monitoring and signed an agreement with FSD. Funding is An income-generation project implemented Coordinating channelled through the UNDP and the by RCST in 2005 delivered breeding pairs

Establishing international cooperation during the meetings of the TMAC develops mine-action plans Organization for Security and Cooperation of goats or sheep to 72 landmine survivors by Jonmahmad Rajabov Standing Committees of the Ottawa Convention. (strategic and annual), national standards in Europe, and FSD is now the national in three mine-affected districts of the Sugd [ Tajikistan Mine Action Centre ] and other strategic documents related survey and mine-clearance partner in region and three mine-affected districts of to mine action and submits them to the Tajikistan, with four survey and four Rasht valley. These individuals can now es- Commission on the Implementation of mine-clearance teams. More than 100 tablish small-scale livestock enterprises, each oth sides in Tajikistan’s five-year civil war in the commitment to mine-action initiatives is visible and in- International Humanitarian Law for ap- mined areas have been identified so far as a returning one offspring to the RCST to re- 1990s used anti-personnel mines and many of these creasing. Tajikistan has been a State Party of the Ottawa proval. Implementation of the Tajik Mine result of survey operations. distribute and expand the project. There is a weapons remain in place in the country’s central area. Convention1 since 1 April 2000, and the government is also B Action Programme is in accordance with In 2004, three mined areas were cleared need to extend this project in the future to Uzbek forces laid APMs along their border with Tajikistan a signatory of Amended Protocol II of the Convention on the Mine Action Strategic Five-year Plan and handed over to local authorities for fu- provide for all mine survivors. and some remain in disputed territory. Minefields also exist Certain Conventional Weapons.2 for 2004–08 and the Annual Plan, which ture use. Since the Technical Survey and along the border with Afghanistan in land recently handed CIIHL approved on 13 April 2004. mine clearance started in July 2004, more over to Tajik sovereignty by Russian forces. Nearly 10 years Humanitarian Impact of AP Mines and UXO TMAC is responsible for coordinating than 180,000 square metres (44 acres) and after the end of the civil war, landmines continue to cre- Landmines and items of unexploded ordnance ap- and monitoring all mine-action activities in more than 2,000 mines and items of UXO ate obstacles for accessing grazing and agricultural land in peared in the central part of Tajikistan during the civil war notes from the field Tajikistan. Within this framework, TMAC have been cleared. Tajikistan and cause economic hardship for its people. The years when both sides of the conflict used anti-personnel updates the national mine-action plan and To speed the process of mine clear- problem of landmines and explosive remnants of war con- mines and other munitions along the Tajik-Uzbek and undertakes the development, priority selec- ance, TMAC plans to establish four mine- tributes to human suffering and livestock loss. Tajik-Afghan borders. The central region incorporates the tion, planning and coordination of opera- detecting dog teams. TMAC thinks this The landmine issue continues to be a source of concern Tavildara region and the Rasht Valley, as well as parts of the PHOTO COURTESY OF FSD tions. It also prioritizes new tasks, confirms issue is very important for the programme, for the government of Tajikistan and demining remains Gorno-Badakhshan region. Landmines, UXO and other completion of tasks and gives certificates and the Centre is looking for donors to vitally important to national development plans. Foreign- remnants of war continue to be a hazard for the people in of cleared sites to local authorities. TMAC fund the project. manufactured landmines kill, maim and threaten rural this region. provides its partners with information on Tajiks who are living in the poorest areas of their own coun- Along some parts of the Tajik border with Afghanistan, mined areas and operations obtained from Mine-risk Education try. Landmines were placed by the Soviet Union, Russian Russian forces and border troops laid and maintained mines the Information Management System for The Red Crescent Society of Tajikistan, forces (following Tajik independence), the Tajiks them- to counter cross-border infiltration and for self-protection. Mine Action, as well as on mine incidents supported by the ICRC and UNDP, is un- selves, and Uzbek forces along Uzbek-Tajik borders. Areas In 2005, Russian forces completed the hand-over process to and mine survivors. dertaking MRE in 14 districts of the country on the Afghan and Uzbek borders and former battlefields in Tajik colleagues. Mine records were also provided. TMAC quality-assurance officers con- (border areas of the Sugd region, the Rasht the central region continue to present a hazard to the rural Uzbek forces laid APMs along the border with Tajikistan, firm that demining management methods valley and Vanj, and the Darvoz districts of the poor who have to live with the threat of explosive remnants and the first deaths and injuries involving civilians in this bor- and procedures are in accordance with na- Gorno Badakhshan region). In August 2005, of war as part of their daily lives. der area were reported in August 1999. Seventy-two deaths tional and international standards. UNICEF initiated a small, joint pilot project The Tajikistan national government has adopted a and 85 injuries have occurred in these communities, and in TMAC’s major partners are the together with the Ministry of Education of long-term strategic plan, one that is linked to mine-action excess of 2,000 head of livestock have been lost. Since 1992, A deminer works at mine clearance. UNDP, the Organization for Security Tajikistan. RCST and UNICEF volunteers goals and national development plans. The government’s 239 people have been injured and 238 killed as the result

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Published by JMU Scholarly Commons, 2006 1 Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction, Vol. 10, Iss. 1 [2006], Art. 36

TMAC, in cooperation with the The official delegation of the Republic MLSPP, ICRC, UNDP, and RCS, organ- of Tajikistan took part in the First Review Armed Non-state Actors: The Main Users of the ized a summer camp for 32 mine survivors Conference in Nairobi and made a presenta- in Romit valley of the Vahdat district in tion about the process of implementing the July 2005. The camp provided the survi- Ottawa Convention. TMAC and other gov- vors an opportunity for psychological re- ernmental representatives continue to take an “Poor Man’s Weapon” habilitation and social integration. active role in international conferences and meetings on the banning of anti-personnel Advocacy mines. TMAC conducts ongoing train- This report, which builds on the 2004 Geneva A regional conference, “Progress to- ing, meetings, liaison and other activities as 1 Jonmahmad Rajabov graduated from wards the Ottawa Convention’s Aims in part of the process of implementation of the Call initial analysis, provides a comprehensive the High Political School of the Ministry Central Asia,” was held 15–16 April 2004, in Tajikistan Mine Action Programme. of Internal Affairs of Russia in St. Petersburg in 1987. He then worked Dushanbe. The conference was organized by mapping of the use, acquisition, production, at the Ministries of Internal Affairs and the UNDP with the support of the Geneva Reporting Defence of the Republic of Tajikistan. International Centre for Humanitarian In accordance with Article 7 of the transfer and stockpiling of landmines by armed Before taking this position he worked Demining. Official representatives of cen- Ottawa Convention, the Republic of for seven years at the Presidential Office tral Asian countries and Afghanistan, the Tajikistan submits its annual reports to the at the Department of Defence, Legal PHOTO COURTESY OF GENEVA CALL, ©2003 non-state actors through a presentation of Issues, Human Rights and International UNDP, the OCSE, the GICHD, the North U.N. Secretary-General on the country’s mine- Humanitarian Law. Atlantic Treaty Organization, and the ICRC, contamination status and on the completion representatives of diplomatic corps and inter- process to comply with the Convention. individual group profiles and a global analysis. national organizations registered in Tajikistan, Jonmahmad Rajabov Conclusion Manager governmental authorities and NGO represent- The report records global occurrences of anti- Tajikistan Mine Action Centre atives took part in the conference. Participants The Civil War of the 1990s created a 734025, 15 M. Kurbonov Street discussed the implementation process of the mine/UXO problem for Tajikistan that is Dushanbe / Tajikistan Ottawa Convention in the region on the eve still threatening the daily lives of its citi- personnel and anti-vehicle mine planting by Tel: +992 37 221 66 87 of the First Review Conference in Nairobi, zens a decade later. The Tajikistan Mine Fax: +992 37 221 66 87 E-mail: [email protected] Kenya. The conference adopted a statement Action Centre is remedying the devastating NSAs during 2003–2005, whether activated [email protected] that stressed the necessity of support for the effects this problem has had on the coun- process of the Ottawa Convention and the try. TMAC, with international support, by victims, vehicles or at a distance using need for the central Asian countries to ac- has started and will continue to make huge cede to the Convention. It pleased officials strides in mine/UXO clearance, mine-risk Sudan People’s Liberation Army combatant in South Sudan. command detonation. that Her Majesty Queen Noor of Jordan education and victim assistance. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cisr-journal/vol10/iss1/36 took part in the conference. See Endnotes, page 1122 by Anki Sjöberg [ Geneva Call ]

on-state actors often have more limited military resources being a party to the Ottawa Convention protects a country from NSA than the states against which they fight and, therefore, use mine deployment. Indeed, two very frequent mine users, the Fuerzas N landmines, “the poor man’s weapon,” more frequently. As Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia and the Ejército de Liberación a consequence, the number of NSAs using landmines significantly Nacional, operate in Colombia, a State Party. exceeds the number of states deploying this weapon. Around 60 NSAs have emplaced landmines in 24 countries across Frequency of Mine Use Rigged Mine Blast Kills 64, Injures More five geographic regions: sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin Keeping in mind the differences in mine use among NSAs is America and the Middle East/North Africa.2 In addition to these crucial in choosing the most appropriate strategy for engaging them A powerful landmine blast ripped through a passenger bus loaded with commuters and schoolchildren in NSAs, armed groups, which are difficult to identify as belonging to in a mine ban. It is clear there are significant disparities between northern Sri Lanka in early June. The attack, attributed to the terrorist group Liberation Tigers of a certain category of ideology or organizational form, have also made NSAs, not only in terms of the reasons that motivate their mine use frequent use of landmines in a few other countries. Two-thirds of and the types of mines they choose to employ, but also in respect Tamil Eelam (popularly known as the Tamil Tigers), killed more than 64 people and injured dozens more. these groups have deployed some type of victim-activated devices. to the frequency of use.5 For some NSAs, landmines constitute one Officials said many of the injured were bystanders not on the bus. These devices were both factory-made and handmade, indicating of their weapons of choice. Examples of such groups include FARC NSA involvement in both the transfer and the production of mines. and ELN in Colombia, several Burmese and Kashmiri groups, and The explosion tore through the packed bus in a crowded part of Kabithigollewa, a town about 200 Armed Non-State Actors and Landmines. Volume I: A Global Report the Communist Party of Nepal–Maoist. Other groups deploy mines kilometers (125 miles) north of the capital, Colombo. Military officials said the blast came from two Profiling NSAs and their Use, Acquisition, Production, Transfer and when they have access to, or a particular “need” for, mines. Instances 2 landmines hanging from a tree and rigged to detonate when signaled from a remote position. Rigging mines Stockpiling of Landmines confirmed earlier findings of important re- of this are the Lord’s Resistance Army in Uganda, the Abu Sayyaf gional disparities, not the least of which was the comparatively higher Group in the Philippines and the Rahanwein Resistance Army in above ground on trees and other structures is a common Tiger tactic to reduce blast shielding provided concentration of mine use by NSAs in Asia, especially of improvised Somalia. Some groups, such as the Party for the Liberation of the by the ground. The Tigers strongly denied responsibility for the attack after government officials explosive devices (aka handmade mines).3 The second most affected Hutu People–National Liberation Forces in Burundi and the Sendero assigned blame to the group. The bus bombing was the most violent act since a tentative ceasefire in region is Africa. nLuminoso Peru, are i sporadic users. 2002 and brings the divided country even closer to total war. A greater proportion of NSA mine use occurs in Ottawa 4 Convention non-signatory countries: 60 percent of the NSAs identi- Logic Behind NSA Mine Use fied as mine users operate in these countries.2 Given that 151 of the Although deemed by many as lacking decisive military utility The Sri Lankan Air Force responded later by bombing several rebel-held areas in other parts of the world’s approximately 200 states have adhered to this international and despite their disastrous humanitarian consequences, landmines country. The Tigers are a separatist terrorist group seeking independence of certain areas from Sri agreement, it appears that non-signatories are more exposed to NSA clearly serve different purposes for each NSA that employs them.1 Lanka and have been classified as a foreign terrorist organization by the U.S. Department of State. mine use than are States Parties. This is not to say, however, that Knowing why and how NSAs use these weapons could contribute to

developing a successful strategy for engag- mines may be an alternative, and hence, a state sponsors are thought to supply NSAs Conclusion ing these groups in the landmine ban. Four total ban on AP mines may be possible. with factory-made mines. The Global Report clearly demonstrates a reasons for mine use were identified as the There is currently a trend in many Large areas of the world are not under the need to discuss the mine issue with non-state purpose of the report: conflicts towards increased use of command- effective control of any state, a fact facilitating “The humanitarian impact of NSA actors. Many NSAs (as well as states) lack the 1. Offensive detonated mines. However, although the trafficking of arms and IED-making ma- long-term perspective of the consequences of 2. Defensive command-detonation is clearly preferable terial among NSAs. Nevertheless, it should mine use is difficult to measure, since mine use, and it is therefore crucial for the 3. Economic gain from a humanitarian point of view to vic- be noted that in some post-conflict situations international community to find channels of 4. So-called “nuisance mining” tim and vehicle activation, this does not there is no need for NSAs or individuals to it takes place in a conflict situation, in communication with NSAs on the AP mine Many NSAs use landmines in an of- constitute a guarantee that civilians and look for sources of mines since weapons, in- issue. Parties to conflict often use accusations fensive manner; for example, the CPN-M humanitarian actors will not be victimized, cluding mines, are plentiful and easily avail- areas where little or no mine action of AP mine use to discredit the other party be- in Nepal, the Kurdistan People’s Congress/ as became evident in the tragic incident in able, as in Afghanistan, Iraq and Somalia. cause of the stigmatization of such arms fol- Partiya Karkeran Kurdistan (Kongra-Gel/ Nepal’s Chitwan district in June 2005.6 Different NSAs have allegedly transferred is taking place and where civilians lowing the Ottawa process, but also because PKK) in Turkey, the Communist Party of to each other not only arms and explosives of the natural “perception of landmines as an India–Maoist in India, and the Taliban Widespread Production and Use but also the knowledge and technology on may fear reporting mine incidents.” illegitimate type of weapon.”9 NSAs, as well in Afghanistan. However, offensive use is of IEDs how to manufacture landmines, as in Burma/ as states, are thus reluctant to admit they are probably significantly over-reported since it Around 40 groups globally produced Myanmar, India and the Philippines. There using a victim-activated weapon. This sug- is more visible. and used improvised explosive devices be- are also allegations that some transfers are of gests an inclusive approach—involving advo- NSAs often confirm not only offensive tween 2003 and 2005.2 This indicates that a a more permanent character and include the cacy based on accurate information—could but also defensive mine uses. Indeed, ac- strategy that solely targets access to factory- joint running of camps. Indeed, it has been be the key to success for spreading a mine cording to a majority of NSAs, landmines made landmines and explosives is not suffi- asserted on more than one occasion that can be seen in Angola, South Sudan and mine-ban information within civil society in ban among NSAs. are mainly utilized for defensive pur- cient. Easy access to materials necessary to there have been intense contacts between the Sri Lanka. order to create a bottom-up pressure on the This article is drawn from a report pro- poses. The Burmese Rohingya Solidarity manufacture IEDs, as well as knowledge and Nepalese CPN-M and some Indian Maoists NSAs all over the world are victimized by group. In addition, understanding regional duced by Geneva Call, Armed Non-State Organization has admitted to using mines technology transfers among NSAs, has un- (CPI–M), including joint training.7 their own mines, as well as those deployed patterns is essential, since these may have Actors and Landmines, Volume I: A to defend its camps and bases as well as to by governments, paramilitaries and other important consequences for the engagement Global Report Profiling NSAs and their protect its members from robbery or from NSAs. The fact that their own combatants and implementation of strategies for a mine Use, Acquisition, Production, Transfer the Bangladeshi Army. The Chin National are also victimized could be used in negotia- ban. This may be particularly true in cases and Stockpiling of Landmines,2 which was Front (Burma/Myanmar) has also admitted tions for a mine ban with NSAs. Access to where regional dynamics appear to fuel the published in November 2005. The report to using mines for self-defense, apparently victim assistance for combatants who have landmine problem or provide possibilities can be downloaded from Geneva Call’s Web to protect its camps. “There is currently a trend suffered mine incidents could also be used for its solution. site at http://www.genevacall.org. Hard copies Landmine use for economic purposes as a carrot in negotiations. can be obtained by writing to [email protected]. is not frequently reported, although this is NSA Involvement in Mine Action See Endnotes, page 112 probably due to underreporting rather than in many conflicts towards Effects of AV Mine Use Considering the disastrous effects of the insignificance of this kind of use. For Some 30 NSAs used AV mines between landmine use, there is a requirement for example, Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias 2003 and 2005.2 As is shown in numerous national and international agencies to un- de Colombia allegedly utilizes landmines for increased use of command- studies, AV mines triggered by vehicles are dertake mine action in areas where NSAs the protection of coca plantations, whereas also indiscriminate weapons. However, operate and/or are in control, as encouraged the Movement of the Democratic Forces of since NSAs in many conflicts largely de- in Action 6 of the Nairobi Action Plan.8 Casamance in Senegal is thought to plant detonated mines.” pend on these weapons, it appears unlikely Given the benefits of mine action to affected landmines to hinder the local population that many of them would agree to a total populations, it is indefensible for the con- from benefiting from economically profit- ban on AV mines. Nevertheless, some NSAs cerned governments to allow such actions. able land. have expressed an interest in also banning Indeed, NSAs are contributing to mine As for nuisance mining, the most cit- these weapons. action in different areas around the world, Anki Sjöberg received her bachelor’s ed example is probably that of the Lord’s doubtedly contributed to spreading the land- notably in Sudan, Sri Lanka and Iraqi and master’s degrees from Södertörns Resistance Army. Nuisance mining is the mine problem. Nevertheless, IEDs do not Impact of NSA Mine Use Need for Prioritization Kurdistan. In order to map the benefits högskola in Stockholm. She is a use of mines that serve no direct military always constitute indiscriminate weapons as The impact of NSA mine use is in many When engaging NSAs, priorities must be and challenges related to the involvement doctoral candidate at the Graduate Institute of International Relations in or economic purpose. This includes using this depends on how they are put to use. respects similar to the impact of state mine set as to when and where to allocate scarce of non-state actors in humanitarian dem- Geneva, Switzerland. Sjöberg has mines to interfere with strategic infrastruc- use. However, it appears that NSA mines resources: If humanitarian actors target a ining and to encourage other NSAs to ban authored The Involvement of Armed ture, such as communications and railways, Sources of Factory-made Mines are more widely dispersed than state mines group that is a frequent user and manage anti-personnel mines and get involved in Non-State Actors in the Landmine or to affect civilians. Other examples are Factory-made landmines are accessible to and non-state actors are usually less prone to to involve it in the mine ban, the benefits mine action, there is a need to further in- Problem: A Call for Action and for the population are greater; yet a sporadic vestigate current mine-action efforts un- coordinated Armed Non-State Actors groups in Colombia and the Democratic NSAs through at least three sources: mark or map their mines. and Landmines. Volume I: A Global Republic of the Congo. FARC allegedly 1. Minefields or stocks The humanitarian impact of NSA mine user or non-user may be more open to re- dertaken by these actors in conflict and Report Profiling NSAs and Their Use, placed mines at the entrances of a town and 2. Certain state sponsors use is difficult to measure, since it takes nouncing the use of mines since mines are post-conflict situations. Geneva Call is Acquisition, Production, Transfer and in houses and vehicles before the army took 3. Other NSAs or the black market place in a conflict situation, in areas where not a crucial part of its military strategy. currently working on such a report about Stockpiling of Landmines. over the area.3 One of the main sources of factory-made little or no mine action is taking place and The Global Report, by explaining specific NSA mine action. In fact, the Global Report landmines for NSAs is the very state against where civilians may fear reporting mine characteristics of the NSAs and their mine is part of a bigger project that studies the Anki Sjöberg Command-detonation which they are fighting. Incidents of NSAs incidents. In addition, the humanitarian use, intends to provide a background tool negative and positive implications of NSAs Research Coordinator NSAs frequently use landmines offen- managing to loot or capture landmines from impact of NSA mine use is difficult to for humanitarian actors to strategize regard- in the landmine problem. This project grew Geneva Call sively, targeting state security forces or other the state are reported regularly. Such has re- distinguish from that of the conflict itself ing which non-state actors to target and out of the realization that only by under- PO Box 334 what the appropriate approaches might be. standing NSA- and region-specific dy- 1211 Geneva 4 / Switzerland individuals linked to the state. In many cas- peatedly been the case in the Philippines and until the conflict has ended and informa- Tel: +41 22 879 1050 es, NSAs are present at the time and place Burma/Myanmar. NSAs have also reported tion becomes available through mine-ac- For instance, one way of conducting advo- namics is it possible to address the current Fax: +41 22 879 1051 of the landmine attacks. This suggests that that soldiers from state armies have offered tion efforts. The impact of former mine use cacy is through direct contact with a group’s and future landmine problem as it relates E-mail: [email protected] for these NSAs, command-detonated land- to sell them landmines. Furthermore, foreign by NSAs (anti-personnel and anti-vehicle) leadership. Another way is by disseminating to NSAs. Web site: http://www.genevacall.org

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