John C. Wells

English English

 Dictionary

A comprehensive and yet concise two-way dictionary designed for beginners and more advanced students of Esperanto alike, and also incorporating a summary of Esperanto

Mondial ENGLISH ESPERANTO ENGLISH DICTIONARY

A comprehensive and yet concise two-way dictionary designed for beginners and more advanced students of Esperanto alike, and also incorporating a summary of Esperanto grammar

by John Christopher Wells PhD FBA Emeritus Professor of Phonetics, UCL

First published 1969 by Hodder as Teach Yourself Concise Esperanto and English Dictionary; Second edition, thoroughly revised and rewritten, 2010

Mondial, New York ISBN 978-1-59569-149-1

Copyright © 2010: John Christopher Wells All rights reserved.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Wells, J. C. (John Christopher) [E.U.P. concise Esperanto and English dictionary] English - Esperanto - English dictionary / John C. Wells. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. “A comprehensive and yet concise two-way dictionary designed for beginners and more advanced students of Esperanto alike, and also incorporating a summary of Esperanto grammar.” Revised and rewritten of: Hodder : Concise Esperanto and English dictionary, 1969. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59569-149-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-59569-150-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Esperanto--Dictionaries--English. 2. English language--Dictionaries--Esperanto. I. Title. II. Title: Concise Esperanto and English dictionary. PM8237.W4 2010 499’.992--dc22 2010000512

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Contents / Enhavo

page / paĝo

Foreword...... VII Antaŭparolo...... X

Reference Grammar...... XV Pronunciation...... XV Word Formation...... XVIII Sentence formation...... XXIII

The Sixteen Rules...... XXXV

Numbers, dates, time 0f day, names of letters, surrogate letters...... XXXVII

Some Esperanto abbreviations...... XL

Abbreviations used in the dictionary...... XLIII

Esperanto — English/Angla...... 1

English/Angla — Esperanto...... 149 XV Reference grammar

Reference grammar

General Everything in Esperanto is regular. In principle, there are no exceptions. All rules are freely productive.

Pronunciation Esperanto spelling is phonemic. Every word is pronounced just as it is spelt. There are no silent letters.

Word stress Word stress in words of more than one syllable always falls on the pen­ultimate (= next to last) syllable. Thus skaRAbo, VEnas, anaLIzo, inteliGENta, baLAi, hoDIaŭ, tiTOlojn, histoRIo, federaCIo, opiNIas, neNIujn, Apud, PRE‑ ter, malANtaŭ, vesperMANĝo, kongresURbo.

Vowels The vowels of Esperanto are i e a o u. Their sounds correspond to those of the same symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet, [i e a o u], with [e] and [o] ranging towards [ɛ] and [ɔ] respectively.

i u close/high e o mid a open/low front central back rounded

It is not possible to describe the sounds of a language accurately merely by refer- ence to the sounds of another language. For instance, the expression “e as in get” can mean rather different qualities depending on the reader’s own pronunciation of English. The following notes must be taken as a rough guide only. Unless oth- erwise specified, “English” means the pronunciation heard from educated speak- ers in the south of England, free from regional features. Esperanto i e a o u are “pure” (i.e. monophthongal), not diphthongal like most English long vowels. The five Esperanto vowels are comparable to the vow- els of Spanish, Serbian-Croatian, or Modern Greek. There is no distinction of length in vowels such as exists in English, though vowels in stressed syllables may be rather longer than other vowels, particularly if the stressed syllable is “open” (= not closed by a consonant). Thus the e in BEno is usually longer than the e in BENdo. Reference grammar XVI

i is a close front unrounded vowel, like English i in machine. Do not central- ize it and make it like i in thin. Do not diphthongize it. e is a mid front unrounded vowel, like English e in get. Do not diphthongize it like a in cake (although some regional versions of a in cake may be quite suitable for Esperanto e). a is an open front/central vowel comparable to English a in father or popu- lar London u in cup, northern/Welsh/Scottish a in cap, and some north Americans’ o in top. o is a mid back rounded vowel, like English o in forty or bought; or like some regional versions of the o in code. Do not diphthongize it. u is a close back rounded vowel somewhat like English oo in moon.

It is wise to take particular care when a vowel occurs before r: it is pronounced just the same in this position as in any other. Thus domo and dormo differ only in that the latter contains a pronounced r. In Esperanto perdo and burdo do not rhyme, even though in most kinds of English serve and curve do. Pluraj and ploraj are also firmly distinct. In the words indigniĝis, severe, haltadas, kontrolos, susuru the vowel sounds should remain constant despite the different surrounding sounds. Vowels in unstressed syllables should be pronounced clearly and not reduced to a central [ə] quality. All three a’s in kapablas should sound the same. In inter‑ esa the two e’s should sound the same. Preter is different from preta.

Glides The glides (semivowels) j and ŭ are like English y and w (IPA [j w]). That is, j is a gliding nonsyllabic i-sound and ŭ a gliding nonsyllabic u-sound.

j palatal glide ŭ labial-velar glide

Esperanto jes sounds like English yes. In this position ŭ does not occur. After a vowel, j and ŭ combine with the vowel to form a phonetic diphthong (IPA nonsyl- labic [i u]).

aj represents a plus a short i-sound. It is like English y in try. IPA [ai]. aŭ represents a plus a short u-sound. It is like English ow in how. IPA [au]. ej represents e plus a short i-sound. It is like English ay in play. IPA [ei]. eŭ represents e plus a short u-sound. There is no corresponding English diphthong, although a comparable sound may be heard in some dialectal variants of ow in how. IPA [eu]. oj represents o plus a short i-sound. It is like English oy in boy. IPA [oi]. XVII Reference grammar

uj represents u plus a short i-sound. There is no corresponding English diphthong, but compare ui in ruinous, bluish etc. IPA [ui].

These combinations can either be considered diphthongs, with the first ele- ment being the prominent, syllabic part, or, perhaps better, as simple vowels followed by a glide.

Consonants The Esperanto consonants should present little difficulty to English-speaking people. The plosives p b t d k g are essentially as in English (g always as in ago): IPA [p b t d k g]. The fricatives f v s z are like English f, v, s (always as ss in fussy), z (always as in fuzzy), sh and zh (i.e. the s in measure) respectively: IPA [f v s z ʃ ʒ]. The affricates and are like English ch and j, IPA [tʃ dʒ]. The nasals m and n are as in English, IPA [m n]; so is h, IPA [h]. Do not replace t with a glottal stop. The voiceless alveolar affricate c is like English ts, IPA [ts]. Unlike English ts, c often begins a syllable (e.g. cepo). Where it occurs in clusters (penco, akcepti, sankcio, nescio, scias) it should be carefully practised. Nescio has the same sequence of sounds as best seat, with the whole sts carefully pronounced using the tip of the tongue. Do not pronounce c as a glottal stop plus s. The sound written is a voiceless velar fricative, similar to the ch of Welsh bach or Scots loch, IPA [x]. It is the rarest Esperanto consonant. The liquids l and r should be carefully pronounced, and never weakened into vowel sounds as may happen in English. The lateral consonant, l, should prefer- ably be clear (as in leaf) rather than dark (as in feel). If possible r should be pro- nounced as a lingual trill or tap (like the sound used in Italian, Spanish, Polish, and Russian). Those who do not pronounce any consonantal r-sound in English words like start, north, beard should be careful not to omit it when it precedes a consonant: karto must not be pronounced as kato. Ideally, the voiceless plosives should be unaspirated (as in French, Italian, Span- ish, Russian). The voiced obstruents b d g v z ĵ ĝ should if possible be fully voiced in all positions. bilabial labiodental dental/ palato- velar glottal alveolar alveolar plosive p b t d k g fricative f v s z ŝ ĵ ĥ h affricate c ĉ ĝ liquid l r nasal m n Reference grammar XVIII

Word formation

Endings Most Esperanto words consist of a stem and one or more grammatical endings. Each has its characteristic ending. ‑o (= naming words) have the ending ‑o. dom/o house (the boundary marker / is shown here only for clarity) patr/o father ‑j The of nouns is formed by adding ‑j after the -o. dom/o/j houses patr/o/j fathers ‑n The is formed by adding ‑n after the ‑o(j). For the use of the accusative, see below. dom/o/j/n houses (acc.) patr/o/j/n fathers (acc.) ‑a (= describing words) have the ending ‑a. bel/a beautiful subit/a sudden Adjectives add plural and accusative endings like the nouns go with. bel/a/j beautiful (pl.) bel/a/n beautiful (acc.) bel/a/j/n beautiful (acc. pl.) ‑e Most consist of a stem followed by the ending ‑e. bel/e beautifully subit/e suddenly Adverbs of place can take the accusative ending to show motion towards. hejm/e at home hejm/e/n homewards: iri hejmen go home. ‑i in the have the ending‑i . sid/i to sit, to be sitting trov/i to find XIX Reference grammar

‑as, ‑is, ‑os The ending is ‑as, the ‑is, and the ‑os. sid/as sits sid/is sat sid/os will sit ‑us, ‑u The conditional ending is ‑us, the imperative ‑u. sid/us would sit sid/u sit! A smaller number of words — mostly function words such as , preposi- tions and conjunctions — have no ending. mi I, me la the de of kaj and morgaŭ tomorrow ve! alas! The various endings can be freely applied to any stem as long as a logical mean- ing results. telefon/o (a) telephone telefon/i to phone, to call telefon/a telephonic telefon/e by telephone jes yes jes/i to affirm, to say yes In all the foregoing, the stem is a single element, known as a . Frequently, though, a stem consists of more than one element.

Complex stems Compound stems are formed by combining two or more roots. Affixed stems are formed by adding or to a root. In ordinary compounds the order of elements is the same as is usual in English. Poŝ|mono (pocket money) is a kind of mono, but mon|poŝo (money pocket) is a kind of poŝo. Maten|manĝo (morning meal = breakfast) is a kind of manĝo. Where desirable a vowel o may be inserted in a compound to make it easier to pronounce: kant(o)|birdo (a songbird), bird(o)|kanto (bird song). (The mark | is used here to show a boundary within a stem.) Reference grammar XX

Examples of other compound stems: sam|opinia (having the same opin- ion), tri|hora (lasting three hours), gast|ama (guest-loving = hospitable). Compounds are written as a single word, or less commonly hyphenated, but never as two or more words. For example skrib|tablo (a writing table, a desk). Speakers of English need to take care to follow this rule. Sometimes it is easier to translate an English compound by an Esperanto phrase: universitatkurso ‘a university course’ is awkward, and is better expressed as universitata kurso or kurso en la universitato. It is not correct to write universitato kurso. Derivation by the use of affixes (prefixes and suffixes) is very common in Esperanto. As well as the officially recognized affixes, there are also various unof- ficial and technical suffixes whose use is more restricted. There is no hard-and-fast criterion for distinguishing prefixes and suffixes from other roots. The officially recognized prefixes are bo-, dis-, ek- eks-, ge-, mal-, mis, pra-, and re-. Prepositions (al, antaŭ etc) can also be used pre- fixally. The officially recognized suffixes are ‑aĉ‑, ‑ad‑, -aĵ-, ‑an‑, ‑ar‑, ‑ebl‑, ‑ec‑, ‑eg‑, ‑ej‑, ‑em‑, ‑end‑, ‑er‑, ‑estr‑, ‑et‑, ‑id‑, ‑ig‑, ‑iĝ‑, ‑il‑, ‑in‑, ‑ind‑, ‑ing‑, ‑ism‑, ‑ist‑, ‑obl‑, ‑on‑, ‑op‑, ‑uj‑, ‑ul‑ and ‑um‑. They are all entered and exemplified in the body of the dictionary. Prefixes and suffixes can also be used as stems, with an appropriate ending or endings: aĉa (wretched, nasty), eble (possibly, perhaps), eco (quality), praa (primordial). From ero (particle) we can go on to form dis|er|iĝi (to disintegrate, fall apart). There are also two inflectional suffixes, -ĉj- and -nj-, used for forming pet names (hypocoristics). Their behaviour is unusual in that they are attached not to the whole root of the name but to a shortened part of it. Note that in the Esperanto-English part of the dictionary words are entered by root. This means that to find a word you may first have to strip off one or more affixes, as well as paying due attention to the ending or endings.

Unofficial affixes and combining forms A number of further affixes and affix-like combining forms used in biological taxonomy, chemical nomenclature, and medical terminology are listed in the dic- tionary. There are also a few others of more general application (-ik-, -iv-, -iz-), which are not recognized by the Academy of Esperanto and should be used with caution. There are many terms whose analysis is uncertain in that they could be regarded either as derivatives, formed by affixation using one of these affixes, or as separate roots: thus dis|tordi or distord/i (distort), lingv|ist|ik/o or lingvistik/o (linguistics), met|il|en/o or metilen/o (methylene). XXI Reference grammar

Participles ending in ‑o refer to persons. They can also accept other end- ings. Active participles are formed by adding the elements ‑ant‑, ‑int‑, ‑ont‑ (present, past and future respectively). Passive participles are formed (from transitive stems only) by adding the elements ‑at‑, ‑it‑, ‑ot‑. They are listed and exemplified in the body of the dictionary. Adverbial participles (those ending in ‑e) are used where English uses an adverbial clause, e.g. manĝante ‘while eating’. As in English, the of the should be the same as the subject of the main verb: dangling participles are deprecated. Compound tenses are formed by some part of esti together with a parti- ciple in ‑a.

Ni estos forgesintaj tion We’ll have forgotten that La ringo estas serĉata ĉie The ring is being looked for every- where Ŝi estas amata de ĉiuj She is loved by all Li estis vundita en la milito He was injured in the war

Some Esperanto speakers attach tense endings direct to participles (e.g. ŝi ama‑ tas de ĉiuj). However this is not classical usage. Stylistically it is advisable to avoid compound tenses as far as possible. Rather than ni estis manĝintaj (we had eaten) it is usually sufficient to sayni manĝis (jam pli frue). Rather than ni estis akceptitaj en la urbdomo (we were received in the town hall), say oni akceptis nin en la urbdomo.

Productivity Esperanto word formation rules are thoroughly productive. So the learner who learns a single root (and has mastered word formation with compounds and af- fixes) can immediately produce a large number of different words using it. Some- one who has learned manĝ/i (to eat) can automatically produce such forms as

ni manĝos we’ll be eating manĝu! eat! manĝo a meal manĝ|o|horo mealtime vesper|manĝo evening meal manĝa to do with eating and meals (no one-word equivalent in English) manĝ|eti to nibble, to have a light snack Reference grammar XXII

manĝ|egi to gorge, to have a very heavy meal manĝ|ebla edible manĝ|ebl|eco edibility (quality of being edible) manĝ|inda worth eating manĝ|aĉo a disgusting meal manĝ|aĵo food manĝ|ejo an eating place, dining‑room manĝ|igi to cause to eat, to feed manĝ|ujo manger ek|manĝi to start eating, to set to for|manĝi to eat up manĝ|il|aro eating equipment, cutlery manĝ|ante while eating

It is important in word formation to note the exact meaning of the roots in ques- tion. Profesoro (professor) is a root. From it we can form a verb profe‑ sori (to ‘profess’, to be a professor). But instrui (to teach) is a verb root, so to express the notion ‘teacher’ we need a : instru|isto. Plain instruo means ‘teaching’. Although the roots of two words profesoro and instru|isto have similar meanings, the first does not require the suffix ‑ist­ to name the person involved, while the second does. Entries in the Esperanto-English part of the dictionary include the appro- priate grammatical ending, since this is an essential part of the meaning of the word.

Correlatives Esperanto has a system of and other pronouns, adjectives, and ad- verbs, known as the correlatives. Each of these words consists of a combination of one of five initial elements with one of nine final elements. ti‑ (demonstrative) that; ki‑ (interrogative and relative) which; i‑ (indefinite quantifier) some; ĉi‑ (universal quantifier) every; neni‑ (negative quantifier) no. ‑o () thing; ‑u (pronoun and determiner) individual, one; ‑a (ad- jective) kind of; ‑es () one’s; ‑e (locative ) place; ‑el (manner adverb) way; ‑om (quantity adverb) amount; ‑al (motive adverb) reason; ‑am (temporal adverb) time. The meaning of any correlative may be inferred from its composition. All are also included in the body of the dictionary. XXIII Reference grammar

i|o = some + thing = something ti|am = that time = then ki|om = which amount = how much ĉi|e = every place = everywhere neni|am = no time = never

ti‑ ki‑ i‑ ĉi- neni‑ ‑o that what something everything nothing ‑u that one which, who someone everyone no, no one ‑a that kind of what kind of some kind of every kind of no kind of ‑es that one’s whose someone’s everyone’s no one’s ‑e there where somewhere everywhere nowhere ‑el in that way, so how somehow in every way in no way ‑om so much, so how much, somewhat, every quantity none many how many a little ‑al for that reason, why for some for every for no therefore reason reason reason ‑am then when sometime always never

Those ending in ‑o, ‑u, ‑a, ‑e may take the accusative ending n; those ending in ‑u and ‑a may take the plural ending j. Occasionally another series, in ali‑, may be encountered, e.g. ali|el (other- wise). This usage is deprecated.

Sentence formation

Constituent structure Esperanto is similar to that of many European and other languages, in- cluding English. The basic is subject-verb-, and adjectives precede their noun. These orders can be scrambled for stylistic effect (more so than in Eng- lish). There are prepositions, not postpositions. Relative clauses follow their an- tecedent noun. Question words are usually fronted. A sentence (S) consists of one or more clauses. If there is more than one clause, they are usually linked by a . The structure of a clause is subject + predicate. The subject is a (NP), the predicate a verb phrase (VP). Reference grammar XXIV

S = NP + VP [Mi] [kantas] I’m singing [La nigraj katoj] [ludas en la ĝardeno] The black cats are playing in the garden

An NP in turn consists of a noun (N) or pronoun. As in English, the noun may be premodified by a determiner (the definite la, a pronominal , or a demonstrative) a or other quantifier, and/or one or more adjectives. It may be postmodified by a preposition phrase (PP) and/or by a . Coordinate NPs contain several such structures, linked by a conjunction (typi- cally kaj).

NP = Det + N [tiu] [ideo] that idea NP = Det + num + N [miaj] [du] [fratoj] my two brothers NP = Adj + N [freŝa] [lakto] fresh milk NP = Det + N + PP [la] [filo] [de mia amiko] my friend’s son NP = Det + N + Rel [la] [homo] [al kiu mi parolis] the man I was talking to NP = NP conj NP [mia onklo] [kaj] [viaj du nevinoj] my uncle and your two nieces

A VP consists of a verb plus possible complements. If the verb is a linking verb (), the complement is an NP, adjective phrase (AP) or PP. An NP or AP governed by a copula is in the . Otherwise, if the verb is intran- sitive its complement, if any, is a PP or other adverbial. If the verb is transitive it may have a direct object (an NP in the accusative case). A subset of transitive verbs can have a second complement NP, in the nominative (predicative nomina- tive).

VP = Vcop + NP [estas] [mia amiko] is my friend

VP = Vcop + AP [aspektas] [tute sama] looks just the same

VP = Vintr [malaperis] disappeared

VP = Vintr + PP [revenis] [al Usono] has returned to the US

VP = Vtr + NP [prenis] [la ŝlosilojn] took the keys

VP = Vtr + NP + NP [elektis] [ŝin] [prezidanto] elected her (to be) president

A PP consists of a preposition plus an NP.

PP = Prep + NP [de] [la libro] of the book 3 kapvorto

A acer/o maple acerb/a harsh, acrid, acerbic -a (ending for adjectives) bon~ good; acet/o (chem) acetic acid; ~ato buŝ~ oral acetate abak/o abacus acetilen/o acetylene abat/o abbot aceton/o acetone abdik/i abdicate acid/a sour; acid; ~o acid abdomen/o abdomen Acor/oj the Azores abel/o bee; ~ejo apiary; ~ujo hive aĉ/a wretched, no good; (suffix) aberaci/o (sci) aberration pejorative: dom~o hovel; skrib~i abi/o fir scrawl abisen/o, ~a Abyssinian aĉet/i buy; el~i redeem; ransom; abism/o abyss sub~i bribe abiturient/o high school graduate ad/e continuously, repeatedly; (suffix) durative: action, particu­ ablativ/o ablative larly prolonged, repeated or habi­ abnegaci/o abnegation, self-denial tual action: naĝ~o swimming; aboc/o ABC; primer paf~o shooting; kur~i keep on abol/i, abolici/i abolish running; ~asismo suffix rhyme abomen/i abhor, loathe; ~a, ~inda (of the type iradas – venadas) abominable adaĝ/o (mus) adagio abon/i subscribe to (magazine, adapt/i adapt; fittr season ticket etc) adekvat/a appropriate, adequate aborigen/o aboriginal aden/o gland, aden‑; ~oidoj abort/i miscarry; ~igi abort adenoids abrikot/o apricot adept/o adherent, initiate abrotan/o (bot) southernwood adher/i adhere abrupt/a abrupt adiabat/a (phys) adiabatic absces/o abscess adiant/o maidenhair fern abscis/o (math) abscissa adiaŭ, ~o farewell; ~i say goodbye absid/o apse (to) absint/o wormwood; absinthe adici/i add, add up tr absolut/a absolute adjekt/o (gram) adjunct, adverbial absolv/i absolve; acquit adjektiv/o adjective absorb/i engross adjunkt/o assistant, adjunct abstin/i abstain (from alcohol, adjutant/o adjutant, aide tobacco etc) administr/i administer, manage abstrakt/a, ~i abstract administraci/o administration absurd/a absurd (staff, office) Abudabi/o Abu Dhabi admir/i admire abund/a abundant, plentiful; admiral/o admiral ~okorno cornucopia admiralitat/o admiralty abutment/o abutment admitanc/o (elec) admittance ac/ (bot suffix) name of family: admon/i exhort; tell off, admonish; roz~oj Rosaceae Re~o Deuteronomy kapvorto 4 adob/o adobe aforism/o aphorism adolesk/a, ~anto adolescent afrank/i prepay (postage, carriage) adolt/o, ~a adult [= plenkreskulo] Afrik/o Africa adopt/i adopt afrikans/o Afrikaans (language) ador/i adore, worship afrikat/o (phon) affricate adrenalin/o adrenalin afrodizi/o (med) sexual excitement; adres/o, ~i address (postal etc) ~igaĵo aphrodisiac adstring/a astrigent aft/o mouth ulcer, aphtha; ~a febro adulari/o moonstone foot and mouth disease adult/i commit adultery afust/o gun carriage Advent/o Advent ag/i act; ~o act, action; ~ado action, activity; kontraŭ~i counteract; adverb/o adverb contravene; re~i react advokat/o barrister, advocate, aga/o aga attorney agac/i irritate, set (teeth, nerves) on adz/o adze edge aer/o air; ~umi air, aerate; ~armeo agap/o (rel) agape, love feast air force; plen~a open‑air agar/o, ~~o agar(-agar) aerobatik/o aerobatics agarik/o agaric, (kind of) mushroom aerobik/o aerobics agat/o (min) agate aerodin/o aerodyne agav/o (bot) agave, American aloe aerodrom/o aerodrome agend/o diary, engagement book aerolit/o aerolite, meteorite agent/o agent aeronaŭt/o aeronaut, airman agit/i agitate, stir things up aeroplan/o aeroplane, airplane agl/o eagle aerosol/o aerosol aglomer/i agglomerate tr aerostat/o aerostat, balloon aglutin/i agglutinate tr; ~a afabl/a kind, affable agglutinative afazi/o aphasia agnat/o agnate (paternal relative) afekci/o (med) complaint; (psych) agnosk/i recognize (as official), affection, affect; ~i affect, influence acknowledge afekt/i put on airs; feign; ~o agnostik/a agnostic affectation agoni/i be at the point of death; ~o afeli/o (astr) aphelion death throes afer/o matter; affair; thing; business; agorafobi/o agoraphobia (good) cause; ~isto businessman; agord/i tune, attune; ~o tuning; ~ŝarĝito chargé d’affaires; ĉef~o mood main point agr/o arable land; ~ara agrarian afgan/o Afghan agrabl/a pleasant, enjoyable afid/o aphid agraf/o clasp; hook; staple afiks/o (gram) affix agregaci/o agrégation (French afin/a (chem, law) having affinity academic qualification) afiŝ/o poster, bill; posting agregat/o (phys, philos) aggregate aflikt/i afflict, distress agres/i commit aggression, be afoni/o (med) aphonia aggressive 5 kapvorto agrikultur/o agriculture akcept/i accept; receive (guests) agrimoni/o (bot) agrimony ~ejo reception (desk) agronom/o agronomist akcesor/a secondary; accessory agronomi/o agronomy akci/o (com) share; ~ulo agropir/o couch grass shareholder agrostem/o (bot) corncockle akcident/o accident, mishap agrostid/o (bot) bentgrass akcipitr/o hawk, goshawk aguti/o agouti akciz/o excise aĝ/o age; plen~a adult akĉent/o (regional, foreign) accent aĝi/o agio, exchange premium akile/o (bot) yarrow aĝiot/i speculate in stocks; ~ado akir/i acquire, get; ~ebla obtainable stockjobbing aklam/i acclaim, hail aha! aha! akn/o pimple, spot, acne Ahasver/o, Aĥaŝveroŝ/o akolit/o acolyte Ahasuerus akomod/i adapt, accommodate tr Aĥil/o Achilles akompan/i accompany aidos/o AIDS, Aids akonit/o (bot) aconite, monkshood ailant/o ailanthus, tree of heaven akord/o accord, ; (mus) aj! ow! ouch! oh! chord; (gram) concord; ~i be in accord ajatol/o ayatollah akordion/o accordion ajl/o garlic akr/a sharp ajn any, ‑ever (used after i‑ and akre/o acre ki‑ words): iu ~ anyone at all; kio ~ whatever; ~a any (at all) akredit/i accredit; ~aĵo credentials ajug/o (bot) bugle akreditiv/o letter of credit ajut/o (spray) nozzle, jet akrid/o grasshopper; locust aĵ/o thing; (suffix) thing: 1 concrete akril/a acrylic manifestation of an abstraction: akrobat/o acrobat nov~o novelty; 2 external akromat/a achromatic manifestation of an activity: seg~o akronim/o acronym sawdust; 3 characteristic piece akropol/o acropolis of behavior: infan~o piece of akrostik/o acrostic childishness; 4 flesh of an animal: aks/o axis; axle bov~o beef aksel/o armpit aĵur/a perforated, fretted, openwork aksiom/o axiom akaci/o acacia, wattle aksolotl/o axolotl akademi/o academy akson/o axon akaĵu/o cashew (nut) akt/o act (of play etc); deed, legal akant/o acanthus document akapar/i monopolize, corner aktin/a actinic akar/o (cheese‑ etc)mite aktini/o sea anemone; (chem) akcel/o accelerate; further, promote; actinium ~ilo accelerator, gas pedal aktiv/a active; ~o (fin) assets; akcent/o, ‑i accent, stress (gram) active kapvorto 6 aktor/o actor; ~i act alcion/o kingfisher aktual/a topical, current, ald/o alto; viola present(‑day) aldehid/o aldehyde aktuari/o actuary ale/o garden walk; avenue akumul/i accumulate tr alegori/o allegory akupunktur/o acupuncture alegr/o allegro; ~eto allegretto akurat/a punctual, prompt aleksandr/o alexandrine (verse) akustik/o acoustics alel/o allele akuŝ/i be in labour (expectant alen/o awl mother); ~istino midwife alergi/o allergy akut/a acute aleron/o aileron akuz/i accuse; charge alez/i ream out akuzativ/o accusative alf/o esparto grass akv/o water; ~imuna watertight; alfa alpha, α; ~radioj alpha rays waterproof alfabet/o alphabet; ~umo ABC book akvafort/o etching ~i etch alfenid/o German (nickel) silver akvarel/o watercolour painting alg/oj algae akvari/o aquarium algebr/o algebra akvatint/o aquatint algi/o (med) ‑algia: neŭr~o akvedukt/o aqueduct neuralgia akvilegi/o (bot) aquilegia, columbine algoritm/o algorithm al (prepn) to; towards; ~iĝi (al) join Alĝer/o Algiers (society etc); ~iĝilo application Alĝeri/o Algeria form, registration form; () alĥemi/o alchemy ~paroli address ali/a other; another; else; ~e al/o wing (of car, building, screw etc) otherwise; ~flanke on the other -al/ 1 (bot) name of order: hand; ~igi, ~iĝi alter; ~lande likopodi~oj Lycopodiales; abroad; inter~e among other 2 (chem) aldehyde: etan~o things acetaldehyde alianc/o alliance; ~ano ally alabastr/o alabaster alibi/o alibi alarm/o alarm, alert aliel  otherwise [= alie, alimaniere] Alask/o Alaska alies  someone else’s [= de iu alia, alaŭd/o (sky)lark aliula] alb/o (rel) alb aligator/o alligator alban/o, ~a Albanian aliment/o alimony, maintenance albatros/o albatross aline/o paragraph; indentation albin/o albino alis/o (bot) alyssum album/o album aliteraci/o alliteration albumen/o albumen aliz/o whitebeam berry albumin/o albumin (protein); alize/o trade wind ~urio albuminuria alk/ (chem) alk‑: ~ano alkane alburn/o 1 sapwood; 2 bleak (fish) alk/o moose, elk alce/o hollyhock alka/o auk 7 kapvorto

Alkaid/o al-Qaeda Alzac/o Alsace alkal/o alkali; ~oido alkaloid am/i, ~o love; ~indumi woo, court; alkazab/o casbah en~iĝi fall in love; mal~i hate alkemi/o alchemy amalgam/o, ~i (chem) alkemil/o (bot) lady’s mantle amalgam(ate) alkohol/o alcohol; ~aĵoj spirits, amanit/o amanita (toadstool) liquor amar/a bitter alkov/o alcove, recess amarant/o amaranth, almanak/o almanac love-lies-bleeding almenaŭ (adverb) at least amarilid/o amaryllis, belladonna lily almoz/o alms; ~i, ~peti beg; ~ulo amas/o pile, heap; mass; crowd; ~e beggar in large numbers, en masse; ~igi aln/o alder amass; collect alo/o aloe amator/o amateur; enthusiast alofon/o (phon) allophone amazon/o amazon aloj/o, ~i alloy ambasad/o embassy alonĝ/o extension (to table etc) ambasador/o ambassador alopati/o allopathy ambaŭ both alopeci/o alopecia ambici/o ambition alopekur/o foxtail grass ambigu/a ambiguous aloz/o shad (fish) ambl/i amble alp/o alp, mountain pasture; ~ismo ambon/o ambo, pulpit mountaineering ambos/o anvil alpak/o alpaca ambr/o ambergris alpar/o (fin) par; ~eco parity ambrozi/o ambrosia; ragweed alt/a high, tall ambulanc/o ambulance; field altan/o belvedere, (covered) terrace hospital altar/o altar ambulatori/o outpatient alte/o (bot) marshmallow department altern/i alternate intr; ~a alternate; ameb/o amoeba alternating amel/o starch alternativ/o, ~a alternative amen amen altitud/o altitude amend/i amend (resolution etc) altruism/o altruism, unselfishness ament/o catkin alud/i refer (to), allude americi/o americium alumet/o match (for setting alight) Amerik/o America ametist/o amethyst alumin/o alumina (Al2O3) alumini/o aluminium, aluminum amfetamin/o amphetamine alun/o alum amfibi/o amphibian aluvi/o alluvium amfibrak/o amphibrach (metre) alveol/o alveolus amfiteatr/o amphitheatre; lecture alveolar/o (phon) alveolar theatre [= alveolsono] amfor/o amphora alvus/o fry (spawned fish) amid/o (chem) amide kapvorto 8 amik/o friend; mal~o enemy anakronism/o anachronism amin/o (chem) amine; (as prefix) anal/o annal, record ~(o)acido amino acid analfabet/o illiterate amnesti/o amnesty analgezi/o analgesia amnezi/o amnesia analitik/o (math) analysis, calculus amni/o amnion (of embryo); ~a analiz/i analyse, analyze; ~o analysis amniotic analog/a analogous amofil/o marram grass analogi/o analogy amom/o black cardamom ananas/o pineapple amoni/o ammonium (NH +) 4 anapest/o anapaest (metre) amoniak/o ammonia; sal~o sal anarĥi/o, anarki/o anarchy ammoniac anas/o duck amonit/o ammonite anastigmat/a (opt) anastigmatic amor/o sexual love; ~i make love; ≈o Cupid anatem/o anathema, ban; ~i anathematize amorf/a amorphous anatomi/o anatomy amortiz/i amortize, pay off in instalments; damp, deaden; ~o ancilostom/o hookworm; ~ozo sinking fund; depreciation; ~ilo hookworm infection shock absorber ‑anc/o (elec) ‑ance: indukt~o ampelops/o pepper vine inductance amper/o ampere, amp anĉ/o reed (of musical instrument) ampleks/o extent, range; ~a anĉov/o anchovy extensive; ~i embrace, comprise, And/oj Andes cover andant/o andante amplif/i amplify (a signal) Andor/o Andorra amplitud/o amplitude Andre/o Andrew ampol/o bulb (electric); ampulla, androgen/o androgen ampoule androgin/o androgyne, amput/i amputate androgynous plant amulet/o amulet android/o android amuz/i amuse, entertain anekdot/o anecdote an/o member (of a group); inhabitant aneks/i annex (of a place); adherent (of a doctrine anelid/oj (zool) Annelida etc); (suffix) 1 kurs~o course anemi/o anaemia member; vilaĝ~o villager; Azi~o Asian; luter~o Lutheran; 2 (chem) anemometr/o anemometer, wind ‑ane, paraffin hydro­carbon: pent~o gauge pentane anemon/o anemone anafor/o anaphora aneroid/a aneroid anagal/o pimpernel anestez/i anaesthetize anagram/o anagram anet/o dill anakardi/o cashew (plant) aneŭrism/o aneurysm anakolut/o (gram) anacoluthon anfrakt/o anfractuosity anakond/o anaconda angelik/o (bot) angelica 9 kapvorto angi/o (blood‑)vessel; ~ogramo anorak/o anorak angiogram anoreksi/o anorexia angil/o eel; ≈o Anguilla ans/o handle angin/o tonsillitis, pharyngitis; anser/o goose; ~vice in single file brust~o angina anstataŭ (prepn) instead of; ~a, angiosperm/o (bot) angiosperm ~anto, ~igi substitute; ~i take the angl/o Englishman; ~a English; place of; ne~igebla irreplaceable ≈ujo, ≈io England anstrom/o angstrom unit, ångström anglikan/o Anglican -ant/ (participial formative, present Angol/o Angola active) komenc~o beginner; angor/o anguish; agony; angina parol~a talking angostur/o angostura antagonism/o antagonism angul/o angle; corner; ~ilo set antagonist/o antagonist square; tri~o triangle antarkt/a antarctic angvis/o slow‑worm antaŭ (prepn) before; in front of; anĝel/o angel ~ ses jaroj six years ago; anĝelus/o angelus ~a previous, preceding; ~e anhel/i pant before(hand); in front; ~en forward(s); ~ ol (conj) before; anhidr/a anhydrous mal~ behind; (prefix) pre-, ante‑: anilin/o aniline ~juĝi prejudge anim/o soul; ~i animate; unu~a antem/o anthem unanimous anten/o antenna (aerial; feeler); animaci/o animation (of cartoons lateen yard etc) anter/o anther animal/o animal (in contrast to anti/ anti‑: ~sepsa antiseptic vegetable, mineral) antibiotik/o antibiotic aniz/o anise, aniseed anticip/i anticipate anjon/o (chem) anion antidork/o springbok ankaŭ (adverb) also, too antidot/o antidote ankiloz/o ankylosis antifon/o antiphon, anthem ankoraŭ (adverb) still, yet; ~ unu one more, another; ~ ne not yet, Antigv/o Antigua still not; ~foje once more Antikrist/o Antichrist ankr/o, ~i anchor; ~umi ride at antikv/a ancient; antique anchor Antil/oj the Antilles, the West anksi/o anxiety Indies; ~a, ~ano West Indian, anobi/o woodworm, furniture beetle Caribbean anod/o anode antilop/o antelope anofel/o anopheles mosquito antimon/o antimony (Sb) anomali/o anomaly antinomi/o antinomy; paradox anonc/i announce; give notice of; antipati/o antipathy, aversion advertise; sin ~i register; ~eto antipirin/o antipyrine, phenazone small ad antipod/o antipodes anonim/a anonymous antirin/o antirrhinum, snapdragon kapvorto 10 antisemit/o antisemite apog/i support; lean, rest tr; ~ilo antitez/o antithesis support; ~seĝo easy chair antologi/o anthology apoge/o apogee; height (of fame etc) antonim/o antonym apoĝatur/o (mus) appoggiatura antracit/o anthracite apokalips/o apocalypse; Revelation antraks/o anthrax apokop/o apocope antropoid/o anthropoid apokrif/o apocrypha antropolog/o anthropologist apolog/o apologue, fable antropologi/o anthropology apologi/o apologia, vindication antropometri/o anthropometry Apolon/o Apollo antropomorf/a anthropomorphic apopleksi/o apoplexy, stroke Antverpen/o Antwerp apostat/o apostate Anunciaci/o (rel) Annunciation aposterior/a a posteriori anus/o anus; ~a anal apostol/o apostle aorist/o (gram) aorist apostrof/o apostrophe aort/o aorta apotek/o chemist’s shop, pharmacy, apaĉ/o Apache drugstore apanaĝ/o appanage; perquisite apoteoz/o apotheosis aparat/o apparatus, equipment apozici/o apposition apart/a separate; particular; ~e apr/o wild boar apart, separately; particularly apret/i dress, finish (fabrics) apartament/o apartment, flat aprec/i, aprez/i appreciate, aparten/i belong appraise apati/o apathy april/o April apelaci/i appeal aprior/a a priori apenaŭ (adverb) scarcely, hardly; aprob/i approve only just apsid/o apsis (apogee, perigee) apendic/o appendix; ~ito apterig/o kiwi appendicitis apud (prepn) beside, nearby; (prefix) aper/i appear, come into sight; be ~meti juxtapose published apus/o swift [= apod/o] aperitiv/o apéritif ar/o 1 group, set; (suffix) amik~o apert/a open circle of friends; arb~o wood; apertur/o aperture legant~o readership; 2 are 2 apetit/o appetite (100 m ) api/o wild celery, marshwort ara/o macaw apik/a sheer, perpendicular arab/o, ~a Arab(ic) aplanat/a aplanatic, aspherical arabesk/o arabesque (lens) arak/o arrack aplaŭd/i applaud, clap arakid/o peanut, groundnut aplik/i apply tr arame/a Aramaic aplomb/o aplomb, self-assurance arane/o spider; ~aĵo web apod/o swift (bird) aranĝ/i arrange apofiz/o (anat) apophysis, process araŭkari/o monkey-puzzle (tree) 11 kapvorto arb/o tree; ~aro wood arka/a, arkaik/a archaic, obsolete; arbalest/o crossbow ~ismo archaism arbed/o  shrub [= arbusto] arkad/o archway; ~oj arcade arbitr/a arbitrary; despotic arkan/o arcanum, secret arbitraci/o arbitration; ~i arbitrate, arke/o ark (Noah’s) referee arkebuz/o arquebus arbitraĝ/o (fin) arbitrage arkeolog/o archaeologist arbust/o bush, shrub arkeologi/o archaeology arbut/o arbutus (tree) arkeopterig/o archaeopteryx arĉ/o bow (for violin etc) arketip/o archetype ard/i be red or white hot; glow; burn arki/ arch‑, archi‑: ~diakono intr; ~a ardent archdeacon arde/o heron arkipelag/o archipelago ardez/o slate arkitekt/o architect are/o area arkitektur/o architecture arek/o areca (palm) arkitrav/o architrave aren/o arena arkiv/o archive areometr/o hydrometer, areometer arkt/a arctic Areopag/o Areopagus arleken/o harlequin arest/i arrest arm/i arm; reinforce (concrete); ~ilo argan/o derrick, (oil) rig weapon Argentin/o Argentina armatur/o framework, formwork, argil/o clay shuttering; elec armature argon/o argon arme/o army argonaŭt/o Argonaut; paper armen/o, ~a Armenian nautilus armeri/o (bot) thrift argument/o argument, point put armistic/o armistice forward; ~i maintain, argue; put arnik/o arnica forward arguments arog/i arrogate; presume to arĝent/o silver arogant/a arrogant arĥ… → ark… arok/i castle (in chess) ari/o air, tune; aria arom/o aroma arier/o (mil) rear; ~gardo arorut/o arrowroot rearguard arpeĝ/o arpeggio aril/o aril arsen/o arsenic (element) arist/o awn (of barley etc) arsenal/o arsenal aristokrat/o aristocrat arsenik/o arsenic trioxide, As2O3 aristokrati/o aristocracy arŝin/o arshin (obsolete measure, aristoloki/o aristolochia, birthwort 0,7 m) Aristotel/o Aristotle art/o art; (the) arts; ~efarita aritmetik/o arithmetic artificial arj/o, ~a Aryan artemizi/o (bot) mugwort; ark/o arc; bow; ~o, ~aĵo arch; ~isto sagebrush archer, bowman arteri/o artery kapvorto 12 artez/a artesian Aski/o ASCII artifik/o trick; subterfuge asklepiad/o asclepiad (verse); artik/o (anat, tech) joint; ~i milkweed articulate; el~iĝo dislocation asoci/o association; ~i associate tr artikl/o article (commodity) asonanc/o assonance artikol/o article (gram; journalistic asparag/o asparagus etc) aspekt/i look, seem; ~o look, artikulaci/o (phon) articulation appearance; aspect artileri/o artillery asperg/i sprinkle (with holy water) artiŝok/o (globe) artichoke asperul/o woodruff, squinancywort artrit/o arthritis aspid/o asp (snake) artropod/o arthropod aspidistr/o aspidistra Artur/o Arthur aspir/i aspire arum/o arum, cuckoo-pint aspiraci/o (phon) aspiration arvikol/o vole aspirin/o aspirin -as (present tense ending) mi am~ aspleni/o spleenwort I love; ŝi parol~ she speaks, she is aspr/a rough, harsh speaking astat/o astatine as/o ace asteni/o asthenia asafetid/o asafoetida aster/o aster, Michaelmas daisy asbest/o asbestos asteri/o starfish ascend/i ascend asterisk/o asterisk asekur/i insure, underwrite asteroid/o asteroid asembl/i assemble (in computer astigmat/a astigmatic programming) astm/o asthma asemble/o (official) assembly astr/o heavenly body aseps/o asepsis astragal/o 1 milk-vetch; 2 astragal asert/i state, assert (moulding); 3 astragalus, ankle- asesor/o (law) assessor bone asfalt/o asphalt astrolab/o astrolabe asfiksi/o asphyxia; ~i asphyxiate astrolog/o astrologer asfodel/o asphodel astrologi/o astrology asidu/a assiduous; regular (in astronaŭt/o astronaut attendance etc) astronom/o astronomer asign/i assign, allocate; summons, astronomi/o astronomy subpoena; ~aĵo allocation, aŝok/o ashoka tree; ≈o Ashoka allowance ‑at/ 1 (participial formative, present asimil/i assimilate passive) konstru~a being built; asimptot/o asymptote am~a (be)loved; nekon~o asist/i assist (in official capacity); be stranger; 2 (chem) ‑ate, salt of …ic in attendance acid: nitr~o nitrate asiz/o assizes atak/i attack askarid/o (intestinal) roundworm ataksi/o ataxia asket/o ascetic ataŝe/o attaché 13 kapvorto atavism/o atavism aŭgust/o August ateism/o atheism Aŭgusten/o Augustine ateist/o atheist aŭk/o auk Aten/o Athens aŭkci/o, ~i auction atenc/i attempt to murder; assault, aŭkupar(i)/o rowan [= (plumfolia) violate sorpo] atend/i wait; await; expect aŭl/o great hall, aula atent/a attentive; ~i pay attention; aŭr/o aura mal~i neglect; preter~i overlook aŭreol/o aureola, halo aterom/o atheroma aŭreomicin/o aureomycin ateroskleroz/o atherosclerosis aŭrignaci/o (geol) Aurignacian atest/i testify, bear witness; certify, aŭrikl/o auricle attest aŭrikul/o auricula (primrose) Atik/o Attica aŭror/o dawn; aurora ating/i reach, attain; achieve aŭskult/i listen (to); ~umi atlant/o (archit) atlas, telamon auscultate; sub~i eavesdrop atlantik/o Atlantic aŭspici/o auspices atlas/o atlas (maps); (kind of) satin aŭstr/o, ~a Austrian atlet/o athlete Aŭstrali/o Australia atletik/o athletics aŭt/o car, automobile; ~okuri taxi atmosfer/o atmosphere (aircraft); ~ovojo motorway, atol/o atoll expressway atom/o atom aŭtarci/o autarky, national self- atoni/o (med) atony sufficiency -ator/  (tech) ‑ator, piece of aŭtent/a, aŭtentik/a authentic machinery [= ‑ilo]: transform~o aŭtism/o autism transformer aŭtobiografi/o autobiography atrakci/o (tourist etc) attraction aŭtobus/o bus, coach atri/o atrium aŭtodafe/o auto-da-fé atribu/i attribute, ascribe; award aŭtodidakt/o self-taught person atribut/o attribute aŭtogir/o autogyro atripl/o orache aŭtograf/o autograph atrofi/o, ~iĝi atrophy aŭtografi/o autography, facsimile atropin/o atropine (drug) aŭtoklav/o autoclave atut/o, ~i trump (at cards) aŭtokrat/o autocrat aŭ (conj) or; aŭ… aŭ… either… or… aŭtokrati/o autocracy aŭd/i hear; dis~igi broadcast; aŭtokton/o autochthon, original sub~i overhear inhabitant aŭdac/a audacious, daring; ~i dare aŭtoliz/o autolysis aŭdienc/o audience (official aŭtomat/o automat; automaton; reception) ~a automatic aŭditori/o auditorium aŭtomobil/o car, automobile Aŭgi/o Augeas; ~a Augean aŭtonom/a autonomous aŭgur/o augury, omen; ~i augur aŭtonomi/o autonomy kapvorto 14 aŭtor/o author B aŭtoritat/o authority (abstract) aŭtun/o autumn, fall ba! rubbish! av/o grandfather; pra~o great- baba/o rum baba grandfather Babel/o Babel, Babylon aval/o (fin) guarantee, backing babil/i chat, chatter; ~eti babble avan/o (mil) van; forward line Babilon/o Babylon ~gardo vanguard; avant-garde; ~ulo forward (in sports) babirus/o babirousa, pig-deer avanc/i be promoted; advance intr babord/o (naut) port (side) avantaĝ/o advantage babuŝ/o babouche, Turkish slipper avar/a miserly, mean; mal~a bacil/o bacillus generous bagaĝ/o baggage, luggage avatar/o avatar bagatel/o trifle, thing of no avel/o hazelnut importance aven/o oats Baha/o Bahá’í (faith) aventur/o adventure; ~isto Baham/oj Bahamas adventurer (using dishonest or bajader/o (Indian) dancing girl, immoral methods) devadasi aventurin/o aventurine (quartz) bajonet/o bayonet avenu/o avenue bajt/o byte averaĝ/o average, arithmetical mean bak/i bake tr, cook in an oven averi/o (insurance) average, damage bakalaŭr/o holder of bachelor’s (to goods); ~i suffer damage degree; baccalauréat avero/o starfruit, carambola bakarat/o baccarat avert/i warn, caution bakelit/o bakelite aviad/o aviation; ~ilo aircraft Bakĥ/o Bacchus avid/a eager; greedy bakĥanal/o bacchanal avis/o dispatch boat, aviso baklav/o baklava aviz/o notification, advice; ~i notify bakteri/o bacterium avocet/o avocet (bird) bakteriofaĝ/o bacteriophage avokad/o avocado (pear) bal/o ball, dance azale/o azalea bala/i sweep; ~ilo broom azar/o asarabacca balad/o ballade; ballad azen/o donkey balalajk/o balalaika Azerbajĝan/o Azerbaijan balan/o barnacle Azi/o Asia balanc/i swing tr, rock, bounce up azil/o asylum, sanctuary and down; nod; ~ilo swing azimut/o azimuth, bearing balancel/o balancelle (boat) azot/o azote, nitrogen balancier/o balance-wheel; stabilizer aztek/o Aztec balast/o ballast azuki/o azuki bean balbut/i stutter, stammer baldaken/o canopy, baldaquin 15 kapvorto baldaŭ soon bapt/i christen, baptize; ~ano co- Balear/oj Balearics sponsor; ~ujo font; ~ofilo godson balen/o whale bar/i bar, block, dam; ~o bar, balet/o ballet barrier; (phys) bar; ~aĵo dam; balg/o bellows (accordion, camera boom; ~ilo barrier etc) barak/o hut, temporary shelter balist/o ballista barakt/i flounder, thrash about, balistik/o ballistics struggle Balkan/o, ~oj the Balkans Barat/o Bharat, India balkon/o balcony barateri/o (naut) barratry balon/o (hot-air) balloon; ~eto barb/o beard (child’s) balloon Barbad/o Barbados balot/i, ~o vote, ballot, poll barbakan/o barbican balt/o Balt; ~a Baltic barbar/o barbarian balte/o baldric, shoulderbelt barbir/o barber, (men’s) hairdresser balustr/o banister; baluster barbitur/o barbiturate balustrad/o balustrade; banisters Barbud/o Barbuda balz/o balsa barĉ/o borscht, beetroot soup balzam/o balsam, balm bard/o bard balzamin/o (bot) balsam Barejn/o Bahrain bambu/o bamboo barel/o barrel ban/i bath(e) tr; sin ~i have/take a barelief/o bas-relief bath; bathe barem/o ready-reckoner banal/a trite, commonplace barĝ/o barge, lighter banan/o banana bari/o barium band/o band (of musicians etc; of barier/o barrier thieves) barikad/o, ~i barricade bandaĝ/o, ~i bandage barit/o baryta, barium sulfate; banderol/o (postal) wrapper ~a papero art paper bandit/o bandit bariton/o baritone bangal/o bungalow, ranch house bark/o sailing craft, barque Bangladeŝ/o Bangladesh barkarol/o barcarolle banĝ/o banjo barmicv/o bar-mitzvah banjan/o banyan tree barograf/o barograph, recording bank/o (fin) bank barometer banked/o banquet, (formal) dinner barok/o, ~a baroque bankier/o banker barometr/o barometer bankiz/o ice floe, pack ice baron/o baron bankrot/i go bankrupt bart/o whalebone bant/o bow, pompom (ribbon); bas/o (mus) bass; ~a bass (); bow tie low, deep bantam/o bantam basbal/o baseball bantu/o, ~a Bantu basen/o basin (fountain, lake, baobab/o baobab harbour, river), pool kapvorto 16 bask/o coat-tail, skirt bel/a beautiful; lovely, fine; hand­ baskul/o bascule; see-saw some, good-looking; ~o beauty; bast/o inner bark, bast ~eta pretty; ~artoj fine arts bastard/o bastard beladon/o deadly nightshade bastion/o bastion beletr/o belles-lettres, creative baston/o stick; baton; ~i cudgel writing bat/i beat, strike belfrid/o belfry batal/i, ~o battle, fight belg/o, ~a Belgian; ~ujo Belgium batalion/o battalion Beliz/o Belize batat/o sweet potato belorus/o, ~a Belorussian, Belarusian; ≈ujo Belarus bateri/o (mil, elec) battery belveder/o belvedere, viewpoint batik/o batik bemol/o (mus) flat (♭) batisfer/o, batiskaf/o bathyscaphe ben/i bless; mal~i curse batist/o cambric; ~eto lawn (textile) bend/o tape; strip, band; tyre; ~i baŭ/o (naut) beam bind with tape; glu~o sellotape, baŭdruĉ/o goldbeater’s skin Scotch tape baŭksit/o bauxite Benedikt/o Benedict; ~ano baŭm/i rear, buck Benedictine (monk) bav/i dribble, slobber benefic/o benefit (match, bavar/o, ~a Bavarian performance); benefice baz/o base; basis; ~i base tr bengal/o, ~a Bengali, Bangla bazalt/o basalt benign/a (med) benign bazar/o market; bazaar Benin/o Benin bazili/o basil benjet/o fritter, beignet bazilik/o basilica benk/o bench bazilisk/o basilisk benzen/o benzene (C6H6) bazuk/o bazooka benzin/o petrol, gasoline be/i bleat, baa benzo/o benzoin resin beat/a blessed; blissful benzodiazepin/o benzodiazepine beb/o baby Beograd/o Belgrade bed/o (flower‑)bed; (vegetable‑) beot/o, ~a Boeotian patch ber/o berry bedaŭr/i regret; be sorry about; berberis/o barberry, berberis ~inde unfortunately bergamot/o bergamot beduen/o, ~a Bedouin beriber/o beriberi begin/o beguine (nun) beril/o beryl begoni/o begonia berili/o beryllium behaviorism/o behaviorism berkeli/o berkelium bek/o beak, bill; nib; (gas) burner; Berlin/o Berlin mouthpiece; ~i peck; chirp; ~fluto recorder bernikl/o brent goose, brant bekerel/o becquerel best/o animal, beast besti/o  wild beast [= sovaĝbesto] bekvadrat/o (mus) natural (♮) 17 kapvorto beŝamel/o béchamel sauce, white bilĝ/o bilge, well (of ship) sauce bilharzi/o bilharzia bet/o beet, beetroot bilion/o (European) billion, trillion beta beta, β; ~radioj beta rays (1012) Note: it is generally best betel/o betel to avoid this term, which may Bet-El Bethel mean different things in different Betlehem/o, Bet-Leĥem countries Bethlehem binar/a binary beton/o concrete bind/i bind (a book) betonik/o betony binokl/o binoculars, field glasses betul/o birch (tree) binom/o binomial bevel/o, ~i bevel, chamfer bio/ bio‑: ~ritmo biorhythm; bezon/i need, require ~sfero biosphere bi/  bi‑ [= du-] biograf/o biographer bias/o bias biografi/o biography bibli/o Bible biolog/o biologist bibliofil/o bibliophile biologi/o biology bibliograf/o bibliographer biometri/o biometrics bibliografi/o bibliography bionik/o bionics bibliotek/o library biopsi/o biopsy biceps/o biceps biplan/o biplane bicikl/o bicycle bir/i take (directional) bearings bid/o bead bird/o bird bide/o bidet biret/o biretta, cap biel/o connecting rod Birm/o Birma, Myanmar bien/o estate, land(ed property) bis, ~i, ~o encore bier/o beer bisin/o byssus, fine linen bifstek/o steak, roast beef biskot/o rusk, zwieback bigami/o bigamy biskvit/o biscuit, cracker; biscuit- bigl/o beagle ware bigot/o bigot bismut/o bismuth bikin/o bikini bistort/o bistort bikŝu/o bhikkhu, Buddhist monk bistr/o bistre bil/o note, bill, negotiable bisturi/o bistoury, scalpel instrument, security bit/o 1 bit (information theory); bilabial/o (phon) bilabial [= dulipa 2 ~oj bitts (on ship) sono] bitum/o bitumen; ~i bituminize bilanc/o balance sheet; ~i balance tr bivak/o, ~i bivouac (an account) Bizanc/o Byzantium bilard/o billiards bizar/a bizarre bilbok/o cup-and-ball (game) bizon/o bison bild/o picture; image blag/o humbug, fib; ~i pull Bileam/o Balaam (someone’s) leg bilet/o ticket blank/a white; blank kapvorto 18 blanket/o blank cheque, carte boks/i box; ~isto boxer blanche bol/i boil intr; ~eti simmer intr; blasfem/i blaspheme; swear ~igi boil tr; ~ilo kettle blat/o cockroach; (electronic) chip bolard/o bollard blazon/o coat of arms boler/o bolero blek/i, ~o neigh, bray, low, bleat etc bolet/o boletus (mushroom) (all animal cries) bolid/o fireball, meteor blend/o armour plating; blende Bolivi/o Bolivia bleni/o blenny (fish) Bolonj/o Bologna blenoragi/o, blenore/o gonorrhea bolŝevism/o bolshevism blin/o blini bolŝevist/o Bolshevik, bolshevist blind/a blind; ~umi dazzle bolt/o, ~i bolt, pin; ~ingo nut blog/o, ~i blog bolus/o bolus, pellet blok/o, ~i block; ~ado, ~adi bomb/o, ~i bomb blockade bombard/i bombard, shell blokhaŭs/o blockhouse; conning bombast/o bombast, pompous talk tower bombicil/o waxwing blond/a fair, blond(e) bombiks/o silkmoth blov/i blow; ~instrumento wind bombon/o sweet, candy, bonbon instrument; tra~o draught bon/a good; ~e well; ~ega excellent; blu/a, ~o blue ~deziroj good wishes; ~fari (al) bluf/i bluff benefit tr; ~hava well-to-do; blunderbuz/o blunderbuss ~havo credit, asset; ~trovo blus/o mus blues discretion; ~vena welcome; bluz/o blouse; windcheater, blouson ~volu please bo/ (prefix) ‑in‑law: ~patro father- bong/oj bongo drums, bongos in-law bonsaj/o bonsai boa/o boa bonus/o bonus boac/o reindeer bop/o bop, bebop board/i (naut) beat, tack bor/i drill, bore, pierce boat/o boat bor/o boron bob/o bobsleigh borag/o borage bobel/o, ~i bubble boraks/o borax boben/o bobbin; reel, spool; elec bord/o bank (of river etc); shore (of coil; ~ego drum (of winch etc) lake, sea etc); al~iĝi land; berth Bocvan/o Botswana bordel/o brothel bodisatv/o bodhisattva border/i, ~o border, hem boĝi/o bogie, truck Bordoz/o Bordeaux bohem/o, ~a Bohemian boreli/o Borrelia (spirochaete); boj/i bark ~ozo Lyme disease bojkot/i boycott bors/o stock exchange, bourse bok/o buck, male (goat, deer) bosanov/o bossa nova bokal/o (wide-mouthed) bottle, jar; bosk/o grove; copse goldfish bowl bosn/o, ~a Bosnian; ≈ujo Bosnia