Salvador Dalí
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
english mer of 1929 and their visit caused sweep- Salvador Dalí (1904-1989) ing changes in Dalí’s life.The young painter left his family and fled with Gala to Paris, Figueres was the birthplace of the painter where he became an enthusiastic member Salvador Dalí and it was here too that he of the Surrealist movement. Some of his died. Most of his works are in the Theatre- most famous paintings –The Great Museum, built by Dalí himself around the Masturbator, Lugubrious Game and former theatre where his first exhibition Portrait of Paul Éluard– date back to this was held. Dalí was also buried in the period. Dalí and Gala went to live at Theatre-Museum, alongside the church Portlligat, where they were visited during that was the scene of both his christening Portrait of Gala with Two Lamb Chops Balanced on Her Shoulder the following years by René Crevel, André and his funeral, the first and last acts of a (TMD, 1933) Breton, Valentine Hugo, Paul Éluard, perfectly planned scenario. Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray. As Dalí Salvador Dalí i Domènech, the son of a himself wrote, those were “the last happy highly respected notary, was born on days in post-war Europe”. Mas Juny in 11 May 1904 in a house on Carrer Monturiol Palamós, the property of the painter Josep Portrait of Picasso (TMD, 1947) in Figueres. After attending the local state M. Sert, who was married to the Georgian school, he was subsequently educated at princess Roussy Mdivani, was the scene of the Salesian and Marist schools and the other well-known gatherings on the Costa high school. From the age of 13 he Brava during those years. It was particular- Self-portrait (TMD, 1921) received drawing lessons at the school run ly famous for its parties, which were also by Joan Núñez. His works were shown for attended by the Dalís. Dalí spent the the first time at a collective exhibition held Spanish Civil War in Paris and when the at the beginning of 1919 and he published Germans invaded France, after a short stay his first literary articles in his high school in his native Empordà region, he moved to magazine, Studium. the United States, where he had already Dalí’s name appeared for the first time held his first exhibitions. in the Barcelona press in 1922, when he Soft Self-portrait with Slice of Grilled Bacon (TMD, 1941) Following Dalí’s expulsion from the was awarded a prize at the exhibition of the Surrealist movement, his work underwent a Associació Catalana d’Estudiants held in radical change, with a return to classicism the Dalmau gallery. In the autumn of the and what he called his mystical and same year he registered at the School of nuclear phase. He became one of the most Fine Arts in Madrid and went to live at the fashionable painters in the United States prestigious Residencia de Estudiantes. and André Breton baptized him “Avida There, his friendship with Federico García Dollars”. He wrote a partly fictitious autobi- Lorca and Luís Buñuel had a more endur- ography entitled The Secret Life of In Cadaqués, at the Museu Municipal ing effect on his artistic future than his Tristan and Isolde (TMD, 1944) Salvador Dalí, and Hidden Faces, a novel (tel. +34 972 258 877), are the paint- studies at the School, from which he was containing biographical elements. These ings Mermaids of Cadaqués and Paris Satirical composition (TMD, 1923) finally expelled. As a result of his indisci- two short literary digressions earned him and the Dragon. pline and the attitude of his father, who still greater prestige and wealth, as did his The Museu d’Art Modern (MAM- clashed with the Primo de Rivera dictator- collaborations in the world of the cinema MNAC) (tel. +34 933 195 728) in ship over a matter related to elections, the (such as the dream set in Alfred Barcelona has three works by Dalí: Portrait young Dalí spent a month in prison. Hitchcock’s Spellbound , 1945), and in of the Artist’s Father and Sister (a pencil Dalí’s first individual exhibition opened those of the theatre, opera and ballet. drawing done in 1925), Portrait of the at the Dalmau gallery in Barcelona in His return to Portlligat in the summer Artist’s Father (oil painting, 1925) and November 1925 and featured various of 1948 was manifested in his works by the Portrait of Joan M. Torres (oil painting, works for which his sister Anna Maria had rediscovery of the landscapes of that part 1921). On a ceiling in the Palauet served as the model. The poet García of the Cap de Creus peninsula. When he Albéniz in Barcelona, a property on Lorca, who was shortly to write his Oda a visited Pope Pius XII, he showed him the Montjuïc hill belonging to the Barcelona Salvador Dalí, was invited by Dalí to spend painting The Madonna of Portlligat. In City Council, is a fresco painted by Dalí in the Easter holidays that year in Figueres October 1949 he gave a lecture at the 1969 and entitled Hour of the Monarchy. and Cadaqués. Lorca returned there in Ateneu Barcelonès entitled “Why I was sac- Isolated works by Dalí are also to be 1927, the year in which the first perfor- rilegious and why I am a mystic”, the con- found in other museums in Catalonia: mance of his Mariana Pineda took place in tent of which was not far removed from Saint Narcissus of the Flies in the Museu Barcelona with scenery designed by Dalí, another address he gave one year later at de l’Empordà (tel. +34 972 502 305) who at the time was doing his military ser- the Teatro María Guerrero in Madrid under in Figueres; Portrait of Maria Carbona vice at Sant Ferran Castle in Figueres. the title “Picasso and I”. During these years (drawing, 1925) and Bread and grapes and This period marked the beginning of Portlligat again became the scene of gath- Neocubist Academy (oils painting, 1926) in Dalí’s career, not only as an artist but as erings of important personalities such as the Museu de Montserrat (tel. +34 creator of controversy. Along with Sebastià Dematerialization Near the Nose of Nero (TMD, 1947) Walt Disney, the Duke of Windsor, Umberto 938 777 777); Portrait of Puig Pujades Gasch and Lluís Montanyà, he signed the Table in front of the Sea (homage to Eric Satie) (TMD, c.1926) of Savoy, the former king of Italy, the multi- and Portrait of Pep Ventura (drawings, Manifest Groc (‘Yellow Manifesto’, March millionaires Arturo López and Niarchos 1925 and 1927) in the Museu de Mataró 1928), which was a severe attack against and the intellectuals Dionisio Ridruejo and (tel. +34 937 582 401) in Mataró; dedi- the prevailing Noucentista movement. The Eugeni d’Ors. On 8 August 1958, Dalí and cations and drawings done for the painter gallery owner Joan A. Maragall refused a Gala were married according to the rites of Miquel Utrillo in a room belonging to the picture of his at the Autumn Salon in the Catholic church in a ceremony per- Biblioteca Santiago Rusiñol (tel. +34 Barcelona; the articles he published in the formed in the strictest secrecy at the shrine 938 941 149) in Sitges; letters, docu- magazine L’Amic de les Arts and the lec- of Els Àngels, just a few kilometers from ments and drawings from Dalí’s first period tures he subsequently gave at Figueres, Girona. in the Museu Abelló (tel. +34 935 445 Barcelona and Sitges, gave rise to perpetu- During the 1960s, Dalí painted some 099), the private museum of the painter al controversy; he and Luís Buñuel wrote very large works such as The Battle of Joan Abelló situated at Mollet del Vallès. an insulting letter attacking Juan Ramón Tetuan –which he presented in 1962 at the Jiménez and prepared the scenarios for Un Woman-animal symbiosis (TMD, 1928) Tinell in Barcelona alongside the original chien andalou and L’Âge d’Or, which were work by Marià Fortuny–, The Apotheosis Automatic Beginning of a Portrait of Gala (TMD, 1932) to go down in history as two of the finest of the Dollar, Tuna Fishing, The Surrealist films. Hallucinogenic Bullfighter and The „ René Magritte, Paul Éluard and his wife Discovery of America by Christopher The Spectre of Sex-appeal (TMD, 1932) Gala came to stay at Cadaqués in the sum- Girl standing at the window (M.N. Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, 1925) Columbus. Another important work painted at this period is Perpignan Station, a veri- Dalí in Catalonia table revelation of his paranoid-critical There are works by Dalí in nearly all the method which relates this centre of Dalí’s great museums of contemporary art mythological universe to his obsession throughout the world. Most of those in with Millet’s The Angelus. Catalonia, however, are concentrated in the On his 75th birthday in 1979, Dalí Theatre-Museum in Figueres. Púbol castle, made a speech at his investiture as a mem- known as the Castell Gala-Dalí and ber of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Casa-Museu Salvador Dalí in Portlligat, Paris and a major exhibition of his works have also been opened to the public. The was held at the Centre Georges Pompidou. following is a brief list of the other places However in the same year his health began in Catalonia where there are works by Dalí. to decline. After failing to recover from an attack of influenza in New York, he retired Portrait of artist’s father (MAM-MNAC, 1925) to Portlligat in a state of deep depression.