F ALL 2002 NEWSLETTERNEWSLETTER

KORET TASK FORCE SUMMER BOARD CONVENES; FORMER UK OF OVERSEERS CHIEF INSPECTOR MEETING CELEBRATES OF SCHOOLS SPEAKS WITH CARILLON

s part of the Hoover Institution’s REDEDICATION CEREMONY Initiative on American Public Edu- Acation, the Koret Task Force on oover Institution overseers and K–12 Education convened for its semi- their guests were treated to an annual meeting at the Hoover Institution Hevening of celebration as the bells during September 12–13, 2002. At the Koret of the Hoover Tower carillon rang again Task Force dinner, Chr istopher Woodhead, after a two-year absence. former British chief inspector of schools, Pulitzer Prize–winning author Daniel spoke on new challenges in education in a Ye r g i n s p o ke o n t h e global economy before predinner talk. According to Woodhead, the Board of Overseers dinner on July 17, schools on the K–12 level in both the United drawing on themes from his new book, States and the United Kingdom have a lot in coauthored with Joseph A. Stanislaw, The common. Unfortunately, that is not a good Commanding Heights: The Battle between Hoover Institution Board of thing, he told guests and members of the Government and the Marketplace That Is Overseers and guests enjoy dinner Koret Task Force at the Thursday dinner. Remaking the Modern World. on the Quad and the music of the “Through the 1960s and into the 1970s, “Think about the world at hand,” said Hoover Tower carillon on July 17. we were in a state of complacent delusion Ye r g i n . “ Wi l l i t b e a n increasingly inte- around the world, or will it be a fractured that our education system in the UK was grated, well-functioning, global economy, world as new barriers go up—some that world-class,”Woodhead said.“It didn’t seem providing benefits to billions of people continued on page 10 to matter that our children weren’t learning.” As that realization dawned, some educa- AVID RADY AMED SSOCIATE IRECTOR tors and politicians in the United Kingdom D B N A D , continued on page 3 CHESTER FINN IS SENIOR FELLOW

• INSIDE • wo new appointments have been sity Graduate School of Business and a NATIONAL FELLOWS PROGRAM announced by Hoover Institution professor of political science in the School BEGINS FOURTH DECADE...... 4 Tdirector John Raisian. Senior of Humanities and Sciences at the univer- EDUCATION NEXT: HIGH SCHOOL Fellow David Brady has been appointed sity. His research focuses on the U.S. Con- GRADUATION RATES FALL; associate director for research and Chester gress, legislative decision making, and ESL PROGRAMS MORE SUCCESSFUL E. Finn Jr. has been appointed a senior general public policy processes. THAN BILINGUAL EDUCATION. . . . 5 fellow. Brady’s recent publications include, Q&A: TERRY MOE ON VOUCHERS David Brady is the Bowen H. and Janice with John Cogan, “Out of Step, Out of AS CONSTITUTIONAL AND Arthur McCoy Professor of Political Office,” American Political Science Review, INEVITABLE ...... 6 Science and Ethics in the Stanford Univer- continued on page 2 HOOVER INSTITUTION News by and about Hoover fellows and the Institution updated daily. ONLINEONLINE Visit us at www.hoover.org BRADY, FINN Rice University, Brady was Our Schools and Our Future (reprinted in honored with the George 1993); Education Reform in the ’90s, APPOINTED Brown Award for Superior coedited with Theodor Rebarber (1992); Te aching . and What Do Our 17-Year-Olds Know? Brady has been a senior (1988), written with Hoover Institution continued from page 1 fellow at the Hoover Institution distinguished visiting fellow and fellow March 2001; with John Cogan since 1997 and will continue as Koret Task Force member Diane Ravitch. and Morris Fiorina, Change a senior fellow while assuming Finn has served on the boards of several and Continuity in House Elec- his role as associate director. organizations, including the Center for tions ( Brady is a presidential Education Reform, the Foundation for Press, 2000); and, with John appointee to the National His- Te aching E conomics, the Colorado League Cogan and Doug Rivers, David Brady torical Records and Publica- of Charter Schools, the National Associa- Revolving Gridlock: Politics and Policy from tions Commission and a member of the tion of Scholars, the Center of the Ameri- Carter to Clinton (Westview Press, 1999). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. can Experiment, and the National Assess- Brady has been on continuing appoint- He received his Ph.D.from the University ment Governing Board, which he chaired ment at Stanford University since 1987. He of Iowa. for two years. was associate dean from 1997 to 2001 at Chester E. Finn Jr.’s work Finn has been a fellow at the Stanford University’s Graduate School of centers on education reform. Manhattan Institute and the Business and a fellow at the Center for He is a member of Hoover’s Hudson Institute. He was a Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences Koret Task Force on K–12 Edu- founding partner and senior from 1985 to 1986 and again in 2001–2. cation, a group commissioned scholar with the Edison Project From 1980 to 1987, Brady was the Autrey by Hoover director John from 1992 to 1994 and assistant Professor at Rice University,and from 1972 Raisian to study American secretary for research and to 1979 he was an associate professor and public education. He is also improvement and counselor to professor at the University of Houston. president of the Thomas B. the secretary of the U.S. Brady has won several awards for his Fordham Foundation for edu- Department of Education from writing and teaching. In 1995 and 2000 he cation reform. Chester E. Finn Jr. 1985 to 1988. Finn has also received the Congressional Quarterly Prize Finn is the author of Charter Schools in worked as staff assistant to the president of for the “best paper on a legislative topic.” Action: Renewing Public Education,with the United States; special assistant to the He also received the Richard F. Fenno Bruno V. Manno and Gregg Vanourek governor of Massachusetts; counsel to the Award of the American Political Science (2001), and The Educated Child: A Parent’s American ambassador to India; and Association for the “best book on legisla- Guide from Preschool through Eighth Grade, research associate in governmental studies tive studies” published in 1988–89. In 1992 cowritten with William J. Bennett and John at the Brookings Institution. he received the Dinkelspiel Award for Cribb (1999). His other works include The Finn is on leave from Vanderbuilt Uni- Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching New Promise of American Life,coedited versity, where he has been a professor of from Stanford University, and in 1993 he with Lamar Alexander (1995); Radical education and public policy since 1981. received the Phi Beta Kappa Award for best Education Reforms,coedited with Herbert teacher at Stanford University. While at J. Walberg (1994); We Must Take Charge:

Philby's BOOKS OWNED BY SOVIET SPY “KIM” PHILBY portrait on a postage ACQUIRED BY HOOVER INSTITUTION LIBRARY stamp issued by ooks from the library of British Guy Burgess, another member of the the Soviet government intelligence officer and Soviet spy same spy ring, defected to Moscow in shortly Harold Adrian Russell “Kim” Philby 1951. The books contain annotations in before its B collapse. have recently been placed in the Hoover pencil by Burgess as well as Philby’s book- Institution Library. plate. The collection includes such Photograph Philby (1912–1988) was responsible for volumes as the English translation of from the collection of passing British and U.S. state secrets to the Lenin’s writings and U.S. ambassador Anthony during World War II and the Joseph Davies’s book Mission to Moscow. Cave Brown. cold war until his defection to Moscow in 1963.

2 SCOTT W. ATLAS JOINS THE HOOVER INSTITUTION

cott W.Atlas—long recognized as a nals Radiology, Journal of Magnetic Reso- leader in both education and clini- nance Imaging and a member of the edi- Scal research in the medical field— torial boards of the American Journal of has been appointed a Hoover senior Neuroradiology, Magnetic Resonance fellow (by courtesy). Currently, he is Imaging, and International Journal of studying the impact of the changing Neuroradiology. He is an adviser to major health care marketplace on technology- industry leaders in medical technology based innovations in medicine. His latest and author of more than 100 scientific research looks at the effects of managed publications in leading journals. care on expensive technologies involved Atlas has been on several national in emerging medical applications. committees and a board member of Atlas is the editor of the leading text- many major scientific societies over the Scott W. Atlas book in the field, the best-selling Mag- past decade. He has received numerous netic Resonance Imaging of the Brain and awards and honors in recognition of his Atlas was on the faculty of the University Spine, currently in its third edition. He is leadership in the medical field. of California, San Francisco, the Univer- also editor of the journal Topics in MRI Before his appointments at Stanford sity of Pennsylvania, and Mount Sinai and has been associate editor of the jour- University and the Hoover Institution, Medical Center in New York City.

KORET TASK FORCE Parents do want choice, but that is lacking in the system, he said. ON K–12 EDUCATION Unlike the U.S. system, the office of chief inspector of schools, which he headed, dis- continued from page 1 patches teams into the schools to do a full found themselves grappling with many of evaluation of the schools’ effectiveness. He the same issues that have plagued the United recommended this as another tool to help States and arriving at similar conclusions as improve education in the United States. their American counterparts: that a national On Friday,Woodhead met with the task educational curriculum, educational bureau- force to continue their discussion of the state cracy reform, and accountability are needed. of K–12 education in the United States and As in the United States, education the United Kingdom. Christopher Woodhead, former British chief inspector of schools, speaks on reformists in the United Kingdom face huge Woodhead holds the Sir Stanley Kalms education reform in Great Britain at resistance from teachers’ unions, which have Chair in Education at the University of Buck- the Koret Task Force dinner. a stake in maintaining the status quo. And ingham and writes for the Sunday Times of Chester E. Finn Jr., Eric Hanushek, Terry parents who are concerned about their chil- London on educational and political issues in Moe, and Paul E. Peterson and Hoover dis- dren often have their ears and opinions bent Great Britain. He is the author of the new tinguished visiting fellows John E. Chubb, most easily by the teachers. volume Class War: The State of British Educa- Paul Hill, E. D.Hirsch Jr.,Caroline Hoxby, “The teachers who go to the school yard tion. Diane Ravitch, and Herbert J. Walberg. gate to talk to the mums get their message The Koret Task Force on K–12 Education The Koret Task Force forms the center- across much easier than a politician or an is an elite team of scholars specializing in piece of the Hoover Institution’s Initiative on educator in his office,”Woodhead said. education reform who have been brought American Public Education,a five-year com- Woodhead said he believes the challenge together by Hoover director John Raisian mitment to the production of research and of education for the twenty-first century is and Koret Foundation president and Hoover writing on education reform that citizens of reforming “problematized pedagogy,” the overseer Tad Taube to address the national the United States should consider as a matter corruption of fundamental education, learn- debate over public education. The task force of public policy. The primary objectives of ing techniques, and content.As in the United is a joint endeavor of the Hoover Institution this team are to gather, evaluate, and dissem- States, grade inflation is rampant. When and the Koret Foundation of San Francisco, inate the existing evidence in an analytic reforms are instituted,they have often been its primary sponsor. Task force members context and analyze reform measures that diluted to appease the teachers’ unions. include Hoover fellows Williamson M. Evers, continued on page 13

3 NATIONAL FELLOWS PROGRAM BEGINS FOURTH DECADE The National Security Affairs Fellows Program brings midcareer officers from the U.S. Army, Air Force, and Navy and an official from the U.S. Department of State he Hoover Institution’s premier fel- doctoral scholars have come to undertake each year. This fall the U.S. Marine Corps lowship program, the W. Glenn their respective studies. These junior aca- also dispatched an officer. TCampbell and Rita Ricardo-Camp- demicians research and write in such areas Earlier in his career, Ambassador John bell National Fellows Program, enters its as contemporary history, economics, edu- D. Negroponte, the current U.S.permanent fourth decade of operation this year. The cation, international relations, law, political representative to the United Nations, came program was established to expand the philosophy, and sociology. to Hoover under the auspices of this Institution’s studies on current policy and At the conclusion of thirty years,390 fel- program. contemporary historical issues in both the lowships have been awarded, with 16 Director John Raisian in 1998 renamed domestic and the international arena. percent of the recipients coming from the fellowship the W. Glenn Campbell and The National Fellows Program allows Stanford University. Rita Ricardo-Campbell National Fellows outstanding junior scholars at colleges and Distinguished alumni of the program Program to commemorate the legacy of universities within the United States to include , the current former director Campbell and Senior devote a year to unrestricted, creative national security adviser to President Fellow Ricardo-Campbell. research and writing at the Hoover Institu- George W.Bush; Gale Norton, current sec- Associate Director and Senior Fellow tion. The fellowships afford scholars a retary of the interior for President Bush; Thomas H. Henriksen, who was a National unique opportunity to advance their pro- Laura D’Andrea Tyson, chair of the Fellow, has overseen the program since fessional careers by completing an original Council of Economic Advisers to former 1984. He is assisted by Joy Taylor. Prior to and significant research project. president William J. Clinton; and David Henriksen’s tenure, Senior Fellow Dennis In fall 1971, the first group of thirteen Kennedy, recipient of the Pulitzer Prize in L. Bark served as the program’s executive National Fellows took up a year’s residency 2000 for his book Freedom from Fear: The secretary. to pursue individual research projects. American People in Depression and War, Each September since, about a dozen post- 1929–1945.

JOSEPH MCNAMARA NAMED TO CALIFORNIA COMMISSION ON POLICE CONDUCT, PARTICIPATES IN DRUG POLICY MEETING IN SACRAMENTO

esearch Hutchinson, University of Southern Cali- tiveness, and their impact on communi- Fellow fornia law professor Erwin Chemerinsky, ties and law enforcement. Other panels at RJoseph Justice Training Institute head Tom Ander- the hearing discussed methods of McNamara was son, Pasadena city attorney Maribel expanding treatment using existing named to Cali- Medina, and Santa Clara County sheriff resources and the possibility of financing fornia State Laurie Smith. treatment programs by increasing taxes Assembly On September 26, McNamara was a pan- on alcohol. Joseph McNamara Speaker Herb elist at a public hearing on alcohol and drug McNamara served as the police chief of Wess on’s Commission on Police Conduct abuse treatment policies in California. The San Jose from 1976 to 1991.Before that,he on August 12. Wesson formed the com- hearing was sponsored by the Little Hoover worked as the police chief ofKansas City, mission after an Inglewood police officer Commission and conducted in Sacramento. Missouri, and the deputy inspector in was videotaped beating a teenaged suspect Joining McNamara on the panel were charge of crime analysis for New York during an arrest in July. Martin Iguchi,director ofRAND’s Drug City. He began his 35-year law enforce- The commission, which will ultimately Policy Research Center, Rosalie Pacula, an ment career walking a patrol beat in consist of 18 members, will monitor economist with RAND’s Drug Policy Harlem. assembly subcommittee hearings on Research Center, and James P. Gray, supe- Over the past decade, McNamara has police issues. It will also recommend legis- rior court judge of Orange County, Califor- organized four conferences at the Hoover lation to assembly members. nia. Institution, attended by police chiefs and The other five members appointed with The hearing looked at the costs of command officers, focusing on U.S. drug McNamara are activist Earl Ofari current drug control policies, their effec- control policies.

4 GEORGE P. S HULTZ SPEAKS TO FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE MEMBERS

oover distinguished fellow government departments such as state and George P. Shultz discussed commerce and agencies such as the Hleading and managing the U.S. USAID, the Federal Bureau of Investiga- Department of State with members of the tion, and the Central Intelligence Agency. 45th class of the senior seminar from the Accompanying the group was Ambassador state department’s Foreign Service Insti- Katherine Peterson, director of the George. tute on September 12. P. S hu ltz National Foreign Affairs Training The institute class is based at the George Center. P. S hu ltz National Foreign Affairs Training At Hoover, Shultz is the Thomas W. and Center in Washington,D.C.The center was Susan B. Ford Distinguished Fellow. He renamed in honor of former U.S. secretary was U.S. secretary of state from 1982 to of state Shultz in May. 1989 under President , who Senior seminar members were from the is a Hoover Institution honorary fellow. George P. Shultz speaks to members of the Foreign Service Institute’s senior branches of the armed services, as well as seminar.

EDUCATION NEXT: STUDY SHOWS HIGH SCHOOL guage (ESL) programs succeed more than those who are placed in bilingual education GRADUATION RATES FALLING, ESL PROGRAMS MORE programs. Guzman’s research, presented in SUCCESSFUL THAN BILINGUAL EDUCATION an article titled “Learning English,” is groundbreaking because it separates the igh school graduation rates have guish between high school diplomas and effect of being in a bilingual education been steadily declining over the GEDs. program from the effect of living in a bilin- Hlast twenty years, a new study in “The head of each of these households is gual household, which has educational the fall issue of Education Next: A Journal of asked whether anyone aged 18 to 24 in the benefits of its own. Opinion and Research shows. household is a high school graduate or has Te aching st udent s who do not know The “degree ratio”—an estimate of the received an equivalent degree (the most English follows one of two models. ESL high school graduation rate—hit a peak of common equivalent being the GED certifi- programs immerse the children in English 77 percent in 1969 and has been slipping cate),”Chaplin writes. until they master the language, with the ever since, says Duncan Chaplin, a senior By this yardstick, the decline in gradua- risk that they will fall behind in other sub- research methodologist at the Urban Insti- tion rates is not so apparent. However, it is jects. Bilingual education programs teach tute in an article called “Tassels on the impossible to conclude from the survey English in only a couple of classes per day, Cheap.”Using data collected by the Depart- how many people are receiving a GED as letting students study other subjects in ment of Education on the number of high opposed to a high school diploma. their native language. school diplomas awarded each year, The difference between high school “The optimal choice of language acqui- Chaplin found that the degree ratio diplomas and GEDs has important impli- sition program depends on a trade-off dropped to 70 percent in 2000 despite the cations, says Chaplin. Although recipients between acquiring curricular skills on the National Education Goals Panel’s setting a may see a GED as equivalent to a high one hand and accumulating language much-heralded goal of a 90 percent gradu- school diploma, employers do not. Chaplin deficits on the other,”Guzman writes. ation rate for that year. cites a 1993 study that estimated that high Guzman finds that Hispanic students in “The falling graduation rate would have school diploma recipients earn 11 percent ESL programs obtained 0.75 years more become a national scandal by now were it more than GED recipients. education and were nearly twice as likely to not disguised by the choice of a faulty “Students and their counselors should enter a high-skill profession as those who measuring tool,”Chaplin writes. not operate under the fiction that a GED is were placed in bilingual education pro- The National Education Goals Panel equivalent to a high school degree,” grams. Interestingly, Guzman also finds chose an alternative measure to estimate Chaplin warns. that Hispanic students from bilingual the nation’s high school graduation rate Also in the fall issue of Education Next, homes obtained 0.6 years more of educa- using the Current Population Survey of Joseph M. Guzman shows that Hispanic tion and entered high-skill occupations at 50,000 households, which does not distin- students placed in English as a second lan- continued on page 9

5 Q &A

TERRY M. MOE ON VOUCHERS: CONSTITUTIONAL AND INEVITABLE

FELLOW Ter r y M. Mo e

TITLE Senior fellow at the Hoover Institution

RESEARCH School choice, public bureaucracy, and the presidency

AFFILIATIONS Member, Koret Task Force on K-12 Education, Hoover Institution Professor of political science, Stanford University

PUBLICATIONS A Primer on America’s Schools (ed.) (Hoover Institution Press, 2001); Schools, Vouchers and the American Public (Brookings Institution, 2001); Private Vouchers (Hoover Institution Press, 1995), Politics, Markets, and America’s Schools, (coauthor, with John Chubb) (Brookings Institution, 1990)

DEGREES Ph.D., political science, University of Minnesota, and bachelor of arts, economics, University of California, San Diego

Q: The Supreme Court ruled in July that bad, and where disadvantaged children are Q: Are there other benefits? vouchers are constitutional. But what systematically denied the education they A: There are and one is profound: When happens now? Are vouchers destined to need to have productive lives. This is the families choose their own schools—and transform American education? Or are great tragedy of American education, and abandon bad ones—all schools know that they doomed to a future of political defeat everyone agrees that major reforms are they need to perform if they want to attract and irrelevance? called for. students and resources. And this gives A: The Court’s decision will surely bring The unions and their allies offer the schools new and powerful incentives to vouchers greater legitimacy and attention. usual array of don’t-rock-the-boat improve. But the brute fact is that politics is a game reforms—more money, more training, It is little wonder,then,that disadvan- of power and that the basic power align- smaller classes—and insist that disadvan- taged parents are the strongest supporters ment is the same as before. taged kids stay in their bad public schools of vouchers in the nation and that the The teachers’ unions are by far the most while the reforms work their wonders. country’s first voucher programs—in Mil- powerful force in education politics. They But research suggests that such reforms waukee, Cleveland, and Florida—are are absolutely opposed to vouchers, and on will never have much impact. And even if designed to provide new choices for the this issue—which threatens their funda- they do, it will take many years for their poor. It is the plight of inner-city children, mental interests in jobs and resources— effects to be felt. Meantime, whole genera- and the utter failure of the existing system they have almost all the Democrats in their tions of kids are being lost. to serve them, that is driving the politics of hip pockets.As we look to the future, then, Q: What about immediate remedies? vouchers. we learn little by knowing that vouchers A: Something must be done now.This is an Q: What is your assessment of the opposi- are constitutional. outrage, and many families are reacting tion to vouchers at this point? Q: Is the key question,then,can vouchers against it. They want new opportunities for A: Well, opponents may find themselves in ever succeed in the face of such powerful their children—now—and vouchers give an odd spot. The teachers’ unions can only opposition? them that, empowering them to make edu- defeat vouchers by fighting against the A: The answer has its roots in the inner cational choices that better-off people poor and by getting their key allies—the city—where schools are often abysmally simply take for granted. Democrats and the civil rights groups—to

6 Q &A

do the same. So far the alliance has held. Q: Can you predict how long all of this The Democrats are scared to death of the might take and how this will evolve? teachers’unions,and they kowtow to them A: This process will take many years to on vouchers.The civil rights groups are work itself out, but it will gradually trans- led by an older generation that has long form American education. associated choice with segregation and The result will not be a full-blown discrimination—and opposed it. voucher system. It will simply be an evo- Ye t t h i s a l l i a n c e i s inherently flawed, lutionary—and better—version of what and it won’t last. The teachers’ unions are we have today: a system that retains a representing their own constituents— If they don’t switch sides in the near strong role for government but that uses teachers—by opposing vouchers. But future, they will do so eventually as the choice and competition to empower the both the civil rights groups and the older generation gives way to a younger powerless, to breathe new life into mori- Democrats have the poor as prime con- one that is much more favorable toward bund schools, and to bring quality educa- stituents, and on the voucher issue— choice. tion to everyone regardless of status or unlike any other area of public policy— The Democrats, meantime, are already class. they are refusing to represent their own seeing defections to vouchers among the people and give them what they want.This liberal intelligentsia—the Washington Post This Q and A is based on an op-ed Terry will change. and The New Republic, to name but a few. M. Moe wrote for the Christian Science Q: What about other groups such as the And once the civil rights groups begin to Monitor, which was published on July 2, civil rights organizations? move, many other Democrats will find it 2002. A: The civil rights groups already face politically sensible to move as well, despite internal dissension over vouchers, as well the unions’ clout. Eventually, the teachers’ as competitors—notably, the Black unions will be isolated in their opposi- Alliance for Educational Options— tion—powerful, but not powerful enough willing to represent their people. to stop vouchers from taking root.

MOE RECEIVES AWARD FOR RESEARCH controversial works on education to be published during the last decade and has ON SCHOOL CHOICE been a major force in the movement for school choice in America and abroad. He is also the author of Schools, Vouch- hildren First America presented tion,data,statistics,and research on school ers, and the American Public, the first Hoover senior fellow Terry M. Moe choice issues to government leaders and detailed analysis of public opinion on the Cwith its award for excellence in their staffs at the local, state, and federal voucher issue. In addition, he is editor of A research on school choice at its annual levels. Primer on America’s Schools (Hoover Press, conference, August 8–10, in Jackson Hole, Moe, a member of the Hoover Institu- 2001), which provides a critical assessment Wyoming. Moe is the first recipient of the tion’s Koret Task Force on K–12 Education of the current state of American education, award that will be named in his honor. and professor of political science at Stan- and Private Vouchers (Hoover Press, 1995), Children First America, an influential ford University, has written extensively on the first book to be published on the school choice group based in Arkansas,has educational issues. growing movement among private-sector helped establish privately funded school His book (with John E. Chubb) Politics, foundations to provide vouchers for low- choice programs throughout the nation. Markets, and America’s Schools is consid- income children. The group provides public policy informa- ered to be among the most influential and

7 H OOVER ON THE A IR

The Hoover Institution and members of Research Fellow Tibor Machan was a the Defense Policy Board, eight of whom guest on the program Odyssey on WBEZ- are Hoover fellows, were featured on the FM radio (NPR, ) on September nationally syndicated Rush Limbaugh 10 as he discussed the management of radio show on September16. The Hoover common resources around the globe. He is Institution and the Hoover fellows on the the editor of the volume The Common, Its policy board—Richard Allen, Martin Tragedy and Other Follies (Hoover Institu- Anderson, Gary S. Becker, , tion Press, 2002). Henry Rowen, George P. S hu ltz, Kiron The same day, Visiting Fellow Donald Skinner, and Pete Wilson—were the Abenheim spoke with KCBS radio (CBS, Dinesh D’Souza, the Robert and Karen subject of a column the day before in the San Francisco) about the return of Rishwain Research Fellow, was a guest on San Francisco Chronicle, which was picked weapons inspectors to Iraq. the program All Things Considered on up and discussed by Limbaugh. National Public Radio on August 19 as he Research Fellow James Noyes discussed discussed the issue of reparations to Amer- KPIX TV (CBS, San Francisco) also the situation involving Iraq on the ican blacks. D’Souza argued that he does focused on Hoover and the Defense Policy program Forum on KQED-FM radio not believe in reparations as the descen- Board in a news feature on September 16. (NPR, San Francisco) on September 20. dants of nineteenth-century slaves are Hoover director John Raisian and George much better off today. P. S hu l t z , the Thomas W.and Susan B.Ford Abraham Sofaer, the George P. Shultz Distinguished Fellow, were interviewed. Senior Fellow, was interviewed frequently Also on August 19, Research Fellow David by Bay Area news outlets about develop- Henderson was a panelist on the National George P. Shultz also was featured on the ments in U.S.-Iraq relations, including Public Radio program Talk of the Nation. Kudlow & Cramer show on CNBC on KPIX TV (CBS, San Francisco) on Sep- He joined academics, editors, and fellows August 6, discussing the situation in Iraq tember 3 and 4, KRON-TV (Indep., San from other public policy centers in dis- and the Middle East. Francisco) on September 1, and KGO TV cussing Iraq after Saddam Hussein. (ABC, San Francisco) on August 3, 5, and Associate Director and Senior Fellow 6. He also discussed the issue on August 2 Senior Fellow James Sweeney discussed Thomas H. Henriksen was interviewed by on KCBS radio (CBS, San Francisco). his book The California Electricity Crisis KTVU TV (Fox, San Francisco) on Sep- (Hoover Institution Press, 2002) on the tember 16 on Iraq’s decision that day to Senior Fellow Larry Diamond addressed program Forum with Michael Krasny on allow United Nations weapons inspectors the Iraq situation on September 3 on the KQED-FM radio (NPR, San Francisco) on into the country again. program Forum on KQED-FM radio September 16. (NPR, San Francisco).

HOOVER FELLOWS PARTICIPATE Eric Hanushek participated in the panel on education and workers. The panel, IN PRESIDENT’S ECONOMIC FORUM chaired by Labor Secretary Elaine Chao and Education Secretary Rod Paige, dis- cussed the importance of education, job oover senior fellows Michael Michael Boskin participated in the training, and job flexibility to the future Boskin, Eric Hanushek, and John panel on economic recovery and job cre- prosperity of individuals and the nation. HShoven and former Hoover ation. The panel, chaired by Treasury Sec- Mark McClellan, a member of the Pres- national fellow Mark McClellan partici- retary Paul O’Neill, discussed ways to ident’s Council of Economic Advisers, par- pated in President George W. Bush’s eco- sustain economic recovery and create new ticipated in the panel on health care secu- nomic forum at Baylor University in Waco, jobs. rity. The panel was chaired by Health and Tex as , on August 13. John Shoven participated in the panel Human Services Secretary Tommy Convened by the president, the forum on small investors and retirement security. Thompson and focused on rising health allowed Bush and members of the admin- The panel discussed ways to protect pen- care costs and new approaches to make istration to join leaders in business and sions, help Americans protect and grow high-quality health care affordable. government in discussions about current their retirement savings, and protect Social economic issues facing the nation. Security for seniors.

8 FALL ISSUE OF EDUCATION immersion,” Guzman writes. “The clear E. Peterson, editor in chief, and Chester E. indication is that any positive returns Finn Jr.; Frederick M. Hess, University of NEXT owing to bilingual instruction are out- Virginia; Marci Kanstoroom, research weighed by the associated costs of delaying director, Thomas B. Fordham Foundation; continued from page 5 transition to English.” and Martin West, . twice the rate of Hispanic students who live Guzman recommends policy steps for Members of the Hoover Institution’s in English-only homes. This result agrees designing programs for limited-English Koret Task Force make up the editorial with linguistic theory, which contends that students. “Not attending to deficiencies in board of the journal. In addition to Peter- knowing multiple languages leads to English by the critical age of five or six son and Finn, task force members include greater mental acuity. makes catching up much more costly,” he Hoover fellows Williamson M. Evers, Eric According to Guzman, his research cautions. “It is imperative that the English Hanushek, and Terry Moe and Hoover dis- shows why previous studies comparing the deficiencies of these children be fully tinguished visiting fellows John E. Chubb, types of bilingual education have been addressed sooner rather than later.” Paul Hill, E. D.Hirsch Jr.,Caroline Hoxby, inconclusive. Many students in any bilin- Guzman is a visiting assistant professor Diane Ravitch, and Herbert J. Walberg. gual education program live in a bilingual at the McDonough School of Business at The Koret Task Force is an elite team of household, so the two effects negate each Georgetown University. scholars specializing in education reform other. In his research, Guzman controlled Education Next is a scholarly journal who have been brought together by Hoover for this effect by comparing results of bilin- published by the Hoover Institution that is director John Raisian to address the gual students to those of Hispanic students committed to looking at hard facts about national debate over public education. As who speak only English. school reform. Other sponsoring institu- part of Hoover’s American Public Educa- “The best performance is found among tions are the Harvard Program on Educa- tion Initiative, members of the Koret Task students from Spanish-speaking house- tion Policy and Governance, the Thomas B. Force have been charged with analyzing the holds who make a rapid transition to Fordham Foundation, and the Manhattan current state of public education and English, either through English as a second Institute for Policy Research. The editors of finding possibilities for meaningful reform. language programs or through English Education Next include Hoover fellows Paul

Among the rare documents in the exhibi- Sun Yat-sen, NEW EXHIBIT PROFILES the father of tion are original letters from Sun Yat-sen, the revolu- CHINA IN THE original artwork produced on the Long tion, on his March, and posters from the cultural revo- way to TWENTIETH CENTURY Beijing for lution, the latter a recent acquisition of the talks on he exhibit Enter the Dragon: The archives. In addition, materials on the national unifi- cation, History of China in the Twentieth Republic of China (Taiwan) and the history stands with Century, featuring some of the many of Hong Kong will be included. his young T wife, Song unique art objects in the Hoover Archives, is The Herbert Hoover Memorial Exhibit is Qingling open through February 22, 2003, in the open Tuesday through Saturday, 11 a.m. (Soong Herbert Hoover Memorial Exhibit Pavilion. Ch'ing-ling), through 4 p.m. For additional information whose sister The exhibit is based on documents, or to schedule group tours, please contact married Jiang posters, and photographs from the Hoover the Hoover Institution Archives, 650-723- Jieshi (Chiang Kai- Institution Library and Archives and 3563. skek). includes landscapes, jewelry, porcelain, and bronze mirrors.

HOOVER INSTITUTION WEB SITES HOOVER INSTITUTION NEWSLETTER

www.hoover.org Comprehensive information about the Institution, its fellows, work, scholarly output, and The Hoover Institution Newsletter is published quarterly and distributed by outreach the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-6010, www.hooverdigest.org Quarterly Hoover Digest available online 650/723-0603, fax, 650/725-8611. ©2002 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. Send comments and requests for informa- www.educationnext.org Presents the facts about education reform, gives voice—without fear or favor—to worthy tion to Newsletter Editor Michele M. Horaney, APR, Manager of Public Affairs. research, sound ideas and responsible arguments. Staff: Public Affairs Writer: Caleb Offley, Newsletter Design: Akiko Arakawa, www.policyreview.org The preeminent publication for new and serious thinking and writing about the issues of Newsletter Production: Wm Freeman, Stanford Design Group. The Hoover our day. At this site find select articles from the current issue as well as an archive of Institution Home Page is on the World Wide Web at www.hoover.org. back issues, subscription information, and useful links to other websites. The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, www.chinaleadershipmonitor.org Seeks to inform the American foreign policy community about current trends in China's founded in 1919 by Herbert Hoover, is one of the leading centers in the world leadership politics and in its foreign and domestic policies devoted to interdisciplinary scholarship in domestic and international affairs.

9 B O ARD OF O VERSEERS

SUMMER BOARD OF OVERSEERS Earlier in the day, over- seers and their guests continued from page 1 attended talks by four Hoover fellows on foreign we can imagine and some policy, terrorism, and that we can’t imagine? I think national security issues. that the answers will be Dinesh D’Souza, the found in part in the cumula- Robert and Karen Rishwain tive judgment of experience. Research Fellow at the The market-oriented world Hoover Institution and will be judged by the quality author of the New York of its rules and the way the Times best-seller What’s So Daniel Yergin addresses rules are implemented. overseers and guests of the Great about America, dis- Hoover Institution at the Board [This] takes us back to what cussed the fundamental dif- of Overseers dinner. is central to the mission of ferences between Islam and the Hoover Institution—the Hoover Institution Board of Overseers chairman Peyton the West that have given rise to modern animosities. battle of ideas. Lake addresses Board of “We must recognize that the clash of civilizations is not us “For decades we thought Overseers members and guests versus them,” D’Souza said. “Instead, it’s liberal versus radical before dinner on July 17. the battle of ideas was over. Islam.” He suggested U.S. We thoug ht ever yone wanted to be like us and we had an exagger- policy strengthen liberal, ated confidence about security. But now I think we’ve recognized pro-Western forces. At the that the battle of ideas has entered a new phase in the world and same time, America must here at home in the United States.” assert its moral superiority Following dinner, Stanford University carillonneur Timothy through intellectual argu- Zerlang gave a concert to honor the rededication of the Hoover ments. Tower c ar i l lon. The ceremony celebrated the much-anticipated Hoover fellow Bruce completion of the carillon restoration project undertaken by the Berkowitz, a senior consult- Hoover Institution in 2000. ant in the Office of the Secre- In remarks before the concert, Hoover Institution director John tary of Defense and a scholar Raisian spoke about the rich history behind Hoover’s carillon and in residence at the Central Hoover Institution director John praised the efforts of all those involved in the restoration project. Intelligence Agency’s Raisian celebrates the “A l m o s t e v e r y t h i n g a b o u t t h e 63-year-old carillon was rededication of the Hoover Sherman Kent School for Tower carillon. improved through the restoration process,”Raisian said. Intelligence, gave perspective “The largest of the original bells bears an inscription in Latin to the failures in U.S.intelligence that contributed to the September that translates in part,‘For Peace Alone Do I Ring,’” he said.“Two 11 tragedy. of the new bells are inscribed ‘Ring for Freedom’ and ‘Ring for Joy Berkowitz said the most important intelligence failure was the and Peace.’ I hope the rededication and ringing of these treasured failure to recognize earlier attacks, specifically the bombings of the bells will encourage all of us to reflect on the importance of peace U.S. embassies and the USS Cole, as warnings. Because politicians in the post–September 11 world and give even deeper meaning to treated intelligence as a nonpartisan issue during the 1990s, “the those familiar words ‘let freedom ring.’” net result [was] a bipartisan policy of the status quo,”he said. As a solution, he urged a shakeup of the intelligence bureaucracy and a Bells of the push for increased accountability of top intelligence leaders. Hoover Tower “A g g r e s s i v e r e f o r m i s e s sential if we want to deal with the threats carillon that lie ahead,”he said. In “The Future of ‘History,’” Hoover fellow Stanley Kurtz, a con- tributing editor at Online, discussed the debate between the ideas in Francis Fukuyama’s book The End of History and the Last Man (1992) and the ideas in Samuel Huntington’s book The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (1996). Huntington argues that humans seek an identity built around hostility, an identity usually found in culture and religion. As a

10 B O ARD OF O VERSEERS result, fighting often breaks out when the United States promotes The following day, Hoover distinguished visiting fellow and democracy abroad. Fukuyama, on the other hand, argues that former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich discussed the trans- liberal democracies are the final step in human evolution, satisfy- formation in national security since September 11. ing the innate human desire for recognition and dignity.Fukuyama “We have to recognize that we are moving into a period where advocates American intervention to achieve this. the kinds of attacks on us have changed dramatically,”said Ging- As Kurtz pointed out, Huntington’s book predicted an event like rich.“We’ve never before seen the very strengths of a high civiliza- September 11 from the Islamic world. However, U.S. policy must tion become its weaknesses. That is going to require a continual reconcile the ideas in each thesis. thinking through of how we are going to survive.” “We will always be suspended between tradition and modernity, Gingrich also pointed out the need for a “grand strategy for neither of which will quite do,”Kurtz said. defeating reactionary Islam. Hoover fellow Charles Hill, diplomat in residence and lecturer “We need to understand that it is a worldwide movement, that it in international studies at Yale University, discussed “The Axis of is an ideological religious movement, and that it’s a movement that Evil.” we have to have a strategy for just as we had a strategy for defeating Hill said that North Korea, Iraq, and Iran all “violently [oppose] communism,”said Gingrich. and [wish] to replace the international system of states.” Zerlang, associate director Elena Danielson, and Exhibits Coor- Several factors weakened this system during the 1990s and dinator Cissie Hill offered overseers and their guests several tours enabled terrorists to infiltrate it, Hill explained. First, no attempt of the Hoover Tower carillon over the two days of the Board of was made to adapt it after the cold war ended. Second, globaliza- Overseers meeting. During lunch on both Wednesday and Thurs- tion enabled the rapid movement of ideas, technology, and money day, the bells of the carillon rang above the Hoover Institution across borders and weakened government control. Finally, intellec- courtyard as Zerlang performed for all to hear. tuals supported the development of supranational organizations such as the European Union.

HOOVER FELLOW KIRON SKINNER APPOINTED theory, and international TO EISENHOWER LEGACY COMMITTEE security. In addition to her Hoover he Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial The mandate of the Dwight D. Eisen- appointment, Commission has appointed Hoover hower Memorial Commission is to con- Skinner is an Tfellow Kiron Skinner to serve on the sider and formulate plans for a permanent assistant pro- Eisenhower Legacy Committee. national memorial to Dwight D. Eisen- fessor of Skinner was selected to serve on the hower, who served as supreme commander history, politi- committee because of her “important of the Allied forces in Europe in World War cal science, and research and writing on the history and II and as 34th president of the United public policy at political development of the United States States. Carnegie Kiron Skinner in the twentieth century,”said commission Commission Chairman Rocco C. Sicil- Mellon Univer- acting Executive Director Carl W.Reddel, a iano said Skinner’s “scholarship, expertise, sity, director of Carnegie Mellon’s Interna- retired brigadier general with the United and experience with American public life” tional Relations Program, and an adjunct States Air Force. would “enhance the commission’s ability to fellow of the Council on Foreign Relations The committee, chaired by Professor appropriately memorialize one of in New York City. She is also a member of Louis Galambos of John Hopkins Univer- America’s greatest public servants. the U.S. Defense Policy Board. sity, coeditor of The Papers of Dwight “I anticipate that the prestige of the Skinner is currently writing two books David Eisenhower, is charged with produc- Legacy Committee members and the on U.S.-Soviet relations near the end of the ing a report identifying Eisenhower’s mili- expert nature of their findings will serve as cold war. She is also coediting Reagan: A tary achievements, his presidential contri- a beacon for the public’s understanding of Portrait in Letters with Hoover fellows butions, and his role as a public figure epit- the purpose and value of a memorial to Annelise Anderson and Martin Anderson, omizing American values. The report is to President Eisenhower,”said Siciliano. with whom she also coedited Reagan, In be publicly released in January 2003. Kiron Skinner is the W.Glenn Campbell His Own Hand (2001). “We’re working now to finish the report Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution. well before the end of the year,” said She specializes in the study of American Skinner. foreign policy, international relations

11 H OOVER I N P RINT

This is a defining moment in international Without a doubt,we should provide leader- affairs.Authorization for action is clear.We ship to the world in the war on terrorism. have made endless efforts to bring Saddam But we should not try to go it alone. Hussein into line with the duly considered The terrible events of Sept. 11 and the judgments of a unanimous U.N. Security subsequent anthrax incident have fully Council. alerted Americans to the great danger we Let us go to the Security Council and By offering incentives to industry in the face from terrorists. As a result, we are now assert this case with the care of a country form of enlightened economic and regula- awake to that danger,and we know what determined to take decisive action. And tory policy, the federal government can actions we need to take to protect our- this powerful case for acting now must be make vaccine development more attrac- selves. We should take those actions now, made promptly to Congress.Its members tive. First, reciprocity of vaccine regulatory and not wait for the next attack. will have to stand up and be counted. Then approvals between the U.S. and the Euro- William Perry, senior fellow, San Jose let’s get on with the job. pean Union would cut development costs Mercury News, September 8 George P. Shultz, Thomas W. and significantly. Second, public sector agen- Susan B. Ford Distinguished Fellow, cies should also stop using their purchas- It may be, in fact, that Bush’s best prospect Washington Post, September 6 ing clout to obtain heavily discounted for securing the support he needs is to shift prices for vaccines. Third, extend patent to those whose support he must obtain at [Stock] options are a valuable business terms or marketing exclusivity to make least some of the responsibility for deciding instrument when they only reward unusu- vaccine development more lucrative. what should be done. A recent poll showed ally good management and punish bad Fourth, rein in the legal sharks. that Americans approve of the removal of management. And option values should be Henry I. Miller, research fellow, Wall Saddam [Hussein]. Perhaps they, like the added to accounting costs when they are Street Journal, August 19 president, do not want to regret having granted instead of when they are exercised, allowed another, perhaps even more griev- so that the stockholders could see immedi- When diplomatic historians look back on ous attack on the United States. Congress ately if management is being excessively the 1990s, they should describe it as the era may well enable, if not authorize, the presi- compensated relative to their performance. of European integration. They will do so, dent to act, thereby avoiding responsibility Gary S. Becker, Rose-Marie and Jack R. however, only if the project is completed. for allowing the threat from Saddam to Anderson Senior Fellow, BusinessWeek, As the Bush administration begins the continue to develop unchecked. August 5 process of promoting democratic regime Abraham D. Sofaer, George P. Shultz change along a new frontier in the Muslim Senior Fellow, San Jose Mercury News, There are good reasons to want to alleviate world, it must also finish the job on the August 25 poverty, especially in the wake of Septem- European frontier. ber 11. But poverty is not exclusively an Michael McFaul, the Peter and Helen I am optimistic about the American economic problem; it is a problem of polit- Bing Research Fellow, Washington Post, economy and hence the stock market. In ical economy. Until this fact is squarely September 23, 2002 the short run, market psychology tends to faced, no amount of aid will come remotely overshoot. close to solving the problems that breed the Our response to this long-term, serious It gets overly excited about good news hopelessness and despair the President national security problem should be and exciting new developments (for wants to alleviate. To be frank, much U.S. organized around two broad programs. example, the Internet) and it gets overly economic aid during the Cold War was First, we should substantially strengthen down about bad news such as accounting motivated by a desire to keep certain our homeland security programs and scandals and corporate malfeasance. My strategically situated autocrats on our side focus them on dealing with catastrophic general investment approach is to follow a during that conflict.How well or how terror attacks. Second, we should engage all steady and consistent policy of diversifica- poorly they used our money was a second- nations as a coalition against catastrophic tion, but if forced to choose a market ary concern. This is no longer the case. Our terrorism. While the United States is a timing strategy, I certainly would be a con- aims remain political, as well they should, prime target of Al-Qaida, all industrial trarian. but now those political aims can be served nations are vulnerable to such attacks, and The time to buy stocks is when everyone only by getting positive results from the aid all should cooperate in dealing with this is afraid of them—like now. The fears will effort. threat. subside and prices are likely to recover. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, senior The Bush administration has made this Investors are amply rewarded for taking fellow, with former Hoover fellow Hilton case relative to G-8 support for the Nunn- risks when most people are scared. Root, National Interest, July–September Lugar program, but generally has shown John Shoven, senior fellow, San Jose too much of a tendency to act alone. Mercury News, July 28

12 N E WSBRIEFS

Wisconsin Republican congressman James into the mainstream of American political Sensenbrenner met with Hoover fellows at life. Hoover fellow Richard Staar delivered the the Hoover Institution on August 22. inaugural address before more than 200 stu- Hoover distinguished fellow George P. Hoover senior fellow Alex Inkeles was dents and faculty members at the new Center Shultz, Hoover senior fellows Martin awarded an honorary degree by the Universi- for Eastern Studies at the University of Anderson, David Brady, John Ferejohn, dade Candido Mendes in Brazil as part of the Warsaw, on July 1. Morris Fiorina, and Kenneth Judd and university’s 100th anniversary celebration. A two-page interview with Staar appeared Larry Horton, director of the Office of Gov- Inkeles was recognized for his work as a soci- in the Polish-language edition of Newsweek. ernment and Community Relations at Stan- ologist and his past services to the university. His article “Decision-Making in Russia” was ford University, joined Congressman Inkeles was one of the first of a substantial published in the summer issue of Mediter- Sensenbrenner and his son, Robert, for a dis- cohort of American and European scholars ranean Quarterly. cussion that covered a broad range of topics invited to Brazil to discuss government including congressional elections, immigra- reform and public policy issues at public lec- Prince Naef Ahmed Al Saud of Saudi Arabia tion issues, and foreign policy, particularly tures sponsored by the university. He was visited the Hoover Archives on July 16 and Iraq and the war on terrorism. also instrumental in helping the university was shown an array of archival materials, establish a social research program on condi- photographs, posters, and books relating to More than 20 members of the Youth Think tions in Brazil, serving as the program’s sci- Saudi Arabia. Tank f rom the Amer ican Muslim Alliance entific adviser for more than a decade. Among the documents displayed were chapter in Newark, California, met with rep- Located in Rio de Janeiro, the Universi- letters written from Mecca in the 1930s by H. resentatives of the Hoover Institution on dade Candido Mendes is one of the largest St. J.B.Philby,adviser to King Ibn Saud and August 28 to learn about the structure and private universities in Brazil. father of the notorious British spy, and operation of a public policy research center. school manuals—including those of the mil- The high school students met with Asso- Hoover research fellow David R. Hender- itary academy where Prince Naef studied— ciate Director Thomas Henriksen, who dis- son, associate professor of economics at the from the collection of Harry Roscoe Snyder, cussed the history of the Institution and its Naval Postgraduate School, has become an educational consultant to the Saudi Arabian fellows, programs, and initiatives. adviser to LifeSharers,a nonprofit network of government. This summer the students also met with organ and tissue donors. Of special interest to the prince were pho- representatives of government and policy LifeSharers was launched this year to help tographs of King Faisal (then prince) visiting institutions in the Bay Area. The American alleviate the shortage of human organs and the Hoover Institution in 1945, as well as Muslim Alliance is an organization dedicated tissue needed for transplant operations. photographs of the king’s funeral thirty years to civic education and integrating Muslims later.

KORET TASK FORCE Primer on America’s Schools. Choice with Equity (Hoover Institution Press, 2002), ON K–12 EDUCATION edited by Paul T.Hill,examines vouchers and other school choice systems, and School continued from page 3 Accountability (Hoover Institution Press, will enhance the quality and productivity of 2002), edited by Williamson M. Evers and K–12 education. Herbert J. Walberg, analyzes standards- “The task force embodies a new voice of based testing and other accountability mea- reason in the critical debate for public school sures. reform,” said Taube, announcing the 2002 Members of the Hoover Institution’s Koret Prize in April. “Its members are to be Koret Task Force also make up the editorial commended for their thoughtful scholar- board of the Hoover Institution’s education ship, innovative approaches, and accessible journal,Education Next: A Journal of Opinion Hoover director John Raisian writings on an emotionally and politically and Research. Education Next is a scholarly charged subject.” journal published by the Hoover Institution Education Next include Hoover fellows Paul The task force’s first joint work, A Primer that is committed to looking at hard facts E. Peterson, editor in chief, and Chester E. on America’s Schools, was published by the about school reform. Other sponsoring insti- Finn Jr.; Frederick M.Hess,University of Vir- Hoover Institution Press in 2001. It provides tutions are the Harvard Program on Educa- ginia; Marci Kanstoroom, Thomas B. a historical framework for the discussion of tion Policy and Governance, the Thomas B. Fordham Foundation; and Martin West, public education reform. Two recent books Fordham Foundation, and the Manhattan Harvard University. have expanded on key topics addressed in A Institute for Policy Research. The editors of

13 R ECENT R ELEASES

The California Electricity Crisis Liberty and Research and Development: By James L. Sweeney Science Funding in a Free Society Edited by Tibor R. Machan

Amid the continuing power crisis on the West Coast and contro- “Should government be funding much of the science in a free versy regarding the responsibility of the many parties involved, society?” asks Hoover fellow Tibor R. Machan in Liberty and James L. Sweeney’s timely new book, The California Electricity Crisis Research and Development: Science Funding in a Free Society (Hoover Institution Press, 2002), offers solutions to the state’s (Hoover Institution Press, 2002). energy dilemma. Editor Machan brings together a diverse group of contribu- Deregulation, which afforded an opportunity for California to tors with backgrounds in science and medical academia to restructure its electricity system, making it more flexible and address the issues surrounding government involvement in responsive to changing economic conditions, ended up—through funding current scientific research as regards social priorities. flawed implementation and failed political leadership—in the elec- Since World War II, it has become generally accepted that tricity crisis and the financial crisis of 2001. These dual crises con- most advanced scientific research will be funded by the federal tinue to trouble the state. government. But despite the usefulness of some of these expen- “Since mid-year 2000, California’s electricity problems have been ditures, there remains the question of whether the funds were a central concern in the state,”writes Sweeney. necessarily deployed in the best way. “Californians have faced blackouts, seen the state budgetary “We know how the money has been spent by the govern- surplus decimated, and listened to state officials point fingers at ment, but we don’t know how it might have been spent had it myriad organizations and individuals for causing the crisis.” remained in private hands,”writes Machan. Could these crises have been avoided or, at least, anticipated? Did The contributors to this volume explore the implications of state and federal officials react appropriately? What realistic policies government funding of scientific research and offer alternatives can help solve the blight California may now face? to the heavy reliance on government support that research and The California Electricity Crisis answers these questions and development (R&D) currently enjoys. Not every author reaches offers some policy recommendations for improving California’s the same conclusions, but each squarely confronts the problems electricity markets in the future. arising from the idea that government funding of R&D is and “A s a r e s u l t o f t h e f u n d a m e nt a l policy mistakes made by the ought to be the norm. state’s governor and other political leaders, the saga continues,” Tibor R. Machan is a research fellow at the Hoover Institu- writes Sweeney, “with California facing an electricity blight as it tion and a professor at the Argyros School of Business and Eco- struggles to recover from its self-imposed wounds.” nomics at Chapman University. His writings have appeared in James L. Sweeney, a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and the Humanist, the National Review, Barron’s, the American the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), is a Scholar, and numerous daily newspapers throughout the professor of management science and engineering at Stanford Uni- country. versity.

14 R ECENT R ELEASES

A Chronicle of the Civil War in Siberia and The Big Show in Bololand Liberty and Equality Exile in China: The Diaries of Petr Vasil’evich By Bertrand Patenaude Edited by Tibor R. Machan Vologodskii, 1918–1925 Edited by Semion Lyandres and Dietmar Wulff Hoover research fellow Bertrand Patenaude’s “The Declaration of Independence new book, The Big Show in Bololand (Stan- asserts that ‘all men are created equal,’” A Chronicle of the Civil War in Siberia and Exile ford University Press, 2002), explores one of writes Hoover fellow Tibor R. Machan in China: The Diaries of Petr Vasil’evich Vologod- the most interesting events in American– in Liberty and Equality (Hoover Press, skii, 1918–1925, edited by Semion Lyandres and Russian relations in the early twentieth 2002).“Ever since, critics of the idea of Dietmar Wulff (Hoover Institution Press, 2002), century. the free society have argued that this is is an insider’s account of the politics, policies, The Big Show in Bololand tells the story of nonsense because, in fact, we are quite and main personages of Siberia during the 300 Americans who traveled to Bolshevik evidently not all created equal.” Russian Civil War. Russia during that country’s massive 1921 Liberty and Equality takes an Petr Vasil’evich Vologodskii was a prominent famine. The book is based on the American unflinching look at the difficult, often Siberian lawyer and chairman of the Council of participants’ letters, memoirs, and diaries, emotional issues that arise when egali- Ministers in the Omsk government during the which are stored in the Hoover Archives. tarianism collides with individual lib- Civil War in Siberia. From May 1918, when he The book begins with a general chronol- erties. Personal autonomy, the contrib- began his diary, until two months before his ogy of the relief mission and then recounts utors show, is sharply at odds with the death in October 1925, Vologodskii maintained workers’ personal stories. It details the strug- “coercive egalitarianism” championed an unbroken record of his tenure in power and gles of feeding the starving people (an esti- by many today. Through well- his years as a refugee in China. His diaries were mated 5.1 million of whom died during the researched arguments, they offer their acquired by the Hoover Institution from the Vol- famine). It also investigates the conflict insightful views on the most important ogodskii family in 1933. between the American capitalist relief aspects of this often controversial Based on the seven notebooks of the Vologod- workers and the Bolshevik commissars, as issue. They examine the history of skii diaries, A Chronicle of the Civil War in Siberia well as the cultural clash between the young, equality versus autonomy from ancient and Exile in China presents the most complete adventurous American relief workers and times through the present day,showing record available of the Civil War in Siberia and of the starving Russians,who ranged from poor how it has become central to modern the formative years of Russia’s Far Eastern Dias- peasants to disgraced former aristocrats. political and social debate, and explain pora. The book offers unique glimpses into the The book is the first to explore the famine why we all have a general right to life of the Russian communities in Shanghai, in such depth. It also chronicles the social liberty—but not a fundamental right Tientsin, Peking, and Harbin in the early 1920s, and political aftermath of the Russian Revo- to equality. as well as rare insights into Chinese domestic lution and explores the beginning of the epic Machan and his contributors clearly politics and military conflicts of the early 1920s. U.S.-Russian rivalry. illustrate why the kind of egalitarian- A Chronicle of the Civil War in Siberia and Patenaude is an expert in Russian and ism preached by socialists is ultimately Exile in China features detailed footnotes and modern European history.He has edited The not an option in a free society. biographical notes on individuals and events in Russian Revolution and Stalin and Stalinism Tibor R. Machan is a research fellow the diaries. An English-language introduction to and Soviet Scholarship under Gorbachev, at the Hoover Institution and a profes- the Russian diaries provides additional insight among other books,and has worked on three sor at the Argyros School of Business into Vologodskii and the Provisional Govern- documentary films that aired on national tel- and Economics at Chapman Univer- ment in Siberia. evision. sity.

15 UNDERSECRETARY OF COMMERCE MEETS WITH HOOVER FELLOWS ndersecretary of Commerce application is blurring more than ever Kenneth Juster met with Hoover before,”said Juster.“We have to start think- Ufellows to discuss cooperative ing about security in ways that we really efforts between government and industry haven’t.” to aid national security at the Hoover Juster was nominated by President Bush Institution on Tuesday, September 17, to be undersecretary of commerce in 2002. 2001. The undersecretary is the head of Undersecretary of Commerce Kenneth “In today’s world U.S. industry and U.S. the Bureau of Industry and Security. Juster discusses national security issues with Hoover fellows. security are inextricably linked together,” Among its many duties, the Bureau of Juster said. “Government and security Industry and Security regulates the export adviser to Deputy Secretary of State have never been more dependent on the of sensitive goods and technologies, works Lawrence S. Eagleburger from 1989 to private sector than today. with industry to draft the national strate- 1992. He was one of the key U.S. govern- In his remarks, Juster focused on trade gies for cyber security and homeland ment officials involved in establishing and and export controls and cyberspace secu- security, and leads the federal govern- managing U.S. assistance programs to rity issues. He stressed the need to build a ment’s outreach efforts to industry on crit- Central and Eastern Europe and the partnership between government and ical infrastructure protection and cyber former Soviet Union. Upon completion of industry “to ensure our security and our security. his tenure at the department, Juster prosperity.” Juster served as the counselor (acting) received the Secretary of State’s Distin- “In today’s dynamic environment the of the U.S. Department of State from 1992 guished Service Award and Medal, the line between military and commercial to 1993 and as the deputy and senior state department’s highest honor.

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