Rick and Morty

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Rick and Morty “Just say what’s in your squanch and people understand”: Analysis of an invented language and language variation in Rick and Morty Master’s thesis Katarina Kinnunen University of Jyväskylä Department of Language and Communication Studies English APRIL 2019 JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department Humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellinen tiedekunta Kieli- ja viestintätieteiden laitos Tekijä – Author Katarina Kinnunen Työn nimi – Title “Just say what’s in your squanch and people understand” - Analysis of an invented language and language variation in Rick and Morty Oppiaine – Subject Työn laji – Level Englanti Pro gradu -tutkielma Aika – Month and year Sivumäärä – Number of pages 04/2019 106 + liitteet Tiivistelmä – Abstract Tämän tutkielman pääasiallisena tarkoituksena on tarkastella animoidussa tieteisfiktiokomediassa, Rick and Morty (2013–), esiintyvää kielivaihtelua, sekä tutkia vaihtelun ilmenemistä ja vaikutusta sekä katsojan että ohjelman sisäisestä näkökulmasta. Kielivaihtelua tarkastellaan myös sen ymmärrettävyyden ja tulkinnan näkökulmista, selvittäen mitä käännös- ja tulkintastrategioita sarja tarjoaa katsojalle automaattisesti, mutta myös mitä strategioita katsoja joutuu väistämättä käyttämään itse ymmärtääkseen sitä osaa kielivaihtelusta, jota ei käännetä. Kielivaihtelu sarjassa nousee esiin luonnollisten kielten käytön seurauksena, mutta pääasiassa se ilmenee sarjassa esitetyn kehitetyn kielen johdosta. Tutkielman toisena päätarkoituksena onkin määrittää kyseessä oleva kehitetty kieli sen rakenteen, roolin ja käytön puolesta. Tutkimuksen kohteena olivat sarjan kolme ensimmäistä tuotantokautta, ja niiden yhteenlasketut 31 erillistä jaksoa. Analyysimenetelmät koostuivat pääasiassa laadullisesta sisällönanalyysista, jonka avulla data jaettiin useisiin lohkoihin eri teemojen mukaan, kuten ’luonnollisten kielten rooli koodinvaihtotilanteissa’ tai ’kehitetyn kielen visuaalinen tulkinta’, jonka jälkeen kerättyä dataa voitiin luokitella ja arvioida sekä laadullisesti, että määrällisesti. Sisällönanalyysin tueksi menetelmiä johdettiin tutkimuskirjallisuudesta, erityisesti eri luokitteluiden muodossa. Eri tutkijat ovat luoneet lukuisia luokitteluasteikoita kehitetyille kielille esimerkiksi niiden rakenteen ja tehtävien määrittelyyn. Monikielisyyden ja kielivaihtelun taustakirjallisuudesta nousi erinäisiä luokitteluja koodinvaihtelun motivaatioista, monikielisyyden rooleista fiktiossa, sekä kielivalinnoista, tukemaan kielivaihtelun analyysia luonnollisten kielten välillä, sekä avustamaan fiktiivisen kielen käytön analyysia. Tutkimus onnistui tavoitteissaan määritellä Rick and Morty -sarjassa esiintyvä kehitetty kieli, sekä koota kokonaiskuva sarjan kielivaihtelusta, sen ymmärrettävyydestä sekä tulkittavuudesta. Käännöksen puuttumista korvaavia erillisiä tulkintastrategioita havaittiin kolme. Vaikka fiktiivisten kielten suosio on nousussa, niiden tutkiminen on jäänyt hyvin vähäiseksi useasta syystä: kehitetyille kielille ei ole juurikaan omia tutkimusmenetelmiä, vaan tähän tarkoitukseen sovelletaan yleisiä kielitieteen metodeja. Tämä käytäntö puolestaan on aiheuttanut paheksuntaa tutkijapiireissä menetelmien sopimattomuuden vuoksi; ihmiskielten tutkimiseen suunnattuja menetelmiä ei voisi soveltaa muiden lajien käyttämiin kieliin. Menetelmien vähyydestä johtuu myös kehitettyjen kielten tutkimuksen yksipuolisuus — tutkimusten kohteena ovat pääasiassa kielet, jotka ovat kehitetty vastaamaan luonnollisten kielten mittavuutta esimerkiksi kieliopin ja sanaston puolesta. Itse tutkimuksen lisäksi argumentoin tässä maisterintutkielmassa tämän alan tutkimusmenetelmien muokkauksen ja soveltamisen puolesta, ja myös sen, että menetelmien kehittämisessä olisi tulevaisuudessa harkittava myös (kieli)tieteen ulkopuolisten toimijoiden panosta. Asiasanat – Keywords invented language, science fiction, language variation, interpretation, comprehension Säilytyspaikka – Depository Muita tietoja – Additional information Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 4 2 RESEARCH LITERATURE ....................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Reaching for realism: multiple languages in use .................................................6 2.1.1 Code alternation ........................................................................10 2.1.2 Multilingual communication and language choice ...................15 2.1.3 Linguicism .................................................................................16 2.2 Science fiction and its languages .......................................................................19 2.2.1 Invented languages in science fiction ........................................20 2.2.2 Further defining invented languages .........................................24 2.2.3 Understanding (sci-fi) languages ...............................................27 2.2.4 Absence of translation ...............................................................33 2.3 Research restraints in studying invented languages ...........................................35 3 PRESENT STUDY .................................................................................................................... 38 3.1 Research questions .............................................................................................38 3.2 The data ..............................................................................................................40 3.2.1 Language variation in Rick and Morty ......................................41 3.3 Methods of analysis ............................................................................................42 3.3.1 First half: Language variation ...................................................43 3.3.2 Second half: Interpretation of language variation .....................47 4 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................ 48 4.1 Language variation .............................................................................................48 4.1.1 Alien ..........................................................................................48 4.1.2 Natural languages ......................................................................71 4.2 Understanding language variation ......................................................................80 4.2.1 Interpreting: Alien .....................................................................80 4.2.2 Interpreting: Natural languages .................................................91 4.3 Summary ............................................................................................................95 5 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................ 96 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 101 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................ 107 List of tables Table 1 Cheyne's levels of meaning conveyed by invented language (compiled from Cheyne 2008: 392–294). ............................................................................................................................ 44 Table 2 Examples of spoken, transcribable Alien ........................................................................ 50 Table 3 Occurrences of spoken, indecipherable Alien ................................................................. 52 Table 4 Grammatical features of English in spoken Alien ........................................................... 57 Table 5 Examples of realism by Alien .......................................................................................... 63 Table 6 Examples of humour by transcribable Alien ................................................................... 64 Table 7 Examples of structural and contextual code-mixing in Rick and Morty dialogue .......... 68 Table 8 Natural languages in Rick and Morty .............................................................................. 71 Table 10 Alien words for value-establishing concepts and units of measurement ....................... 86 Table 11 Alien words explained in dialogue ................................................................................ 87 Table 12 Mixed interpretation ...................................................................................................... 89 Table 13 Instances of other natural languages in Rick and Morty ............................................... 92 Appendices Appendix 1 Alien words ............................................................................................................. 107 Appendix 2 Variations of Rick's catchphrases ........................................................................... 109 Appendix 3 Examples of squanch as a morpheme ..................................................................... 110 4 1 INTRODUCTION Language in fictional works has gained the important role of not only providing the reader or the viewer with the intended story, but introducing them to the created world of the body of work as well. Language possesses a role, both external to the narrative and internal within the story, of conveying the new world to the viewer; it is the vehicle that transports
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