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This is the correct method of installing any . Use a torque , following correct torque value and the proper criss-cross tightening pattern to avoid stressing or distorting the wheel or hub/rotor. INSTALLING ALLOY

Let’s face it: Wheel installation is or suspension system jobs. handling and proper installation of rarely viewed as a topic deserving of In reality, the wheels, and their alloy wheels, which deserve even much attention. Most shops tend to means of attachment to the vehicle, greater attention due to their higher zip them off, mount and balance, are the most important components cost and because of the potential for and bang them back onto the vehi- on any vehicle. After all, if the cosmetic damage. cle. Basically, wheels are considered wheels fall off, it’s never a pretty by many techs as components that picture. WHEEL FASTENERS are essentially “in the way”when In this article, we’ll discuss the Instead of referring to these all- performing other services such as basics of wheel fasteners and the critical pieces (the only thing that

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clamps the wheel to the hub) gener- ically as “lug nuts,”get into the habit of calling them “wheel fasteners,” since that’s an apt description of their task. Also, although Toyota vehicles use a threaded stud (affixed to the hub) and a nut system to secure the wheels, some vehicles feature female threaded holes in their hubs and require the use of wheel bolts. This is just one reason to use the term wheel fasteners to broadly refer to any wheel-to-hub clamping system. Fastener sizing cards are handy to determine bolt or stud diameter CHECK FASTENER SIZE (both inch and metric), as well as bolt or stud shank lengths and nut AND STYLE diameters. Granted, when you remove an original Toyota wheel and replace match the seat style required by the UNDERSTANDING the wheel using the same Toyota wheels at hand. Never mismatch by THREAD SIZE nuts, you won’t have a nut-matching using a mag/shank type fastener on Fastener sizing involves selecting problem. However, if you’re dealing a wheel intended for a conical seat, the correct diameter, thread pitch with a customer’s vehicle that fea- etc. Only the correct, matching type and length for proper thread tures aftermarket wheels, or have seat will provide the required wheel engagement. Following is a basic been requested to change the clamping. In the case of blind overview. wheels from OEM to aftermarket, (capped/enclosed) wheel nuts, never assume that you already have make absolutely sure that the nut DIAMETER the correct style of wheel nut. Check does not bottom-out against the This refers to the diameter of the to make sure that the thread size is stud tip (this can occur if the nut is threaded section of the fastener correct (shank diameter and thread too short for the application) This (outer diameter of a bolt shank or pitch), and make absolutely sure situation will prevent full clamping stud; or inner diameter of a nut’s that the fastener’s seat style matches force, resulting in wheel wobble and threaded hole). that of the wheels. Using an incor- almost-certain failure of the thread- Threaded fastener size is referred rect seat style will prevent secure ed studs. to with a series of three numbers, clamping of the wheel to the hub, Wheel fastener threads must be which indicate thread diameter, and will certainly result in loosen- clean and in good condition. Do not thread pitch and shank length, in ing during operation. Packing/ship- lubricate threads unless specifically that order. For example, a 1/2 x 20 x ping mistakes are always possible, instructed to do so by Toyota tech- 4 indicates a bolt or stud that fea- so never blindly assume that what nical information specific to the tures a 1/2-inch diameter shank, a you have is correct. vehicle being serviced. Torque val- thread pitch of 20 (20 threads per Wheel fastener seat styles include ues are commonly specified based inch) and a shank length of four 60-degree taper/conical seats, on the use of dry threads. The use inches. If the fastener is metric, the radius (also called spherical or ball) of lubricants will result in over- numbers refer to the same dimen- seats or mag-style straight shank clamping and possibly stretching sional areas, but are indicated using with flat washers. the stud beyond its design yield metric dimensions. For example, a Make sure that the new fasteners point. 14 x 1.5 x 45 refers to a 14mm

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length of the shank. For example, a 1/2-inch x 20 wheel stud is 1/2-inch in diameter, and has a thread count of 20 threads per inch of shank length. When using a metric format, the first number indicates the thread shank diameter in millimeters (12mm, 14mm, etc.). However, met- ric thread pitch numbers indicate the distance between threads. For example, a thread pitch of 1.25 indi- cates that the distance between two adjacent threads is 1.25mm. If the thread pitch is 1.50, the distance between threads is 1.5mm. The last number of a stud or bolt size indi- cates length.A size of 14mm x 1.5 x 35, for example, indicates a stud or bolt that is 14mm in diameter, a thread pitch of 1.5mm and a shank length of 35mm. In inch format,the higher the pitch number, the “finer” the threads (more threads per inch of Thread pitch gauges (available in both inch and metric formats) pro- shank length). Using a 1/2-inch vide an easy and accurate method of determining the wheel stud thread pitch, eliminating any guesswork. diameter fastener as an example, a thread pitch of 13 is “coarse,”while thread diameter, a thread pitch of 12mm in diameter, the nut or stud a thread pitch of 20 is considered 1.5mm and a thread length of is a 12mm size, not a 19mm (refer- “fine.” Using a 1/4-inch diameter 45mm. ring to the size of socket required). fastener as an example, a thread A common mistake some folks When sizing any fastener, ignore the pitch of 20 is considered coarse, make is to incorrectly identify nut service end (hex head). It’s only the while a 28 pitch is considered fine. or bolt sizes, confusing hex head diameter of the thread area that Basically, in inch format, each fas- size with thread size. The size of the indicates the fastener’s size. tener thread diameter size offers fastener (thread area diameter) two choices — coarse or fine.With refers to the diameter of the thread- THREAD PITCH regard to wheel fasteners, the ed area (threaded hole in a nut or All Toyota vehicles feature metric threads are always “fine.”As com- threaded shank on a stud or bolt). wheel fasteners. However, simply to pared to coarse threads, this pro- The wrench size required to service provide a better understanding of vides increased bolt strength and the fastener does not indicate fas- threaded fasteners, we’ll offer an potential clamping load. If a wheel tener size. The width of the hex overview of both “inch” and metric fastener is 7/16-inch diameter, the head (let’s say a nut requires a 3/4- formats. thread pitch will be 20. If 1/2-inch inch or 19mm socket) has no bear- When using inch format, the diameter, thread pitch will be 20. If ing whatsoever on fastener size. For thread pitch number indicates the 9/16-inch diameter, thread pitch example, if the threaded area is number of threads along a one-inch will be 18. In metric format, the

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higher the number, the more hard plastic and are available to bolt wheel that provides a bolt circle “coarse” the thread pitch. For exam- cover both inch and metric sizes) of 114.3mm (4.5 inches). ple, a 1.0 pitch is “very fine,”a 1.25 and two thread pitch gauges (one If you want to manually measure a pitch is “medium fine,”a 1.5 pitch is inch and one metric). That’s all you bolt circle,here are some easy methods: “medium”and a 1.75 pitch is need to quickly and accurately read “coarse.” Metric wheel fasteners will any wheel bolt or nut without any 1.With a four-bolt or six-bolt pat- commonly either feature a 1.25 or guesswork. tern, measure from the center of 1.5 thread pitch, regardless of one stud (at the hub) or wheel hole, thread diameter. BOLT CIRCLE to the center of an opposing stud or The term “bolt circle”or “bolt pat- wheel hole. LENGTH tern” refers to the diameter of the 2.With a five-bolt pattern, orient The amount of thread engagement circle formed by the wheel or hub the hub or wheel to place one fas- between the stud and nut (or wheel fastener mounting locations. Toyota tener location at 12-o’clock. bolt to hub) is critical.At the mini- models use bolt circles of 100mm Measure from the center of the 12- mum, thread engagement length (3.93 inches), 114.3mm (4.5 inches) o’clock location to a horizontal line must be equal to or greater than the and 139.7mm (5.5 inches). A desig- drawn across the bottom of the two diameter of the fastener. In other nation of 4x100 indicates a wheel bottom studs or wheel holes. words, if the stud is 12mm in diam- with four bolt holes, with the holes eter, the nut must engage onto the positioned to create a 100mm circle Bolt circle information is usually stud by at least 12mm. If not, either (when measured through the cen- provided on the wheel (look at the a longer stud or longer nut must be terline of all holes).A wheel desig- rear of the wheel, the information used (if a longer nut is needed, the nation of 5x114.3 indicates a five- should be stamped or cast on the nut must protrude further through the wheel hole to meet the stud). Use of longer nuts is possible when the nut features an extended shank that offers greater thread length. This will vary depending on nut style. If this isn’t feasible, a longer stud must be used. When using wheel bolts or capped (enclosed) nuts, care must be taken to avoid bottoming the bolt or nut. For example, if the stud offers one inch of exposed length for nut engagement, but the threaded hole in the nut is only 3/4-inch deep, the nut will bottom-out on the stud and will not the wheel against the hub. In order to accurately identify the A plastic sizing disc provides multiple holes, each labeled for bolt cir- thread diameter, pitch and length of cle reference. Simply align the disc onto the wheel (or onto the hub any wheel fastener, you can handle studs) until all of the hub or wheel holes align on the disc, and read the numbers on the disc to identify the bolt circle. For illustrative purpos- this by obtaining a total of three es, we’ve marked the holes that align to the wheel shown here. Note readily available : a combina- the numbers that we’ve highlighted in black (at upper left of disc), not- tion bolt/nut sizing card (these are ing that this wheel features a 100mm bolt circle.

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wheel’s center section, likely on the tightened.It is absolutely rear of a wheel spoke). vital that the seat style of Checking a hub or wheel bolt pat- the fastener matches the tern can also be performed with the seat style of the wheel’s aid of specialty tools.A bolt circle fastener hole entry. The reference “disc” (these are available use of incorrect seat in all bolt circle sizes) offers multi- styles, even though ple hole patterns, with each hole thread pitch and thread labeled. Simply drop the disc onto a diameter may be correct, hub (or place on the rear mounting can easily result in wheel surface of the wheel) until all holes damage during tighten- This handy caliper-style can be used to align. Note which holes align (per ing, and fastener loosen- quickly determine bolt circle. Insert both pins the hole labels).Another method ing during vehicle oper- into adjacent holes and read the gauge. involves the use of a specialty slid- ation. If the fasteners ing caliper type tool. Insert the two loosen, the wheel will “wobble”as it “acorn” nut. However, others will tapered pins of the tool into two moves in relation to the hub. interpret the term “acorn”as a adjacent wheel holes and note the Eventually, this movement, or play, radiused or ball-style fastener seat. reading on the tool’s gauge. will ruin the wheel’s fasteners holes, Always make sure that you clearly resulting in either breaking the understand the terminology for seat WHEEL NUT SEAT STYLES wheel or complete loss of the styles. The contact area between the fas- /wheel assembly. The majority of Toyota wheels tener and the wheel is referred to as Do not confuse the style or shape require the use of conical (also the “seat.”This is the surface area of the fastener head with the shape called tapered) seat-style nuts. where the fastener actually contacts of the fastener’s seat. If a wheel nut However, citing the 1999-2001 the wheel and where clamping pres- features a radiused head (rounded Avalon, Camry,Solara and Sienna sure is applied when the fastener is head), some folks may call this an models as examples, two different accessory wheels were offered. Style

Wheel 1 (wheel part number PT351- 00990) features a conical seat, while Style 2 (wheel part number PT351- Wheel nut (flat point-type) 00991) features a flat-seat (“mag”) style nut. Each wheel requires the Wheel Clearance use of a specific style nut. hub Attempting to use a conical-style nut on a wheel that features flat seats (or using a flat-seat nut on a wheel that features conical seats)

Axle hub will result in both wheel damage

Wheel nut (taper point-type) and certain loosening. AN EXPLANATION OF WHEEL NUT SEAT STYLES The most commonly employed Two types of wheel nuts are used with Toyota wheels. Some alloy seat styles include conical, radius wheels use shank type (mag) wheel nuts that feature flat mounting bosses. wheels use tapered (conical) wheel nuts. The two and flat (“mag”). These terms refer styles are not interchangeable. to the shape of the seat (where the

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Shown here are two conical/tapered nuts (two at left); and two ball/radius fasteners at the right. Note that the two conical nuts feature different engagement lengths. The nut at the far left terminates at the bottom of the tapered seat while the nut to its right features a slight extension below the conical seat area. The extended nut (second from left) may be required for a thicker alloy wheel, in order to achieve proper thread engagement to the stud. Pay strict attention to both seat style and proper thread engagement! fastener contacts the entry of the the nut (or base of the head on a over the hub’s threaded stud). The fastener hole in the wheel. wheel bolt) is rounded into a ball shank length varies depending on shape. It’s like a ball that is cut in wheel thickness and stud length. CONICAL half, with only the radius remain- When using a capped nut (where Conical seats are also called ing. The male ball seat fastener con- the female threaded hole does not “tapered” or “cone” seats.All three tacts the wheel’s female radiused pass all the way through the nut), terms refer to a seat that features an ball relief. it’s important to pay attention to angled seat wall, where the dimen- thread engagement length. sion of the taper is largest at the top, MAG (FLAT SEAT) under the head, and tapers to a The term “mag”refers to a fasten- FASTENER TORQUE smaller diameter where the angle er that features a flat contact at the When tightening any wheel fas- meets the rear face of the nut (or wheel (usually including a thick flat teners, we need to consider the adjacent to the threaded shank on a washer). The generic term “mag”is degree of tightening in order to wheel bolt). The most common a holdover from the early days of achieve proper clamping load. In angle of taper is 60 degrees. The custom wheels, when addition, we need to consider the male taper nestles into a tapered was sometimes used to make light- tightening sequence, or pattern, to relief pocket at the fastener hole weight racing wheels. The mag style assure that clamping loads are even- entrance. nut also features a smooth outer- ly distributed across the hub contact walled shank that serves to help area. RADIUS center the wheel (the shank drops Threaded fasteners, by design, are Radius seats are also called “ball” through the wheel hole, serving as a intended to stretch slightly when seats, with good reason. The rear of guide pin to center the wheel’s hole fully tightened to specification. This

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mated hub/rotor, leading to vibra- tion complaints.Additional wheel cosmetic damage can result if sock- et-to-fastener recess is minimal, or if a thick-walled socket is used that minimizes clearance, the outer wall of the socket can abrade against the wheel’s nut recess. If the socket is dirty, abrasive damage to both the fastener and wheel are possible. In addition, excessive tightening can cause the nut or bolt seat to pound into the aluminum wheel’s seat pocket, Any busy shop should have their torque periodically re- displacing the aluminum (goug- calibrated in order to maintain accuracy and consistency. ing/deforming the alloy). This can lead to eventual fastener loosening, creates a preload, which is what “tuner” nuts are used, the narrow since the seat base integrity has serves to clamp the wheel securely splines can be burred. Probably the been deformed or reduced. to the hub. If undertightened, the biggest area of concern is inaccurate Excessive tightening can also stress nut (or bolt) can gradually loosen, and/or excessive clamping loads, the wheel stud, permanently and we all know the consequences which can distort the wheel and its stretching the threaded shank of that. If overtightened, the stud or bolt can exceed its “elastic”range, and can permanently stretch (fatigue), which destroys its ability to provide clamping load. If this happens, the stud or bolt can either loosen on its own or can break dur- ing operation. Especially when deal- ing with today’s lightweight alloy wheels and sometimes light (and thin) rotor mounting faces, severe wheel vibrations under braking can occur if wheels are improperly or unevenly tightened.

REASONS TO NOT USE AN IMPACT GUN ON ALLOY WHEELS An impact gun (especially when installing wheels) can wreak havoc on alloy wheels. Fastener damage can occur as a result of a socket While the use of a is preferred for tightening an alloy wheel, if an impact gun must be used, be sure to employ torque banging against a nut’s chrome plat- sticks, which feature a pre-set torsional limiting range to prevent ing. If aftermarket spline-drive over-tightening.

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beyond its elastic point, weakening the stud considerably.When this happens, the stud may eventually break or allow the nut to loosen.

WHEEL FASTENER TORQUE VALUES Always refer to the Toyota tighten- ing specifications for proper wheel fastener torque values. Listed here is a broad generalization of torque values, based on fastener size, for example only. If the customer brings in aftermarket wheels, pay attention to the hubcentric fit of the wheel’s center hole to the hub’s center flange Vehicle Torque lip. Since the vast majority of Toyota vehicles use a hubcentric fit, RAV4 76 ft-lbs (103N-m) make sure that the wheel closely centers itself at the hub. Some MR2 76 ft-lbs (103N-m) aftermarket wheels may be made to fit a variety of vehicles, in which Avalon 76 ft-lbs (103N-m) case the wheel’s center hole may be larger than is required for prop- Camry 76 ft-lbs (103N-m) er fit. In these cases, hubcentric adapter rings will be needed. Here a Solara 76 ft-lbs (103N-m) hubcentric ring is installed onto an aftermarket wheel. The inside Celica 76 ft-lbs (103N-m) diameter of this ring will match the required size for the customer’s Echo 76 ft-lbs (103N-m) Toyota vehicle. Scion tC 76 ft-lbs (103N-m) Prius 76 ft-lbs (103N-m) end. Using this tool on the air gun are tightened, the wheel is centered Sienna 76 ft-lbs (103N-m) allows you to pneumatically tighten onto the hub, guided by the wheel Highlander 76 ft-lbs (103N-m) the wheel fastener to within a theo- studs and the seating of the wheel Scion xB 76 ft-lbs (103N-m) retically acceptable range. Each nuts. This requires precise location Scion xA 76 ft-lbs (103N-m) Corolla 76 ft-lbs (103N-m) “stick” is color coded and labeled in of both wheel bolt holes and the fas- Matrix 76 ft-lbs (103N-m) terms of its hex size and its torque tener locations on the hub. 4Runner 83 ft-lbs (110 N-m) range.When the stick is subjected A hub-centric wheel is centered Tacoma 83 ft-lbs (110 N-m) to its pre-set torque range, the cen- onto the hub via the fit of the wheel Tundra 83 ft-lbs (110 N-m) Sequioa 83 ft-lbs (110 N-m) ter section of the tool begins to center hole at the hub face. The hub Land Cruiser 97 ft-lbs (131 N-m) twist (similar to a torsion bar face will feature a center lip that spring), theoretically preventing engages into a recess on the wheel’s tightening the fastener beyond that hub face. Hub-centric designs more TORQUE WRENCHES pre-set range. If you can’t convince precisely locate the wheel onto the PREFERRED your shop to take the time to use a hub, to minimize the chance for While the use of a calibrated torque wrench, at the very least be installed-radial-runout.All later- torque wrench is always preferred sure to use a torque stick. model Toyota wheels and hubs are for wheel fastener tightening, an designed for hub-centric fitments. option (if your shop decides that it CHECK WHEEL However, some earlier Toyotas (1989 simply must use an air gun) CENTERING and older) may feature lug-centric involves the use of “torque sticks,” Wheels are designed to center onto designs, wherein the wheel is cen- which are available individually or the vehicle hubs by one of two meth- tered onto the hub as the wheel nuts in sets. ods: lug-centricity or hub-centricity. are tightened. Each tool is essentially a short tor- A lug-centric wheel relies on cen- It’s important to recognize which sion bar with a 1/2-inch drive at one tering via the fastener locations type of centering you have. If the end and a hex socket at the other only.As the lug nuts (or wheel bolts) hub design calls for a hub-centric

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mounting, take a close look at both the wheel’s hub face and the vehi- cle’s hub face itself. In the case of Toyota wheels, the wheel centering hole is precisely machined to fit the hub center flange lip. If an aftermarket alloy wheel is to be used, a hub-centric ring adapter may be required in order to attain a proper fit, since the aftermarket wheel may feature a larger center hole (which makes the wheel adapt- able to various hub center fitments). When adapter rings have been used on the vehicle in the past, it is possible that an old adapter ring has stuck to the hub. If this ring is not the correct size for the wheel being installed, the wheel may not be able to seat flush against the hub. Always follow the proper torque sequence and torque values when This is sometimes easy to miss, so installing the wheels. The objective when tightening is to evenly spread the clamping loads across the bolt circle pattern, to avoid always check the hub face flange isolated and excessive loading. Failure to follow the correct tight- diameter and the diameter of the ening sequence can lead to distortion of the wheel and hub/rotor. wheel’s hub face to make sure they match before installing the wheels. centered on the hub. If the wheel Caution, if wheel spacers are used, The wheel must fit flush against requires rings and none are used, make sure they don’t effect the the hub, and the wheel must be you’ll have an off-center installation. wheel track and/or the number of threads on the wheel studs. If old rings are stuck to the hub, but the new wheels don’t need them, or if you try to double-up old rings that are stuck to the hub and new rings on the wheels, the wheels won’t mate flush to the hub, which will cause severe axial runout.Always check closely. NOTE: If the aftermarket wheels that the customer has chosen include hubcentric ring adapters (these may be either aluminum or plastic), be sure to use them.Even if you feel that the fasteners will center the wheel, the rings provide a closer-tolerance fit to A corrosive (electrolysis) reaction can occur between an alloy wheel the hub center and will allow you to and a steel hub, resulting in future wheel removal difficulty. To avoid this, first clean the hub and wheel, and apply a thin coating of a better center the wheel during fasten- high-temperature anti-seize paste onto the hub surface. er tightening.

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TIGHTENING SEQUENCE should be visible somewhere on the Always install ANY wheel by tight- wheel surface ( or rear of the ening the fasteners in a criss-cross center section). Use of an alloy pattern in order to provide even wheel that is not designed to sup- clamping loads. Uneven tightening port the weight of the vehicle at can easily result in a distorted hub hand is to be avoided, since the risk or wheel, leading to vibration com- of wheel failure is possible. plaints and brake pedal-bounce complaints. TIPS: • Two styles of center caps (if used) includes the type that pops If the customer has aftermarket AFTERMARKET WHEELS wheels, check to verify that the If the customer has requested a into place from the outside of the wheel load rating is proper for change to aftermarket wheels center, and the type that is inserted the weight of the vehicle. Never and/or oversized that he or she from behind the wheel hub face. If install a wheel that is under- has provided, it’s important to verify the caps are to be inserted from the rated for the vehicle at hand. wheel and tire clearance. rear, make sure that the cap flange • After installing a set of custom After mounting one tire/wheel, test matches the wheel’s center hole wheels onto the customer’s vehicle, fit the assembly onto the vehicle. chamfer and is below the wheel’s place one-wheel’s set of original With the vehicle on the lift, check for mounting surface. If the cap pro- Toyota nuts in a Ziploc bag and clearance between fender, suspen- trudes beyond the mounting sur- store this in the vehicle (in the orig- sion and brake components with the face, this will create an obstruction inal Toyota vehicle tool kit, next to tire/wheel in a straight ahead posi- that won’t allow flush seating of the the or ,etc.). If the tion and during full turns (lock-to- wheel to the hub. This will result in customer ever needs to install the lock) in each direction. This is espe- false torque value readings and can original Toyota spare wheel/tire in cially important when an upgrade cause an axial runout condition. an emergency, he or she will have has been performed where tire sec- • To avoid that may the correct fasteners, since the fas- tion width and/or wheel offset and cause an alloy wheel to “stick”to a teners that are used with the after- backspace has changed (as com- steel or hub, apply a very thin market wheels may differ in length pared to original Toyota specifica- coating of an anti-seize paste to the or style from the OE.Also, the vehi- tions). Next, lower the vehicle in hub face where the wheel makes cle-equipped Toyota lug wrench order to compress the suspension, contact. Don’t apply too much, as might not fit the new fasteners, as and repeat the clearance inspection any excess can sling out as a result the aftermarket nut hex size may (have a helper bounce the vehicle as of centrifugal force and can con- differ from those used by Toyota. well, to further inspect for clearance taminate the wheel face or brake • This brings up a point well worth issues). It’s better to discover an surfaces. A thin coating of this com- mentioning. If the aftermarket fas- interference problem at this point as pound will make it easy to remove tener hex size differs from the compared to after all four the wheels in the future, preventing Toyota nut size (let’s say for example wheels/tires have been mounted, bal- electrolysis (corrosive reaction that the Toyota nuts require a 19mm anced and installed. between aluminum and steel). Don’t wrench, but the aftermarket fasten- NOTE: If the wheels have been apply lubricant to fastener threads, ers might require an 18mm or supplied by the customer, be sure to since fastener torque specification 11/16-inch wrench), be sure to check the wheel’s rated load range. values are based on the use of clean, advise the customer of the need to This is especially important if the dry threads. By lubricating the carry an appropriate-sized socket customer has selected a passenger threads with a slippery substance, and to allow the after- wheel for a truck or SUV appli- inaccurate (usually too high) torque market wheel to be removed during cation. The wheel’s load range values may be obtained. a roadside tire change. #

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