Twentieth Century Heritage Survey, Stage Two 1928-1945 Volume One Report to Department for Environment and Heritage Peter Bell, Carol Cosgrove, Susan Marsden & Justin McCarthy Historical Research Pty Ltd Adelaide 2008 Twentieth Century Heritage Survey, Stage Two 1928-1945 Volume One Report to Department for Environment and Heritage May Perry mining for opal at Andamooka,1939 (Brasse & Sanders 1984) Peter Bell, Carol Cosgrove, Susan Marsden & Justin McCarthy Historical Research Pty Ltd Adelaide 2008 Twentieth Century Heritage Survey, Stage Two: Contents Volume One Introduction 1 Project 1 Objectives 1 Scope of Study 1 Survey Methodology 2 Introductory Note 2 Note on Sources 7 Recommendations 9 Acknowledgments 10 Overview History 13 Summary of Recommendations 65 Heritage Assessment Reports 69 Places Already Entered in the South Australian Heritage Register 69 Volume Two Heritage Assessment Reports 1 Places Recommended for Entry in the South Australian Heritage Register 3 Places of Interest for which no Recommendations are Made 245 Bibliography 277 Maps of Recommended Places 301 Index of Place Reports 309 Appendix: Project Brief 313 Twentieth Century Heritage Survey, Stage Two: Abbreviations AAC Australian Aviation College ACO Advanced Chain Overseas (radar) ADB Australian Dictionary of Biography AESCo Adelaide Electricity Supply Company AMP Australian Mutual Provident (Insurance) ANA Australian National Airlines ANR Australian National Railways AWAS Australian Women's Army Service AWLA Australian Women's Land Army AWU Australian Workers' Union BAGS Bombing and Gunnery School BHP Broken Hill Proprietary CAB Civil Aviation Branch CFS Country Fire Service cgi corrugated galvanised iron CH Chain Home (radar) CL Crown Lease CML Colonial Mutual Life (Insurance) COL Chain Overseas Low Flying (radar) CR Crown Reserve CRA Commonwealth Railways of Australia CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific Industrial and Research Organisation CT Certificate of Title CWA Country Womens Association DC District Council DCA Department of Civil Aviation DSTO Defence Science Technology Organisation DTEI Department of Transport, Energy and Infrastructure DP Deposited Plan EATS Empire Air Training Scheme EFTS Elementary Flying Training School ETSA Electricity Trust of South Australia E&WS Engineering and Water Supply Department FP Filed Plan GM-H General Motors-Holden ha hectare HMAS Her (or His) Majesty's Australian Ship IAFD Inland Aircraft Fuel Depot ICI Imperial Chemical Industries kl kilolitre km kilometre LCL Liberal Country League Lot Allotment LTO Lands Titles Office LWAW Light Weight Air Warning (radar) NAA National Archives of Australia PIRSA Primary Industries and Resources South Australia POW Prisoner of War RAAF Royal Australian Air Force RAF Royal Air Force RAIA Royal Australian Institute of Architects RDF Radio Direction Finding RMC River Murray Commission SAHR South Australian Heritage Register SAHT South Australian Housing Trust SAPP South Australian Parliamentary Papers SAR South Australian Railways SBSA Savings Bank of South Australia Sec Section SLSA State Library of South Australia T & G Temperance and General (Insurance) UAM United Aborigines' Mission UAP United Australia Party VDC Volunteer Defence Corps WAAAF Women's Australian Auxiliary Air Force Twentieth Century Heritage Survey, Stage Two (1928-1945) Introduction Project The Twentieth Century Heritage Survey, Stage Two 1928-1945 was undertaken by Peter Bell, Carol Cosgrove, Susan Marsden and Justin McCarthy in 2006-2008 for the South Australian Department for Environment and Heritage. The project brief is appended to this report. This is the second in a series of heritage surveys of South Australia in the twentieth century. the Twentieth Century Heritage Survey Stage 1: Post Second World War 1946- 1959 Overview History was undertaken by Carol Cosgrove and Susan Marsden in 2003- 2004 for the South Australian Department for Environment and Heritage. That project did not include field work or nomination reports. Objectives The primary objectives of the Twentieth Century Heritage Survey, Stage Two were to assess Non-Aboriginal cultural heritage resources throughout South Australia in the period from 1928 to 1945, and to recommend places for entry in the South Australian Heritage Register, or if appropriate as State Heritage Areas. (The study does not cover places of Indigenous heritage value.) The project also included a re-assessment of those places from the period 1928-1945 which had already been entered in the South Australian Heritage Register before the Heritage Act 1993 came into force in January 1994. This was necessary because those places had never been assessed under the criteria in that Act, which continue in the Heritage Places Act today. The reader may be puzzled to find some important heritage places from the period 1928-1945 missing from this report; that probably means they are already in the Register, and were entered since 1994. In summary, this report on the Twentieth Century Heritage Survey, Stage Two: (a) makes recommendations about places from the period already entered in the South Australian Heritage Register before 1994; (b) makes recommendations for the entry of further places from the period in the South Australian Heritage Register; (c) makes recommendations for the declaration of State Heritage Areas. The report is arranged in two volumes: volume one contains the overview history and reports on the 62 places already in the Register; volume two contains reports on the 31 new places recommended, and the bibliography. Scope of Study The survey covered the entire land area of South Australia in the period 1928-1945. Field work extended from Mount Gambier in the south to Andamooka in the north, and from Murtho near Renmark in the east to Hughes on the Nullarbor Plain in the west. Peter Bell, Carol Cosgrove, Susan Marsden & Justin McCarthy 2008, volume 1 1 Twentieth Century Heritage Survey, Stage Two (1928-1945) Survey Methodology The methodology adopted for the Twentieth Century Heritage Survey, Stage Two followed broadly that recommended by Susan Marsden in Historical Guidelines (1980) and adopted by the Heritage Branch and its predecessors for nearly 30 years since - with evolving modifications - as the basis for heritage surveys. This consisted essentially of the following stages: (1) carrying out historical research on the period, (2) identifying historical themes and likely places for investigation, (3) obtaining local information and advice, (4) undertaking field work to visit and record all known likely significant places, (5) assessing the significance of the places recorded, (6) formulating recommendations and (7) compiling a report setting out all this information. Advertisement for Ford motor cars, a month before the New York Stock Exchange crash (Adelaide News 6 September 1929) Introductory Note This heritage survey covers South Australia between 1928 and 1945, a period dominated by the events of the Great Depression and the Second World War. Writing the history of those events is relatively straightforward, but a heritage survey must also identify the physical legacy which they have left us. In some ways, the era might seem an inauspicious one for a heritage survey. How do you represent the Great Depression in heritage registers? By definition, in a time of prolonged economic misery there should have been very little money available for building. We would expect a depression to leave few architectural monuments. One characteristic built form created by depressions is the camps of homeless people. Most people have forgotten that in the grim days of the Great Depression, unemployed workers formed spontaneous camps in the heart of Adelaide, the most famous at Pinky 2 Peter Bell, Carol Cosgrove, Susan Marsden & Justin McCarthy 2008, volume 1 Twentieth Century Heritage Survey, Stage Two (1928-1945) Flat by the River Torrens, which was described by a journalist: Adelaide's village of forgotten men - the abode of river dwellers. From Morphett Street bridge it sprawls along the south bank of the Torrens and the weir, then transfers to the opposite bank and peters out about a quarter of a mile downstream. Its occupants - more than 60 unemployed single men who are waiting for the time when an improvement in the labour market will allow them to return to their respective avenues of work ... (The Mail, 14 January 1933) Not all the occupants of these camps saw themselves as defeated victims. They planted vegetable and flower gardens, and some had carpentry and craft workshops in their huts to earn some income. One tent which housed an unemployed commercial artist was jauntily painted to resemble brickwork, complete with painted door and window. It had paved surrounds and a tiny fenced front garden. Tent of a homeless worker by the River Torrens (Advertiser 2 September 1933) The temporary camps were of flimsy materials, typically canvas, hessian and corrugated iron, and after they were abandoned, civic embarrassment ensured that all trace of them was expunged. There were also more organised encampments for the unemployed such as those in the Kuitpo and Mount Crawford forests, but all were of ephemeral construction, and seventy years later they have left little trace. Yet these camps were only one aspect of the built legacy of the Depression. The evidence surviving from the 1930s is complex and contradictory. Some of the most impressive monuments of the era were built by successive State governments: engineering