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The Impact of Secondary School Enrolment Schemes on School Desirability, Academic Achievement and Transport

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The Impact of Secondary School Enrolment Schemes on School Desirability, Academic Achievement and Transport The impact of secondary school enrolment schemes on school desirability, academic achievement and transport A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Masters of Geographic Information Science (MGIS) By Andrew Devonport Department of Geography, University of Canterbury January 2017 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 4 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... 6 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 7 List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... 8 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 9 1.1 Christchurch Context .................................................................................................................. 10 1.2 Rationale for thesis ..................................................................................................................... 10 1.3 Aims and Objectives .................................................................................................................... 11 2. Literature Review .............................................................................................................................. 12 2.1 School Enrolment Schemes and Zoning ...................................................................................... 12 2.2 Parental Choice ........................................................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Socio-Economic Status (SES) ................................................................................................ 16 2.2.2 Ethnicity ............................................................................................................................... 18 2.2.3 Academic Achievement ....................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Transport and enrolment ............................................................................................................ 20 2.4 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 21 3. Method ............................................................................................................................................. 23 3.1 Data Sources ............................................................................................................................... 23 3.2 Data Processing ........................................................................................................................... 28 3.3 Linear Regression Analysis .......................................................................................................... 30 3.4 Travel Distance Analysis .............................................................................................................. 33 3.4.1 Data description and data exclusions .................................................................................. 33 3.4.2 Closest Facility Analysis ........................................................................................................ 34 3.5 Zone Generation ........................................................................................................................ 36 3.6 Carbon Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 37 3.7 Optimal School Location analysis ................................................................................................ 38 4. Results ............................................................................................................................................... 39 4.1 School characteristic regression ................................................................................................. 39 4.1.1 Out-of-zone percentage regression ..................................................................................... 39 4.1.2 Decile Rating Regression ...................................................................................................... 41 4.1.3 Market Share regression ...................................................................................................... 42 2 4.2 Neighbourhood effect regression ............................................................................................... 43 4.3 Transport Analysis Results .......................................................................................................... 44 4.3.1 Moved Gendered permutation set transport results .......................................................... 44 4.3.2 Unmoved Gendered permutation set transport results ...................................................... 48 4.3.3 Moved Ungendered permutation set transportation results .............................................. 50 4.4 Carbon Emission Estimates ......................................................................................................... 52 4.5 Optimal school locations ............................................................................................................. 53 4.6 Zone Generation ........................................................................................................................ 54 5. Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 57 5.1 School Characteristics and Parental Choice ................................................................................ 57 5.2 Neighbourhood Effects and Schooling ........................................................................................ 63 5.3 Environmental and social benefits of allocating students to schools ......................................... 64 5.4 Zone Generation ......................................................................................................................... 66 5.5 Limitations ................................................................................................................................... 68 6. Conclusion and Implications of Research ......................................................................................... 70 7. Appendix 1 - Out of zone regression with Decile Rating as a factor ................................................. 74 8. Appendix 2 - Decile Rating linear regression .................................................................................... 75 9. Appendix 3 - Moved Gendered Permutation sets ............................................................................ 78 10. Appendix 4 - Moved Ungendered Permutation sets ...................................................................... 82 11. Appendix 5 - Unmoved Gendered Permutation sets ...................................................................... 86 12. Appendix 6 - Unmoved Ungendered Permutation sets .................................................................. 90 13. References ...................................................................................................................................... 94 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank and acknowledge all the people who have helped and supported me through the thesis process. First, I would like to thank my supervisors, Professor Simon Kingham and Dr. Paul Beere, for your guidance and assistance throughout the process. Simon thank you for your ideas and interest on the topic, as well as explaining the hour glass structure at every second meeting. Paul thank you for your invaluable technical support when undertaking the analysis, and your detailed invaluable comments during the drafting stage. Second, I would like to thank the Ministry of Education for enabling this thesis to take place with the March 2015 roll return data, as well as my friends and colleagues there for putting up with my endless questions on enrolment schemes and education. Finally, I would like to thank my family, who now know more on the subject of enrolment schemes and parental choice than they'd probably like to; especially to my Aunts, Dr. Bernadette Devonport and Dr. Therese Boustead for the insights into the grammar and logical flow of my final draft. 4 Abstract Parental choice in selecting schools is usually subjective and research has previously relied on the accuracy of parental surveys and opinion to identify factors that make a school desirable. This thesis used a quantitative approach to investigate the potential relationship between a secondary school's desirability and some factors that may influence parental choice. Parental choice can also have transport implications, where students travel further to school if their closest school was bypassed. Because of the potential transport implications this thesis also sought to quantify the environmental impact
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