FLSGP-H-90-001 C3
~ l f~l3 I ~ -"-«'~ANTING AND MAINTAINING SELECTED COMMON COASTAL PLANTS IN FLORIDA
PRINCIPAL EDITORS: ~HAEC R.BARNETT & DAVlD W. CREWZ
. OREAD, LOANCOPY Qhl'~Y
AN INTRODUCTION TO PLA1A'ING AND MAINTAINING SELECTED COMMON COASTAL PLANTS IN FLORIDA
PRODUCED BY
THE FLORIDA SEA GRANT SALT-TOLERANT VEGETATION ADVISORY PANEL
PRINCIPAL EDITORS:
MICHAEL R. BARNETI' FLORIDA SEA GRANT EXTENSION PROGRAM
DAVID W. CREWZ FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH INSTITUTE FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
FLORIDA SEA GRANT REPORT NO. 97
ISBN: 0-912747-05-6 PREFACE
In 1983,the FloridaSea Grant Extension Program organized salt-tolerant vegetation expertsfrom industry, government, and the extension program into a workingpanel. Since then,the members of theSalt-Tolerant Vegetation Advisory Panel have worked diligently to improvecommunications between the various agencies and industries involved in efforts to restorecoastal habitats in Florida. Thispublication represents the fulfillmentof oneof the advisorypanel's major goals to producean introductoryguide to habitatdesign, planting,and maintenance of selected marsh, mangrove, and dune plant species. Thispublication consists of foursections. The first section provides a briefsummary of coastalhabitats in Florida. The secondsection contains the planting and maintenance guidelines.Illustrations and color plates are provided in thethird section to aidin species identificationand differentiation. A glossaryof termsis providedin an appendixalong with information on other coastalplant speciesnot detailed in this report. Substantialvariation exists in the stylein whichthe commonnames of manycoastal plantspecies are presented in publications.To maintainconsistency throughout this publication,the common names used follow the rules set forth in theCouncil of Biological Edd ~dl M d P i - d Pppd d Althoughthe informationin thispublication should be veryhelpful to readerswho havehad limited experiencewith salt-tolerantvegetation, simply following the guidelines presentedhere will notguarantee a successful planting. In fact,some guidelines may need to be modifiedto meet differencesin plant communitystructure or the desiredplant application.The inexperiencedplanter should always contact an accreditedconsultant beforeplanning or beginninga plantingof salt-tolerantvegetation. A list of commercialestablishments that stockcoastal plant speciesis includedat the endof thispublication. However, this list is nota completecompilation of all thesources of thesespecies, and a periodicupdate of thislist will be preparedby the FloridaSea GrantProgram. Inquiries or commentsabout the list maybe addressed to the Florida Sea GrantProgram, Building 803, University of Florida,Gainesville, FL 32611.The inclusion of a commercialsource on this list doesnot constitutean endorsementof the firm by the FloridaSea Grant Programor the FloridaCooperative Extension Service.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thispublication was prepared by MichaelR. Barnett FloridaSea Grant!, Steve Beeman Ecoshores, Inc.!, SydneyT. Bacchus Applied Environmental Services!, Otto M. Bundy HorticulturalSystems, Inc.!, Allen G. Burdett,Jr. Florida Departmentof EnvironmentalRegulation!, David W. Crewz Florida Marine Research Institute, Florida Departmentof NaturalResources!, Christopher P. Jones Applied Technology & Manage- ment,Inc.!, Roy R. LewisIII LewisEnvironmental Services, Inc.!, John M. Stevely Florida SeaGrant!, and Richard W. Workman Coastplan,Inc.!. Membersof the Florida SeaGrant Salt-TolerantVegetation Advisory Panel include thosepersons named above, as well as A. GailBoorman A. GailBoorman & Associates!, JosephL. Gilio WetlandsManagement, Inc.!, William E. Hoffman Associated Marine Institutes!,and Dan Stankey U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service!. Past members include Robert Glennon U.S.D.A.Soil ConservationService! and Larry Rabinowitz private consultant!.This publication could not havebeen produced without the invaluableadvice, critical reviews,and commentsprovided by thesededicated professionals. Final editingof this publicationwas performed by MichaelR. Barnett,Sydney T. Bacchus,David W. Crewz,Jay Humphreys Florida SeaGrant!, and John M. Stevely. Outsidereview was provided by Dr. DavidW. Hall Herbarium,University of Florida!,Dr. MargaretO. Hall FloridaMarine Research Institute!, Dr. RobinB. Huck Divisionof Recreationand Parks, Florida Department of NaturalResources!, and Paden E. Woodruff III Divisionof Beachesand Shores, Florida Department of NaturalResources!. Marilyn L. Little Florida SeaGrant! assistedwith final text preparation. Plantillustrations were prepared by MelanicB. Trexler Oxford,Mississippi! with the technicalassistance of David W. Crewz. David Crewz designedand drafted the habitat profilesas well. Colorphotographs were provided by MichaelR. Barnett,Steve Beeman, Otto M. Bundy,David W. Crewz,Kerry Dressier,Walter S. Judd BotanyDepartment, Universityof Florida!,Roy R. LewisIII, andWilliam J. Weber private consultant!. Thispublication was developed under the auspicesof the FloridaSea Grant College Programwith support from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of SeaGrant, U.S. Department of Commerce,under Grant Number NA86AA-D-SG068.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
PREFACE ... ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS n
FIGURES v
SECTION L STNOPSES OF COASTAL PLANT CO MllNttlM OF PLOlllOA
BEACH AND DUNE COMMUNITIES 1 MARINE WETLANDS COMMUNITIES ...... 4
SEC%ON H. PI~TING AND MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES GUIDELINE CATEGORY DESCRIPTIONS
GUIDELINES Avicennia germinans - Black Mangrove P ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ 17 Borrichiafrutescens - SeaOx-eye Daisy ...... 19 Distichlis spicata - Saltgrass ...... 21 Helianthus debilis - Dune Sunflower; Beach Sunflower .. 23 Ipomoea imperati - Beach Morning-glory . 25 Ipomoeapes-caprae - Railroad-vine .... 27 Iva frutescens- Marsh-elder ~...... ~ 29 Iva imbricata - Beach-elder; Dune-elder . .. 31 Juncus roemerianus- Needle Rush; Black Rush .. 33 Lagunculariaracemosa - White Mangrove .. 35 Panicum amarum - Bitter Panicum; Beach Panicgrass . 37 Paspalumvaginatum - Salt Jointgrass;Seashore Paspalum ...... 39 Rhizophora mangle - Red Mangrove ...... 41 Spartinaalterniflora - SmoothCordgrass...... 43 Spartinapatens - Marsh-hay;Saltmeadow Cordgrass ...... 45 Sporobolusviry'nicus - SeashoreDropseed ...... 47 Uniola paniculata - Sea-oats ~ ...... 49
111
Page
RELEVANT LITERATURE .. 51
SECTION IK PLANT ILLUSTRATIONS AND COLOR PLATES ILLUSTRATIONS ...... 59
COLOR PLATES ...... 90 PHOTO CREDITS 100
SECHON IV. APPENDIX ADDITIONAL COASTAL PLANT SPECIES ...... 101
GLOSSARY 105 COMMERCIAL SOURCES OF SALT-TOLERANT VEGETATION IN FLORIDA ...... Insert!
Figure Number Page
1. Sand dune profile ...... 2. Salt marsh profile ...... 5 3. Fringe mangrove profile .. 7 4. Low-temperature zones in Florida ...... 10 5. Rhizophora mangle branch tip 59 6. Avicennia germinans branch tip 60 7. Lagunculariaracemosa branch tip 61 8. Conocarpuserecta branch tip not discussedin guidelines! . 62 9. Mangroveleaf comparisons...... 63 10. Ipomoea pes-capraebranch tip 64 11. Ipomoea imperati branch tip 65 12. Trailing-vine leaf comparison includesBay-bean! 66 13. Helianthus debilis subspeciesvestitus branch tip.... 67 14. Helianthus debilis subspeciesstem comparison 68 15. Borrichia frutescensbranch tip ...... 69 16. Borrichia frutescensrhizome pattern...... 70 17. Iva frutescensbranch tip 71 18. Iva imbricata branch tip 72 19. Iva speciesflower-head comparison...... 73
20. Juncus roemerianus ...... 74 21. Distichlis spicata ...... 75 22. Distichlis spicata inflorescence 76 23. Paspalum vaginatum 77 24. Sporobolusvirginicus . 78 25. Spartina alternifiora .. 79 26. Spartina patens 80
Figure Number Page
27. Panicum amancm 81 28. Uniola paniculata rhizome .. 82 29. Uniola paniculata inflorescence ... ~..... ~...... 83 30. Spikelet comparison Paspalum,Distichlis, Sporobolus! .. 84 31. Spikelet comparison Spartinaspecies!...... 85 32. Spikelet comparison Panicum, Uniola! .. 86 33. Distichlis spicata ligule detail...... 87 34. Paspalum vaginatum ligule detail...... 88 35. Sporobolusviqjnicus ligule detail...... 89
SECTION I.
SYNOPSES OF COASTAL FIANT Ill MllNONN OF NOIOOA
BEACH AND DUNE CO
The beach/dunecommunity is a hostileenvironment to all but the hardiestspecies of plantsand animals. High summertemperatures, drought conditions, low nutrient levels, unstable sands, saltwater intrusion, and occasional inundation severely limit the kinds of plants and animals that can live here. In fact, many specieshave developedspecial attributesto help them survivein this harshenvironment. For instance,dune plants have high growthrates, dense root systems,low profiles,and profuseflower and seedproduction to compensatefor restrictionsimposed by severegrowth conditions. The beach/dune environmentvaries geographicallyand temporally and can be characterizedas low, moderate,or high energy,depending upon the relative magnitudeof wave and wind forces acting on the shoreline. The high-energyAtlantic coast of north Florida hasextensive dunes seeprofile in Figure 1!. Dunesalong the lower Atlantic coast, which is also high energy,lack the breadth of the northern dunes. Florida's Gulf coast excludingthe Panhandleregion! is lower energy,and duneshave rarely formed,except for the central region from Anclote Key to Marco Island where sand depositscan be found fronting the barrier islands. The PanhandleGulf coastis moderatelyhigh energy,and the sandsare well sorted,resulting in nutrient- and organic-poor"sugar sands." Becauseof the forces generatedby breaking waves, beachesdo not support vegetation.Immediately landward of thebeach above the highest tides, pioneer dune areas are colonizedby low herbs e.g.,sea-rockets, sand atriplex, seaside evening-primrose! that become establishedin the organic debris deposited by wind and waves. As sand accumulatesaround these plants, the dunefeature increases in height,forming the primary, or fore dune. Fore dunesincrease in size when low, tough, rhizomatousplants such as sea-oatsor bitter panicum trap and stabilizethe shifting sands. Dune fields are a seriesof older dunesthat are more stableand havehigher organiccontent. In areaswhere dune erosion is extensive or offshore sand sourcesare limited, dune fields may be narrow or completelyabsent. When dune soils accumulate sufficient organic material, colonizing woodyvegetation e.g., groundsel-bush, wax-myrtle, or cabbagepalm! forms the dense scrub/shrubzone. Uponfurther development, the oldestdunes may be colonizedby trees Z 0
Q 8 XZ I ~ Z LU ~ LU LU LU M ! LUZ 0 I LLI Z O O O C! Z UJ I U < ~O c m~ ZZ Oz< t Oy w ca 0 0 0 and shrubs,forming the maritime forest. Distinctivecommunities, called "hammocks,"may form on deeper,organic soils. Hammocksoften containtropical species,even as far north as the Cedar Keys on the west coast and Cape Canaveral on the east coast. Approximately800 miles of the more than 1300miles of linear coastlineof Florida fronting the Atlantic Oceanand Gulf of Mexico are sandybeaches. These beaches are a primary contributor to the economyof the state. A 1986Sea Grant studydetermined that the combined resident and tourist use of the beaches accounted for sales of $4.5 billion, with $164 million collected as state taxes !. Our fragile beach/dune habitats are constantlyassaulted by severeweather; rising sea level may also be cause for future concern.Also, humanactivities encroach upon the systemand interfere with natural cycles of erosion and accretion. In a report published in April 1989 by the Florida Department of Natural Resources' Division of Beachesand Shores,218 miles of beach were estimated to be in a critical state of erosion 2!. Hopefully, educationalefforts that promote wise managementpractices and improve awarenessof beach/dunevalues will help to ensure that this natural resource is available to future generations. MARINE WETLANDS COMMUNITIES Plant speciesgrowing in coastal wetlands must tolerate inhospitable conditions such as variable tides, high salinity, oxygen-poor sediments, and wave and current damage. Along Florida's coastline, the three most widespread and commonly recognized wetlands plant communities are sea-grassbeds, salt marshes, and mangrove forests. Sea-grasses usually occur below mean low water; salt marshes and mangrove forests are principally intertidal but may extend substantial distances landward of mean high water in gently sloping areas. Sea-grassbeds occur in estuarine systemssuch as the Indian River Lagoon, Biscayne Bay, Charlotte Harbor, Tampa Bay, and Apalachicola Bay. Large offshore beds occur in Florida Bay and from Anclote Key north through Apalachee Bay. Extensive salt marshes are found in, but are not limited to, the Big Bend region on the Gulf coast and the St. Johns River estuary on the Atlantic coast. Large expansesof mangrovesoccur from Naples south through the Everglades and northward on the Atlantic coast into Biscayne Bay. Less extensive mangrove forests are found in the Florida Keys and most estuarine systemsfn south Florida. Sea-grassesare not true grassesbut are actually more closely related to lilies. The most common species in Florida's waters are turtle-grass Thalassia testudinum!, shoal- grass Halodule wrightii!, manatee-grass Syringodium flliforme!, star-grass Halophila engelmanii!,and widgeon-grass Ruppia maritima!. Although sea-grassesare important to marine productivity,the technologyto establishthem is undevelopedcompared to marsh and mangrovespecies. Because of the complexculture and planting requirementsfor sea- grasses,nursery-grown stock is virtually nonexistent. For this reason, specific information on sea-grasseshas not been included in this publication. Salt marshesare dominatedby grassesand grass-likespecies Figure 2!. At lower elevations,smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora! is more abundant,but as elevation increasesslightly, needle rusk Juncusroemerianus! becomes dominant. Needle rush is morewidespread on the Gulf coast,and smoothcordgrass is more extensiveon the Atlantic coast. Salt marshesare commonin the northernhalf of Florida, but becausemarsh species 8Z a Oz 0 a5 0 0 ! 0 M Z ap 0P V +a$ Y4~ cn Q z S~>-< =8 c cn<~ Z UJ~ ~ Q ~8 ~l Zl- UJ~ C~ Z /! 5 f! z 80rA 8'5.g I Z NO~~ 'C0 @~Pnpo, w8cnN OZ o>~~~z>.zg~ gZR~~ Rse~~ are easily shaded out by cold-sensitive mangroves,they are usually found only in patches along deeper mangrove margins in the southern half of the state. Mangroves are cold-sensitive trees that grow along saline, tidally influenced shores of the tropics and subtropics. The word "mangrove" is an ecological term and does not imply a taxonomic relationship among the various species. In Florida, three species of mangrovesare commonly recognized: red mangrove Rhizophora mangle!, black mangrove Avicennia germinans!, and white mangrove Laguncularia racemosa!. A fourth species, buttonwood Conocarpus erecta!, is often accepted as a mangrove because of its regular occurrence at the landward margin of the mangrove community and its close relationship to the white mangrove. Under appropriate conditions e.g., lack of disturbance, gradual slopes, etc.!, mangrove speciesmay occur in distinct zones. Red mangrove usually occurs on the seaward margin, followed by black mangrove, white mangrove, and the most landward species,buttonwood Figure 3!. In infrequentlyflooded, gentle-slope areas transitional to uplands,mangroves and salt marshesmay give way to salt flats. Salt flats, also known as salterns, salt barrens, or salinas, are characterized by high-salinity substrates 90 parts per thousand [ppt] up to 125 ppt or higher! devoid of vegetation except for patches of low-growing forbs, grasses,and occasionally, stunted mangrovesaround the margin. During certain times of the year, salt flats are critical feeding areasfor important commercialand sport-fish species. Water salinityin salt flats mayvary from nearlyfresh during rainy periodsto highly saline greater than 70 ppt! during spring tides. At the other salinity extreme annual averagewater salinity of 0.5 to 5 ppt! where substantial freshwater input occurs, oligohaline marshes dominated by brackish-water species e.g., saw-grass,cat-tails! develop. Oligohaline marshes are important year-round habitats for many animal species. Coastal plants provide shelter for juvenile and adult animals, contribute nutritional energy sources that enhance marine productivity, aid in protecting uplands from varying degreesof wave damage,assist in improving and maintainingwater quality, and provide complex aesthetic benefits. An estimated 383,000acres of salt marshes and 674,000acres of mangrovesoccur in Florida 7!. Although salt marshesand mangroveforests cover large areas in some places, severe local destruction has depleted these resourcessuch that decreasedfisheries productivity is becoming evident. E 0O Sl Vs 06 R KR 6 SECTION II. PLANTING AND MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES GUIDELINE CATEGORY DESCRIPTIONS The 17plant species discussed in this guide were selected primarily because they are readilyavailable from mostcommercial salt-tolerant vegetation sources. In addition,these speciesare relatively easily transplanted, exhibit rapid growth patterns, and/or encourage developmentof plant communitydiversity by propagule including seeds, fruits, etc.! entrapment. An abbreviatedlist of other potentiallyuseful salt-tolerant species can be found in Section IV. Becauseappropriate plant speciesmust be selectedto encouragedevelopment of the desiredhabitat, correct identification is crucial. Therefore,both close-upand habit photographsare provided,as well as line drawingsshowing unique plant characteristics. However,substantial variability in appearance,influenced by environment such as water, nutrients,and light! and by genetic makeup, occurs within each species. For example, some speciesgrow in both sanddunes and marsh habitats and may have coarse, thick leavesin onehabitat and fine, thin leaves in theother. Accordingly, presentation of thetotal range of field variabilityis not practicalin a publicationof this scope,and species identification by a professional may be desirable. Habitatrequirements and horticultural information for eachspecies are presented d f h dig'. Pl Ch i i .P~IA ilbili,P~li i Ii, d Maintenan uidelines.Subheadings within eachmajor heading further distinguish individualspecies. Each of theseheadings and subheadings is described on thefollowing pages. Plan Ch ri ti Theplant characteristics described below are generalizations especially pertinent to habitatcreation projects. Other less obvious characteristics may modify habitat quality as well e.g., long-termsoil maturation!. EcologicalFunction/User Application - This categorydescribes natural and human-orientedvalues supplied by the plant's community. Commonlyrecog- nized values are erosion control, sediment stabilization, wildlife habitat shelterand food!, water quality improvement, or aestheticcontributions. Frequently,government agencies establish specific planting requirements to attempt to achievethese values. NaturalGeographic Distribution/Cold Hardiness - Although all of theplants describedin this publicationare nativeto Florida,many of themcannot be grownstatewide. Therefore, each species' geographic distribution and resistanceto low temperatureare includedand keyed to a mapof Florida's temperaturezones Figure4!. Thesezones are modifiedby year-to-year climatic differences and local topography. Genetic variability of plant populationscan modify cold toleranceas well. OptimumSoil Type - Thiscategory provides information on clay/organic contentand drainage characteristics of the substrate. Dune soils are generally well-drained sands. Marsh soils, which contain fine-grained clays and organics,retain more water than dune soils. Resistanceto Erosion- Although planting vegetationdoes not guarantee completeerosion control, many species have shoots that slowdown wind- blown sandor water-bornesediments and denseroot systemsthat bind the soil and sediments.In general,dense grass stands are better suitedfor erosion control than low, vine-like vegetationor shrubsand trees. Relatedto erosionresistance by shorelineplants is the "fetch"of the site. Fetchis the longeststretch of unobstructed,open water facing the planting. Fetch and water depth largely determinewave height and, in turn, the magnitudeof erosiveforces acting on the shoreline.Some plants, such as smoothcordgrass, can tolerate longer fetches during establishment than other plants, suchas mangrovepropagules. Figure 4. Averageannual low temperaturezones in Florida after Bradley, 1972! !. 10 Although plants in dune systemsare less subject to wave damage, many states have laws to help reduce beach and dune erosion. For instance, the Florida Departmentof Natural Resources FDNR! Division of Beachesand Shores has established the Coastal Construction Control Line CCCL! along the state'ssandy beach shorelines. This line identifies the beach/dunezone that would be subjectedto 100-yearstorm surges. A permit mustbe obtained from the Division before any construction,change of grade, alteration of contours, or destruction of vegetation can occur seaward of this line. Potential Growth Rate - This category provides a relative estimate of how quickly the plant will spread laterally. Plant growth rates are strongly affectedby local environmentalconditions. For instance,growth rates are higher in areas where regular input of fresh water dilutes salinity. Nevertheless,growth rates may be slowedmore by severelyfluctuating salinity than by constantlylow or moderately high salinities. Optimum growth- promotingsalinities for manycoastal species are between10 and 15parts per thousand. The successof any planting project is largely dependenton the availability of the desired plant during its optimum planting period. Plants may be nursery grown or harvestedfrom natural populations. The Associationof Florida Native Nurseries'annual Pl n n rvi or is a comprehensiveguide to sourcesof salt-tolerantvegetation. Copiesmay be obtainedby contactingthe association see CommercialSources insert for the address!. NurserySources - Descriptionsin this subheadingrefer to plants that are propagatedand grown in a nursery greenhouseor field!. Becausecertain speciesrequire longer culture periods, they may be available only if the grower is given adequateadvance notification; contractualagreements are 11 usuallyrequired in this case. Varioustypes and sizesof pots and planting units are usuallyavailable for most plants. However,because of growth characteristicsand production costs, some species are availableonly in limited quanitities and sizes. Units are usually producedin liners, two-inch, four- inch, one-gallon,and three-gallonpots; larger sizesare rare at this time but arebecoming available. Larger units are more expensive and the probability of survival may not be enhanced. Natural Sources- This subheadingdescribes planting units obtained from natural populations;these units may be cuttings,plugs, sods,bare-root, or seed/propagulesources. In general, plants obtained from local natural populations may represent the better managementpractice. Plants transplanteddirectly from the field may be available on relatively short notice, but suppliers are required to obtain permits from the Florida Department of EnvironmentalRegulation FDER! and FDNR to remove plantsfrom jurisdictionalwaters. Mangrovepropagules and seeds/fruitsof many species are not currently under restriction, but State of Florida regulationsprohibit the transport of certainspecies usually nuisance species! betweenbodies of waterwithout a permit Bureau of AquaticPlant Research and Control, FDNR!. Unpermitteddestruction or alterationof wetlandsis prohibitedby Section 404 of the federal Clean Water Act and the Warren S. Henderson Wetland ProtectionAct, Section403, Part VIII, FloridaStatutes F.S.!. Mangroves are specificallyprotected by FDER Chapter 17-27,Florida Administrative Code FAC!, with generalprotection under FDER Chapters17-3, 17-4 and 17-12,FAC and Section403.061, F.S. Harvestingseeds of some sensitive duneplants may also be restricted. For example,sea-oats and sea-grape seedsare protected on public lands and seawardof the CCCL under Sections 161.053 ! and 370.041,F.S. 12 Pl nin ' lin This section addressessome of the more critical concerns regarding the establishment of planthabitats. The categorieslisted below have interacting effects, so that changingone variableoften requiresadjustment of the othersto maximizesurvival of plantedunits. Additionally,because of unforeseenevents, some sites may require replanting over a period of time. Elevation- Information provided under this category refers to planting elevationrelative to tide range. Elevationis often referencedto the National Geodetic Vertical Datum NGVD!, a surveyreference plane establishedin 1929that approximatesmean sealevel in someareas. Becausetidal range varieswith location,its relationshipto NGVD may differ aswell. Also, some local benchmarkshave changed elevation since their installationand may be unreliable. Absoluteplanting elevations cannot be specifiedfor a particularspecies becauseof the abovelimitations. However,tidal rangeduring the optimum plantingwindow seep. 14! canbe estimatedfor a givensite, and plants can be placedat elevationsthat increasetheir chancesof survival. Although elevationsof nearbyplants can be usedas a plantingguide, propagulesand seedlingsmay not haveas broada physicaltolerance as older, established plants. GroundSlope - This term refers to the changein elevation over a given distance;for example,a one-footvertical changeover five feet of horizontal distanceis a 1 to 5 slope. Slopemay alsobe expressedas a percentage e.g., 1 to5 isa 20%slope! or in degrees e.g., 1 to5 isapproximately a 10'slope!. Wetlandsplants characteristicallycolonize gentle slopes,but steeperslopes can support many of the speciesdescribed in this publication. However, steeperslopes contain much less area for plantcolonization and provide less habitat value, partly becauseof completesurface drainage some intertidal animalssurvive only in water films at low tide!. In low-slopeareas, minor 13 elevationthat causepermanent ponding whileproviding habitat for some creatures often causedeath of installedplants. Depth- This categoryrefers to the depthat whichthe root-ballis planted relativeto the substratesurface. For example,dune soils are subjectto dryingat the surface;therefore, planting the root-ball deeper ensures a moist soil environmentfor root initiation. Someplants are adverselyaffected by deepplanting and must be installedat a shallowerdepth. These plants often requirewatering during the establishmentphase if plantedin soilssubject to drying conditions. PlantingWindow - Optimum planting periods for a species differ geographically.Therefore, a generaltime-frame window! is suggestedthat takesinto accountoptimum temperature and natural geographic distribution. Density- This categoryrefers to the spacingbetween plants that providesa reasonablevegetative cover in the shortest time. Plant speciesdiffer in growthform andgrowth rate and,consequently, the time neededto provide a desiredcover or density.For example,grass species generally exhibit more rapidlateral growth than woody species and have historically been planted at densitiesthat provide total coverin two to threeyears. However, mangroves plantedat thesesame densities have often provento take longerfor their leavesand branchesto form a continuouscanopy. Plantingmangroves at higher densitiesshould provide better habitat valuessooner. Mainten lines Becausethe plantsin this guideare nativeto Florida and are adaptedfor survival under natural conditions,they should require little maintenance.However, several maintenancepractices that may ensurethe rapid establishmentof theseplants are 14 suggested. This does not imply that such practices are necessaryor even desirable over the long term. Watering - Occasionally, some form of irrigation is needed. Because other variables may be critical, certain speciesmust be planted during a dry portion of the year and must be watered when installed. However, continued watering may allow invasion by undesirable plants that interfere with establishment of the desired speciesand the quality of the habitat. All plant species subject to saline field conditions at planting may require saline acclimation in the nursery prior to planting. Although little is known regarding the influence of freshwater culture on plants installed in saline conditions, some evidence indicates a long-term negative influence on plant survival. Fertilization - Fertilization may be desirable to promote rapid shoot growth. However, long-term use of fertilizer or high application rates may encourage invasion by undesirable species and may inhibit root production. Incorporation of a time-release fertilizer in the planting hole is preferred. Broadcast fertilizer is not acceptable for wetlands species at any time. Weeding - Some weeding and removal of debris can be beneficial during the establishment phase. Over the long term, removal and continued control of habitat-damaging exotic vegetation e.g., Brazilian-pepper and Australian- pine! is essential for maintenance of habitat quality. Pruning - Cutting, clipping, or mowing improves growth of some plants but can seriously damage others. Before pruning is undertaken, relevant species- specific state and local government restrictions ~m be considered. For example, pruning of sea-grapes is addressed in Sections 161.053 ! and 370.041, F.S. 15 In addition to restrictions on sea-grapepruning, current FDER mangrove- protection rules limit pruning of mangroves Chapter 17-27, FAC!. Other p lib' Clap 'g 'hi ~ b d i fAq Preservesand would supercede the FDER rule. City and county mangrove laws must be at least as restrictive as FDER and FDNR regulations and are occasionally more restrictive. Concerns about pruning effects on mangroves extend beyond the immediate, individual plant response. Complex ecosystem properties such as habitat quality and quantity are influenced by mangrove stand-structure, and long-term studies are required before an adequate understanding of these properties is realized. Relevant Literature - Additional information about each speciesis available from a number of sources. Particularly helpful literature is listed here and keyed to the reference list that begins on p. 51. 16 GUIDELINES Avicenniagerminans g ! I Black Mangrove Figures 6, 9; Plate II! PLANT RI TI EcologicalFunction/User Applications- shorelineprotection and sedimentstabilization; nurseryhabitat for birds and marinelife; contributionto detrital-basedfood web; aesthetics; water-quality maintenance. NaturalGeographic Distribution/Cold Hardiness - low-energy, coastal wetlands; throughout southern Florida and American tropics, north on the Atlantic coast to MatanzasInlet vicinity and on the Gulf coastto CedarKey; leastcold-sensitive of the three mangrove species;freezes only in coldestwinters in northern parts of its range;zones 3-7. Optimum Soil 'Fype- saturatedorganic soils with periodic tidal inundation. Resistanceto Erosion- goodin olderplants; rapid sedimentbuildup may eventually kill largerplants; protect young plants from waveaction; initial useof smoothcordgrass to stabilize shorelinesmay encourageestablishment of naturally colonized and broadcast propagules. PotentialGrowth Rate - In earlyyears, two to two andone-half feet or moreper yearin nutrient-rich, protected areas. PLANT A AILABIIJTY NurserySources - liner sizeup to one-gallonpots; limited availabilityof largerplants. Natural Sources- transplantsrare due to governmentalregulations regarding natural populations;propagules available in earlyfall floatingor removedfrom trees!. Cannotbe propagatedby cuttingsor air-layering. E Elevation- smallplants and propagules at approximate MHW exceptduring highest spring tides!; larger plants may tolerate elevationslower than MHW, but specific site characteristics will modif'y survival. GroundSlope - up to 30' to 2! for largerplants, but lessthan 10' to 5! is preferable; protected,wet groundwith no slope for propagules. 17 Avicennia genninans continued! Depth - top of root-ball even with soil surface. Planting Window - in the spring, after danger of frost has passed, through November; planting in the northernmost part of its range is not recommended zones 3-4!; rainy periods better if plants have been grown in fresh water. Density - historically, three feet on center O.C.! or less for one-gallon plants legal requirements will dictate maximum distances!;denser plantings emulate natural recruitment and should improve overall quality of planting. MAINTEN Watering - not required. Fertilization - for small plants, a teaspoon of time-release, nitrogenous fertilizer incorporated when planted; responds well to higher nutrients in culture. Weeding - control flotsam and jetsam until plants are fully established; some sea-grass wrack desirable. Pruning - may tolerate various pruning techniques if ~n ~rp~rl; see state and local restrictions in Guideline Category Descriptions pp. 15-16!. [Relevant Literature - 10, 11, 13-15,21, 27, 39, 42, 47, 48-54, 57, 62, 65, 66, 74, 77, 78, 80, 85-91, 96] 18 Bomchiafiutescens continued! NAN p Watering- when planted, and periodicallyfor first few weeksif rain or tidal inundationis lacking. Fertilization- light fertilization may be helpful in high pH soils/dredgespoil. Weeding - remove and control exotics. Pruning- tolerates limited top cutting. [Relevant Literature - 11, 26, 27, 45, 67, 68] 20 Distichlissrpicata I ! Greene - Saltgrass Figures21, 22, 30, 33; Plate VII! PIP,NT EcologicalFunction/User Applications - sediment stabilization; food source for birdsand small mammals; habitat. Natural GeographicDistribution/Cold Hardiness - coastalhigh marsh and inland saline wetlands; Canada to Florida and Gulf states; tolerates lowest temperatures throughout Florida; zones 2-7. Optimum Soil Type - wet to saturated silty sands. Resistanceto Erosion - fair; tolerates slow sedimentation. PotentialGrowth Rate - rapid; densecover in secondyear in somesites. PI%.NT A AILAB Nursery Sources- liners, two- and four-inch pots. NaturalSources - bare-root, plugs, seeds; vegetative state easily confused with somegrowth forms of Sporobolusvi~nicus and Paspalum vaginatum. PIAÃrlN Elevation- from just below MHW to highest spring-tide levels; best with infrequent inundation but withstands frequent inundation. GroundSlope - up to 30' to 2!, but lessthan 10' to 5! is preferable. Depth - top of root-ball approximatelytwo inchesbelow soil surfaceat higher elevations. PlantingWindow - March through Novembersouth of Tampa Bay/Cape Canaveraland April through October northward. Density - bare-root one foot O.C., two-inch plugs two feet O.C., four- and six-inch plugs three feet O.C. 21 Helianthusdebilis Nutt. - Dune Sunflower;Beach Sunflower Figures 13, 14; Plate V! Note:Two subspecies of interest to plantersoccur in Florida:Helianthus debilis subspecies debilisoccurs along the Atlantic coast, and Helianthus debilis subspecies vestitus E.E. Wats! Heiseroccurs only alongthe centralpeninsular Gulf coast. Thesesubspecies differ somewhatin stem color, hairiness, leaf margins, and flower size. Because of this differentiation,care shouldbe taken not to transportthe subspeciesbetween coasts. Preservationof thesesubspecies should be of concernto growersbecause introduction of plantsof the Atlantic coastsubspecies could dilute the geneticcomposition of the threatenedGulf coastsubspecies. PLANT EcologicalFunction/User Applications - food source for birds,small mammals, and insects; minor role in dune stabilization;aesthetics. NaturalGeographic Distribution/Cold Hardiness - see note above; throughout peninsular Floridadunes; subject to colddamage in northernparts of itsrange in colderwinters; zones 4-7. OptimumSoil Type - well-drainedsandy and calcareous dune soils. Resistanceto Erosion- fair; usuallyfound in sheltered,stable dunes. PotentialGrowth Rate - rapidwith moderatewater but slowin lessstabilized, drier sands. P NurserySources - liners, two- andfour-inch pots. NaturalSources - cuttings, seeds. PLAN TIN E Elevation- behind fore duneor on stabilizedslopes above erosional forces. GroundSlope - up to 30' to 2!, but lessthan 10' to 5! in unstablesands. Depth- top of root-ballapproximately two inchesbelow soil surface. 23 Helianthus debilis continued! PlantingWindow - Marchthrough November south of TampaBay/Cape Canaveral. Density- asdesired to fill in betweenprincipal planted species e.g., sea-oats!. MAINTENAN E Watering- whenplanted and every five days for onemonth if heavyrainfall does not occur. Fertilization- approximately oneteaspoon per plant of balanced, time-release fertilizer 4- 14-14!,incorporated when planted, aids root establishment; toomuch fertilizer may inhibit root growth. Weeding- remove and control exotics. Pnming- withstandsheavy clipping once established. [RelevantLiterature - 2, 18,22, 46, 64, 84] 24 Ipomoea isqpmti continued! E Watering- whenplanted and periodically during the first fewweeks if heavyrainfall does not occur. Fertilization- respondswell to light applicationof a time-releasefertilizer 4-14-14!. Weeding- removeand control exotics;shaded out by densegrasses. Pruning - toleratesclipping for landscapepurposes. [RelevantLiterature - 2, 18, 22, 46, 96] 26 Ipomoeapcs-caprae L! R. Br. - Railroad-vine Figures10, 12;Plate IV! PLANT EcologicalFunction/User Applications - soil stabilization;aesthetics. NaturalGeographic Distribution/Cold Hardiness - dune swales,high beaches,and coastal wetlands margins; central and south Florida, further north on the Atlantic coast; sensitive to freezing temperatures; zones 5-7. Optimum Soil Type - moist sandy or calcareous soils. Resistanceto Erosion - fair, once established. PotentialGrowth Rate - rapid but uneven;dense cover possiblein two to three growing seasons more rapid in moister soils!. PLANT AVAILABILITY NurserySources - liners, two- and four-inch pots, one-gallonpots. Natural Sources- cuttings, seeds. PLANTIN UIDE Elevation- above MHW to limits of high marsh and in low dune areas; withstands infrequent inundation. GroundSlope - up to 20' to 3!; growson steeperslopes if stable. Depth - top of root-ball slightly below soil surface. PlantingWindow - April throughOctober south of TampaBay/Cape Canaveral; planting in the northernmost part of its range is not recommended. Density - smaller units one and one-halffeet O.C., larger units three feet O.C. 27 Ipomoea pcs-capme continued! NAN E Watering- whenplanted and periodically during the first few weeks if heavyrainfall does not occur. Fertilization- responds to a lightapplication of balanced,time-release fertilizer 4-14-14!. Weeding- removeand control exotics. Pruning- toleratesclipping for landscapepurposes. [RelevantLiterature - 2, 18, 22, 46, 62, 79, 94, 96] 28 Iva PutescensL. - Marsh-elder Figures17, 19;Plate Vg PLANT EcologicalFunction/User Applications - seed source for birdsand small mammals; planted to retard exotic plant invasion. NaturalGeographic Distribution/Cold Hardiness - coastal high-marsh margins; Canada to Floridaand Gulf states;tolerates lowest temperatures througout Florida; zones 2-7. OptimumSoil 7ype - moist,low-salinity soils; tolerant of high-pHsoils. Resistanceto Erosion- moderate;offers protection against rainfall-induced erosion. PotentialGrowth Rate - rapid in better soils. PLANT A AILABILHV NurserySources - four-inch pots, one-gallonpots. NaturalSources - cuttings,seeds. PLANTIN Elevation - above MHHW. GroundSlope - up to 20' to 3!. Depth - top of root-ball even with soil surface. PlantingWindow - March through November south of TampaBay/Cape Canaveral and April through October northward. Density- intermittently with other plants. 29 Iva Putescens continued! NAN Watering- when planted,unless heavy rainfall occurs. Fertilization- respondswell to balancedfertilizers e.g., 14-14-14!. Weeding- removeand control exotics. Pruning- responsenot documented,but probablysurvives. [Relevant Literature - 11, 26, 96] 30 Iva imbricata Walt. - Beach-elder, Dune-elder Figures 18, 19; Plate VI! EcologicalFunction/User Applications - food source for birds and small mammals; secondary component of dunes and high marsh; traps sand. NaturalGeographic Distribution/Cold Hardiness - coastaldunes and high-marshmargins; Virginia to Florida and Gulf states;tolerates lowest temperatures throughout Florida; zones 2-7. Optimum Soil Type - sandy soils. Resistanceto Erosion - poor to fair; tolerates sand accretion. Potential Growth Rate - moderate; shrubby habit. PLANT A AILABII J'IY Nursery Sources- four-inch pots, one-gallon pots. Natural Sources- cuttings, seeds. PI%.NTIN E Elevation - above MHHW. Ground Slope - up to 30' to 2!. Depth - top of root-ball four inches below soil surface in dunes; in heavier soils, root-ball even with soil surface. PlantingWindow - March through Novembersouth of Tampa Bay/Cape Canaveraland April through October northward. Density- intermittently with other plants e.g., sea-oats!. 31 Iva imbricata continued! Watering- when planted especiallyin dunes!unless heavy rainfall occurs. Fertilization- responds to balanced,time-release fertilizer 4-14-14! incorporatedwhen planted. Weeding- removeand control exotics. Pruning- doesnot tolerate severeclipping. [RelevantLiterature - 2, 6, 11, 15, 16, 18, 22, 46, 64, 96] 32 Juncus roemerianusScheele - Needle Rush; Black Rush Figure20; PlateVlf PLANT RI EcologicalFunction/User Applications - shorelineprotection and sedimentstabilization; contributionto detrital-basedfood web; habitat for marine organisms;water-quality maintenance. NaturalGeographic Distribution/Cold Hardiness - low-energy, coastal marshes; Maryland to Floridaand Gulf states;rarer in southFlorida; tolerates lowest temperatures throughout Florida; zones 2-7. Optimum Soil'Fype - saturatedorganic muck or sandyclay loam. Resistanceto Erosion- fair; waterwardedge subject to undermining. PotentialGrowth Rate - slow; severalgrowing seasons required to attain coalescenceof a fairly denseplanting. PI%,NT A NurserySources - limited availabilityin two- andfour-inch pots, one-gallon pots. NaturalSources - bare-root,plugs. PITTING G E Elevation- MHW to high spring-tidelevels. GroundSlope - up to 10' to 5!. Depth - top of root-ball two inches below soil surface. PlantingWindow - Marchthrough November south of TampaBay/Cape Canaveral and April through October northward. Density- one foot O.C. for coalescencewithin one growingseason; two feet O.C. will require considerablylonger to coalesce. 33 Watering - not required. Fertilization- some responseto time-release,nitrogenous fertilizer incorporatedwhen planted. Weeding - not required. Pruning- clippingresults in temporarystand of greenplants, reverting to grey-browncolors, mixed with green, within one to two months. [RelevantLiterature - 8, 11, 13, 14, 24-27,28, 31, 39, 45, 47, 48-52,56, 85-91,96] 34 I~ i d! PlantingWindow - in the spring,after dangerof frost haspassed, through November; plantingin the northernmostpart of its rangeis not recommended zone 5!. Density- historically,three feet O.C. or lessfor smallplants legalrequirements will dictate maximumdistances!; denser plantings emulate nature and may improve overall quality of planting. NAN Watering - not required. Fertilization- one teaspoonper plant of a time-release,nitrogenous fertilizer incorporated when planted; respondswell to higher nutrients in culture. Weeding- control flotsam and jetsam until plants are fully established;some sea-grass wrack desirable. Pruning- plantsmay tolerate various pruning techniques if ~n ~rg~rl; seestate and local restrictionsin Guideline CategoryDescriptions pp. 15-16!. [RelevantLiterature - 10,11, 13, 14, 21, 27, 39, 40, 47, 51-54, 57, 62, 65, 66, 74, 77, 78, 80, 82, 84-91, 96] 36 Panicumamarum E11. - Bitter Panicum;Beach Panicgrass Figures27, 32; Plate X! Note: Recent taxonomic revision has placed Panicum amarulum Hitchc. and Chase in synonymywith Panicum amancm. Dif'ferences in seed production result from differences in the number of sets of chromosomes;Panicum amuum has six sets hexaploid! and Panicum amuulum has four sets tetraploid!. The form with six sets of chromosomes shouldbe avoidedbecause of low seedset; it is recognizableby being more prostrateand open-growing,and the inflorescenceis narrower and sparsely flowered. Northern populationsof P. amarulumare more erect and clumpy and have probably crossedwith Panicum virgatum L LANT EcologicalFunction/User Applications- sandtrapping and stabilization;food sourceand cover for birds and small mammals. Natural GeographicDistribution/Cold Hardiness- coastaldunes; Connecticut to Florida and Gulf states;tolerates lowest temperaturesthroughout Florida; zones2-7. Optimum Soil Type - well-drained, sandy soils. Resistance to Erosion - good, once established. Potential Growth Rate - rapid densecoverage in two to three growing seasons!. A AILAB NurserySources - liners,two- and four-inchpots; advancenotice of plant quantitiesand/or a growingcontract is necessaryfor the hexaploidform. Natural Sources- cuttings,seeds tetraploid form only!. PLANTIN E Elevation - abovelimit of waveuprush and highestspring tides. Ground Slope- up to 30' to 2!. Depth - top of root-ball four inches below sand surface. 37 Panicum amarum continued! PlantingWindow - March through November south of TampaBay/Cape Canaveral and April throughOctober northward. Density- small plants one and one-half feet O.C., large plants three feet O.C. NAN Watering- when planted, and during the first month unless heavy rainfall occurs. Fertilization- incorporate one teaspoon per plant of a balanced,time-release fertilizer 4- 14-14!when planted. Weeding- removeand control exotics. Pruning- lateralspread improved by clipping. [RelevantLiterature - 6, 18,20, 22, 46, 59, 64, 81, 92] 38 Paspalumvaginatum continued! MAINTENAN Watering- not required in moistsoils, but periodically during the first few weeks in drier soils if rain is lacking. Fertilization- responds well to balancedfertilizers. Weeding- removeand control exotics. Pruning- mowingresults in a low, densemat. [RelevantLiterature - 11, 18, 40] 40 Rhizophoramangle L. - Red Mangrove Figures5, 9; Plate I! PLANT RI EcologicalFunction/User Applications - shoreline protection and sediment stabilization; nurseryhabitat for birdsand marine life; contributionto detrital-basedfood web; aesthetics; water-quality maintenance. NaturalGeographic Distribution/Cold Hardiness - low-energy, coastal wetlands; throughout southernFlorida and tropicsnorth on the Atlantic coastto Poncede Leon Inlet and on the Gulf coastto CedarKey; difficult to establishnorth of Melbourneon the Atlantic coastand north of TampaBay on the Gulf coast,due to freezedamage in colderwinters; zones 4- 7. OptimumSoil Type - mixtureof sandand organics inundated regularly by tides. Resistanceto Erosion - poor for propagulesand small plants; large plants more resistant. Initial useof smoothcordgrass to stabilizeshorelines may encourage establishment of naturally colonizedand broadcastpropagules. PotentialGrowth Rate - shoot-lengthincrease of sixto twelveinches per year in nutrient- richsoils; moderate-nutrient substrates promote branching; low-nutrient substrates promote flower production. IDENT AVAILAB NurserySources - readilyavailable in two-inchpots up to three-galloncontainers; availability decreasesas plant size increases. NaturalSources - transplants rare dueto governmentregulations regarding natural populations;propagules available in early fall floatingor removed from trees!. Vegetative propagation possible, but difficult. PLANTIN E Elevation- just below MHW to summerspring-tide elevations for smallerplants; check localelevation range for naturallyestablished propagules to confirmoptimum elevation range. GroundSlope - up to 30' to 2!, but lessthan 10' to 5! is preferable. 41 Rhisophommangle continued! Depth- insertpropagules two to threeinches into soil surface;for rootedpropagules and large plants, root-ball evenwith soil surface. PlantingWindow - propagulesAugust through November correspondsto natural availability!;nursery plants after the lastfrost of the winter,and no later thanNovember; plantingin the northernmostpart of its rangeis not recommended zone 4!. Density- historically, three feet O.C. or lessfor smallplants legalrequirements will dictate maximumdistance!; denser plantings emulate natural recruitment and may improve overall quality of planting. MAINTENAN E Watering - not required. Fertilization- top growth increasedby light applicationof time-release,nitrogenous fertilizer incorporated when planted. Weeding- remove accumulated drift materialduring the first yearfollowing planting; some sea-grasswrack is desirable. Pruning- doesnot survivesevere pruning; even regular long-term clipping can cause death of plants;see state and local regulationsin GuidelineCategory Descriptions pp. 15-16!. [RelevantLiterature - 10,11, 13, 14, 21, 27, 32-35, 39, 41, 47-54, 57, 58, 62, 65, 66, 74, 76- 78, 80, 85-91, 96] 42 Spurfinaalternigom continued! Watering - not required. Fertilization- respondswell to time-release,nitrogenous fertilizer incorporated when planted. Weeding- removeaccumulated drift material during the first six monthsfollowing planting. Pruning- careful clipping can stimulate vegetative growth and spread of rhizomes;pruning while the plant is in flower can extendthe period of vegetativegrowth into late autumnand early winter; pruning during late winter or early springto removefrost-killed material can stimulatespring growth by reducingthe shadingof new tillers. [RelevantLiterature - 7, 8, 11, 13, 14,26, 27, 28, 31, 39, 45, 47-53,55, 56, 61, 66, 73, 75, 78, 85-91, 96] 44 Spartinapatens Ait.! Muhl. - Marsh-hay;Saltmeadow Cordgrass Figures26, 31; Plate IX! LAN'I EcologicalFunction/User Applications - shoreline protection and soil stabilization;forage. NaturalGeographic Distribution/Cold Hardiness - coastalhigh-marsh margins and dunes; Canada to Florida and Gulf states, but less common in south Florida; tolerates lowest temperatures throughout Florida; zones 2-7. OptimumSoil Yype - loose,sandy soils; toleratesa wide range of soils exceptvery fine- grained soils such as clay, mud and muck!. Resistanceto Erosion - good, once established. PotentialGrowth Rate - moderatelyrapid but tends to clump in wet soils; densecover possible in two growing seasons. PLANT A AILABILI'IV Nurser Sources- two- and four-inch pots. Natural Sources- bare-root, plugs, larger transplants;may be mistakenvegetatively for Spartina spartinae Grin.! Merr. PLANTIN E Elevation- above MHW to highestspring-tide elevation in marshareas; on uplandside of primary dune and in swales between dunes. GroundSlope - up to 15' to 4!. Depth - top of root-ball slightly below soil surface. PlantingWindow - Marchthrough November south of TampaBay/Cape Canaveral and April through October northward. Density- smallplants one foot O.C.,increased spacing with plant sizeup to two andone- half feet O.C. for four-inch plugs. 45 Spartinapattens continued! Watering- whenplanted in dune areasand until plantsare established;not generally required in high-marshareas. Fertilization- in dunes,one teaspoon per plant of a balanced,time-release fertilizer e.g., 14-14-14!,incorporated when planted; in marsh,incorporate one teaspoonper plant of a nitrogenous,time-release fertilizer when planted. Weeding- remove accumulated drift materialduring the first sixmonths following planting in marsh areas; remove and control exotics in dune areas. Pruning- respondswell to clippingor mowing,when done properly. [RelevantLiterature - 2, 6, 11,18, 26, 27, 30, 39, 46, 70-72, 81, 96] 46 Spombolusvirginicus L! Kunth - SeashoreDropseed Figures24, 30, 35; Plate VIII! LANT EcologicalFunction/User Applications - soil stabilization;food sourcefor birds and small mammals. NaturalGeographic Distribution/Cold Hardiness - coastal dunes, high marsh, and transition areas;Virginia to Floridaand Gulf states, and south to Brazil;tolerates lowest temperatures throughout Florida; zones 2-7. ColdHardiness - very good. OptimumSoil Type - moderatelywell-drained, silty sand. Resistanceto Erosion- very good, once established. PotentialGrowth Rate - rapid;dense cover possible in twogrowing seasons provided initial spacingis not greater than two feet O.C.!. PLANT A AIIABIIJTY NurserySources - limited availabilityin two- andfour-inch pots. Natural Sources- bare-root, plugs, seeds; vegetative state may be confusedwith some growth forms of Paspalumvaginatum and Distichlisspicata. Elevation- above MHW; tolerates occasional inundation, but maysuffer with regular inundation. GroundSlope - up to 30' to 2!, but plantswill growon steeperslopes. Depth- root-ballapproximately two inches below soil surface in moistsoil, deeper in dry soil; larger plants slightly deeper. PlantingWindow - March to Novembersouth of TampaBay/Cape Canaveral and April to October northward. 47 Spombolusviq,inicus continued! Density- bare-root six inches O.C., increased spacing for largerplants up to twofeet O.C. for six-inch plugs. Watering- when planted and periodically for thefirst fewweeks in drysoils, unless heavy rainfall occurs;not required in moist soils. Fertilization- incorporate one teaspoon per plant of a time-release,balanced fertilizer, e.g., 14-14-14!in dunesand nitrogenous fertilizer in wet soils. Weeding- removeand control exotics. Pruning- clipping or mowingstimulates vegetative growth and controls exotics. [RelevantLiterature - 2, 5, 8, 11,18, 23, 29, 39, 81, 92] 48 UnioEupaniculata L Sea-oats Figures28, 29, 32; PlateX! EcologicalFunction/User Applications - sand stabilization; food sourceand coverfor birds and small mammals; aesthetics. NaturalGeographic Distribution/Cold Hardiness - coastal dunes; Virginia to Floridaand Gulf states;tolerates lowest temperatures throughout Florida; zones2-7. OptimumSoil Yype - well-drained,sandy or calcareoussoils. Resistanceto Erosion- good,once established; withstands wind erosionwell, but waves wash away soil and plants. PotentialGrowth Rate - highlydependent on environmentalconditions and maintenance; plantscan grow laterally up to fourfeet per year after establishment; dense cover possible in threegrowing seasons; flowers in secondor third year. PLANT A AHA,BII XIV NurserySources - liners,two- andfour-inch pots, one- and three-gallon pots. NaturalSources - generally not availablein largequantities; protected by law. Available as seedsor transplantson private property behind the CCCL. PI%.NTING Elevation- abovelimits of waveuprush. GroundSlope - up to 30' to 2!. Depth- top of root-ballfour inchesbelow soil surface many planting failures have been attributed.to not planting deeplyenough!. PlantingWindow - March through November south of TampaBay/Cape Canaveral and April through October northward. Density- one- and two-inch pots one and one-half feet O.C., increased spacing to threefeet O.C. for large plants three-gallon!. 49 Uniolapuniculata continued! MAIN TEN E Watering- when planted, and weekly for first fewmonths depending on rainfall. Fertilization- one teaspoon per plant of a balanced,time-release fertilizer e.g.,14-14-14!, incorporatedwhen planted. Weeding- removeand control exotics. Pruning- after establishment may respond to carefulclipping by producingmore tillers. [RelevantLiterature - 1-3,15, 18-20, 22, 37, 38, 46, 64, 69, 81, 83, 92, 93, 95-97] 50 RELEVANT L1TEIWTURE The following referencesrepresent a varietyof technicalreports, agencypublications, conferenceproceedings, journal articles, and other reports of relevanceto salt-tolerant vegetation.This list shouldnot be considereda completecollection of referencematerials; 3,» HlgHglgg Pl f I 2 g f fgl taxonomy,functional relationships, and habitat restorationefforts that addressmany of the speciesdiscussed in this guide. 1! Baker,R.L and B.E. Dahl. 1981. Determiningvigor of natural and planted standsof sea oats on the Texas Gulf coast. Southwest Naturalist 26:117-123. 2! Barbour, M.G., T.M. DeJongand B.M. Pavlik. 1985. Marine beach and dune plant Pp. 233-322 ' ~ Cg 3, BP. d Hg. M I 2 d .2, Bghid E 1 f N r h Am ri n Pl n mm ni i, Chapmanand Hall, NY. 351 pp. 3! Bell, F.W. and V.R. Leeworthy. 1986. An economicanalysis of the importanceof saltwater beachesin Florida. Report Number 82, Florida Sea Grant College, Gainesville, FL. 166 pp. 4! Bradley,J.T. 1972. Climatesof the States. Pp. 20-25in lim r h f 5iaim, No. 60-8. U.S.Department of Commerce,National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. 5! Breen, C.M., C. Everson and K. Rogers. 1977. Ecological studies of Sporobolus viry'nicus L.! Kunth with particular reference to salinity and inundation. Hydrobiologia 54:135-140. 6! Broome,S.W., E.D. Senecaand W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. 1982.Building and stabilizing coastal duneswith vegetation. University of North Carolina Sea Grant College PublicationUNC-SG-82-05, Raleigh, NC. 18 pp. 7! Broome,S.W., E.D. Senecaand W.W. Woodhouse,Jr. 1983. The effectsof source, rate and placementof nitrogen and phosphorusfertilizers on growth of Spartina alterniflora transplants in North Carolina. Estuaries 6:212-226. 8! Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. 1988. Tidal salt marsh restoration. Aquatic Botany 32:1-22. 9! Brotherson, J.D. and S.R. Rushforth. 1985. Invasion and stabilization of recent beachesby salt grass Distichlisspicata! at Mono Lake, Mono County, California. Great Basin Naturalist 45:542-545. 51 10! Carlton, J. 1974. Land building and stabilization by mangroves. Environmental Conservation 1:285-294. Carlton, J. 1975. A guide to commonFlorida salt marshand mangrovevegetation. Florida Marine Research Publication Number 6, Florida Department of Natural Resources, Marine Research Laboratory, St. Petersburg, FL 30 pp. 12! Clark, R.R. 1989. Beach conditions in Florida: A statewide inventory and identification of the beacherosion problem areasin Florida. Division of Beaches andShores Technical and Design Memorandum 89-1, Florida Departmentof Natural Resources,Tallahassee, FL 167 pp. 13! Cole,D.P. ed.!. 1980. r in h ixh Ann nf r n n W 1 n r i n i n. HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL. 357 pp. 14! Cole,D.P. ed.!. 1981.Pr in f h v n h Ann 1 onf r n n W 1 n R r i n n r i n. Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, FL. 293 pp. 15! Colosi,J.C. 1979. Seedgermination as a functionof provenancein Iva imbricata and Uniolapaniculata, two wide rangingcoastal dune dominants. Ph.D. Thesis,North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. 204 pp. 16! Colosi,J.C. and J.F. McCormick. 1978. Populationstructure of Iva imbricata in five coastaldune habitats. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 105:175-186. 17! Cowardin,L.M., V. Carter,F.G. Golet and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classificationof wetlandsand deepwater habitats of theUnited States. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS-79/31. 103pp. 18! Craig,R.M. 1984.Plants for coastaldunes of the Gulf andSouth Atlantic coastsand PuertoRico. AgricultureInformation Bulletin 460, Soil ConservationService, U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, Washington,DC. 41 pp. 19! Crewz, D.W. 1987. The reproductiveresponse of natural populations of sea oats Uniolapaniculata L.: Poaceae!to fertilizer amendment.Final Report,Florida Departmentof NaturalResources, Bureau of MarineResearch, St. Petersburg,FL. 124 pp. 20! Dahl,B.E. and D.W. Woodard. 1977. Construction of Texas,USA coastalforedunes with seaoats, Uniola paniculata, and bitter panicum,Panicum amarum. International Journal of Biometeorology 21:267-275. 21! Davis,J.H.1940. TheecologyandgeologicroleofmangrovesinFlorida. Papersfrom theTortugas Laboratory, Vol. 32. CarnegieInstitute Publication NN517, Washington, DC. 412 pp. 52 22! Davis,J.H., Jr. 1975. Stabilizationof beachesand dunesby vegetationin Florida. ReportNumber 7, FloridaSea Grant CollegeProgram, Gainesville, FL. 52 pp. 23! Donovan,L.A. andJ.L. Gallagher. 1984. Anaerobic substrate tolerance in Sporobo1us viry'nicus L! Kunth. AmericanJournal of Botany 71:1424-1431. 24! Eleuterius,L.N. 1975. The life history of the salt marsh rush,Juncus roemerianus. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 102:135-140. 25! Eleuterius,L.N. 1978.Population variation in the salt marshrush, Juncus roemerianus. Journal of the MissississippiAcademy of Sciences23 suppl.!:6. 26! Eleuterius, L.N. 1980. An Ill r i Ti M r h Pl n f Mi i i i n A~ ~ . Mi i ippi-Alb S CI C i Pbli i ~ b MASGP-77-039,Ocean Srings, MS. 128pp. 27! Evans,R.K. 1981. i h W l n Pl n f m r n Tr nii nalZ n ~n~. FloridaDepartment of EnvironmentalRegulation, Tallahassee, FL original 1979!. 294 pp. 28! Gallagher,J.L. 1975. Effectof an ammoniumnitrate pulse on the growthand elementalcomposition of riatural standsof Spartinaalterniflora and Juncus roemerianus.American Journal of Botany 62:644-648. 29! Gallagher,J.L and D.M. Decker. 1985. Effect of herbivory,macronutrient fertilization,and salinity on primary productivity of twoforms of Sporobolusviqpnicus L.! Kunth. AmericanJournal of Botany72:852-853. 30! Gallagher,J.L., D. Grantand M. Siegel.1982. Effect of temperatureand day length on the growth of four species of halophytes. Abstract, 33rd Annual AIBS Conference,University Park, PA., 8-12August. 31! Gallagher, J.L., R.J. Reimold, R.A. Linthurst and W.J. Pfeiffer. 1980. Aerial production,mortality, and mineral accumulationexport dynamicsin Spartina alternigoraand Juncus roemerianus plant stands in Georgia,USA salt marsh. Ecology 61:303-312. 32! Gill, A.M. and P.B.Tomlinson. 1969. Studieson the growthof red mangrove Rhizophoramangle L.!. 1. Habit andgeneral morphology. Biotropica 1:1-9. 33! Gill, A;M. and P.B.Tomlinson. 1971. Studieson the growthof red mangrove Rhizophoramangle L.!. 2. Growthand differentiation of aerialroots. Biotropica 3:63-77. 34! Gill, A.M. and P.B.Tomlinson. 1971. Studieson the growthof red mangrove Rhizophoramangle L.!. 3. Phenologyof the shoot. Biotropica3:109-124. 53 35!Gill, A.M. and P.B. Tomlinson. 1977. Studies onthe growth of redmangrove Rhizophoramangle L.!. 4.The adult root system. Biotropica 9:145-155. Hansen,D.J., P. Dayanandan, P.B.Kaufman andJ.D. Brotherson. 1976. Ecological 36! adaptationsofsalt marsh grass, Distichlis spicata Gramineae!, andenvironmental factorsaffecting itsgrowth and distribution. American Journal ofBotany 63:635- 650. 37!Harper, J.R. and E.D. Seneca. 1973. A preliminarystudyof flowering in Uniola paniculataalong the North Carolina coast. Bulletin ofthe Torrey Botanical Club 101:7-13. Hester,M.W. and I.A. Mendelssohn. 1987.Seed production andgermination response 38! offour Louisiana populations ofUniola paniculata Gramineae!. American Journal of Botany 74:1093-1101. 39!Hoffman, W.E., M.J. Durako and R.R. Lewis. 1985. Habitat restoration inTampa Bay.Pp. 658-661 inS.F. Treat, J.L. Simon, R.R. Lewis and R.L. Whitman, Jr. eds.!, Pr e in s T m B Ar i n ifi Inf rm ion si m [May1982]. BurgessPublishing Co., Minneapolis, MN. 663pp. 40!Jimenez, J.A. 1985.Laguncularia racemosa L.! Gaertn.f., whitemangrove: Combretaceae,Combretum family. U. S.Forestry Service, Institute of Tropical Forests,Silvies Manual, Issue3: 4 pp. 41!Jiminez, J.A. 1985. Rhizophora mangle L.,red mangrove: Rhizophoraceae, mangrove family.U.S. Forestry Service, Institute ofTropical Forests, Silvies Manual, Issue 2: 7 pp. 42!Jiminez, J.A. and A.E. Lugo. 1985. Avicennia germinans L.!L., black mangrove: Avicenniaceae,Verbena family. U.S. Forestry Service, Institute ofTropical Forests, Silvies Manual, Issue 4: 6 pp. 43!Johnson, A.F.and M.G. Barbour. Inpress. Dune and maritime forests. InMyers, R.L.and J.J. Eivel eds.!,E s m f Fl rid . AcademicPress. 44!Kemp, P.R. and G.L. Cunningham. 1981.Light, temperature andsalinity effects on growth,leafanatomy andphotosynthesis ofDistichlis spicata L.!Greene. American Journal of Botany 68:507-516. Knutson,P.L.and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr.1983. Shoreline stabilization withsalt marsh 45! vegetation.Special Report 9, Coastal Engineering Research Center, U.S. Army Corpsof Engineers,Fort Belvoir, VA. 95pp. Kurz,H. 1942.Florida dunes and scrub-vegetation andgeology. Florida Geological 46! SurveyBulletin No. 23, Florida Department ofConservation, Tallahassee, FL.154 PP 54 47! Kusler,J.A. andM.E. Kentula eds.!. 1989. 1 EPA/6/0/3-89/03L H ' 6 R h I Corvallis, OR. 48! Lewis,R.R. ed.!. 1976. in f n Ann 1 r i n f 1 i n in Fl ri . HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL. 203 PP. 49! Lewis, R.R. ed.!. 1982. i n R r i n f 1 Pl InIn nl 1 CRC Press,Inc., Boca Raton, FL. 219 pp. 50! Lewis,R.R. and D.P. Cole eds.!. 1977. r ' f h Thir R r i Fl ri . HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL. 147 pp. 51! Lewis,R.R. and D.P. Cole eds.!. 1978.Pr in f h F r r i n f 1V i n in Fl ' . HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL 166 pp. 52! Lewis,R.R. and D.P. Cole eds.!. 1979. in f h i Ann nf r n r i n f i n in ri . HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa,FL 255 pp. 53! Lewis,R.R. and J. Thomas eds.!. 1975. r in s f h Fir 1 nf r n nR r i n f 1V i ninF1 ri . Tampa,FL. 55pp. 54! Lugo,A.E. andS.C. Snedaker. 1974. The ecologyof mangroves.Annual Review of Ecologyand Systematics5:39-64. 55! McKee,K.L. and W.H. Patrick,Jr. 1988. The relationshipof smoothcordgrass Spartinaalferniflora! to tidal datums:a review. Estuaries11:143-151. 56! Odum,W.E. 1988.Comparative ecology of tidal freshwaterand saltmarshes. Annual Review of Ecologyand Systematics19:147-176. 57! Odum, W.E., C.C. McIvor and TL Smith, III. 1982. Th Ec 1 f r v h Fl ri A mm ni Pr ll . U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service,Office of BiologicalServices. FWS/OBS-81/24. Washington, DC. 58! Olexa,M.T. 1976.The distribution, etiology, and importance of redmangrove diseases in Florida.Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Florida,Gainesville, FL 81pp. 59! Palmer,P.G. 1975. A biosystematicstudy of the Panicumamancm - P. amarulum complex Gramineae!. Brittonia 27:142-150. 60! Powell,G.V.N. 1987. Habitatuse by wadingbirds in a subtropicalestuary: implicationsof hydrography.The Auk 104:740-749. 55 61! Provost,M.W. 1973.Mean high water mark and use of tidelandsin Florida. Florida Scientist 36:50-66. 62! Pulver,T.R. 1976. Transplanttechniques for saplingmangrove trees, Rhizophora mangle,Laguncularia racemosa and Avicennia germinans, in Florida. Florida Marine ResearchPublication Number 22, Florida Departmentor Natural Resources,Marine ResearchLaboratory, St. Petersburg,FL 14 pp. 63! Rozas,L.P. and C.T. Hackney. 1983. The importance of oligohaline wetland habitats to fisheries resources. Wetlands 3:77-89. 64! Salmon,J., D. Henningsenand T. McAlpin.1982. Dune restoration and revegetation manual.Report Number 48, Florida Sea Grant College, Gainesville, FL. 60pp. 65! Savage,T. 1972. Floridamangroves: A review. FloridaDepartment of Natural ResourcesMarine Research Laboratory Leaflet Series Vol. III, Contribution211. 14 pp. 66! Seaman,W.,Jr. ed.!.1985. Fl ri A i H i n Fi h R r . Florida Chapterof the AmericanFisheries Society, Kissimmee, FL. 543pp. 67! Semple,J.C. 1977. Chromosome numbers and karyotypes in Bomchia Compositae!. SystematicBotany 2:287-291. 68! Semple,J.C. and K.S.Semple. 1977. BomchiaX cubana B. frutescensX B. arborescens!:Interspecific hybridization in the Florida Keys. Systematic Botany 2:292- 301. 69! Seneca,E.D. 1972. Germinationand seedlingresponse of Atlantic and Gulf coast populationsof Uniolapaniculata. American Journal of Botany59:290-296. 70! Silander,J.A., Jr. 1979. Microevolutionand clone structurein Spartinaparens. Science 203:658-660. 71! Silander,J.A., Jr. 1985. The geneticbasis of the ecologicalamplitude of Spartina patens.II. Varianceand correlation analysis. Evolution 39:1034-1052. 72! Silander,J.A., Jr. and J. Antonovics. 1979. The geneticbasis of the ecological amplitudeof Spartinaparen. I. Morphometricand physiological traits. Evolution 33:1114-1127. 73! Smart,R.M. andJ.W. Barko. 1980. Nitrogennutrition and salinitytolerance of Distichlisspicata and Spartina alterniflora. Ecology 61:630-638. 74! Snedaker,S.C. 1982. Mangrove species zonation: why? Pp. 111-125 ~i Sen,D.N. and K. Rajpurohit eds.!, n ri i ns h E l f H l h . Dr. Junk Publishers, The Hague. 56 75! Somers,G.F. andD. Grant. 1981. Influenceof seedsource upon phenology of floweringof Spartinaalterniflora Loisel. and the likelihoodof crosspollination. American Journal of Botany 68:6-9. 76! Stern,W.L. and G.K. Voigt. 1959.Effect of saltconcentration on growthof red mangrove in culture. Botanical Gazette 121:36-39. 77! Stevely,J. and L. Rabinowitz. 1982. Mangroves- a guide for planting and maintenance.Florida CooperativeExtension Service, Marine AdvisoryBulletin MAP-25,Florida SeaGrant College,Gainesville, FL 8 pp. 78! Stovall, R.H. ed.!. 1982. r in f h nf R r i n ' n r i n. HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL 200pp. 79! St. John,H. 1970. Classificationand distributionof Ipomoeapcs-caprae group Convolvulaceae!.Botanische Jahrbuch 89:563-583. 80! Teas,H.J. 1976. Herbicidetoxicity in mangroves.U.S. EnvironmentalProtection AgencyResearch Report Series, EPA-600/3-76-004. Atlanta, GA. 34 pp. 81! Travis,R. 1977.The effects of aspectand exposure on thegrowth of dunegrasses in Cape Hatteras National Sea Shore, North Carolina, USA. International Journal of Biometeorology 21:217-226. 82! Wadsworth,F.H. 1959.Growth and regeneration of whitemangrove in PuertoRico. Caribbean Forester 20:59-71. 83! Wagner,R.H. 1964. The ecology.of Uniolapaniculata L in the dune-strandhabitat of North Carolina. EcologicalMonographs 34:79-96. 84! Wain,R.P. 1982.Genetic differentiation in theFlorida subspecies of Helianthusdebilis Asteraceae!. AmericanJournal of Botany 69:1573-1578. 85! Webb, F.J. ed.!. 1983. r in f ' Annu nfrn '% 1 R rtin n r in. HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL 277pp. 86! Webb, F.J. ed.!. 1984. Pr in f h Ann n nW R i n n r i n. HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL. 239pp. 87! Webb,F.J. ed.!. 1985. Pr in f v nhAnn r n R r in n r in. HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL 200pp. 88! Webb, F.J. ed.!. 1986. P in w 1 h r n R r in n r in. HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL 220pp. 89! Webb,F.J. ed.!. 1987.Pr in f h Thi nhAnn rn nW1 R r in n r in. HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL. 188pp. 57 90! Webb,FL ed.!. 1988. ' f h nf r i . Hillsborough CommunityCollege, Tampa, FL 218 pp. 91! Webb,F.J. ed.!. 1989. i l nfr 1 n i r i . HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL. 258 pp. 92! Webb,J.W,, J.D. Dodd and B.H. Koerth. 1980.Establishment and growth of grass speciestransplanted on dredgedmaterial. TexasJournal of Science32:247-258. 93! Westra,R.N. and W.E. Loomis. 1966. Seed dormancy in Uniolapaniculata. American Journal of Botany 53:407-411. 94! Wilson,D.E. 1977.Ecological observations on'the tropical strand plants, Ipomoea pes- caprae L.! R. Br. Convolvulaceae!and Canavaliamaritima Aubl.! Thous. Fabaceae!. Brenesia10/11:31-42. 95! Woodhouse,W.W., Jr., E.D. Senecaand A. W. Cooper. 1968. Useof seaoats for dune stabilization in the southeast. Shore and Beach 35:15-21. 96! W h R.W. f980. ~ ~ ~ i i . Th S 'b 92-Cpi C Foundation, Inc., Sanibel, FL. 137 pp. 97! Yates,H.O. 1966. Morphologyand cytologyof Uniola Gramineae!. Southwest Naturalist 11:145-189. 58 SECTION HI. PLANT ILLUSTRATIONS AND COLOR PLATES Figure5. Rhizophoramangle - Red Mangrove;fruiting branch see also Figure 9, Plate I!. 59 Figure 6. Avicenniagenninans - Black Mangrove see also Figure 9, Plate II!. 60 5cm Figure 7. Lagunculariaracemosa - White Mangrove see also Figure 9, Plate III!, 61 Figure 8. Conocarpuserecta - Buttonwood Reference only, not in guidelines see also Figure 9!. 62 5cmD 5cm Figure9. Mangroveleaf comparison.A = Rhizophoramangle - Red Mangrove see also Figure 5, Plate I!, B = Avicenniagerminans - Black Mangrove seealso Figure 6, PlateII!, C = Conocarpuserecta - Buttonwood see also Figure 8!, D = Lagunculariaracemosa - White Mangrove see also Figure 7; Plate III!. Note: Leaf-stalkglands in C and D secretesugar, not salt. 63 I 8 cl 5F I g'S ~ R Om 65 Figure 12. Trailing-vineleaf comparison.A = Canavaliarosea - Bay-bean for comparisononly!, B = Ipomoeapes-caprae - Railroad-vine see also Figure 10, Plate IV!, C = Ipomoeaimperati - BeachMorning-glory see also Figure 11, Plate IV!. 66 Figure'gu 13. . Hel'elianthusdebilis subspecies vestitus - Gulf DuneSunflower see also Figure 14, Plate V!. 67 5cm Figure 14. Stem comparisonof Helianthusdebilis subspecies. A = H. d. ssp.vestitus- Gulf Dune Sunflower see also Figure 13, Plate V; Gulf coast!,B = H. d. ssp.debilis- Atlantic Dune Sunflower Atlantic coast!. 68 Figure 15. BomchiaPutescens - SeaOx-eye Daisy see also Figure 16, Plate V!. 69 Figure 16. Borrichia frutescens- Sea Ox-eye Daisy; rhizome branching pattern see also Figure 15, Plate V!. 70 cm Figure 17. Iva frutescens- Marsh-elder see also Figure 19, Plate VI!. 71 cm Figure 18. Iva imbncata - Beach-elder see also Figure 19, Plate VI!, 72 A 5mm 5mm Figure 19. Iva subspeciesflower-head comparison. A Iva fiurescens- Marsh-elder see also Figure 17, Plate VI!, B = Iva imb~cNa - Beach-elder see also Figure 18, Plate VI!. 73 10 cm Figure 20. Juncus roemerianus- Needle Rush see also Plate VII!. 74 10 cm Figure 21. Distichlisspicata - Saltgrass see also Figures22, 30, 33, Plate VII!. 75 Figure22. Distichlisspicata - Saltgrass;inflorescence seealso Figures 21, 30, 33, Plate VII!. 76 10 cm Figure 23. Paspalumvaginatum - Salt Jointgrass see also Figures 30, 34, Plate VIII!. 77 10 cm Fi 'gure 24. . SporobolusS viry'nicus - SeashoreDropseed see also Figures 30, 35, Plate VIII!. 78 Figure 25. Spartinaalterniflora - SmoothCordgrass see also Figure 31, Plate IX!. 79 Figure 26. Spartinapatens - Marsh-hay see also Figure 31, Plate IX!. 80 Figure 27. Panicum amarum - Bitter Panicum see also Figure 32, Plate X!. 81 82 Figure 29. Uniolapaniculata - Sea-oats;mature inQorescence see also Figures28, 32, Plate X!. 83 Figure30. Spikeletcomparisons of threecommonly confused grasses. A = Paspalumvaginatum - SaltJointgrass see also Figure 23, Plate VIII!, B = Sporobolusviry'nicus - SeashoreDropseed see also Figure 24, Plate VIII!, C = Distichlisspicata - Saltgrass see also Figures 21, 22, Plate VII!. SeeFigures 33-35 for ligule comparisons. 84 Figure 31. Spikelet comparisonof two Spartinaspecies. A = S.patens - Marsh-hay see also Figure 26,.Plate IX!, B = S. alterniflora - Smooth Cordgrass see also Figure 25, Plate IX!. 85 86 Figure 33. Distichlisspicata - Saltgrass;s li 'gu le detail see also Figures21, 22, 30, Plate VII!. 87 2mm Figure 34. Paspalumvaginatum - Salt Jointgrass;ligule detail see also Figures23, 30, Plate VIII!. 88 2mm Figure 35. Sporobolusviry'nicus - Seashore Dropseed; ligule detail see also Figures 24, 30, Plate VIII!. 89 a b c PLATE I. Rhizophoramangle - Red Mangrove a = habit, b = habit, c = propagules/fruits, d = inflorescence. 90 a b c PLATE II. Avicennia germinans Black Mangrove a = habit,b = pneumatophores,c = propagule/fruit,d = inflorescence. 91 PLATE III. Laguncularia racemosa White Mangrove a = habit, b = germinating fruit, c = propagule/fruit, 6 = inflorescence. 92 PLATE IV. Ipomoeaimperafi- BeachMorning-glory: a = habit,b = flower; Ipomoeapcs-caprae- Railroad-vine; c = habit, d = flower. 93 a b c d PLATE V. Helianthusdebilisssp. vestikus Gulf Dune Sunflower:a = habit, b = flower head;Borrichia frutescens SeaOx-eye Daisy: e = habit, d = flower heads. a b c d PLATE VI. Iva frutescens Marsh-elder: a = habit, b = inflorescence; Ivaimbricata - Beach-elder: c = habit, d = inflorescence, a b G PLATE VII. tutus roemerianus - Needle Rush: a = habit, b = inflorescence; Distichlisspicata Saltgrass:c = habit, d = inflorescence. 96 a b PLATE VIII. Paspalumvagina urn- Salt Jointgrass:a = habit, b = inflorescence; Sporobolusvirginicus - SeashoreDropseed: c = habit, d = inflorescence. 97 a b c d PLATE IX. Spartina alterniflora - Smooth Cordgrass:a = habit, b = inflorescence; Spartinapatens- Marsh-hay: c = habit, d = inflorescence. PLATE X. Panicum amarum Bitter Panicum: a = habit, b = inflorescence; Uniolapaniculata Sea-oats:c = habit, d = inflorescence. 99 PHOTO CREDITS a ~ Robin Lewis b,c Dard Crewz d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ William Weber II. a, c Robin Lewis II. b,d David Crewz III. a,b,d David Crewz III. Robin Lewis IV. Otto Bundy IV. Walter Judd IV. c Dard Crewz IV. Walter Judd V. a,b,c David Crewz V. d William Weber a,b,c David Crewz Michael Barnett VII. a David Crewz VII. b, d Kerry Dressier VII. c Steve Beeman VIII. a - d David Crewz IX. a, c, d David Crewz IX. b .... Kerry Dressier Steve Beeman b,c,d David Crewz Cover photographby WendyWilson 100 SECTION IV. APPENDIX ADDITIONAL COASTAL PLANT SPECIES Includedin the following list are someadditional commonspecies useful in habitat creationprojects in Florida. To providea detaileddescription of the over 500plant species found in coastalFlorida is beyondthe scopeof this publication. The information in this section should be regarded only as a general guide. Common names vary among geographiclocations, taxonomy of scientificnames is alwaysin flux, and habitat rangesmay extend beyond what is presented here. Many coastal plant speciesoccur across a broad range of environmental conditions and are often found in a number of community associations. Because of variable habitat tolerance, many species cannot be pigeonholed into specific habitats. In particular, describing where vegetation occurs using the vegetation itself as a category leads to a circular description. For instance, while bay-bean Canavalia! may be conveniently described as occurring in mangrove fringes, can red mangrove Rhizophora! be said to occur in mangrove fringes as well? Therefore, to avoid a circular description, we have adopted a system of habitat description based on three main tidal-related ranges: supratidal, intertidal, and subtidal. Each of these tidal ranges is followed by specific modifiers in parentheses. A supratidal rangemay be dry and/or wet, and intertidal/subtidal rangesmay be fresh/brackish/saline or a combinationof these. Plantsmay alsorange across more than one category,and if so, the principal range is given first. For instance, sea-purslane Sesuvium! has a habitat range of "Supratidal wet or dry!; Intertidal saline to brackish!" which implies that this species is principally supratidal but may be found intertidally; in addition, it is found in dry areas for example, dunes! and wet areas tidal shores! and can tolerate high salinity substrates as well as less saline areas. Tidal-range classes are presented in order of decreasing elevation, with the highest elevations listed first and followed through successivelylower elevations. Plant specieswithin each range are listed alphabetically by common name. 101 Beach-creeper Ernodea littoralis Sw., Rubiaceae! Beach-tea Croton punctatus Jacq., Euphorbiaceae! Beachberry;Inkberry Scaevolaplumieri L.! Vahl, Goodeniaceae! BlanketFlower; Fire-wheel Gaillardia pulchella Foug.,Asteraceae! CoralFoxtail Setariamacrosperma Scribn. & Merr.! Schlum.,Poaceae! Groundsel-bush;Sea-myrtle Baccharis glomeruliflora Pers., Asteraceae! Groundsel-bush;Sea-myrtle Baccharis halimifolia L., Asteraceae! Hercules'-club Zanthoxylum clava-herculisL., Rutaceae! Little Bluestem Schizachyrium scoparium Michx.! Nash,Poaceae! Live Oak Quercusvirginiana Mill., Fagaceae! Myrtle Oak Quercusmyrtifolia Willd., Fagaceae! Necklace-pod Sophora tomentosa L., Fabaceae! Pink Purslane Portulaca pilosa L., Portulacaceae! PurpleSandgrass Triplasis purpurea Walt.! Chapm.,Poaceae! SandAtriplex Atriplexpentandra Jacq.! Standi.,Chenopodiaceae! SandLive Oak Quercusgeminata Small, Fagaceae! SandPine Pinusclausa Chapm.ex Engelm.! Vaseyex Sarg.,Pinaceae! Sea-grape Coccoloba uvifera L.! L., Polygonaceae! SeasideEvening-primrose Oenothera humifusa Nutt., Onagraceae! Sisal;Century-plant Agave spp., Agavaceae! SouthernRed Cedar Juniperussilicicola Small! Bailey, Cupressaceae! Spanish-dagger;Spanish-bayonet Yucca aloifolia L., Agavaceae! Tall Threeawn ArIstida patula Chapm.ex Nash,Poaceae! 102 Annual Marsh Aster Aster subulatus Michx., Asteraceae! Bay-bean Canavalia rosea Sw.! DC., Fabaceae! ChestnutSedge Fimbristylis castanea Michx.! Vahl, Cyperaceae! False Willow; Saltmarsh-willow Baccharis angustifolia Michx., Asteraceae! Galingale; Flat Sedge Cyperusodoratus L., Cyperaceae! Gulf Cordgrass Spartina spartinae Trin.! Merr. ex Hitchc., Poaceae! Hairgrass;Muhly Grass Muhlenbergia capillaris Lam.! Trin., Poaceae! Hairy ChestnutSedge Fimbristylis caroliniana Lam.! Fern, Cyperaceae! Keygrass;Shoregrass Monanthochloe littoralis Engelm., Poaceae! Perennial SaltmarshAster Aster tenuifolius L., Asteraceae! Samphire;Beach-carpet Blutaparon vermiculare L.! Mears, Amaranthaceae! Trailing Cow-pea Vigna luteola Jacq.! Benth., Fabaceae! Yellow-top Flaveria spp., Asteraceae! Bay-cedar Suriana maritima L., Surianaceae! Buttonwood;Button Mangrove Conocarpuserecta L., Combretaceae! CabbagePalm; Palmetto Sabal palmetto Walt.! Lodd. ex Schultes, Arecaceae! Coco-plum Chrysobalanusicaco L., Chrysobalanaceae! Florida-privet Forestiera segregata Jacq.! Krug & Urban, Oleaceae! Gray-nicker Caesalpinia bonduc L! Roxb., Fabaceae! Hurricane-grass Fimbristylis spathaceaRoth., Cyperaceae! Pigeon-plum;Tie-tongue Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq., Polygonaceae! Purple Sedge Cyperusligularis L., Cyperaceae! Sand Cordgrass;Baker's Cordgrass Spartina bakeri Merr., Poaceae! Saw Palmetto Serenoarepens Bartr.! Small, Arecaceae! SouthernSea-blite Suaeda linearis Ell.! Moq., Chenopodiaceae! Thin Paspalum Paspalum setaceumMichx., Poaceae! Woody Sea Ox-eye Daisy Borrichia arborescens L.! DC., Asteraceae! 103 r . In al saline t ra h Horse-purslane Trianthema portulacastrum L., Aizoaceae! Sea-purslane Sesuvium portulacastrum L., Aizoaceae! In fr h r h Bull-tongue;Lanceleaf Arrowhead Sagittarialancifolia L., Alismataceae! Saw-grass Cladium jamaicense Crantz., Cyperaceae! CommonThree-Square Bulrush Scirpus americanusPers., Cyperaceae! Golden Leather Fern Acrostichum aureum L., Pteridaceae! Giant Leather Fern Acrostichum danaeifolium Langsd. & Fisch., Pteridaceae! SaltmarshBulrush Scirpus robustus Pursh., Cyperaceae! Intertidal salin r h Annual Glasswort Salicornia bigelo~ii Torr., Chenopodiaceae! Perennial Glasswort Salicornia virginica L., Chenopodiaceae! Saltwort Batis maritima L., Bataceae! In ' saline o brackish Shoal-grass Halodule wrightii Aschers., Cymodoceaceae! Widgeon-grass Ruppia maritima L., Ruppiaceae! Turtle-grass Thalassia testudinum Koenig, Hydrocharitaceae! Star-grass Halophila engelmanii Aschers., Hydrocharitaceae! GLOSSARY BAIWNCED FERTILIZER - fertilizer containingthe samepercentage of nitrogen N!, phosphorus P!, and potassium K!. For example,N-P-K is 6-6-6or 20-20-20,etc. BAIM-ROOT- singleplanting units with rootsand/or rhizomes, taken from the field and lacking a soil ball; must be protectedfrom drying and heat damage. BROADCAST FERTIIJZER - fertilizer spread by hand or mechanicalmeans; not incorporatedinto soil at planting time. CANOPY - leaf'ycomponent of a plant. The canopylayer is the tallest leafy layer in an area. CLONAL PLANT - plantsable to reproducevegetatively by producingtillers, rhizomes,or stolonsthat produceadditional shoots; the shootsare usuallyconsidered genetically identical. COALESCENCE- the growingtogether of two or more separateunits, as in grassplugs or mangrove canopies. COASTALCONSTRUCTION CONTROL LINE CCCL! - an imaginaryjurisdictional line of variablelocation determinedby the Florida Departmentof Natural Resources'Division of Beachesand Shores!delineating the 100-yearstorm impact zoneon sandybeaches. See Section 161.053, F.S., for details. DENSITY- the numberof individualsper unit area usuallyper m'!; for clonalorganisms e.g.,smooth cordgrass!, the individualis usuallyregarded as the stem,not the clumpof geneticallyrelated stems. DETRITUS - free, disintegratingdead organic tissue mostly of plant origin! and the associatedmicroorganisms engaged in the decompositionof the material. DRIFT MATERIAL - predominantlyplant material in varying stagesof decay that is moved about by currents; flotsam and jetsam. EXOTIC - not indigenousto a region;intentionally or accidentallyintroduced and often persisting,occasionally in epidemicproportions; alien. FORB - short, leafy, herbaceousplants other than grassesand grass-likeplants. HABIT - the appearanceor makeupof an organism. HABITAT - the environmentoccupied by individualsof a particular species,population, or community. 105 INDIGENOUS SPECIES - native to a region. INFLORESCENCE- the basicpresentation of the floweringstructure of plants. After seed set, known as an infructescence. INTERTIDAL - sedimentsurface between mean low water and mean high water. INUNDATION- a conditionin whichwater from anysource temporarily or permanently covers a land surface. LIGULE - a structure of membranes, hairs, or a combination of 'both that occurs at the juncture of the leaf blade and leaf sheathof grasses. LINER - in practice,the smallestcontainer-grown planting unit available;usually consists of multiple units in a tray. MAINTENANCE - any follow-up activitiesnecessary to assuresuccessful long-term goals after a project is completed e.g., erosioncontrol, water-levelmanipulations!. MANGROVE - an ecologicalgrouping for woody plants that inhabit marine intertidal shorelines, principally along tropical shores. MEAN HIGH WATER MHW! - the averagemaximum elevation above mean sealevel reachedby a risingtide and is the averageof gll high tides of eachtidal day 4.84 hours! over the National Tidal Datum Epoch 9 years!. MEAN HIGHER HIGH WATER MHHW! - the 19-yearaverage of only the highesthigh tide of eachtidal day; this is higher than MHW see above!. MEAN SEA LEVEL MSL! - a datum,or "planeof zero elevation,"established by averaginghourly tidal elevationsover a 19-year tidal cycle or "epoch." This plane is corrected for curvature of the earth and is the standard reference for elevations on the earth's surface. MITIGATION - attempting to offset wetlands lossesthrough restoration, creation, or enhancement of wetlands at other locations. MONITORING - periodic evaluationof a site to determineits statusrelative to specific predetermined goals. NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM NGVD! - an imaginaryfixed-reference plane relative to Mean SeaLevel in.1929. The relationshipbetween MSL and NGVD is site-specific. NITROGENOUS FERTIILZER - a fertilizer that has only nitrogen and lacks other componentssuch as potassiumand phosphorus e.g., 19-0-0!. 106 NUISANCE SPECIES - a species usually exotic! that becoines abundant by virtue of fast growth and reproduction and that can exclude desirable species. NURSERY HABITAT - the complex environmental area for maturation of young organisms that may migrate out of the habitat at maturity; nutrition and protection from predators are afforded by plants and their by-products. ON CENTER O.C.! - spacing between centers of planting units, PERCENT COVER - the amount of vegetated versus unvegetated substrate expressed as a percentage of the whole! in a given area. PLPPK COMMUNI'IY - all of the plant populations occurring in a shared habitat or environment and recognizable as being differentiated from adjacent communities, PROPAGULE - generally, the dispersable "offspring" of a plant e.g., seeds, fruits, vegetative units!. Mangrove offspring are called propagulesbecause seeds are never formed in these plants. RHIZOME RMZOMATOUS! - an undergroundplant stem that can form shootsabove and roots below and results in lateral spread of the plant. ROOT-BALL - the roots of a plant and the associatedsoil volume; may be dug from the ground or cultured in containers. SALT-TOLEIVMr - having the physiology necessaryto cope with the stressesresulting from exposure to fluctuating levels of salts in the growing mediuin. SPIKELET - the basic unit of a grass or sedge inflorescence; composed of one or more small flowers florets!. SPRING TIDE - a tide that occurs at or near the time of a new or full moon and rises higher and falls lower relative to incan sea level than tides at other moon phases neap tides!. SUBSTRATE - the base or substanceon or into which an organism is attached or rooted. SUBTIDAL - sediment surface below mean low water. SUPRATIDAL - soil surface above mean high water. SYNONYMY - taxonomic revision by which scientific namesbecome outdated and the new name becomes preferred over the former name s!. TAXONOMY - the classification of organisms using Latin terminology. 107 TILLER - a lateral, leafy stem originating from the stem base of a clonal grass plant. TDAF~REIXASEFERTILIZER - encapsulatedfertilizer that absorbswater and gradually leaches nutrients. TfVBCSITIONZONE - an ill-defined zonein which gradationoccurs between two distinct habitats; may be narrow or broad; ecotone. UPLPPlD - land not inundatedat any time by norinal tidal cycles may be flooded during storm episodes!. WAVE UPRUSH - the rush of water up onto the beach following the breaking of a wave. %WfJANDS ~ hih *p* y «d p ly p id' y inundated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions e.g., estuaries, rivers, swamps,marshes, and bogs!.