International Journal of Advanced Chemical Science and Applications (IJACSA) ______

Assessment of Groundwater Quality in District, Tamilnadu

1Sivakumar Krishnamoorthy, 2Murugesan Athimoolam 1Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641046. 2Department of Chemistry, Sriram Engineering College, Perumalpattu – 602024. Email: [email protected], [email protected]

[Received:3rd Aug.2015; Revised: 18th Aug.2015; pollutants from water, there are definite limits. It is up to Accepted:25th Aug.2015; Available online from: 23rd the people to provide security to protect and maintain Sept. 2015] quality of water[5]. Now the pollution of groundwater Abstract : Cuddalore is the most backward administrative comes from many sources. The main sources of district in the state of . It has six talukas namely groundwater pollution are discharge of waste disposal cuddalore, , Vriddhachalam, Tittakudi, from agriculture, industries and municipalities. Kattumannarkudi and . Sometimes surface run-off also brings mud, leaves, and has historical importance with good agriculture. People are human and animal wastes into surface water bodies. using groundwater as prime source for drinking and These pollutants may enter directly into the groundwater agricultural purposes. Climatic changes, urbanization and and contaminate it [6]. Groundwater with good quality is industrialization cause water scarcity and pollution. Groundwater samples were collected from various bore very important to improve the life of people. The present wells in different blocks of Cuddalore district in 2014. study is undertaken to investigate the qualitative analysis Water quality parameters like pH, electrical conductivity and some physicochemical parameters of ground water at (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu bicarbonate(HCO3), calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen Study Area : demand (COD), sodium, potassium, nickel, chromium and The study area, viz. Cuddalore district lies on the East cadmium contents were evaluated using standard Coast of Southern , bound on the north, south and recommended procedures. The analytical results were west by Villupuram, Nagapattinam and Perambalur compared with standards like WHO and BIS. From the districts and on the east by Bay of Bengal. The district observation, it is established that the groundwater quality 0 ’ 0 0 ′ significantly varied from location to location. Most of the lies between 78 42 and 80 12’ east latitude and 12 27 ″ 0 ’ ″ samples were under the alarming condition. Adequate 30 and 11 10 45 north longitude. The average rainfall groundwater technologies are encouraged for the is 1164mm per year. There are 7 talukas situated in consumption. cuddalore district and the total population is around Key Words: Groundwater Chemistry, Water Quality 2,605,914 according to the census report of 2011. The Index, Impact Assessment and Cuddalore district. drinking water source of cuddalore district is mainly ground water for their drinking purpose and for day today I. INTRODUCTION activities. Bore well is the only supply of ground water in cuddalore district which is distributed through pipelines. Water is indispensable and one of the precious natural Hence, the study was designed to evaluate the parameters resources of this planet and groundwater is an important significant for potability purpose and the concentration in source of water supply throughout the world [1]. Water is the water was compared with the standards prescribed by a prime need for human survival and industrial WHO (World Health Organization) and BIS (Bureau of development and it is also considered as the only source Indian Standards). of drinking water in many rural and small communities[2],[ 3]. Water pollution is a major problem II. MATERIALS AND METHODS for the new generation. The problems like growing population, sewage disposal, industrial waste, radioactive Groundwater samples were collected from 36 waste, etc. have polluted the water resources so much [4]. representative bore wells, during Post moon 2014. Now it is time to realize that the Groundwater is an Samples were collected in 1 L polythene bottles which important water resource for domestic and agriculture were previously cleaned. Each bottle was rinsed with needs in both rural and urban parts of India. The distilled water to avoid any possible contamination. The chemical composition of groundwater is very important analysis was carried out systematically both one that determines the quality of water. Water quality is volumetrically and by instrumental techniques. The very significant and often polluted due to agricultural, procedures were followed from standard books and [ industrial and human activities. Even though the natural manuals 7], [8], [9]. The analysis was carried out environmental processes provide means of removing immediately for pH, EC, DO and for all other parameters ______ISSN (Print):2347-7601, ISSN (Online): 2347-761X, Volume -3, Special Issue -1, 2015 68 International Journal of Advanced Chemical Science and Applications (IJACSA) ______within three hours of the sampling time. All soil[10]. concentrations are expressed in milligrams per litre Electrical Conductivity: Electrical conductivity is a (mg/L) except pH and EC in µS. The temperature of measure of water capacity to convey electric current. EC water samples was recorded on the spot using value is manifestation to signify the concentration of thermometer. pH meter (Systronics digital model 355) soluble salts in water. The electrical conductance is an was used to determine the hydrogen ion concentration. indication of total dissolved solids which is a measure of The samples were analyzed for EC by using conductivity salinity that affects the taste of potable water. Electrical meter. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were estimated conductivity value is from 154 to 4400µS/cm. High using Systronics water analyzer. Total Hardness (TH) concentration of EC in groundwater is due to ionic was determined volumetrically by using standard EDTA mobility and ionic valences of the ions. The maximum solution. Nitrates (No ) were determined by using 3 value of EC observed in the sample 13 and the minimum colorimeter. Sulphate and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) were value found in the sample 28, and the average of the estimated by precipitation method by using BOD bottle electricals conductivity shown in the range 1303.37 µS. and chloride (Cl-) was determined volumetrically by Most of the sample EC exceeds the permissible limit of using AgNO solution. Calcium (Ca2+), magnesium 3 1400 recommended by BIS[8]. Patil and Patil[11] also (Mg2+), sodium(Na+) ,potassium(K+), chemical oxygen found that high range of electrical conductivity was demand (COD) were analyzed as per standard procedures observed in Amalner Town ground waters in the range of (APHA, Standard methods). Heavy metals like nickel 398 µS to 2827µs. (Ni2+), chromium (Cr2+), cadmium (Cd2+) were determined by using AAS (Atomic adsorption Total Dissolved Solids: Total dissolved solids indicate spectroscopy). the salinity behavior of groundwater. Water containing more than 500 mg/L of TDS is not considered desirable for drinking water supplies, but in unavoidable cases 1500 mg/L is also allowed. TDS value is from 114 to 1522 mg/L. The maximum level was found in the sample 10 and the minimum was found in sample 28. Average TDS value is 681.52 mg/L. In about 50% of the samples TDS exceeds the BIS limit of 500 mg/L because incidence of higher level of TDS is considered to be objectionable. The total dissolved solids in water is due to the presence of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, organic matter, and other particles. As per the classification[12], total dissolved solids for around 8 samples made the water slightly saline. Similarly high levels of TDS ranging from 700 to 3200 mg/L were found in groundwater samples in Kotputli Town, Jaipur, Rajasthan [13]. This parameter in general gains its entry in to ground water through various means such as sea water intrusion, sewage, urban runoff, industrial wastewater[14]. Figure1 Description of study area Total hardness: The total hardness is an important III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION parameterof water quality to decide whether it could be The average results of the physicochemical parameters used for drinking. Hardness of such water mainly for water samples are presented in table 1. depends upon the amount of calcium or magnesium salts or both[15]. The maximum Total hardness is found to be pH: The parameter pH generally indicates the acid or 409 mg/L in sample 33 and the minimum is observed as alkaline nature of any solution and usually does not bear 46 mg/L in the sample 25. The average value of total any direct impact on consumers. The data revealed that hardness is 154.74. Around 94% of the samples were the pH value is ranged from 6.7 to 8.6. The maximum crossing the permissible limit recommended by BIS[8] range found in the sample 13 and the minimum was 300 mg/L which may be due to the presence of carbonate observed in sample 10 and the average of the pH value and bi-carbonate hardness. The hardness in the water is found as 7.8. The pH value of all the samples does not due to the dissolved minerals from sedimentary rocks exceed the recommended limit (6.5-8.5) of BIS[8] seepage and runoff. Based on the classification[16] for whereas the water samples were slight alkaline in total hardness of the water, around 11 samples are very characteristic. Similar pH value 7.1 -8.4 for the ground hard and 7 samples are hard and 18 samples are water of the selected area of Mysore city, Karnataka and moderately hard . Such a high concentration of total it is stated that the reason for such conditions may be due hardness was observed in the Ground Water of Alathur to different types of buffers that may present in the Block –Perambalur, Tamilnadu, India[17] with values in ground water and presence of weak basic salt in the the range 259 to 697 mg/L. ______ISSN (Print):2347-7601, ISSN (Online): 2347-761X, Volume -3, Special Issue -1, 2015 69 International Journal of Advanced Chemical Science and Applications (IJACSA) ______

Dissolved oxygen: Dissolved oxygen is an important weathering of plagioclase feldspars, and leaching of parameter in water quality assessment and reflects the nepheline, sodalite, stilibite, glucophane, etc. In area of physical and biological processes prevailing in the water. evaporate deposits, the solution of halite is also The DO values indicate the degree of pollution in water important. Clay minerals and zeolites may, under certain bodies. The DO values in the groundwater range from 2.1 conditions, release large quantities of exchangeable to 5.3 mg/L. The minimum value was observed in sample sodium. Potassium is commonly less than 1/10th No. 21 and the maximum in the sample No.3. The concentration of sodium in ground water. Sodium average dissolved oxygen concentration was found to be concentration was found in between 7 to 987 mg/L. The 4.06 mg/L. The standard value of dissolved oxygen in minimum value was observed in sample No. 7 and the groundwater is 5 mg/L, 89% of the samples are below the maximum in the sample No.13. The average sodium required limit of WHO [18]. It may be due to certain concentration was found to be 175.59 mg/L. Sodium inorganic oxidizable substances, biological concentration values for 75% of the investigated samples decomposition of organic matter, rise in temperature and were found within the permissible limits recommended oxygen demanding wastes etc. by BIS[8]. Chemical oxygen demand: COD value is from 28 to 74 Sulphate: Sulphate occurs naturally in water as a result mg/L. The minimum value was observed in sample No. of leaching from gypsum and other common minerals. 12 and the maximum in the sample No.17. The average Discharge of industrial wastes and domestic sewage chemical oxygen demand was found to be 47.21 mg/L. It tends to increase its concentration. Maximum Sulphate is a measure of the oxygen required for the chemical concentration was found around 195 mg/L and a oxidation of organic matter. The COD values at all minimum of 0 mg/L. The minimum value was observed sampling stations exceeded the permissible limit in sample No. 5 and the maximum value was observed in (10mg/L) according to WHO [18]. High COD may be sample No.36. The average sulphate concentration was due the disposal of agricultural, cattle wastes and sewage found to be 65.83 mg/L. The recommended BIS limit for near the source of water. sulphate in drinking water is 150 mg/L and only 8% of the sample exceeds the permissible limit. A contrary Potassium: Potassium is an essential nutrient for both result found in the study conducted in the groundwater plants and human life . It is available by natural samples near an Industrial vicinity of Cuddalore District, occurrence in ground water by weathering of rocks and Tamilnadu, India[20] where the values were reported in minerals. The potassium values ranged between 0.5 mg/L the range 18 to 119 mg/L. (sample no. 3 and 7) and 87.06 mg/L (Sample no. 14) and the average potassium concentration was around 16.47 Chloride: The chloride concentration serves as an mg/L. As per the studies conducted[13], higher values of indicator of pollution by sewage. People accustomed to potassium were observed (78 mg/L) in the groundwater higher chloride in water are subjected to laxative effects. Samples of Kotputli Town Jaipur, Rajasthan. Calcium In the present analysis, water is subjected to laxative ion is commonly present in the water. effects. In the present analysis, chloride concentration recorded a maximum of 1389 mg/L in sample No.13 and Calcium: Calcium and magnesium are directly related to minimum of 28 mg/L in the sample No. 5 and 28. The hardness. The maximum level of calcium occurred in the average concentration of the chloride was found to be sample 32 is 356 mg/L and the minimum value occurred 247.44 mg/L. When the samples are compared with the 11 mg/L in sample 12. The average value of calcium in BIS standard, around 22% of the samples are exceeding the water sample was recorded as 61.74 mg/L and it is the permissible limit 250 mg/L. It may be due to the found that 13.8% of the sample exceeds the permissible presence of domestic sewage disposal and the presence of limits recommended by BIS[8]. It is found in great soluble chlorides from rocks [21]. It may also be due to abundance in all natural waters and its source lies in the anthropogenic activity like septic tank effluents and rocks which it is leached and its concentration varies usage of bleaching agents by people nearby bore well greatly in natural waters depending upon the nature of the [22]. basin[19]. Nitrate: The major source of nitrate in ground water is Magnesium: Magnesium in ground water samples due to excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers, sewage, ranged between 0 mg/L - 66 mg/L. The minimum value plant and animal matters etc and nitrate at higher levels in was observed in sample No. 5 and the maximum in the the drinking water may cause adverse effects on human sample No.8. The average magnesium concentration was and animal health. The concentration of nitrate in ground found to be 17.14 mg/L. Magnesium is considered to be water samples ranged from 0 mg/L to 37.6 mg/ L. The an essential metal at lower concentration whereas it minimum value was observed in sample No. 2 and 5 and becomes toxic when it is at higher range and also gives the maximum value was observed in sample No. 24. The unpleasant taste in the drinking water. Similar range of average concentration of the nitrate was found to be magnesium 28 to 81 mg/L in the Alathur block, 13.72 mg/L. All the samples are compared with the BIS Perambalur, Tamilnadu, India was also reported[17]. standard and are found within the permissible limit 45 Sodium: Sodium is more prominent in groundwater than mg/L. Sivasankaran[23] reported that the ground water potassium. The primary source of most sodium in natural samples from Pondicherry region has high concentration water is from the release of soluble produce during the of nitrate. ______ISSN (Print):2347-7601, ISSN (Online): 2347-761X, Volume -3, Special Issue -1, 2015 70 International Journal of Advanced Chemical Science and Applications (IJACSA) ______

Cadmium: Cadmium is considered to be one among the sample No. 2 and 3 and the maximum value was observed environmentally hazardous metals (Indian standard 1st in sample No. 21. The average concentration of the rev., 2003) because of its high toxicity and greater cadmium was found to be 0.703mg/L. capability of accumulation and retention in the body of Chromium: Chromium content in the water samples organism including human. The ISI acceptable limit for varied from 0.18 to 4.39 ppm. 83% of the stations stand cadmium in drinking water is 0.001 ppm and 0.01 ppm above the standard level. The minimum value was respectively. All the stations stand above the standard observed in sample No. 18 and the maximum value was level. Cadmium content in the water samples varied from observed in sample No. 10. The average concentration of 0.23 to 1.00 ppm. The minimum value was observed in the chromium was found to be 1.75 mg/L. Table-1 Groundwater Quality parameter of study Area

- 2- Sam Stations pH EC TH TDS Cl SO4 NO3 HCO3 Ca Mg Na K DO COD Ni Cr Cd 1 Mangalampet 8.4 1865 107 1006 525 27 11 152 39 2 210 12 4.6 36 2.63 1.44 0.26 2 Konankuppam 7.6 579 75 373 113 52 0 115 27 1.2 40 14 4 36 2.95 0.81 0.23 3 Erumanur 8.2 762 53 473 150 48 6 135 21 0.6 14 0.5 5.3 35 2.76 1.85 0.23 4 Vriddhachalam 8.2 1080 95 926.7 321 37 36 243 37 0.12 150 50 4 48 2.93 0.13 0.86 5 Muthandikuppam 8.4 301 79 213 28 0 0 122 30 0 210 43 5.2 55 2.78 0.77 0.24 6 Mathur 8.3 2174 142 1021 373 52 0.4 286 51 3.3 20 12.8 4 34 2.95 1.94 0.24 7 Karuveppalamkurichi 7.8 452 73 317 34 28 25 41 15 7.8 7 0.5 3.7 44 2.6 0.36 0.24 8 Pennadam 7.5 1542 215 986 82.2 5.1 0.02 566 88 66 53.2 30.1 3.4 70 2.8 2.03 0.45 9 Avinankuddi 7.1 1105 60 707 302 3.1 0.08 123 34 30 97 26 3.2 65 2.5 1.67 0.24 10 Tittakudi 6.7 2378 260 1522 107.2 1.5 0.92 928 27 37 266.2 56 4.9 54 2.69 4.39 0.57 11 Siruppakkam 7.2 3011 301 1027 718 6.1 10.8 377 66 35 592 21 5.1 54 2.75 1.99 1 12 Veppur 7.7 1409 245 901 158.8 5.3 34 342 11 17.2 256 17.9 3.9 28 2.58 0.4 1 13 U Mangalam 8.6 4400 53 1018 1389 7.4 7.7 134 96 33 987 33 4.5 54 2.65 0.27 0.55 14 Vadalur 7.8 3206 68.3 1054 1153 17.9 34.2 125 152 55 325 87.06 4.1 32 2.58 0.31 0.73 15 Kullanchavadi 7.3 2318 265 1483 52.81 4.25 4.36 999 68.2 23.5 264.2 12.2 3.9 54 2.43 0.95 0.89 16 Ramapuram 7.7 1182 237 756 350.9 14.4 22 789 23 19 31.23 32 4.9 48 2.6 1.53 0.89 17 6.9 971 133 621 71.2 9.2 27.2 117 42.16 8.12 40.12 4.02 3.7 74 2.63 0.67 1 18 Sellankuppam 6.9 1542 145 986 98.28 8.7 10.3 86.2 43.18 10.2 55.12 4.13 4 28 2.69 0.18 0.85 19 Semmandalam 7.9 1368 190 835 180 145 14.8 354 52 14.5 242 3.2 3.5 44 0.9 2.54 0.89 20 Thiruvamur 8.2 965 185 599 99 176 8.1 109 41.2 15.4 132.6 2.4 3.6 66 2.85 2.52 0.97 21 TattanChavadi 8.1 739 155 254 122 115 8.81 72.2 40 13.2 87.9 2.5 2.1 44 0.31 2.5 1.12 22 Manappakkam 8.3 897 219 543 168 132 12.4 72.1 53.9 20.6 102.2 3.7 3.9 45 0.95 2.41 0.43 23 Vallam 8.1 797 242 486 89 132 16.4 101 75.4 13.4 63.4 2.5 5.1 34 1.13 2.25 0.73 24 Anna Kiramam 8.4 891 268 563 176 80 37.6 121 72.3 21.3 93.8 3.8 3.2 43 1.13 2.12 0.38 25 Koadhanur 7 159 46 115 33 12.9 4.91 32 12.4 38 16.7 0.9 4.1 37 0 2.35 1.09 26 Kammapuram 7.5 305 55 192 32 34.6 6.62 86 16.7 3.4 36.7 1.9 3.7 45 0.4 2.18 0.77 27 Dharmanallur 7.7 753 113 465 98 80.3 10.2 192 31.1 8.6 127 2.1 3.5 69 0.72 1.97 0.77 28 Sethiathoppu 6.9 154 71 114 28 12.9 5.4 48 20.5 4.7 11 27.7 4,9 33 1.13 2.31 1.08 29 Bhuvanagiri 8.1 912 113 565 115 129 12.3 191 31.3 8.6 157.6 3.5 4.9 35 1.49 2.24 0.92 30 Mutlur 8.2 1095 242 671 118.5 149 11.3 245 70.7 15.8 151.4 5.7 4.1 54 0 2.3 0.6 31 Chidambaram 7.6 419 104 261 38.5 70.7 4.32 102 29.9 7.2 50.5 4 4.4 48 1.4 2.15 1.09 32 Killai 8.3 880 160 538 106 146 13.9 139 356 17.1 128.4 4.9 4.1 47 1.76 2.05 0.77 33 8.3 1713 409 1039 242 118 13.2 199 138.4 15.4 206.2 6.9 4.9 46 2.49 1.99 0.92 34 Sozhatharam 8.1 673 116 406 61.5 157 11.6 78.5 37.8 5.2 88 3.9 3.2 63 0.36 2.42 0.9 35 Valasakadu 8.2 587 56 370 85.1 94.3 7.86 67 14.3 4.7 90.7 0.6 4.2 55 2.94 2.16 0.77 36 Srimushnam 8.1 1390 75 855 167 195 14.6 272 14.8 9.4 274.3 1.9 4.1 35 0.86 1.82 0.68

Nickel: Nickel content in the water samples varied from Here, 8% of groundwater is good, 22% of groundwater is 0 to 2.95 ppm. The minimum value was observed in poor, 45% of groundwater is very poor and 25% of sample No.30 and the maximum value was observed in groundwater is unfit for drinking. sample No. 2. The average concentration of the nickel was found to be 1.90 mg/L. QUALITY INDEXING SYSTEM For better understanding and managing of water resources, the quality of water in an area of interest should be determined in terms of its physical, chemical or biological parameters or all of these factors. Additionally, the integrated situation of water in a study area should be evaluated using an appropriate technique, such as the water quality index (WQI) which is regarded as one of the most effective ways to communicate water quality [24],[25]. The data of quantitative analysis and W.H.O. standards are used for calculating water quality indices. The WQI is calculated by aggregating the quality rating with the unity weight linear by using the following equation: WQI = ∑ (Qi Wi) / ∑ Wi. Figure-2,Graphical data ofWQI percentage

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IV. CONCLUSIONS [11] Patil V.T. and Patil P.R., Physio-chemical analysis of selected ground water of Amalner The analysis of physico-chemical characters of Town on Jalgaon District, Maharashtra, India, E J. groundwater reveals the water quality parameters like Chem.,7(1), 111-116 (2007) total dissolved solids, magnesium, Cadmium, Chromium and chemical oxygen demand which were above the [12] Durfor C.N. and Becker E., Public water supplies permissible limits prescribed by BIS and WHO of the 100 largest cities in the United States, U.S. standards. The quality of groundwater has been found GeologicalSurvey Water-Supply Paper, varied from location to location by the complexed 1812,364(1964) geological systems. The water quality index data showed [13] Ranjana A., Physical-chemical analysis of some that most of the sampling sites are unfit for the potable ground water sample of Kotputli Town Jaipur, purposes. The urbanization and industrialization are the Rajastan, International Journal of chemical, main causes for the water crisis and pollution. Hence, environmental and pharmaceutical from the assessment it is recommended to take necessary research.,1(2),111-113(2010) steps for the protection of environment and human beings. [14] Mittal S.K., Rao sigh, R.L. and Kumar, Groundwater quality of some areas in Patiala city, REFERENCES Indian J Environ Hlth., 36, 51-53 (1994) [1] Mariappan V.,Prabakaran P., Rajan M.R. and [15] Meena B.S. and Bhargava N., Physico-chemical Ravichandran A.D., A Systematic study of water characteristic of ground water of some villages of quality index among the physico-chemical Rajastan state, India., RASAYAN J.Chem., 5(4), characterstics of groundwater in and around 438-444 (2012) Thanjavur Town, Ind. J. Env.Protect., 25, 551- 555(2005) [16] Rabinove C.L., Longford R.H. and Brookhart J.W., Saline water resources of north Dakota, US [2] Jameel, Evaluation of drinking water quality in Geological Surve,Water Supply Paper, 1428, Thiruchirapalli, Ind. J. Env. prot., 44(2), 108–112 72(1958) (2002) [17] Ananthakrishnan S. and JafarAhamed A., [3] Rajmohan N., Elango L., Ramachandran S. and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ground Natarajan, Major ion correlation in groundwater Water of Alathur Block –Perambalur, Tamilnadu, of Kancheepuram region, South India, Ind. J. Env. India, J. Chem. Pharm.Res., 4(1),596-600(2012) Health,45(1), 1-5 (2002) [18] WHO. International Standards for drinking water, [4] Kudesia, V.P., Cited in Industrial Pollution, 2005 Edited by PragailPrakashanPublications,Meerut, 1996, p-9. [19] Bundela P.S., Sharma A., Pandey A.K., Pandey P. and Agro Botanical Publishers (India), 2nd [5] Ikhane Philips, FolorunsoAdetayo, Edition, 4-86, 121-125 (1994) ShonibareOlufemi, OdukoyaAbidun and Shomoye comfort, Journal of Applied Science [20] Devi S. and R. Premkumar, Physico-chemical Research, 2010, 6(12), 2042-2050 analysis of ground water sample near Industrial area, Cuddalore district, Tamilnadu, India, Int. J. [6] Mohamed Hanipha M. and ZahirHussain A, ChemTech Res.,4(1), 29-34 (2012) International Research Journal of Environment Sciences.2013, vol.2(1), 68-73 [21] Sahu B.K., Rao R.J., Behara, S.K and PanditR.k, ABD publication, Jaipur, India, 2000,168-170 [7] APHA, Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water (21stedn).2005 [22] Sinha, D.K.; Srivastava, A.K. Indian J.Env. Port., 1994, 14(5), 340 [8] BIS, Indian standards specifications for drinking water. IS: 10500. 2003 [23] Sivasankaran M.A., Reddy S.S. and Ramesh R., Geochemical characteristic of ground water in [9] HP technical assistance hydrology project Pondicherry region, India. Ind. Assoc. Environ. Standard Analytical Procedures for Water Manage, 32(2), 96-114 (2005) Analysis 1999, Government of Indian & Government of The Netherlands [24] Pradhan SK, Patnaik D, Rout SP, Indian J. Env. Prot, 2001, 21(4):355-358 [10] Nirmala B. and Ranjitha N.J., Physico-chemical analysis of ground water of selected areas of [25] Sinha DK, Saxena R, Poll. Res, 2007, Mysore city, Karnataka, India, World Rur. 26(3):153-157 Obser.,3(3), 88-91 (2011)

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