Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 16(1), January 2017, pp. 7-24

Ethnobotany of Samtskhe-, Sakartvelo (Republic of ),

Bussmann, Rainer W1*, Paniagua Zambrana, Narel Y2, Sikharulidze, Shalva3, Kikvidze, Zaal4, Kikodze, David3, Tchelidze, David, Batsatsashvili, Ketevan3, Hart & Robbie E1 1William L. Brown Center, Missouri Botanical Garden, PO Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166- 0299, USA; 2Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología-UMSA, Campus Universitario, Cota Cota Calle 27, La Paz, Bolivia; 3Institute of Botany and Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Botanikuri St. 1, 0105 , Georgia; 44-D Research Institute, Ilia State University, 5, Cholokasvili Ave. 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia E-mail: [email protected]

Received 04 July 2016, revised 14 July 2016

Samtskhe-Javakheti was formed in the 1990s in southern Georgia from the historical provinces of , Javakheti and . The majority of the inhabitants are ethnically Armenian, with a Georgian minority. We documented traditional use in Samtskhe-Javakheti, and hypothesized that (1) plant use knowledge in general would be higher in isolated high elevation communities, and that (2) use of home gardens would be much more restricted to lower elevations. Fieldwork was conducted July–August 2013, July–August 2014, and September–October 2015, using semi-structured questionnaires. We encountered 261 plant species belonging to 161 genera of 70 families being used in the region. Of these, 160 species were exclusively wild-collected, 81 grown in homegardens, and 20 were both grown in gardens and collected wild. Most species and uses were widely used across the region, with some particular species in the low lying villages, that allowed a wider variety of species to be grown and gathered. The elevation of informant community significantly fit the ordination in plant- space and use-space. In addition, community significantly fit the ordination for both plant-space and use-space. Informant age significantly fit the plant-space ordination only, while informant gender was not significant in either space.

Keywords: Caucasus, Plant use, Linguistic ethnobotany, Traditional knowledge, Post soviet development IPC Int. Cl.8: A61K 36/00

Samtskhe-Javakheti (Georgian: სამცხე-ჯავახეთი), volcanic plateau with average elevation of 1800 m. is a region formed in the 1990s in southern Georgia Mountain systems are the Niala range in the South, from the historical provinces of Meskheti (Samtskhe), the Javakheti range in the East, the southern slopes of Javakheti and Tori, with as its capital. the range in the North, and the Abul-Samsari The region comprises six administrative districts range in the middle. There is the limestone (Akhaltsikhe, , , , Tetrobi-Chobareti range and Tetrobi Plateau in Akhalkalak and ). Samtskhe-Javakheti is the North west. The highest peaks are Didi Abuli bordered by the regions of to the West, (3304 m), Samsari (3284 m), Godorebi (3188 m), and and to the North, Shida and Kvemo Patara Abuli (2801 m). Kartli to the North east and to the East, and by The climate in the Samtskhe-Javakheti is and to the South and South west. The continental, characterized by moderate precipitation, territory of Samtskhe-Javakheti region is 5200 km2, pronounced seasonal variations in climatic which represents 7.5 % of the entire territory of parameters, and a high level of solar radiation. The 3 Georgia1 (Fig. 1). region comprises two sub-climatic zones . The mean Geographically Samtskhe lies in the Akhaltsikhe annual temperature for the area is 9.5 °C, with an depression with an average elevation 800-1500 m. average of –1.4 °C in January and 19.5 °C in July. Mountains systems include the Meskheti, Arsiani, Generally, the region experiences cold and , Kasri, Gumbati and ranges and occasionally snowy winters and long, but mild, South-western slopes of Trialeti range2,. The highest summers. Precipitation increases westward with peak is Gumbati, at 2964 m. Javakheti is located on proximity to the Trialeti range. The majority of the —————— inhabitants are ethnically Armenian, with a Georgian *Corresponding author minority. Armenian population are a majority 8 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 16, NO. 1, JANUARY 2017

Fig. 1—Study area (based on United Nations, modified). especially in the areas of Ninotsminda and where participants spoke these as their native , speaking Georgian, Armenian and language, and then translated into English. Russian. The Georgian census of 2002 recorded grown in the home gardens were used as prompts, 207,598 inhabitants in the region, of whom 113,347 while wild-collected species were free listed. Wild- (54.6%) were , 89,995 (43.4%) , collected and garden species were identified directly 2,230 (1.1%) and 1,826 (0.9%) belonged to in the field, using this literature, and voucher other ethnic groups3. In this study, we documented collections deposited in the National Herbarium of traditional plant use in Samtskhe-Javakheti, and Georgia (TBI). The nomenclature of all species hypothesized that (1) plant use knowledge in general follows www.tropicos.org, under APGIII4. would be higher in isolated high elevation Statistical analysis communities, and that (2) use of home gardens would To analyze the main similarities and differences be much more restricted to lower elevation settings. between plants and uses reported by interviewees, and Materials and methods their drivers, we used two distance-based methods. Ethnobotanical interviews Distance among informants was calculated using non- Fieldwork was conducted in Samtskhe-Javakheti metric multi-dimensional scaling on two distance July–August 2013, July–August 2014, and matrices: one in which distance is scaled by plant September–October 2015. Interviews using semi- species reported, and one in which distance is scaled structured questionnaires were conducted with 34 by plant uses reported. We then fit different participants (21 women and 13 men), with oral prior environmental vectors (age and community elevation) informed consent. The participants were selected and factors (gender and community) to test how by snowball sampling, trying to reach gender balance well a given characteristic explains the location of and represent members of different age groups informants in the ordination. We compared these fits (22–93 yrs). However, most participants were over to 999 randomized shuffles of the environmental 50 yrs old, because only very few younger people variables to calculate significance (with the R package remain in remote Georgian villages. All interviews vegan5. Informant consensus (IFC) for a given Use were carried out in the participants’ homes and Category was calculated as the number of use reports gardens by native speakers of Georgian and its local minus the number of taxa over the number of use dialects, as well as Armenian, Russian, and Greek, reports minus one: BUSSMANN et al.: ETHNOBOTANY OF SAMTSKHE-JAVAKHETI, (CAUCASUS) 9

Nur−Nt However, informant consensus differed more greatly, Nur−1 with nearly all categories in some communities Species were ranked by three metrics: Cultural (especially Mzetamze) showing very high IC, even Importance Value (CI), the sum within species across with few use reports. all plant-uses of the number of informants reporting a plant-use over the number of informants reporting the Plant relative importance plant; Use Diversity (UD), the Shannon Index of uses Two metrics of importance, Cultural Importance (calculated with the R package vegan5; and Use Value (CI, Table 3) and Use Diversity (UD, Table 4) (UV), the number of reports of a species over total produced similar rankings of plant species, with number of informants asked in a region6. For these woody species such as Pinus kochiana Klotzsch ex K. analyses, we grouped informants into three geographic Koch, Betula litwinowii Doluch., Rosa canina L., areas: Bakuriani-Tsaghveri, comprising the communities Bieb. and Picea orientalis (L.) Peterm. ranking of Bakuriani and Tsaghveri; Moliti-Tabatskuri, among the most important by either metric. In comprising the ethnically Armenian communities of contrast, the commonly used Use Value metric (UV, Moliti and Tabatskuri, and the community of Mzetamze. Table 5) ranked most highly common domesticated food plants grown in the homegardens. A notable Results exception was Pinus kochiania, which was the only We encountered 261 plant species belonging to 161 plant in the in 95% ile of UV rank not to be grown in genera of 70 families being used in the research region homegardens. The diverse and widely reported uses (Table 1). Of these 160 species were exclusively wild- of this plant include not only wood for fuel and tools, collected, 81 were grown in homegardens, and 20 were but also food and medicine. both grown in gardens and collected in the wild. Most species and uses were widely used across the region, Discussion with more reports and unique reports from Bakuriani- Plant species, and uses, found in our study, showed Tsaghveri, but some particular species in the low lying clear relations to other studies, forming part of village Mzetamze, that allowed a wider variety of what Biscotti and Pieroni described as “hidden 7 species to be grown and gathered (Fig. 2). Mediterranean diet” . The species number found was The elevation of informant community strongly however far higher than in any published study from 8-18 and significantly fit the ordination in plant-space either the region . The much larger incidence of (r2= 0.72, p = 0.001, Fig. 3A) and in use-space plant use for food might stem from the particularly (r2= 0.66, p = 0.001, Fig. 3B), explaining both what long agricultural and gardening history in the plants were used and what uses they were put to. In Caucasus. Interestingly, medicinal plant species much addition, community significantly fit the ordination more than food plant species tended to coincide other 8,19-26 for both plant-space (r2= 0.63, p = 0.001, Fig. 3C) and studies in the region . Over all our data indicate use-space (r2= 0.51, p = 0.001, Fig. 3D), with strong that communities at lower elevation show are similarities in the plant and use inventories within converging on common uses while higher elevation communities. Informant age significantly fit the plant- communities show a greater use diversity. This space ordination (p = 0.04, r2= 0.1, Fig. 4A) but not underlines the importance of trying to maintain the use-space ordination (p = 0.39, r2= 0.06, Fig. 4B), occupancy of high altitude areas in order to preserve while informant gender is not significant in plantspace traditional knowledge. Overall, geographic (p = 0.4, r2= 0.02) or usespace (p = 0.2, r2= 0.04). differences and elevation structure both influenced significantly what kinds of ways people used plants Informant consensus and which plants they used. Age was significant, but Relative number of use reports across use did not explain a large amount of the variation in categories bore strong similarities across each of the plant selection, and was not significant in plant use. five communities (Fig. 5), beyond small differences in Ethnic differences were less influential on plant use scale related to the fewer total number of interviews than other factors, indicating that human plant in the small villages of Moliti and Tsaghveri interaction in the region predates the present (Table 2). For instance, the food and medicinal use settlement history. Nowadays the main reason categories remain those most frequently mentioned. for genetic erosion of ancient crop varieties as well as

10 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 16, NO. 1, JANUARY 2017

Table 1—Plants used in Samtshke-Javakheli Family/Scientific name Coll.# SJ Use Category (Use description) Georgian Name; name Parts used Forest / Garden other dialect (Transliteration) Actinidiaceae Actinidia callosa Lindl. 6 Food (Human food) კივი (Kiwi) Fruit Garden Adoxaceae Sambucus ebulus L. 230 Food (Alcohol, Human food); ანწლი (Ants’li) Fruit, Whole Forest Medicinal (Diarrhea, Intestines); plant Veterinary (Swollen stomach) Viburnum opulus L. 266 Medicinal (Cough, Heart) ძახველი (Dzaxhveli) Fruit, Forest Agariceae Agaricus arvensis Schaeff. 7 Food (Human food) მინდვრის ქამა (Mindvris Fruit Forest, Garden kama), ქამა (Kama) Agaricus augustus Fr. 8 Food (Human food) ცხვარიო (Tskhvario) Fruit Forest Bovista sp. 35 Food (Human food) ფიჭვნარა (Pich'vnara), Fruit Forest ფიჭვნარა სოკო (Pitsh'vnara soko) Clavatia gigantea (Batsch) 61 Food (Human food) ცვარიო (Tsvario) Fruit Forest Rostk. Macrolepiota sp. 167 Food (Human food) წერეწო (Ts'erets'o) Fruit Forest Amaranthaceae Amaranthus paniculatus L. 15 Food (Human food) წითელი ჯიჯლაყა Leaf Forest (Ts'iteli jijlaq'a) Amaranthus retroflexus L. 16 Food (Human food) ჯიჯლაყა (Jinjlaq’a) Leaf Forest, Garden Beta vulgaris L. 32 Food (Human food) ჭარხალი (Ch'arkhali); Root Garden (Sokla Arm.) Chenopodium album L. 53 Food (Human food, Phkhali) ნაცარქათამა Leaf Forest, Garden (Natsarqathama); ქათანაცარა (qathanatsara Svan.) Spinaca oleracea L. 242 Food (Human food) ისპანახი (Isp'anakhi) Leaf Garden Amaryllidaceae Allium cepa L. 9 Food (Human food, Pickled) ხახვი (Khakhvi) Bulb Garden Allium fistulosum L. 10 Food (Human food) ჭლაკვი (Ch'lakvi) Bulb Garden Allium porrum L. 11 Food (Human food) პრასი (P'rasi) Stem Garden Allium sativum L. 12 Food (Human food, Pickled) ნიორი (Niori) Bulb Garden Allium ursinum L. 13 Food (Phkhali) მთის ღანძილი (Mtis Leaf Forest ghandzili), ღანძილი (Ghanzili) Allium victorialis L. 14 Food (Human food, Phkhali, ღანძილი (Ghanzili); Bulb, Fruit, Forest, Garden Pickled) (Masundi Arm.) Leaf, Stem Apiaceae Anethum graveolens L. 17 Food (Human food) კამა (K'ama) Leaf Garden Anthriscus sylvestris L. 18 Food (Pickled) ლიმი (Limi); (Mandag Stem Forest Arm.) Apium graveolens L. 19 Food (Phkhali) ნიახური (Niakhuri) Leaf Garden (contd.) BUSSMANN et al.: ETHNOBOTANY OF SAMTSKHE-JAVAKHETI, (CAUCASUS) 11

Table 1—Plants used in Samtshke-Javakheli (contd.) Family/Scientific name Coll.# SJ Use Category (Use description) Georgian Name; name Parts used Forest / Garden other dialect (Transliteration) Apiaceae Astrantia maxima Pall. 29 Medicinal (Diuretic) უკვდავა (Uk’vdava) Leaf Forest Chaerophyllum caucasicum 50 Food (Pickled) ღიმი (Ghimi); (Pampara Stem Forest Schischk. Arm.), (Shushan Arm.) Coriandrum sativum L. 63 Food (Human food) ქინძი (Kindzi) Leaf, Seed Garden Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus 77 Food (Human food) სტაფილო (St'apilo); Leaf, Root Garden (Markowka Arm.) Eryngium caeruleum M. Bieb. 81 Medicinal (Tea) ლურჯი ნარი (Lurji nari); Leaf Forest (Tapli Arm.) Foeniculum vulgare Mill. 84 Food (Human food) ცერეცო (Tseretso) Stem Garden Heracleum sosnowskyi 114 Food (Pickled) დიყი (Diq'i); ქეხი (Qekhi Stem Forest Manden Arm.) Heracleum wilhelmsii Fisch. & 115 Food (Human food, Pickled); დიყი (Diq'i), დიყი Root, Stem Forest Ave-Lall Medicinal (Stomach) (Marts'q'vi); ქეხი (Qekhi Arm.) Hyppomarathum crispum Pers. 119 Food (Human food) ქარქვეტა (Marts'q'vi) Stem Forest Boiss. Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) 186 Food (Human food) ოხრახუში (Okhrakhushi) Leaf Garden Fuss. Araceae Arum orientale M. Bieb. 25 Food (Phkhali) ქალაკოდა (Qalakoda) Leaf Forest Asparagaceae Asparagus sp. 27 Food (Human food) სატაცური (Sat'acuri) Stem Forest Ruscus hypophyllum L. 228 Food (Human food) ძმერხლი (Dzmerkhli) Fruit Forest Asteraceae Achillea micrantha M. Bieb. 4 Medicinal (Wounds) ფარსმანდუკი Leaf Forest (Parsmanduk’i) Achillea millefolium L. 5 Medicinal (Inflammation, ფარსმანდუკი Leaf, Whole Forest Wounds) (Parsmanduk’i); plant (Khazarateig Arm.), Мелетник (Meletnik Arm.) Arctium lappa L. 20 Food (Human food); Medicinal ძირხვენა (Dzirxvena); Flower, Forest (Antibiotic) (Graduk Arm.) Leaf, Root Artemisia dracunculus L. 24 Food (Human food) ტარხუნა (T’arkhuna) Fruit Garden Bidens tripartida L. 34 Food (Human food); Medicinal ორკბილა (Ork'bila); Fruit, Leaf Forest ((blank)) череда (Ch'ereda Russ.) Cichorium intybus L. 55 Medicinal (?) ვარდკაჭაჭა Root Forest (Vardkach’ach’a Svan.) Cirsium sp. 56 Food (Sats'ebai) ნარი (Nari); (Shafalukh Leaf Forest Arm) Eruca sativa Mill. 80 Food (Human food) რუკულა (Ruk'ula) Leaf Garden Helianthus annuus L. 110 Food (Human food) მზესუმზირა Seed Garden (Mzesumzira) (contd.) 12 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 16, NO. 1, JANUARY 2017

Table 1—Plants used in Samtshke-Javakheli (contd.) Family/Scientific name Coll.# SJ Use Category (Use description) Georgian Name; name Parts used Forest / Garden other dialect (Transliteration) Asteraceae Helianthus tuberosus L. 111 Food (Human food) მიწავაშლა (Mits'avashla) Leaf Garden Helichrysum arenarium (L.) 112 Medicinal (Gallbladder, ნეგო (Nego); (Antaran Flower, Leaf Forest Moench Heartburn, Liver, Tea) tsagik Arm), ნეგი (Negi) Inula helenium L. 154 Veterinary (Pig plague) კულმუხო (Kulmukho) Leaf Forest Lactuca sativa L. 159 Food (Human food) სალათა (Salatha); მწვანე Leaf Garden სალათა (Mtsvane salata) Lapsana communis L. 161 Food (Phkhali) ვაზისძირა (Vazisdzira) Leaf Forest Matricaria chamomilla L. 172 Medicinal (Intestines, Stomach) გვირილა (gvirila); Whole plant Forest Ромашка (Romashka Russ.) Pyrethrum sp. 210 Medicinal (Toothache) გვირილა (gvirila) Leaf Forest Tagetes patula L. 246 Food (Human food) ზაფრანა (Zaprana), Flower, Leaf Garden ყვითელი ყვავილი - “იმერული ზაფრანა” (qhvitheli qhvavili "imeruli zaphrana") Taraxacum officinale Wigg. 247 Food (Chave, Phkhali) საღვიძლა (Saghvidzla) Leaf Forest Tragopogon sp. 253 Food (Human food, Pickled) ფამფარა (Pampara); Leaf, Root, Forest, Garden (Sindz Arm.) Stem Tussilago farfara L. 258 Medicinal (Cough) ვირისტერფა (Virist'erpa) Leaf Forest Bankeraceae Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) P. 231 Food (Human food) ირემა სოკო (Irema-so'ko) Fruit Forest Karts. Berberidaceae Berberis vulgaris L. 30 Food (Human food) კოწახური (K’otsakhuri) Fruit Forest Betulaceae Betula litwinowii Doluch. 33 Construction (Timber, არყი (Arq'i) Bark, Leaf, Forest Medicinal); Medicinal (Cold, Stem Dandruff, Hair loss, Panacea, Toothache) Carpinus caucasica Grossh. 49 Construction (Timber), Utensils რცხილა (Rtsxila) Stem Forest and tools (Tool handles) Corylus avellana L. 66 Food (Human food); Utensils თხილი (Tkhili) Branches, Forest and tools (Baskets, Furniture, Fruit, Stem Tool handles) Corylus pontica K. Koch. 67 Food (Human food); Utensils თხილი (Tkhili) Branches, Forest and tools (Baskets, Furniture, Fruit, Stem Tool handles) Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. 21 Food (Human food) გარგარი (Gargari) Fruit Garden Armoracia rusticana G. 23 Food (Human food) პირშუშხა (P’irshushkha) Root Garden Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. oleracea L. 36 Food (Human food, Pickled) კომბოსტო (K'ombost'o) Fruit, Leaf Garden Brassica oleracea L. Broccoli 37 Food (Human food, Pickled) ბროკოლი (Brokoli) Flower Garden (contd.) BUSSMANN et al.: ETHNOBOTANY OF SAMTSKHE-JAVAKHETI, (CAUCASUS) 13

Table 1—Plants used in Samtshke-Javakheli (contd.) Family/Scientific name Coll.# SJ Use Category (Use description) Georgian Name; name Parts used Forest / Garden other dialect (Transliteration) Brassicaceae Brassica oleracea L. 38 Food (Human food) ყვავილოვანი კომბოსტო Flower Garden cauliflower (Q'vavilovani k'ombost'o) Brassica oleracea L. var. 39 Food (Human food) კოლრაბი (K'olrabi) Root Garden gongylodes Brassica rapa L. subsp. 40 Food (Human food) თალგამი (Thalgami); Root Garden rapifera Metzger (Mitsichala Imer.) Brassica rapa var. rapa L. 41 Food (Human food) თალგამურა Root Garden (Thalgamura) Capsella bursa-pastoris L. 45 Food (Human food) წიწმატურა (Ts'ts'mat'ura; Leaf Forest ხარკბილა (Kharik'bila)) Cardamine hirsuta L. 48 Food (Phkhali) ტყის წიწმატი (T'q'is Leaf Forest ts'its'mat'i) Lepidium sativum L. 164 Food (Human food) წიწმატი (Ts'its'mat'i) Leaf Garden Raphanus sativus L. var. major 215 Food (Human food) ბოლოკი (Bolok’i), Root Garden თალგამი (Talgami), მთის ბოლოკი (mthis boloki); მიწისმხალა (Mits'imxala) arvensis L. 236 Food (Human food, Pickled) მდოგვი (Mdogvi), Leaf Garden მინდვრის მდოგვი (Mindvris mdogvi) Campanulaceae Campanula rapunculoides L. 43 Food (Human food) მაჩიტა (Machit'a) Root Forest Cannabaceae Humulus lupulus L. 117 Food (Beer) სვე (Marts'q'vi) Flower Garden Cantharellaceae Cantharellus cibarius Fr. 44 Food (Human food) მიქლიო (Miklio) Fruit Forest Caryophyllaceae Oberna wallichiana (Klotzsch) 181 Food (Phkhlovana) ჭრიჭინა (Ch'ritchina) Leaf Forest Ikonn. Cornaceae Cornus mas L. 64 Food (Human food) შვინდი (Shvindi) Fruit Forest, Garden Crassulaceae Sedum caucasicum Boriss. 234 Food (Human food); Medicinal კლდის დუმა Leaf Forest (Furuncle, Wounds) (K’ldisduma Tush.) Sempervivum caucasicum 235 Food (Human food) კლდისვაშლა Leaf Forest Rupr. ex Boiss. (K'ldisvashla); კლდის დუმა (K’ldisduma Tush.) Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) 57 Food (Human food) საზამთრო (Sazamthro); Fruit Garden Matsum. & Nakai var. lanatus (Dedinatsvlis ena) Cucumis sativus L. 70 Food (Human food) კიტრი (K'it'ri) Fruit Garden (contd.) 14 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 16, NO. 1, JANUARY 2017

Table 1—Plants used in Samtshke-Javakheli (contd.) Family/Scientific name Coll.# SJ Use Category (Use description) Georgian Name; name Parts used Forest / Garden other dialect (Transliteration) Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo L. 71 Food (Human food, Phkhali) გოგრა (Gogra) Fruit, Leaf Garden Cucurbita pepo L. var. 72 Food (Human food) ყაბაყი (Q'abaq'i) Fruit Garden giromontia Cucurbita pepo L. var. 73 Food (Human food) ყაბაყი პატისონი Fruit Garden patisson (Q'abaq'i p'atisoni) Cucurbita pepo L. Zucchini 74 Food (Human food) ყაბაყი (Q'abaq'i) Fruit Garden Cupressaceae Juniperus depressa Raf. ex 156 Medicinal (?) ღვია (Ghvia) Fruit Forest M'Murtrie Juniperus oblonga Bieb. 157 Fuel (Firewood) ღვია (Ghvia) Stem Forest Dryopteridaceae Mattheucia struthiopteris (L.) 173 Food (Human food) Муча (Mucha Russ.) Leaf Forest Todd. Ebenaceae Diospyros sp. 78 Food (Human food) ხურმა (Khurma) Fruit Garden Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L. 79 Medicinal (Kidneys, Urinary შვიტა (Shvit'a) Leaf, Stem Forest system) Ericaceae Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. 261 Food (Human food) მოცვი მაღალი (Motsvi Fruit Forest maghali) Vaccinium myrtillus L. 262 Food (Human food, Tea); მოცვი (Motsvi) Fruit, Leaf Forest Medicinal (Cold) Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. 263 Food (Human food) წითელი მოცვი (Ts’iteli Fruit Forest motsvi) Fabaceae Astragalus caucasisus Pall. 28 Food (Tea) გლერძი (Glerdzi) Leaf Forest Cicer arietinum L. 54 Food (Human food) მუხუდო (Mukhudo) Seed Garden Coronilla varia L. 65 Food (Chachapuri) ყვავისფრჩხილა Leaf Forest (Q'vavisprchkhila) Galega orientalis Lam. 107 Food (Pickled) ხბოშუბლა (Khboshubla) Stem Forest Glycine max (L.) Merr. 108 Food (Human food) მუხუდო (Mukhudo) Seed Garden Indet sp. 48 149 Medicinal (?) გლერძი (Glerdzi) Latex Forest Lens cornicularis L. 163 Food (Human food) ოსპი (Ospi) Seed Garden Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. 183 Animal food (Fodder) ესპარცეტი (Esp'artseti) Leaf Garden Phaseolus sativus L. 187 Food (Human food) ლობიო (Lobio) Fruit Garden Pisum sativum L. 192 Food (Human food) ბარდა (Barda), მუხუდო Fruit, Seed Garden (Mukhudo) Trifolium repens L. 255 Animal food (Fodder) სამყურა (Samq’ura) Leaf Garden Trigonella caerulea (L.) Ser. 256 Food (spice) ულუმბო (Ulumbo) Seed Garden (contd.) BUSSMANN et al.: ETHNOBOTANY OF SAMTSKHE-JAVAKHETI, (CAUCASUS) 15

Table 1—Plants used in Samtshke-Javakheli (contd.) Family/Scientific name Coll.# SJ Use Category (Use description) Georgian Name; name Parts used Forest / Garden other dialect (Transliteration) Vicia faba L. 267 Food (Human food) ცერცვი (Tsertsvi) Seed Garden Fagaceae Fagus orientalis Lipsky 82 Construction (Timber); Food წიფელი (Ts'ipeli) Fruit, Stem, Forest (Human food); Food (Phkhali); Leaf Fuel (Firewood); Utensils and tools (Tool handles) Quercus iberica Steven ex M. 213 Construction (Timber); მუხა (Mukha) Bark, Leaf, Forest Bieb. Veterinary (Diarrhea, Stem Toothache) Fungi Fungus sp. 3 104 Food (Human food) (Kruse) Fruit Forest Fungus sp. 6 105 Food (Human food) (Mindurisia) Fruit Forest Fungus sp. 7 106 Food (Human food) (Mitisoko) Fruit Forest Fungus sp. 10 89 Food (Human food) (Shantskava) Fruit Forest Fungus sp. 11 90 Food (Human food) (Thelasoko) Fruit Forest Fungus sp. 12 91 Food (Human food) (Triasoko) Fruit Forest Fungus sp. 13 92 Food (Human food) (Tianasoko) Fruit Forest Fungus sp. 14 93 Food (Human food) (Tianasoko) Fruit Forest Fungus sp. 15 94 Food (Human food) (Tsiphela) Leaf Forest Fungus sp. 16 95 Food (Human food) (Tsiphela) Fruit Forest Fungus sp. 17 96 Food (Human food) (Tsirtselisoko) Fruit Forest Fungus sp. 18 97 Food (Human food) (Tsvilisoko) Fruit Forest Fungus sp. 19 98 Food (Human food) (Thelasoko) Fruit Forest Fungus sp. 20 99 Food (Human food) (Thelasoko) Fruit Forest Fungus sp. 21 100 Food (Human food) (Thelasoko) Fruit Forest Fungus sp. 22 101 Food (Human food) (Thelasoko) Fruit Forest Fungus sp. 23 102 Food (Human food) (Thelasoko) Fruit Forest Fungus sp. 24 103 Food (Human food) (Thelasoko) Fruit Forest Gomphaceae Ramaria flava (Schaeff.) Quél. 214 Food (Human food) ს ა ჩ ე ჩ ე ლა Fruit Forest (Sachechela); ბ ა წ ა რ ა (Bats'ara) Grossulariaceae Grossularia reclinata (L). 109 Food (Human food) ხ უ რ ტ კ მ ე ლი Fruit Forest, Garden Mill. (Khurt’k’meli) Ribes biebersteinii Berl. ex DC 217 Food (Human food) მ ო ც ხ ა რ ი (Motskhari) Fruit Forest Ribes nigrum L. 218 Food (Human food) მ ო ც ხ ა რ ი (Motskhari) Fruit Garden Hypericaceae Hypericum perforatum L. 118 Medicinal (Nerves) კ რ ა ზ ა ნ ა (K’razana) Flower, Leaf Forest Indet. (unidentified) Indet sp. 1 120 Food (Human food) (Acara) Fruit Garden Indet sp. 2 130 Food (Human food) (Barishindi) Fruit Garden Indet sp. 3 140 Food (Human food) (Brasidz) Fruit Garden Indet sp. 4 146 Food (Chachapuri) (Ch'ailova) Leaf Forest Indet sp. 5 150 ? (?) (Ch'ardli) Leaf Forest Indet sp. 7 151 Food (Human food) (Ch'erani) Fruit Garden (contd.) 16 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 16, NO. 1, JANUARY 2017

Table 1—Plants used in Samtshke-Javakheli (contd.) Family/Scientific name Coll.# SJ Use Category (Use description) Georgian Name; name Parts used Forest / Garden other dialect (Transliteration) Indet. (unidentified) Indet sp. 8 152 Food (Chachapuri) (Ch'ichilag) Leaf Forest Indet sp. 9 153 Food (Human food) (Ikha) Fruit Garden Indet sp. 10 121 Food (Human food) (Jatami) Fruit Garden Indet sp. 11 122 Food (Human food) (Kareuli Chichmati) Fruit Forest Indet sp. 12 123 Food (Chachapuri) (Khotshlivasha) Leaf Forest Indet sp. 14 124 Food (Human food) (Mitsichala) Fruit Garden Indet sp. 15 125 Food (Human food) (Mtsvane Maghvali) Leaf Garden Indet sp. 16 126 Food (Human food) (Negoshali) Leaf Forest Indet sp. 17 127 ? (?) (Nivris) Leaf Forest Indet sp. 18 128 ? (?) (Potolishelva) Leaf Forest Indet sp. 19 129 Food (Human food) (Sakrana) Leaf Garden Indet sp. 20 131 Food (Human food) შ ა ვ ი (Shavi) Fruit Forest Indet sp. 21 132 Food (Human food) (Soditz) Leaf Forest Indet sp. 22 133 ? (?) (Thuji) Leaf Forest Indet sp. 23 134 Food (Human food) (Ts'ahui) Fruit Garden Indet sp. 24 135 Medicinal (Liver) (Tsavik); (Antharan Arm.) Leaf Forest Indet sp. 26 136 ? (?) (Zhila) Leaf Forest Indet sp. 27 137 Food (Human food) (Achali Arm.) Fruit Forest Indet sp. 28 138 Medicinal (Gallbladder) (Antharan Arm.) Leaf Forest Indet sp. 29 139 Food (Human food) (Dachit Arm.) Leaf Forest Indet sp. 34 141 Medicinal (Pankreatitis) (Kalasjothi Arm.) Leaf Forest Indet sp. 35 142 Food (Human food) (Muraba Russ.) Fruit Forest Indet sp. 37 143 Food (Human food) (Sindz Arm.) Fruit Forest Indet sp. 38 144 Food (Pickled) (Tatjanura Arm.) Stem Forest Indet sp. 39 145 Food (Human food) (Teterjik Arm.) Fruit Forest Indet sp. 42 147 Food (Human food) (Uremi Arm.) Stem Forest Indet sp. 44 148 Food (Human food) (Vertshik Arm.) Fruit Forest Juglandaceae Juglans regia L. 155 Food (Human food, Tea); კ ა კ ა ლი (kakali Svan.) Fruit, Stem Forest, Garden Utensils and tools (Household utensils) Lamiaceae Lamium album L. 160 Food (Phkhali) ჭ ი ნ ჭ რ ი ს -დე და Leaf Forest (Ch’inch’ris-deda); Chinceris deda Melissa officinalis L. 174 Medicinal (Nerves) ბ ა რ ა მ ბ ო (Barambo) Leaf Forest Mentha longifolia (L.) L. 175 Food (Human food, Tea); ტ ყ ი ს პ ი ტ ნ ა (T'q'is Leaf Forest Medicinal (Nerves) p'it'na) Mentha pulegium L. 176 Food (Cheese suluguni, Human ო მ ბ ა ლო (Ombalo), Fruit, Leaf Garden food, Tea) პ ი ტ ნ ა (Pit’na) Mentha x piperita L. 177 Food (Human food, Tea) ბ ა ღ ი ს პ ი ტ ნ ა Leaf Garden (Baghis pit'na) Nepeta mussinii Spreng. 180 Food (Tea) პ ი ტ ნ ა (Pit’na) Leaf Forest Ocimum basilicum L. 182 Food (Human food) რ ე ჰ ა ნ ი (Rehani), Leaf Garden შ ა შ კ უ ლა ვ ი (Shashk'ulavi) (contd.) BUSSMANN et al.: ETHNOBOTANY OF SAMTSKHE-JAVAKHETI, (CAUCASUS) 17

Table 1—Plants used in Samtshke-Javakheli (contd.) Family/Scientific name Coll.# SJ Use Category (Use description) Georgian Name; name Parts used Forest / Garden other dialect (Transliteration) Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare L. 184 Food (Human food); Medicinal თა ვ შ ა ვ ა (Tavshava); Leaf Forest (Tea) душица (Dushitza Russ.) Satureja hortensis L. 232 Food (Human food) ქ ო ნ და რ ი (Kondari) Leaf Garden Thymus colinus Bieb. 248 Food (spice); Medicinal (Cough, ბ ე გ ქ ო ნ და რ ა Leaf Forest Hypertension) (Begkondara) Thymus sp. 249 Food (Human food, Tea) ქ ო ნ და რ ი (Kondari); Fruit, Leaf Forest (Zetroni Arm.) Thymus transcaucasicus 250 Food (Human food) ბ ე გ ქ ო ნ და რ ა Leaf Forest Ronninger (Begkondara); (Zetroni Arm.) Lauraceae Laurus nobilis L. 162 Food (Human food) და ფ ნ ა (Dapna) Fruit Garden Lepiotaceae Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) 166 Food (Human food) წ ე რ ე წ ო (Ts'erets'o) Fruit Forest Springer Liliaceae Veratrum lobelianum Bernh. 264 Veterinary (Ektoparasites, შ ხ ა მ ა (Shkhama) Leaf, Root Forest Wounds) neglecta L. 170 Food (Chachapuri, Human food, ბ ა ლბ ა (Balba); (Keji Leaf Forest Phkhali) Arm.) Malva sylvestris L. 171 Food (Chachapuri, Human food, ბ ა ლბ ა (Balba); (Keji Leaf Forest Phkhali) Arm.) Tilia begonifolia Stev. 251 Food (Tea); Medicinal (Tea); ც ა ც ხ ვ ი (Phacha), Bark, Forest Utensils and tools (Household ც ა ც ხ ვ ი (Tsatskhvi) Flower, Leaf utensils) Tilia caucasica Rupr. 252 Utensils and tools (Houehold ც ა ც ხ ვ ი (Tsatskhvi) Stem Forest utensils) Moraceae Ficus carica L. 83 Food (Human food) ლე ღ ვ ი (leghvi) Fruit Garden Morus alba L. 179 Food (Alcohol, Human food, თუ თა (Tuta) Fruit Garden Marmalade) Oleaceae Fraxinus excelsior L. 88 Food (Human food) ი ფ ა ნ ი (Ipani) Leaf Forest Onagraceae Chamenaerion angustifolium 51 Medicinal (?, Tea) თხა წა რთხა ლა Leaf Forest (L.) Holub. (Tkhats'artkhala); Иван- чай (Ivantshai Russ.) Oxalidaceae Oxalis acetosella L. 185 Food (Human food) მ ჟ ა ვ ე ლა (Mzhavela) Leaf Forest Papaveraceae Chelidonium majus L. 52 Medicinal (Warts) ქრისტესისხლა Latex, Leaf Forest (Kristesiskhla) Physalacriaceae Armillariella mellea (Vahl) P. 22 Food (Human food) მ ა ნ ჭ კ ვ ა ლა Fruit Forest Kumm (Mantchkvala) (contd.) 18 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 16, NO. 1, JANUARY 2017

Table 1—Plants used in Samtshke-Javakheli (contd.) Family/Scientific name Coll.# SJ Use Category (Use description) Georgian Name; name Parts used Forest / Garden other dialect (Transliteration) Pinaceae Abies nordmanniana (Steven) 1 Food (Tea) ს ო ჭ ი (Sotchi) Leaf Forest Spach Picea orientalis (L.) Peterm. 189 Food (Human food, Masticant); ნ ა ძ ვ ი (Nadzvi) Leaf, Pollen, Forest Medicinal (Bronchitis, Wounds); Resin, Stem Utensils and tools (Tool handles) Pinus kochiana Klotzsch ex K. 190 Food (Human food); Fuel ფ ი ჭ ვ ი (Phich’vi), Cones, Fruit, Forest Koch (Firestarter); Medicinal ფ ი ჭ ვ ი ს გ ი რ ჩ ე ბ ი Leaf, Pollen, (Asthma, Bronchitis, Cough, (Pich'vis girchebi) Stem Kidneys); Utensils and tools (Tool handles) Pleurotaceae Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex 193 Food (Human food) კ ა ლმ ა ხ ა (K'almakha); Fruit Forest, Garden Fr.) P. Kumm (Tsiplis soko) Pluteaceae Pluteus cervinis (Schaeffer ex 194 Food (Human food) ი რ მ ი ს რ ქ ა (Irmis rqa) Fruit Forest Fr.) P. Kumm. Poaceae Hordeum vulgare L. 116 Food (Beer, Human food) მ უ ხ უ დო (Mukhudo), Seed Forest, Garden ქ ე რ ი (Keri) Phleum pratense L. 188 Animal food (Fodder) ტ ი მ ო თე ლა (T'imotela) Leaf Garden Secale cereale L. 233 Food (Human food) მ უ ხ უ დო (Mukhudo) Seed Garden Triticum aestivum L. 257 Food (Alcohol, Beer, Human ხ ო რ ბ ა ლი (Khorbali), Seed Forest, Garden food) ხ ო რ ბ ა ლი (Marts'q'vi) Zea mays L. 270 Food (Human food) ს ი მ ი ნ დი (Simindi) Seed Garden Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare L. 195 Food (Human food) მ ა ტ ი ტ ე ლა (Matitela) Leaf Forest Polygonum sp. 196 Food (Human food) მ ა მ ლა ყ ი ნ წ ა Leaf Forest (Mamlaq’ints’a) Rumex acetosa L. 224 Food (Pickled), Food (Human მ ჟ ა უ ნ ა (Mzhauna); Stem Garden food) (Teterdjik Arm.), (Dakht Arm.) Rumex acetosella L. 225 Food (Phkhali) მ ჟ ა უ ნ ა (Mzhauna) Leaf Forest Rumex alpinus L. 226 Food (Pickled) ღ ო ლო (Gholo); (Kvalo Leaf, Stem Forest Arm.) Rumex crispus L. 227 Food (Human food, Phkhali) ღ ო ლო (Gholo); (Avelug Leaf Forest Arm.) Polyporaceae Piptoporus betulinus (Bull.) P. 191 Food (Human food) ჩ ა გ ა (Chaga) Fruit Forest Karst. Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) 197 Food (Human food) ძ ე რ ა ნ ა (Dzerana) Fruit Forest Fr. Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. 199 Food (Human food, Phkhali) და ნ დუ რ ი (Danduri) Leaf Forest Primulaceae Cyclamen vernum Sweet 75 Food (Pickled) ყ ო ჩ ი ვ ა რ და Root Forest (Q'ochivarda) (contd.) BUSSMANN et al.: ETHNOBOTANY OF SAMTSKHE-JAVAKHETI, (CAUCASUS) 19

Table 1—Plants used in Samtshke-Javakheli (contd.) Family/Scientific name Coll.# SJ Use Category (Use description) Georgian Name; name Parts used Forest / Garden other dialect (Transliteration) Primulaceae Primula macrocalyx Bunge 200 Medicinal (Cough, Kidneys) ფ უ რ ი ს უ ლა (Phurisula) Flower, Leaf Forest Primula woronowii Losinsk. 201 Food (Phkhali) ტ ყ ი ს ფ უ რ ი ს უ ლა Leaf Forest (T'q'is purisula) Psathyrellaceae Coprinopsis atramentaria 62 Food (Human food) მ ე ლა ნ ა (Melana) Fruit Forest (Bull.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo Ranunculaceae Aruncus vulgaris Raf. 26 Food (Human food) (Marts'q'vi); მ ე ჭ ე ხ ი Stem Forest (metchekhi Svan.) Helleborus caucasicus R. Br. 113 Veterinary (Wounds) ხ ა რ ი ს ძ ი რ ა Root Forest (kKharisdzira) Rhododendraceae Rhododendron caucasicum 216 Food (Tea); Medicinal (Anti- დე კ ა (Dek’a) Flower, Leaf Forest Pall. inflammatory, Intestines, Tea) Rosaceae Crataegus curvisepala Lindm. 68 Food (Human food) კ უ ნ ე ლი (K'uneli) Fruit Forest Crataegus pentagyna Waldst. 69 Medicinal (Tea) კ უ ნ ე ლი (K'uneli) Fruit Forest Cydonia oblonga L. 76 Food (Human food); Medicinal კ ო მ შ ი (K’omshi); Fruit, Leaf Garden (Increases haemoglobin) (Tsamala Arm.) Fragaria vesca L. 85 Food (Human food) ხ ე ნ დრ ო (Marts'q'vi) Fruit Forest Fragaria vesca L. "Alibaba" 86 Food (Human food) მ ო ც ხ ა რ ი (Motskhari) Fruit Garden Fragaria virginiana Mill. 87 Food (Human food) ხ ე ნ დრ ო (Khendro) Fruit Forest Malus domestica L. 168 Food (Human food) ვ ა შ ლი (Vashli) Fruit Forest Malus orientalis Uglizk. 169 Food (Alcohol) მ ა ჟ ა ლო (Mazhalo) Fruit Forest, Garden Mespilus germanica L. 178 Food (Human food) ზ ღ მ ა რ ტ ლი Fruit Garden (Zghmart'li), მ უ შ მ უ ლა (Mushmula) Prunus armeniaca L. 202 Food (Human food) გ ა რ გ ა რ ი (Gargari); Fruit Forest, Garden (Kuraga Russ.) Prunus avium (L.) L. 203 Food (Human food) ბ ა ლი (Bali) Fruit Garden Prunus cerasus L. 204 Food (Human food) ა ლუ ბ ა ლი (Alubali) Fruit Garden Prunus divaricata Ledeb. 205 Food (Alcohol, Human food) ტ ყ ე მ ა ლი (Tq’emali) Fruit Garden Prunus insititita L. 206 Food (Human food) ღ ო ღ ნ ა შ ო Fruit Forest, Garden (Ghoghnasho), ღ ო ღ ნ ო შ ო (Ghoghnosho) Prunus spinosa L. 207 Food (Human food) კ ვ რ ი ნ ჩ ხ ი Fruit Forest, Garden (Kvrinchkhi) Prunus vachuschtii Bregaze 208 Food (Human food) ა ლუ ჩ ა (Alucha) Fruit Garden Prunus x domestica L. 209 Food (Alcohol, Human food) ქ ლი ა ვ ი (Kliavi) Fruit Garden Pyrus caucasica Fed. 211 Food (Alcohol, Human food); პ ა ნ ტ ა (P'ant’a) Fruit, Stem Forest Utensils and tools (Household utensils) Pyrus communis L. 212 Food (Human food) მ ს ხ ა ლი (Mskhali) Fruit Garden (contd.) 20 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 16, NO. 1, JANUARY 2017

Table 1—Plants used in Samtshke-Javakheli (contd.) Family/Scientific name Coll.# SJ Use Category (Use description) Georgian Name; name Parts used Forest / Garden other dialect (Transliteration) Rosaceae Rosa canina L. 219 Food (Alcohol, Human food, ა ს კ ი ლი (Ask'ili) Fruit Forest Marmalade, Tea) Rosa sp. 220 Food (Alcohol, Human food, ა ს კ ი ლი (Ask'ili), Flower, Fruit Forest, Garden Tea); Medicinal (Tea) ვ ა რ დი (Vardi) Rubus fruticosus L. 221 Food (Human food) მ ა ყ ვ ა ლი (Maq'vali), Fruit Forest, Garden რ უ ს უ ლი მ ა ყ ვ ა ლი (Rusuli maq’vali); Малина (Malina Russ.) Rubus idaeus L. 222 Food (Human food) ჟ ო ლო (Zholo); Малина Fruit Forest, Garden (Malina Russ.) Rubus sp. 223 Food (Human food) მ ა ყ ვ ა ლი (Maqhvali) Fruit Forest Sorbus caucasigena Kom. 240 Food (Alcohol, Medicinal, ც ი რ ც ე ლი (Tsirtseli) Fruit Forest Heart) Russulaceae Lactifluus volemus (Fr.) 158 Food (Human food) მ ჭ ა და (Mch'ada) Fruit Forest Kuntze Russula emetica (Schaeff.) 229 Food (Human food) ბ ღ ა ვ ა ნ ა (Bahgavana) Fruit Forest Pers. Rutaceae Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. 58 Food (Human food) ლი მ ო ნ ი (Limoni) Fruit Garden Citrus x paradisi Macfad. 59 Food (Human food) გ რ ე ი პ ფ რ უ ტ ი Fruit Garden (Greip'prut'i) Citrus x sinensis L. 60 Food (Human food) ფ ო რ თო ხ ა ლი Fruit Garden (Portokhali) Salicaceae Populus tremula L. 198 Medicinal (?) ვ ე რ ხ ვ ი (Verkhvi) Leaf Forest Sapindaceae Acer campestre L. 2 Construction (Timber) ნ ე კ ე რ ჩ ხ ა ლი Stem Forest (Nek'erchkhali) Acer pseudoplatanus L. 3 Food (Tea) ნ ე კ ე რ ჩ ხ ა ლი Flower Forest (Nek'erchkhali); თე კ რ ა (thekra Svan.) Smilacaceae Smilax excelsa L. 237 Food (Human food, Phkhali) ე კ ა ლღ ი ჭ ი Leaf Forest (Ek’alghich’i); ე კ ა ლა (Ek'ala) Solanaceae Capsicum annuum L. 46 Food (Human food) წ ი წ ა კ ა (Ts'tsak'a) Fruit Garden Capsicum annuum L. Sweet 47 Food (Human food) წ ი წ ა კ ა (Ts'tsak'a), Fruit Garden Bulgarian წ ი წ ა კ ა წ ი თე ლი (Tzitzaka tzitheli); ძ ა ფ ა ნ ა (dzaphana Svan.) Lycopersicum esculentum L. 165 Food (Human food) პ ა მ ი დო რ ი (P'amidori) Fruit Garden Solanum melogena L. 238 Food (Human food) ბ ა დრ ი ჯ ა ნ ი Fruit Garden (Badrijani) Solanum tuberosum L. 239 Food (Human food, Phkhali) კ ა რ ტ ო ფ ი ლი Leaf Garden (K'art'opili) (contd.) BUSSMANN et al.: ETHNOBOTANY OF SAMTSKHE-JAVAKHETI, (CAUCASUS) 21

Table 1—Plants used in Samtshke-Javakheli (contd.) Family/Scientific name Coll.# SJ Use Category (Use description) Georgian Name; name Parts used Forest / Garden other dialect (Transliteration) Sparassidaceae Sparassis crispa Wulfen 241 Food (Human food) კომბუოსტოსოკო Fruit Forest (Kombostosoko) Staphyleaceae Staphylea colchica Steven 243 Food (Human food) ჯ ო ნ ჯ ო ლი (Jonjoli) Flower Garden Suillaceae Suillus granulatus (L.) Roussel 244 Food (Human food) დუ მ ა ს ო კ ო (Duma Fruit Forest soko); Маслята (Masliata Russ.) Suillus luteus (L. )Roussel 245 Food (Human food) ზ ე თი ა ნ ა (Zethiana) Fruit Forest Theaceae Camelia sinensis L. 42 Food (Tea) ჩ ა ი (Chai) Fruit Garden Tricholomataceae Tricholoma portentosum (Fr.) 254 Food (Human food) შ ა ვ ჩ ო ხ ა Fruit Forest Quél. (Shavchokha) Ulmaceae Ulmus elliptica C. Koch 259 ? (?) თე ლა (Tela) Leaf Forest Urticaceae Urtica dioica L. 260 Food (Human food, , ჭ ი ნ ჭ ა რ ი Fruit, Leaf Forest, Garden Phkhali); Medicinal (Antiseptic, (Ch’inch’ari); (Santachi Increases haemoglobin) Arm.) Valerianaceae Valeriana officinalis L. 264 Medicinal (Nerves) კ ა ტ ა ბ ა ლა ხ ა Root Forest (K'at'abalakha); გ უ ლბ ა ნ დი (Gulbandi Tush.) Violaceae Viola sp. 268 Food (Chachapuri) ი ა -ი ა (Ia-ia) Leaf Forest Vitaceae Vitis vinifera L. 269 Food (Human food) ვ ა ზ ი (Vazi), Fruit Garden ყ უ რ ძ ე ნ ი (Q'udzeni), ყ უ რ ძ ე ნ ი (Qhurdzeni), ხ ე ჭ ე ჭ უ რ ი (Ch'etsheturi)

traditional knowledge about plant use in particular for medicine, is the demographic decline in mountain regions due to harsh economic conditions and lack of modern infrastructure27-29. While sheep were produced on a large scale during Soviet times, leading to widespread overgrazing, nowadays only a few scattered herds remain, amd traditional wool items are getting more difficult to find, while tourist products abound along roadsides especially in the outskirts of Tbilisi and resort areas like Borjomi and Barisako. All over Georgia abandoned terraces indicate where grain 30 Fig. 2—Proportional Euler diagrams of plants and usage shared was formerly grown . The maintenance of among areas within - home gardens in Georgia can serve as socio-ecological 22 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 16, NO. 1, JANUARY 2017

Fig. 3—Elevation of informant community significantly fits the ordination in plantspace (A, r2= 0.72, p = 0.001) and in usespace (B, r2= 0.66, p = 0.001). Community significantly fits the ordination for both plantspace (C, r2= 0.63, p = 0.001) and usespace (D, r2= 0.51, p = 0.001).

Table 2—Mean informant consensus across use categories among informant communities, with total number of use reports and taxa. Community # Use # Reports # Taxa Mean ICF ICF sd Categories Bakuriani 6 1274 228 0.79 0.08 Moliti 3 58 56 0.08 0.14 (Armenian) Mzetamze 6 725 128 0.87 0.07 Tabatskuri 3 785 82 0.91 0.01

Fig. 4—Informant age is significant in plantspace (A, p = 0.038, (Armenian) r2= 0.189) but not usespace (B, p = 0.389, r2= 0.059). Tsaghveri 4 91 76 0.07 0.12

Table 3—The 95th percentile species ranked by Cultural Importance. Scientific name Cultural Use Use Importance Diversity Value Pinus kochiana Klotzsch ex 3.00 1.73 1.03 K. Koch Betula litwinowii Doluch. 3.00 1.52 0.26 Rosa canina L. 3.00 1.37 0.26 Morus alba L. 3.00 1.10 0.35 Thymus collinus Bieb. 3.00 1.10 0.09 Picea orientalis (L.) Peterm. 2.29 1.51 0.47 Matricaria chamomilla L. 2.00 0.69 0.71 Crataegus pentagyna Waldst. 2.00 0.69 0.29 Viola sp. 2.00 0.69 0.29 Indet sp. 28 2.00 0.69 0.12 Primula macrocalyx Bunge 2.00 0.69 0.12 Arctium lappa L. 2.00 0.64 0.88 Fagus orientalis Lipsky 1.92 1.47 0.74 Fig. 5—Informant consensus plotted over number of use reports for each Use Category among informant communities. Allium victorialis L. 1.63 0.94 1.65 BUSSMANN et al.: ETHNOBOTANY OF SAMTSKHE-JAVAKHETI, (CAUCASUS) 23

Table 4—The 95th percentile species ranked by Use Diversity. Acknowledgement Scientific name Cultural Use Use Authors would like to thank and all the people of Importance Diversity Value Samtskhe-Javakheti who kindly agreed to participate Pinus kochiana Klotzsch ex 3.00 1.73 1.03 in the ethnobiological interviews. K. Koch Betula litwinowii Doluch. 3.00 1.52 0.26 Author contributions Picea orientalis (L.) Peterm. 2.29 1.51 0.47 RWB, NYPZ, SS, ZK, DK, DT and KB designed the study; RWB, NYPZ, SS, ZK, DT and KB Fagus orientalis Lipsky 1.92 1.47 0.74 conducted the fieldwork, RHE conducted the main Rosa canina L. 3.00 1.37 0.26 statistical analysis; RBU, NYPZ and RHE analyzed Helichrysum arenarium (L.) 1.23 1.34 0.79 the data and wrote the manuscript; all authors read, Moench corrected and approved the manuscript. Urtica dioica L. 1.14 1.27 0.97 Sambucus ebulus L. 1.25 1.20 0.59 Competing financial interests Morus alba L. 3.00 1.10 0.35 The authors declare that they have no competing Thymus colinus Bieb. 3.00 1.10 0.09 financial interest.

Quercus iberica Steven ex 1.15 1.05 0.68 M. Bieb. References 1 Neidze V, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Sakartvelos sotsialur- Rosa sp. 1.40 1.04 0.97 ekonomikuri geografia, Vol 2, (Social-economic geography Taraxacum officinale Wigg. 1.33 1.04 0.12 of Georgia), Tbilisi, 2003.

Sinapis arvensis L. 1.33 1.04 0.12 2 Klopotovski BA, K geomorphologii Meskheti (Geomorphology of Meskheti), Vakhushti Inst Geograph, 1 Table 5—The 95th percentile species ranked by Use Value. (1950) 3-41. 3 Kikodze D, Environmental baseline - BTC/SCP Pipeline Scientific name Cultural Use Use Project ESIA, Dzelkva Ltd., Tbilisi, 2002. Importance Diversity Value 4 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. An update of the Angiosperm Allium victorialis L. 1.63 0.94 1.65 Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of Phaseolus sativus L. 1.00 0.00 1.53 flowering plants: APG III, Bot J Linn Soc, 161(1) (2009) 105–121. Prunus divaricata Ledeb. 1.06 0.18 1.32 5 Oksannen J, Guillaume Blanchet F, Kindt R, Legendre P, Beta vulgaris L. 1.00 0.00 1.32 Minchin PR, O'Hara RB, Simpson GL, Solymos P, Cucurbita pepo L. 1.18 0.42 1.18 Stevens MHH & Wagner H, Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.3-0; 2015. http://CRAN.R- Solanum tuberosum L. 1.06 0.20 1.18 project.org/package=vegan. Allium cepa L. 1.06 0.20 1.18 6 Phillips O & Gentry AH, The useful plants of Tambopata, Allium sativum L. 1.06 0.20 1.15 Peru: I, Statistical Hypothesis tests with a new quantitative technique, Econ Bot, 47 (1993) 15-32. Agaricus arvensis Schaeff. 1.00 0.00 1.12 7 Biscotti N & Pieroni A, The hidden Mediterranean diet: wild Rubus idaeus L. 1.00 0.00 1.12 vegetables traditionally gathered and consumed in the Gargano area, Apulia, SE , Act Soc Bot Pol, 84 (3) Pyrus communis L. 1.13 0.58 1.09 (2015) 327-338. Brassica oleracea L. 1.06 0.21 1.06 8 Cakilcioğlu U, Khatun S, Turkoğlu I & Hayta S, Coriandrum sativum L. 1.00 0.00 1.06 Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants in Maden (Elaziğ-Turkey), J Ethnopharmacol, 137 (2011) 469-486. Pinus kochiana Klotzsch ex 3.00 1.73 1.03 9 Cakilcioğlu U & Turkoğlu I, An ethnobotanical survey of

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