WHO Global Database on Vitamin a Deficiency

Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency The Vitamin A Deficiency database includes data by country based on xerophthalmia and/or serum or plasma retinol concentration

SENEGAL Last Updated: 2007-05-11

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line N 2005 National: Women: Total F 15.00-49.99 6927 12.70 5739 * 1 Women by age F 15.00-19.99 980 10.80 2 Women by age F 20.00-24.99 1670 9.30 3 Women by age F 25.00-29.99 1638 12.00 4 Women by age F 30.00-34.99 1357 14.60 5 Women by age F 35.00-49.99 1282 17.60 6 Women by area: Urban F 15.00-49.99 2689 10.80 7 Women by area: Rural F 15.00-49.99 4238 13.90 8 Women by region: Dakar F 15.00-49.99 1365 11.30 9 Women by region: Diourbel F 15.00-49.99 812 18.20 10 Women by region: Fatick F 15.00-49.99 386 11.10 11 Women by region: Kaolack F 15.00-49.99 861 12.40 12 Women by region: Kolda F 15.00-49.99 638 17.00 13 Women by region: Louga F 15.00-49.99 453 10.50 14 Women by region: Matam F 15.00-49.99 286 13.00 15 Women by region: Saint-Louis F 15.00-49.99 446 9.80 16 Women by region: Tambacounda F 15.00-49.99 498 10.90 17 Women by region: Thiès F 15.00-49.99 937 11.80 18 Women by region: Ziguinchor F 15.00-49.99 246 10.60 19

D 2003 Velingara department: Urban: Pre-SAC B 2.00-4.99 246 0.40 5128 * Velingara department: Rural: Pre-SAC B 2.00-4.99 335 0.30 Velingara department: Urban: Women B 15.00-49.99 326 7.70 Velingara department: Rural: Women B 15.00-49.99 480 5.40

L 2000 Niakhene: Pre-SAC B 1.99-4.99 136 2.20 5129a * Niakhene: Pre-SAC B 0.00-4.99 114 0.0

L 1997 Bambey, Kebemer and Koungheul districts: Pre-SA B 0.00-4.99 88 26.1 5129b * LR 1991 Rural community of Malicounda: Pre-SAC/SAC B 2.00-14.99 1008 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 233 * 20 D 1991 Linguère department: Pre-SAC B 2.00-3.99 271 7.4 71.5 0.61 0.22 234 * LR 1990 Rural community of Malicounda: Pre-SAC/SAC B 2.00-14.99 1259 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 221 * 21 Rural community of Malicounda: Pre-SAC/SAC B 2.00-6.99 221 20.9 0.52 0.03

S 1988 Diourbel and Fatick regions: Pre-SAC: Total B 2.00-6.99 865 14.09 0.20 3266 *

© WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency The Vitamin A Deficiency database includes data by country based on xerophthalmia and/or serum or plasma retinol concentration

SENEGAL Last Updated: 2007-05-11

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line

S 1988 Pre-SAC by sex F 2.00-6.99 417 12.26 0.00 3266 22 Pre-SAC by sex M 2.00-6.99 444 15.80 0.45 Pre-SAC by age B 2.00-2.99 83 20.48 0.00 Pre-SAC by age B 3.00-3.99 211 11.37 0.00 Pre-SAC by age B 4.00-4.99 246 13.82 0.00 Pre-SAC by age B 5.00-5.99 159 15.09 0.63 Pre-SAC by age B 6.00-6.99 163 14.11 0.61 Diourbel and Fatick regions: Pre-SAC B 2.00-6.99 206 31.6 90.3 0.45 0.03 23

S 1979 Casamance region: Pre-SAC B 0.00-5.99 248 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 309 * Casamance region: SAC B 6.00-14.99 328 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Casamance region: Adults B 15.00-NS 686 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 Casamance region: Pre-SAC B 0.00-5.99 51 5.8 45.0 0.70 0.25 Casamance region: SAC B 6.00-14.99 231 1.7 41.5 0.78 0.27 Casamance region: Adults B 15.00-NS 620 0.6 10.6 1.09 0.39 Casamance region: PW/LW F NS 113 0.0 9.7 1.04 0.32

Reference No: 5739 General notes: Two-stage PPS cluster sampling, stratified by area of residence (urban/rural). Nationally representative sample of 7 412 households from 377 clusters. Previous XN is XN during the most recent pregnancy in the five years preceding the survey. Women's age is age at the time of delivery of index pregnancy. Note 1 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.0% Note 2 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 1.7% Note 3 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.1% Note 4 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.1% Note 5 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 1.9% Note 6 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.1% Note 7 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 1.3% Note 8 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.5% Note 9 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 1.2% Note 10 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.6% Note 11 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 1.4% Note 12 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 3.1% Note 13 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 1.4% Note 14 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 3.7% Note 15 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 4.7% Note 16 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.3% Note 17 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 1.6% Note 18 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 1.3% Note 19 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 0.5% Reference No: 5128 General notes: Multi-stage PPS cluster sampling stratified by urban and rural strata. Sample comprised of randomly chosen households within randomly selected census districts in the department of Velingara in Kolda region. Area selected because it is poor and suffers from more malnutrition than most other regions in Senegal. Previous XN is XN during most recent pregnancy in women with children less than 36 months of age.

Reference No: 5129a General notes: Multi-stage PPS cluster sampling based on census districts. 2 surveys conducted by MICAH, baseline (reference No. 5129b) and final survey following an intervention project. Final survey also conducted in Niakhene (arrondissement), located in Mekhe health district (Tivaouane department, Thies region), where there was no intervention (non-MICAH reference group). Only non-MICAH reference group included in the database for final survey in 2000. Reference No: 5129b General notes: Multi-stage PPS cluster sampling based on census districts. 2 surveys conducted by MICAH, baseline and final survey (reference No. 5129a) following an intervention project. Only non- MICAH baseline reference group included in the database. Reference No: 233 General notes: Two-stage cluster sampling. Survey conducted in the rural community of Malicounda, Theis region. Survey carried out during the dry season. Children re-examined (1991), baseline data (1990) reported in reference No. 221. Note 20 Symptoms of xerophthalmia not detected. Night blindness data not obtained, since local term for night blindness did not exsist. Reference No: 234 General notes: Sample comprised of pre-SAC from the department of Linguère (district of Dodie and Barkedji included).

Reference No: 221 General notes: Two-stage cluster sampling. Survey conducted in the rural community of Malicounda, Theis region. Serum retinol determined only for subsample (211 out of the total of 442) of pre-SAC chosen at random. Survey carried out during the dry season. Baseline data (1990), children re-examined in 1991, same data reported in reference No. 233. Note 21 Symptoms of xerophthalmia not detected. Night blindness data not obtained, since local term for night blindness did not exsist.

Reference No: 3266 General notes: Sample comprised of pre-SAC randomly selected and representative of the rural area of the groundnut belt, in the regions of Diourbel and Fatick. Same survey reported in references No. 195, 211 and 1989. Serum retinol determined only for subsample. Serum retinol concentrations converted from µg/mL to µmol/L. Note 22 For the XN sample, sex unknown for 3 subjects. For X1A and X1B sample, sex unknown for 4 subjects.

Note 23 Sample not representative because the children were selected according to the resultats of the impression cytology test. Reference No: 309 General notes: Sample randomly selected from Casamance region (in 1984 Casamance region split into Kolda and Ziguinchor regions). Survey carried out during the dry season.

Reference 221 Carlier C, Etchepare M, Ceccon JF, Amedee-Manesme O. Assessment of the vitamin A status of preschool and schoolage Senegalese children during a cross-sectional study. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 1991, 62 :209-215.

Reference 233 Carlier C, Etchepare M, Ceccon JF, Amedee-Manesme O. Annual assessment of the vitamin A and nutritional status of children during two cross-sectional surveys. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 1992, 62 :216-220.

Reference 234 Rankins J, Green NR, Tremper W, Stacewitcz-Sapuntzakis, Bowen P. Undernutrition and vitamin A deficiency in the Department of Linguere, Louga Region of Senegal. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1993, 58 :91-97.

Reference 309 Le Francois P, Chevassus-Agnes S, Benefice E, Dyck JL, Maire B, Parent G, Seymat G, Ndiaye AM. Vitamin A status of populations in three west African countries. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 1980, 50 :352-363.

Reference 3266 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale. Prévalence de la malnutrition et du déficit en vitamine a dans les régions de Diourbel et de Fatick au Sénégal. 1988.

Reference 5128 Micronutrient and Health (MICAH). Rapport de l'enquête de base du programme MICAH 2 dans le district sanitaire de Velingara. Senegal, Canadian International Development Agency, 2004.

Reference 5129 Vision Mondiale Sénégal, Le Project MICAH. Rapport de l'enquête finale de project santé et lutte contre les deficiences en micronutrient (MICAH). Sénégal, Canadian International Development Agency, 2002.

Reference 5739 Salif N, Ayad M. Enquête Démographique et de Santé au Sénégal 2005. Calverton, Maryland, Centre de Recherche pour le Développment Humain [Sénégal] et ORC Macro, 2006.

Reference 211 Carlier C, Moulia-Pelat JP, Ceccon JF, Mourey MS, Malvy D, Fall M, N'Diaye M, Amedee-Manesme O. Prevalence of malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency in the Diorbel, Fatick and Koalack regions of Senegal: a controlled study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1991, 53 :74-77.

Reference 231 Carlier C, Etchepare M, Ceccon JF, Mourey MS, Amedee-Manesme O. Efficacy of massive oral doses of retinyl palmitate and mango (Mangifera indica L.) consumption to correct an existing vitamin A deficiency in Senegalese children. British Journal of Nutrition, 1992, 68 :529-540.

Reference 1988 [Anonymous]. The role of vitamin A deficiency in endemic goiter. Nutrition Reviews, 1990, 38 :15-16.

Reference 1989 Carlier C, Moulia-Pelat JP, Ceccon JF, Mourey MS, Malvy D, Fall M, N'Diaye M, Amedee-Manesme O. Prevalence of malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency in the Diourbel, Fatick, and Kaolack regions of Senegal: epidemiological study. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 1991, 53 :70-73.

Reference 4866 Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances, Direction de la Prévision et de la Statistique, UNICEF. Sénégal - Rapport de l'enquête sur les objectifs de la fin de décennie sur l'enfance (MICS-II- 2000) [Senegal - Survey report on the end of decade children goals (MICS-II-2000). Dakar, Direction de la Prévision et de la Statistique, 2000.