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Metal Concentrations (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg and Se) in Dolly

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Metal Concentrations (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg and Se) in Dolly METAL CONCENTRATIONS (AS, CD, CR, PB, HG AND SE) IN DOLLY VARDEN (SALVELINUS MALMA) FROM THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS, ALASKA By CHRISTIAN JEITNER A thesis submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution Written under the direction of Joanna Burger and approved by ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey October 2009 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS METAL CONCENTRATIONS (AS, CD, CR, PB, HG AND SE) IN DOLLY VARDEN (SALVELINUS MALMA) FROM THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS, ALASKA By CHRISTIAN JEITNER Dissertation Director: Joanna Burger Concerns about contaminants in fish have increased in recent years, especially in species consumed heavily in subsistence diets. Most studies of contaminants in Alaskan subsistence foods have focused on mainland Alaska not the Aleutian Islands. Several islands along the Aleutian Archipelago of Alaska have supported military bases which may be a source of pollution, and the proximity of the Aleutian chain to Eastern Asia may increase its susceptibility to atmospheric deposition of heavy metals. This study compares levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury and selenium in the egg, kidney, liver and muscle of Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) from Umnak, Adak, and Amchitka Islands in the Aleutian Chain of Alaska. I examined levels as a function of tissue, gender, collection site, and size. There were significant differences in the levels of metals as a function of tissue, with kidney having the highest levels of arsenic and cadmium, and kidney and liver having significantly higher levels of chromium ii and mercury than the other tissues examined. Selenium and arsenic in muscle and liver were highly correlated with both length and weight of fish. Arsenic and mercury in muscle were highly correlated with levels in liver, kidney and egg. There were few significant gender differences in metal concentrations, with females having higher levels of chromium in muscle and cadmium in kidney than males. However selenium in liver was higher in males than females. On Amchitka mean mercury levels were higher in both muscle (149 ppb; ng/g, wet weight) and liver (321 ppb) compared to fish from Adak and Umnak (muscle = 24 ppb and liver = 44 ppb). Dolly Varden collected from Cannikin Lake and Fox Lake on Amchitka were probably not sea run. This may explain the elevated mercury levels found in Dolly Varden from Amchitka Island. Landlocked Dolly Varden feed more heavily on smaller fish and fish eggs which places them at a higher trophic level than anadromous fish which primarily feed on amphipods. Selenium levels were highest in muscle (761 ppb) and liver (1,860 ppb) of fish caught in Cannikin Lake on Amchitka Island. Overall, concentrations of the metal contaminants in Dolly Varden were relatively low when compared with other studies on anadromous and marine fish from the region, and differences among collection sites may be due to trophic level differences between landlocked (Cannikin Lake) and sea-run Dolly Varden. iii Acknowledgements This work was conducted under the advisement and guidance of Dr. Joanna Burger. I owe gratitude for both her encouragement and instruction. Also my appreciation to Dr. Michael Gochfeld, and Dr. Keith Cooper, as members of a helpful thesis committee. I also thank Dr. Judith Weis for providing comments and guidance, Tara Shukla for assistance with metals analysis, Sean Burke, Timothy Stamm, Ronald Snigaroff, Daniel Snigaroff, and Conrad Volz for assistance catching and dissecting fish. I thank the people who contributed to the development and execution of the Amchitka Science Plan including Charles Powers, David Kosson, Robert Patrick (Aleutian/Pribilof Island Association), and the people of the villages of Nikolski, and Adak in the Aleutians. The research was conducted under an approved Rutgers University Protocol, and supported by NIEHS Center grant (P30ES005022), Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation (Department of Energy, # DE-FC01-95EW55084, DE- FG 26-00NT 40938), Wildlife Trust and EOHSI. iv Table of Contents Title Page .............................................................................................................. i Abstract .................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................iv Table of Contents ................................................................................................. v List of Tables .......................................................................................................vii List of Figures..................................................................................................... viii 1.0 - INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Objectives........................................................................... 2 1.2 Bioaccumulation In Marine Organisms ............................................... 3 1.2.1 Arsenic .................................................................................. 4 1.2.2 Cadmium............................................................................... 6 1.2.3 Chromium.............................................................................. 7 1.2.4 Lead ...................................................................................... 8 1.2.5 Mercury ................................................................................. 9 1.2.6 Selenium ............................................................................. 11 1.3 Dolly Varden Life Cycle..................................................................... 13 1.4 Importance Of Dolly Varden.............................................................. 14 1.5 Human Health Risks From Eating Fish ............................................. 15 2.0 - METHODS ................................................................................................. 17 2.1 Study Sites........................................................................................ 17 2.1.1 Umnak Island ...................................................................... 17 2.1.2 Adak Island ......................................................................... 18 2.1.3 Amchitka Island................................................................... 19 2.2 Field Procedures............................................................................... 20 2.3 Laboratory Analysis .......................................................................... 21 2.4 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................ 22 3.0 - RESULTS................................................................................................... 24 3.1 Factors Contributing to Models ......................................................... 24 3.2 Interisland Differences ...................................................................... 24 3.3 Metal Correlations............................................................................. 25 3.4 Tissue Correlations........................................................................... 26 3.5 Gender Differences........................................................................... 27 4.0 - DISCUSSION ............................................................................................. 28 4.1 Locational Differences ...................................................................... 28 4.2 Size-Metal Relationships .................................................................. 32 v 4.3 Tissue Differences ............................................................................ 34 4.4 Gender Differences........................................................................... 38 4.5 Geographical Comparisons .............................................................. 39 4.6 Risk To Human Consumers.............................................................. 44 4.7 Risk To Wildlife Receptors................................................................ 50 4.8 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 54 Literature Cited ………………………………………………………………………..56 vi Lists of tables Table 1. Multiple regression models on log transformed data for differences in levels of metals in Dolly Varden collected from the Aleutians. ................. 77 Table 2. Metal levels in muscle and liver of Dolly Varden collected from 3 islands in Alaska. ................................................................................................ 78 Table 3. Metal levels in kidney and egg of Dolly Varden collected from 3 islands in Alaska ................................................................................................. 79 Table 4. Correlation of size and contaminant levels in Dolly Varden from the Aleutians .................................................................................................. 80 Table 5. Correlation between tissues for contaminant levels… ......................... 81 Table 6. Contaminant levels in 4 organs (egg, kidney, liver, muscle) of Dolly Varden ..................................................................................................... 82 Table 7. Gender
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