Versão Completa E-Cadernos Ces N.º 19

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Versão Completa E-Cadernos Ces N.º 19 Centro de Estudos Sociais Universidade de Coimbra União Europeia e-cadernos ces PROPRIEDADE E EDIÇÃO CENTRO DE ESTUDOS SOCIAIS - LABORATÓRIO ASSOCIADO UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA www.ces.uc.pt COLÉGIO DE S. JERÓNIMO APARTADO 3087 3000-995 COIMBRA PORTUGAL URL: http://eces.revues.org E-MAIL: [email protected] TEL: +351 239 855573 FAX: +351 239 855589 CONSELHO DE REDAÇÃO DA E-CADERNOS CES MARIA JOSÉ CANELO (Diretora) ANA CORDEIRO SANTOS JOSÉ MANUEL MENDES MARTA ARAÚJO PAULO PEIXOTO SILVIA RODRÍGUEZ MAESO SUSANA COSTA AUTORES MARIA RAQUEL FREIRE, JOÃO AUGUSTO RODRIGUES GOMES FIGUEIREDO, FRANCISCO MARTÍNEZ, SANDRA FERNANDES, TIAGO FERREIRA LOPES, LICÍNIA SIMÃO, ABEL POLESE, VANDA AMARO DIAS, DANIEL MARCELINO RODRIGUES, MICHAEL HIKARI CECIRE DESIGN GRÁFICO DA E-CADERNOS CES DUPLO NETWORK, COIMBRA www.duplonetwork.com PERIODICIDADE SEMESTRAL VERSÃO ELETRÓNICA ISSN 1647-0737 © CENTRO DE ESTUDOS SOCIAIS, UNIVERSIDADE COIMBRA, 2013 NOVOS OLHARES SOBRE O ESPAÇO PÓS-SOVIÉTICO ORGANIZAÇÃO Licínia Simão CENTRO DE ESTUDOS SOCIAIS 2013 Índice Introdução ..................................................................................................................... 4 Maria Raquel Freire – Sobre a concetualização de política externa na Rússia: objetivos, capacidades e instrumentos ........................................................................ 07 João Augusto Rodrigues Gomes Figueiredo – Dinâmicas paralelas na política externa russa: estilos de liderança, relações pessoais e grupos de influência nas relações com a UE ............................................................................................................................ 31 Francisco Martínez – On the Peripheral Character of Russia ...................................... 54 Sandra Fernandes – Russia and Transforming Security Relations in Europe: Strategic and Normative Rationales ........................................................................................... 85 Tiago Ferreira Lopes – The Idea of Macro-communal Space and its Applicability to the Ethno-complex Societies of the Post-soviet Caucasus and Central Asia ................... 109 Licínia Simão – Insecurity and Conflicts in Eurasia: New Frameworks of Analysis .... 132 Abel Polese – Ucrânia: a construção nacional entre o real e o imaginário ................. 153 @cetera Vanda Amaro Dias – Construtivismo crítico: um novo olhar sobre o espaço pós- soviético e a crise na Ucrânia ............................................................................. 182 Daniel Marcelino Rodrigues – A Polónia e a periferia oriental da Europa: continuidade ou rutura na política externa de Varsóvia ..................................... 195 Michael Hikari Cecire – Whither the Euro-atlantic Space? Redefining Euro-atlantic Security in a Post-Post-Cold War Era ................................................................. 205 Introdução Este número temático tem como principal objetivo identificar novas tendências e abordagens ao estudo do espaço pós-soviético, nomeadamente entre os investigadores nacionais. Na tradição dos estudos de área, o trabalho académico dedicado aos países resultantes do colapso da União Soviética, em 1991, congrega uma grande diversidade de olhares e abordagens, dependendo das áreas científicas privilegiadas. Numa lógica de abertura e diálogo interdisciplinar, este número apresenta-nos essa diversidade de perspetivas que, no seu conjunto, mostram uma área de estudo em grande evolução e desenvolvimento, ao mesmo tempo que se mantém ligada a abordagens tradicionais. No contexto português, esta é uma área claramente subdesenvolvida, principalmente por força da distância física que separa Portugal e o mundo lusófono da ex-URSS, bem como uma tendência forte para privilegiar as relações pós-coloniais nos estudos políticos portugueses. Embora existam cruzamentos importantes, nomeadamente os que resultam das políticas africanas de Portugal e da URSS, há pouco trabalho aprofundado sobre estas dinâmicas. Outra área claramente subdesenvolvida prende-se com a formulação da política externa portuguesa em relação à Rússia e outros Estados pós-soviéticos, no contexto da integração euro- atlântica. É importante realçar, também, que as abordagens tradicionais ao espaço pós- soviético começam a ser questionadas por uma nova geração de autores, interessada em aplicar quadros de análise inovadores a “velhas” temáticas. Assim, as leituras geopolíticas, resultantes da rivalidade bipolar da Guerra Fria, têm gradualmente dado lugar a abordagens de pendor mais construtivista e sociológico, centradas em torno das normas e identidades em mutação no espaço da Eurásia e do seu impacto na definição de políticas externas e de segurança. Estas tendências configuram um processo de aprofundamento de abordagens também mais críticas, que questionam os processos e estruturas subjacentes à realidade atual. 4 No entanto, num contexto de tensão e competição estratégica entre a Rússia e os países da Aliança Atlântica, que se tem traduzido em processos de grande instabilidade, violência e incerteza, é fundamental que estas abordagens sejam capazes de produzir respostas para estes desafios concretos. Isto é tanto mais importante, quanto a polarização do discurso sobre esta região se tem feito sentir também ao nível académico, com uma tendência para a reificação de processos sociais e políticos, para a antropomorfização de instituições e para a personalização de problemas e tensões. Esperamos que este número contribua para aprofundar o conhecimento e a qualidade da análise deste espaço único e de grande diversidade, que partilha com a União Europeia o grande continente euro-asiático e que está, inevitavelmente ligado ao futuro da integração europeia e euro-atlântica, merecendo, por isso, toda a nossa atenção. ORGANIZAÇÃO DESTE NÚMERO Os dois primeiros artigos, de Maria Raquel Freire e de João Figueiredo, são dedicados à política externa russa. O maior e mais importante Estado da ex-URSS, a Federação Russa, representa um elemento central no estudo deste espaço e merece, por isso, atenção redobrada, nomeadamente no que concerne à sua política externa. Os artigos seguintes abrem o enfoque e olham para diferentes dimensões das relações neste espaço. O artigo de Francisco Martínez propõe uma abordagem de carácter mais sociológico sobre a construção do significado do espaço na Rússia e das suas relações com os países limítrofes. Segue-se o artigo de Sandra Fernandes, que olha para as alterações em curso na ordem europeia e as tensões resultantes deste processo. Os três artigos seguintes abordam as áreas específicas do espaço pós-soviético, com as suas dinâmicas distintas. O texto de Tiago Ferreira Lopes centra-se na importância da formação de espaços macrocomunais em sociedades etnicamente complexas, tais como as sociedades do Cáucaso do Norte e da Ásia Central, para os processos de transição democrática. A proposta de Licínia Simão apoia-se nos estudos críticos de segurança para avançar leituras matizadas pela segurança no espaço da Eurásia pós-soviética. Por fim, o artigo de Abel Polese aborda os processos de construção de identidades nacionais, aplicado ao caso da Ucrânia, destacando os processos informais e “espontâneos” que são muitas vezes marginalizados na análise política. O número termina com a secção @cetera, dedicada à atual crise ucraniana e ao seu impacto na segurança europeia. Aqui, Vanda Amaro Dias aceitou o desafio de refletir sobre as mais-valias e dificuldades de aplicar um quadro de análise 5 construtivista crítico à tensão e violência na Ucrânia, em curso desde finais de 2013. Daniel Marcelino Rodrigues centrou a sua reflexão no papel da Polónia na definição da política externa europeia para os países do Leste europeu, nomeadamente na gestão da crise na Ucrânia. Por fim, Michael Hikari Cecire apresenta-nos uma peça mais policy oriented, numa linha mais clássica das abordagens das Relações Internacionais, sobre as implicações desta crise para as relações da Rússia com os países da Aliança Atlântica e da União Europeia. No seu conjunto, estas reflexões mais breves permitem contrastar leituras de uma mesma realidade e mostram a importância das escolhas analíticas e dos caminhos que elas implicam para a decisão política e a formulação da opinião pública. Esperamos assim contribuir para que estes processos sejam mais bem informados e para o desenvolvimento de uma escola de saber sobre o espaço pós-soviético mais coesa e mais dinâmica. Licínia Simão 6 e-cadernos CES, 19, 2013: 07-30 POLÍTICA EXTERNA RUSSA: AS DIMENSÕES MATERIAL E IDEACIONAL NAS PALAVRAS E NAS AÇÕES MARIA RAQUEL FREIRE CENTRO DE ESTUDOS SOCIAIS DA UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA, PORTUGAL FACULDADE DE ECONOMIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA, PORTUGAL Resumo: Este texto analisa a política externa da Rússia seguindo duas linhas orientadoras principais: por um lado, a complementaridade entre aspetos materiais e aspetos ideacionais nos processos de política externa; e por outro, a inter-relação entre o ambiente doméstico e o contexto internacional nas dinâmicas de política externa. O artigo argumenta que apesar de linhas de continuidade na política externa russa, assente essencialmente em pressupostos de afirmação da Rússia como grande potência, a evolução da sua política tem demonstrado ambivalência em termos da operacionalização deste objetivo. Esta tem-se traduzido ora numa política mais assertiva ora mais defensiva, muitas vezes reativa e nem sempre permitindo a leitura de uma estratégia de política externa coerente. Uma análise da evolução dos Conceitos de Política
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