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Monitoring of the Andean Bear Population (Tremarctos Ornatus) in Zuleta - North Ecuador

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Monitoring of the Andean Bear Population (Tremarctos Ornatus) in Zuleta - North Ecuador Monitoring of the Andean Bear population (Tremarctos ornatus) in Zuleta - North Ecuador Yann Potaufeu Monitoring of the Andean Bear population (Tremarctos ornatus) in Zuleta - North Ecuador Yann Potaufeu(1) (1) Galo Plaza Lasso Foundation - fundaciongaloplazalasso.org - [email protected] All pictures © Galo Plaza Lasso Foundation Abstract Zuleta is a small community situated in the northern Ecuadorian Andes and where, since 2009, the Galo Plaza Lasso Foundation carries out a monitoring of the Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) that roam its mountains and forests. The individuals are identified by recognition of their white facial markings through direct sighting or camera-trap pictures. At the end of 2013, twenty different bears, including eight cubs, were identified. In this paper we present those bears and our monitoring methods. We discuss their presence and breeding activity in Zuleta. Introduction The Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus), or spectacled bear, is the only Ursidae species present in South America and is endemic to the tropical Andes. Its range extends from western Venezuela to northern Argentina, through the Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian and Bolivian Andes (Del Moral and Bracho, 2005). Across its range as a whole, the Andean bear is classified Vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, with a decreasing population trend (IUCN 2013). The main threats the species faces are habitat loss and fragmentation as well as poaching (Castellanos et al. 2010; Jorgensen – Sandoval A. 2005; Rodriguez et al. 2003). In Ecuador, this emblematic Andean species is considered Endangered (Libro Rojo de los mamiferos del Ecuador 2011). After a variable gestation period of 160 to 255 days, female Andean bear gives birth to one to four cubs, although rarely more than two. The cubs start to follow their mother at three months old and stay with her between six months and one year and a half (Castellanos et al. 2010; Tirira, D. 2007). Andean bears diet is mostly vegetarian (Troya et al. 2004) but these opportunist omnivorous can also feed on invertebrates, small mammals and even bigger ones such as deer or mountain tapir (Tiria, D. 2007, Castellanos, A. 2011). This wide nutritional range, combined to the increasing human presence in the Andes, sometimes bring the Andean bears into conflict with agricultural activity. They may inflict serious damages in corn crops but also predate on cattle. Such attack became more frequent as the habitat of the bear decreased (Castellanos, A, Laguna A. 2012; Goldstein et al. 2006; Flores et al. 2005). Zuleta is a small community of the north-Ecuadorian inter-andean valley. It is situated at an altitude of 3000m.a.s.l. in the Imbabura province (fig.1). One of its points of interest is Hacienda Zuleta, a property that once belonged to Galo Plaza Lasso, former president of Ecuador. Now run by his descendants, the Hacienda is still an important working farm but also opened its gates to high-rated tourism. Its lands contain various biotopes including meadows, cultivated fields, swamps, streams, pine forest, eucalyptus forest, native and secondary highland rain forest, pajonal (or sub-páramo), grass and bush highland plateaux (páramos). This environmental diversity shelters a rich wildlife. 135 bird species and 35 mammal species have been identified so far (Carlos Boada et al., 2010; personnal monitoring). Among the medium-sized and larger mammals are the Pudu (Pudu mephistophiles), the Little Red Brocket Deer (Mazama rufina), the White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus), the Mountain Paca (Cuniculus taczanowskii), the Mountain Coati (Nasuella olivacea), the Oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus), the Puma (Puma concolor) and the Andean bear. In Zuleta, the presence of the Andean bear dates back as far as the collective memory goes. However, spotting one was a rare opportunity that occasionally happened when people from the community went further out on the páramo to hunt or gather wood. In the past, human activities deterred the bears from coming as close to the Hacienda as they do now. Like everywhere else in the Ecuadorian highlands, the traditional slash-and-burn method of clearing land and forest was frequently used during the summers to provide new space and grass for the livestock. Other examples of habitat destruction included uncontrolled deforestation for construction lumber and firewood and, until recently, large destruction with bulldozers to gain space for human activities. These practices eventually came to an end in the nineties, not without a great deal of resistance. Since then nature has reclaimed the areas surrounding Zuleta, again providing food and shelter to the bears and other species. Andean bears were also hunted, however it was an uncommon practice as the animals were difficult to find. The bear parts were then used in a variety of ways. The fur was used for clothing, the meat eaten, and the fat used for medicinal purpose. Bear hunting, and the hunting of large and middle-sized mammals in general, started to be prohibited and punished with large fines in Zuleta in the late seventies (personal conversations). fig.1: Zuleta in Imbabura province. The Galo Plaza Lasso Foundation is a non profit NGO founded in 1995 and dedicated to education, social development and conservation in Zuleta and its surroundings. Based at the Hacienda, the Foundation is mostly known for its Condor Huasi Project, a rescue, breeding and awareness centre for the Andean Condor. In October 2009 were taken the first pictures of two bears, a female and a cub, roaming the mountains of the Hacienda. Those bears were identified and this laid the foundations for the Andean Bear Monitoring Project. This paper summarises the information and data collected during four years (24th October 2009-31st December 2013) concerning the Andean bear population in Hacienda Zuleta. Methodology The monitoring of the bear population in Zuleta occurs in a valley named La Rinconada de San Pedro situated on the lands of Hacienda Zuleta. This 130 hectares and 4.5 km long valley consists of meadows and pastures on its first three quarters. The last quarter is secondary and primary highland rain forest. Its flanks are secondary highland rain forest and pajonal that leads to the páramo (fig.2). The bromeliaceae Puya hamata and Tillandsia complanata are highly present in the area. This plant family is the main source of food for the Andean bear (Troya et al.2004) (fig.3). Fig.2: La Rinconada de San Pedro Fig.3: Puya hamata eaten by Andean bear Bears are individually identified from the unique white markings of their face, using camera- trapping pictures. The study takes place on a single spot where a feeding platform was installed. The platform is made of wood and has the following dimensions: l:1.6m; w:1.1m; h:1m (fig.5). It is situated at the limit between the pastures and the forest on a north oriented ridge (on the right on fig.2), above the condor cages of the Condor Huasi Project (fig.4) at coordinates N 00°11’35’’ W 078°03’57’’ and at elevation of 3070m.a.s.l. The camera used is a Bushnell® Trophy Cam HD, embedded in a wooden pole to prevent the bears from pulling it out (fig.6). The memory card is checked at least once a fortnight. Also, when given the chance to see bears by direct sighting on a ridge of the mountains, identification would be attempted. If the bear is successfully recognized, such sighting is also included in the study. The five first bears of this study were identified for the first time between October 2009 and January 2010 by direct sighting and “traditional” pictures. The camera-trap monitoring was set up in June 2010. Bear platform Condor cages Fig.4: Condor Huasi enclosures and Bear platform Fig.5 : Bear platform Fig.6: camera trap in a wooden pole Trout guts are put on the platform as a food source for the bears. This is done for several reasons. Because of the potent trout smell, the bears are more likely to come to the platform when they visit the area. As the Hacienda produces trout, the guts are a free by-product and using them is a considerable advantage for the project. Trials were made with fruits such as watermelon, but because of the presence of the Andean White-eared Opossum (Didelphis pernigra) in the area, everything disappeared each time in a single night. The foundation has limited resources and so this was not sustainable. The trout farm is close to the Condor Huasi cages and the platform, making the logistic of the study relatively easy. When trout are prepared and emptied to be used at the Hacienda or sold, leftovers can be used and taken to the platform. This usually occurs once or twice a week depending on the number and frequency of trout prepared, as well as the presence of the bears in the valley and how quickly the food is eaten. As shown in Table 1, the bear monitoring was an occasional activity during the first years. It became steadier in 2013 with a control on 277 days that year. Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Days of 2 44 104 38 277 monitoring Table 1: Annually days of monitoring from 2009 to 2013. For each bear an individual document was created. This document includes the code of the bear, its nickname, the date of first sighting, the year of birth when known, any relationship to other bears and a report of every day the bear was identified on the platform (camera-trap) or by direct sighting on a flank of the valley completed with any interesting observation (mostly interactions with other bears) (fig.7). Each bear received a codename as well as a nickname (more practical for daily work).
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