Vol. 18, No. 4 October 2018

are concentrated in the Valley and Ridge and Blue Ridge geographic regions of northern In This Issue Georgia and the Piedmont of west Georgia. 1 ..... Downy mildew resistance to QoI However, hybrid are now being grown fungicides is rampant in Georgia in the southern Coastal Plains, so grapes are actually becoming a statewide enterprise. 4 ..... Auburn joins regional small-fruit Many species and hybrids share one consortium significant issue in common – susceptibility to a 5 ..... Spring Forward with Fall PRE Herbicides disease called downy mildew. Arguably, downy mildew may be the most difficult to control 6 ..... Savannah – and Caneberries -- on my Mind disease in Georgia grapes, and this is true for most if not all of the Southeast. 7 ..... Grape Chores – November 2018 10 ... Fall Caneberry (Raspberry and Blackberry) Chores 2018

Downy mildew resistance to QoI fungicides is rampant in Georgia vineyards Figure 1: Downy mildew sporulation on young grape clusters (photo courtesy of C.F. Hong; University of Georgia Plant Pathology Department). Sarah Campbell and Phil Brannen University of Georgia Plant Pathology Department

Georgia’s wine grape industry is relatively young and fragile. Though vinifera and hybrid vineyards have been in production in Georgia for approximately 40 years, the industry has only shown significant growth in the last 10-15 years. Wine grapes are contributing significantly to the Georgia economy even Figure 2. Downy mildew sporulation on the underside of though acreage pales in comparison to that of leaves (left) and subsequent defoliation (right). North Carolina and Virginia. Georgia vineyards 1

Downy mildew is caused by the oomycete phenylamides (PA), and cyano-acetamide viticola. Though downy mildew is oximes, all of which utilize a single mode of an important disease for grape growers action to impede downy mildew (Gisi and worldwide, the southeastern environment is Sierotzki 2008). These fungicide classes have perfect for disease development – generally been evaluated for grape growing regions in humid and wet for much of the growing Europe, China, Japan, and the US. However, a season. P. viticola infects and reproduces on study of fungicide resistance had not been berries (Fig. 1), pedicels, and the undersides of conducted in Georgia. grape leaves (Fig. 2), reducing photosynthesis and rendering the fruit unusable. In severe In 2017, a survey of fungicide sensitivity was cases, leaf drop (Fig. 2) will decrease the performed on downy mildew isolates from ’s overwintering potential because of throughout the state. Leaves with downy nutrient deprivation, which leads to winter mildew were collected from multiple injury/kill. Downy mildew also lowers and commercial Georgia vineyards and tested for has a substantively negative impact on the genetic mutations known to confer resistance resulting wine quality due to both direct and/or tested in bioassays to further confirm (infected fruits) or indirect (reduced resistance. The main mutation known to cause photosynthates and poor grape quality) effects. QoI resistance is the G143A mutation, which is a point mutation in the cytochrome b gene that Downy mildew thrives on V. vinifera, hybrids changes the resulting amino acid from glycine and even some natives, which account for to alanine (Baudoin et al. 2007). This mutation most of the cultivars grown in Georgia’s wine is known to confer total resistance to the entire industry. To minimize downy mildew and other QoI fungicide class. The known mutations for diseases, grape growers spray fungicides CAA resistance, point mutations in the throughout the season and even after PvCesA3 gene, also show cross resistance (to protect leaves). Due to the season-long among the CAA fungicides (Nanni et al. 2016; infection potential of P. viticola, Zhang et al. 2017). The presence of these managers may employ as many as thirteen to mutations was evaluated using PCR for the seventeen downy mildew sprays in any given samples collected in 2017 and on DNA isolated growing year. Because of the numerous from Georgia downy mildew samples collected applications of oomycete-active materials in previous years by Cheng-Fang Hong, a applied, resistance can readily develop to Ph.D. student at the University of Georgia. different chemical classes utilized to control downy mildew. To further confirm the molecular results for fungicide sensitivity, isolates were also tested Spraying fungicides with the same single-site against a discriminatory dose of a formulated mode-of-action active ingredient repeatedly commercial QoI and CAA fungicide in a leaf selects for individuals who are less sensitive. disc bioassay. The QoI active ingredient These less sensitive individuals and their azoxystrobin (Abound) and the CAA active progeny remain in the vineyard and cause ingredient mandipropamid (Revus) were more damage – often as if no fungicide had utilized. This bioassay was largely derived from been applied. Fungicide resistance in P. the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee’s viticola is well studied for many classes of (FRAC) microtiter plate test for fungicide fungicides and a variety of geographic sensitivity (Sierotzki and Kraus 2003). A locations. The main classes of fungicides bioassay test was also conducted against a studied for resistance are the quinone outside range of fungicide concentrations of the PA inhibitors (QoI), carboxylic acid amides (CAA), fungicide mefenoxam (Ridomil), to determine

2 sensitivity of this class. Testing the PA two commercial vineyards). Rates were fungicides against a range of concentrations is calculated to correspond with a 50 gallon per necessary, as no molecular markers for acre spray volume, and applications were resistance have been identified. Results made at bloom, post-bloom, bunch closure, indicated that QoI resistance is widespread and second cover. Treatments included: (1) among P. viticola populations throughout Abound, (2) Captan, (3) Pristine, (4) Prophyt, Georgia (Table 1 and Fig. 1). However, neither (5) Revus, (6) Revus Top, (7) Ranman, (8) CAA nor PA resistance was observed at any Zampro, (9) Prophyt + Captan, and (10) vineyard in Georgia (Table 1). This is Prophyt + Ranman. fortunate, as CAA resistance has been found in Virginia and North Carolina within the last few In these trials, fungicides separated into three years. efficacy categories: (1) high efficacy – Revus, Zampro, Revus Top, Prophyt + Captan and Table 1: Downy mildew resistance to QoI (Abound and Prophyt + Ranman; (2) good efficacy – Pristine; azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin; FRAC 11), Ranman, Captan, and Prophyt; and (3) no CAA (Revus and one component of Zampro; mandipropamid and dimethomorph; FRAC 40), and PA efficacy – Abound and Pristine (essentially the (Ridomil; mefenoxam; FRAC 4) fungicide classes in same as an untreated control) (Fig. 4). Downy 2017 Georgia surveys. mildew from these sites showed significant resistance to the QoI fungicides, as evidenced by the G143A mutation in the mitochondrial genome and bioassays. These trials further clearly document field resistance of downy mildew to the QoI fungicides azoxystrobin (Abound) and pyraclostrobin (Pristine) at these sites and confirm the total lack of activity by these fungicides in most sites in Georgia.

Figure 4: Efficacy (disease severity response as measured by Figure 3: Survey results by county of Plasmopara viticola the area under the disease progress curve [AUDPC]) of downy (downy mildew) resistance to QoI (FRAC 11) fungicides in mildew active materials averaged across three trial sites in Georgia (2017). 2017. The QoI-containing products Abound and Pristine did not provide downy mildew control, and all three sites experienced In addition to field surveys for downy mildew a “field failure” where these materials were applied. Ranman, Captan, and Prophyt provided good control, but it is advisable resistance, efficacy of eight different fungicides that these materials be utilized in tank mixes such as Prophyt + and two combinations (10 total treatments) Captan or Prophyt + Ranman for optimal efficacy and were tested for downy mildew control at three resistance management. locations (the University of Georgia Research and Education Center in Blairsville, GA and 3 In conclusion, resistance to the strobilurin United States. Plant Health Progress. (quinone outside inhibitor [QoI]; Fungicide doi:10.1094/php-2008-0211-02-rs Resistance Action Committee [FRAC] class 11) Gisi, U., & Sierotzki, H. (2008). Fungicide is widespread, and these fungicides (Abound, modes of action and resistance in Pristine, Sovran, Flint), when utilized for control downy mildews. European Journal of of other diseases, should always be mixed with Plant Pathology, 122(1), 157-167. mancozeb (early season) or Captan products doi:10.1007/s10658-008-9290-5 at a minimum to increase or provide downy Nanni, I. M., Pirondi, A., Mancini, D., Stammler, mildew control. Ridomil (mefenoxam) is still G., Gold, R., Ferri, I., . . . Collina, M. active, as is Revus and Zampro. Neither (2016). Differences in the efficacy of mancozeb nor Captan products are known to carboxylic acid amide fungicides against develop resistance, so maximum use of these less sensitive strains of Plasmopara products for downy mildew management viticola. Pest Management Science, should be encouraged. For the other classes 72(8), 1537-1539. doi:10.1002/ps.4182 with activity against downy mildew (Table 2), it Sierotzki, H., & Kraus, N. (2003). PLASVI is recommended that vineyard managers limit microtiter. FRAC. themselves to one application per season Zhang, H., Kong, F., Wang, X., Liang, L., when possible – targeting periods with Schoen, C. D., Feng, J., & Wang, Z. increased and sustained (2017). Tetra-primer ARMS PCR for precipitation. Rotation among all active rapid detection and characterisation of chemical classes will require producers to Plasmopara viticola phenotypes purchase multiple chemicals that will be utilized resistant to carboxylic acid amide only once per season, but alternation of fungicides. Pest Manag Sci, 73(8), chemical classes is critical to maintaining these 1655-1660. doi:10.1002/ps.4506 fungicides for years to come. We have already essentially lost the QoIs, and we simply can’t afford to lose more classes if we are to Auburn joins regional small-fruit manage this aggressive disease in the future. consortium

Table 2: List of downy mildew active materials, Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) codes, Olivia Wilkes and efficacy ratings with notes. In a move aimed at advancing and promoting Alabama’s berry and grape industries, Auburn University has joined the multistate Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium, a collaborative initiative that brings together producers, researchers and extension specialists to strengthen the South’s small-fruit industries.

Desmond Layne, who came to Auburn in June as Department of Horticulture head, said Auburn is the eighth land-grant institution to References join the regional consortium, which he helped establish 20 years ago while a faculty member Baudoin, A., Olaya, G., Delmotte, F., Colcol, J. and extension specialist at Clemson University. F., & Sierotzki, H. (2007). QoI The small-fruit industry includes blueberries, Resistance of Plasmopara viticola and blackberries, raspberries, strawberries, grapes Erysiphe necator in the Mid-Atlantic and muscadines. 4 “As part of the team, Auburn can work with the department and Alabama producers of small- other universities to address issues that face fruit crops. small-fruit growers in the region,” Layne said, adding that multi-institutional collaborations will “We look forward to the collaborative help make research proposals more opportunities this will bring for our research competitive for grants from federal agencies and extension teams and their peers and other funding sources. throughout the Southeast,” he said

Auburn’s membership in the association also will enhance the educational training available Spring Forward with Fall to producers, Alabama Cooperative Extension PRE Herbicides System Director Gary Lemme said. Wayne Mitchem “Small fruits are a commercial commodity for Extension Associate farmers through farmers markets, U-pick operations and wineries and are a favorite of If you grow blueberries, grapes, or private gardeners growing fresh fruits for their blackberries you should really consider getting family’s table,” Lemme said. “The consortium a head start on your spring allows extension horticulturalists to exchange program with a fall preemergence (PRE) production and marketing research with herbicide application. November is a great colleagues across the region for the benefit of time to apply a fall PRE and the benefits can Alabama fruit producers and consumers.” last well into next May. Layne said Auburn’s involvement in the consortium should help improve small-fruit We have done considerable work, most of producers’ profitability and the state’s which has been in peach orchards, applying economy. PRE herbicides in fall and there are some real benefits. Fall PRE applications control winter “We import a lot of fruit from other parts of the annual weeds that we normally have to deal U.S. and other parts of the world,” Layne said. with in March when things really warm up and “The more that we can grow here in Alabama, those weeds begin to take off. Not having to the more our local growers can have deal with those weeds in March can be successful and profitable businesses to beneficial. Glyphosate effectively controls support their families.” most winter annual weeds in March, however due to crop sensitivity we do not recommend Each member institution invests $35,000 the use of glyphosate in blackberry and there annually in the consortium, and every state has are some concerns when it is used in four representatives, including one commercial blueberry. A fall PRE herbicide will maintain grower, on the steering committee. the herbicide strip weed free through March, Representing Alabama on the committee are offering some radiant heat benefit during Layne, Auburn horticulture professor and spring freeze events and eliminating extension specialist Elina Coneva, regional competition when crops break dormancy in extension agent James Miles and Morgan late winter or spring. Having weed-free crops County producer David Reeves. during this time allows other issues to be taken care of whether that be trying to finish College of Dean Paul Patterson up , initiating fungicide programs, called joining the consortium an exciting doing trellis work, or etc. development for Auburn, its horticulture

5 In most of the work we have done in western Savannah – and Caneberries -- on my NC and on the “Ridge” (close to Augusta, GA) Mind in SC a November application of a PRE with a non-selective POST herbicide (paraquat or glufosinate) generally delays the need for a spring herbicide application until early to mid- May. Our research has shown that length of residual into the spring is affected by herbicide choice. For example Chateau (flumioxazin), or Alion (indaziflam) provides longer residual control into the spring than simazine.

In looking at PRE herbicide options I think you have several choices. Chateau, Alion, Sinbar, Don’t miss the opportunity to attend the North or Simazine are all effective. The differences American Raspberry & Blackberry Conference! between them is how long they persist. This annual conference of the North American Generally Alion, Chateau, and Sinbar will Raspberry & Blackberry Association (NARBA) persist longer than simazine. Please keep in comes to Savannah in January, 2019 in mind there are restrictions on rate, timing, crop association with the Southeast Regional Fruit age, etc that varies with crop so you will need and Vegetable Conference (SRFVC). While to be aware of those differences that are listed NARBA has been coordinating the caneberry on the herbicide label. Sinbar cannot be sessions in Savannah for many years, this year used in grape plantings and glufosinate is it brings its full national meeting, with a much- not cleared for use in blackberry. expanded program of educational sessions and the chance to network with others in the Herbicide Options by Crop caneberry world from all over the country and around the world. NARBA’s full conference

was held in Ventura, California in 2018 and

was last in Savannah in 2011.

Paraquat Glufosinate Alion Crop Chateau Simazine Sinbar Blackberry Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Blueberry Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Grape Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Please read the herbicide label and adhere to all restrictions for each crop. Sinbar is not registered for The program starts with a “Fundamentals of use in grapes. Glufosinate is not registered for use in Caneberry Production” workshop on blackberry. Wednesday, January 9, followed by two full days of educational sessions in two

concurrent tracks on Thursday, January 10

and Friday, January 11. Speakers include

blackberry breeder John Clark from the

University of Arkansas; food safety expert Elizabeth Bihn from Cornell;

research/extension experts from Georgia,

North Carolina, South Carolina, Arkansas, Oregon, Michigan, and New York; Georgia grower Steve McMillan (the “Grower

6 Spotlight”); a panel of young Southeastern growers, and many more. And there’s a wide If you have questions, please contact NARBA range of topics: SWD Control, Genomics, New at 919-542-4037 or Varieties, Primocane-fruiting Blackberry [email protected] Management, Crown Blight & Cane Blotch, Tunnel Production, Black Raspberries, Red Drupelet Reversion, Harvest Prediction, and Grape Chores – November 2018 New Apps for Caneberries are only some of those on the program. Cain Hickey University of Georgia NARBA conference registration includes access to the huge SRFVC trade show and all Reflection on past: It was a variably rainy SRFVC educational sessions in other growing season throughout the southeastern commodities on Friday, January 11 and US. The rain was more persistent throughout Saturday, January 12. Those who have post- in some locales relative to attended the Savannah conference in the past others. All will make the best of what this should note that in order to participate in the gave them; this may mean that a caneberry sessions on Thursday this year, they greater amount of acid-forward, lighter will need to register for NARBA’s conference, will be made from 2018 fruit relative to drier not the SRFVC. years. It may be healthy to think that the 2018 vintage will produce different wines as opposed to worse wines relative to other years. Consumers are really the ones needing convinced. I suppose it will be important to educate in tasting rooms when some are surprised to see fewer “full bodied” reds from 2018. As we enter leaf fall and early dormancy, let’s all try to maintain an objective mindset and keep in mind that growing seasons are highly variable in the southeastern US – future are likely to be drier, and maybe some even wetter. We surely can use this vintage as another learning experience to help us through future challenging vintages. This

grape chore list will last through To see the full program and access online January/February, when the next installment registration, visit will be released through the Southern Region http://www.raspberryblackberry.com/2019- Small Fruit Consortium website north-american-raspberry-blackberry- (www.smallfruits.org). conference/. Please also let others you work with know about this conference. The 1. Update records and double check Fundamentals workshop should be of that you have recorded the crop yield particular interest to new and prospective and chemistry from all blocks and growers and extension who work with growers varieties. but need to increase their expertise. Workshop registration is limited and pre-registration is 2. Ordering for vineyard- or block- required, full conference registration is not sized plantings. It actually may be a required to attend the workshop. bit too late to guarantee that a certain

7 cultivar will be available for spring 2018 planting. Nursery orders are best- 5. Post-harvest disease management. placed about 18 months before planting Post-harvest disease management aims date to increase the chances of getting to maintain carbon assimilation before the desired cultivars/quantities - leaf fall, when the is especially with niche cultivars like Blanc transporting mineral nutrients and du Bois, Lenoir, Petit Manseng, and carbon to the permanent vine Albariño. However, it is better to try structures. The primary culprits of and inquire today relative to tomorrow. diseased canopies are downy and . How do you know if 3. Ordering materials for new vineyard. you need to spray post-harvest Newly planted vineyards require several fungicides? My two cents are that if you materials for efficient and successful have clean foliage going to into harvest, establishment. Posts, staples, wires, then it may not be necessary to spray grow tubes/vine shelters, training fungicides after harvest. However, if stakes, tying materials, irrigation tubing, your disease pressure is high, then herbicide, etc. are all necessary to have spraying appropriate fungicides may on hand when planting a new vineyard. help maintain foliar health to maintain Some materials are more important to photosynthesis. One or two post- have on-hand pre- relative to post- harvest / pre-leaf fall fungicide sprays planting, but why wait to order when are likely sufficient to maintain canopy you know you will need certain health and prevent excessive inoculum materials anyway? buildup.

4. Identify systemically-infected vines 6. “Winterize” equipment. Take down and flag / rogue out before leaf fall. bird netting and store so that it can be Foliar symptoms of vines infected by easily deployed next season when the bacteria, viruses, and phytoplasmas bird pressure begins. “Winterize” can only be visualized before leaf fall. (clean, grease, etc.) tractors and other Thus, if it hasn’t been done already, mechanical and manual vineyard and walk your vineyard and identify and flag winery equipment (picking bins, symptomatic vines. Vines from Georgia hedgers, mulchers, mowers, sprayers, vineyards can be tested for PD in the picking shears, appropriate winery White and Lumpkin County, GA equipment). Extension offices. There are currently limited remedial treatment options for 7. Evaluate trellis integrity and repair. vines infected by bacteria, viruses, and The trellis has taken a beating and has phytoplasmas except to monitor and supported a lot of weight throughout control potential vectors, and to rogue the season; this is particularly true in out infected vines to limit local inoculum locales affected by Hurricane Florence source. Like in 2017, we have seen or Michael. Check for broken posts and many cases of Pierce’s disease (PD) trellis wires and repair or replace them here in Georgia this year, and this is before next spring. likely due in no small part to the mild “winters” we have recently experienced. 8. Evaluate missing vine number and Our current recommendations for order replants. You may have already Pierce’s disease is to immediately rogue pulled vines out due to infection or out the symptomatic vines. physical damage, general undiagnosed poor/weak growth, or vine death. Walk 8 the vineyard and count missing vines certainly not much logic in “rough and order replants where necessary. pruning” (i.e. don’t prune the canes you intend to lay out!). Here is a video link to 9. Reflect on the season and talk to a recent talk on preliminary findings your regional colleagues – both from a delayed pruning field trial in industry members and extension Georgia-grown Chardonnay: personnel. What went right? What https://site.extension.uga.edu/viticulture went wrong? Be prepared for next /2018/10/uga-horticulture-seminar-on- season by developing a plan to fix the delayed-pruning-in-chardonnay/ “wrongs” and re-implementing the management strategies that worked 11. Attend conferences and workshops. well. It helps to talk to neighbors and The dormant season is a good time to ask them their take on their season – get out and learn from other industry they may offer advice and answer members and university personnel. The questions that will put you in a better vineyard requires less timely inputs from position for success next year, and managers during the dormant season vice-versa. and is why most major industry conferences are held between now and 10. Dormant pruning. Vines become March. Here are a few regional dormant after the end of leaf fall. conferences in the near future: However, many may not start pruning until after Thanksgiving or even a. Surry Community College’s Christmas. For those who spur prune, Southeastern United Grape and “rough pruning” is a way to get a head Wine Symposium – the week of start on final pruning. If rough pruning November 5th (main conference is practiced and brush is pulled from on November 7th). the trellis wires, the final prune will be a i. http://ncviticulturecenter.s breeze as the short spurs will simply fall urry.edu/symposium out of the trellis onto the vineyard floor. b. Southern Regional New Grape Rough pruning to 5 to 10 node-spurs Grower’s Conference (presented allows the grower to delay the final by UGA, NC State, and Virginia prune to late winter / early spring to Tech) – December 11th in Athens, assess bud damage and the risk of GA and December 12th in spring frost. Some “delay prune” by Asheville, NC. waiting until late winter / early spring i. https://site.extension.uga. before even starting to prune. This is an edu//2018/11/so attempt to force bud break on the utheastern-regional-new- apical bud positions of the dormant grape-growers- cane before those on the basal conference/ positions, hence potentially reducing c. Georgia Wine Producer’s Annual the risk of spring frost damage to the Conference – February 4th and 5th basal buds (i.e. those that will be in Braselton, GA. retained. We have seen mixed reviews i. http://www.georgiawinepr with delayed pruning as it puts growers oducers.org/2018-annual- “behind the eight ball” to finish pruning meeting/ while several other seasonal tasks are getting underway – it always comes on too fast! If cane pruning, there is not much logic in delayed pruning, and 9 If you have not already done so, please ü Start trellis repairs after plants have subscribe to our extension viticulture blog for defoliated updates on timely vineyard management, ü Remove covers on three-season tunnels events, regional weather, etc. Weed management https://site.extension.uga.edu/viticulture/ ü Many summer weed problems can be best managed in the fall and winter using preemergent herbicides. Determine what Fall 2018 weeds have been or could be a problem in Caneberry Chores your area. Check with your states agricultural chemical manual and local Gina Fernandez extension agent for the best-labeled Small Fruit Specialist chemicals to control these weeds North Carolina State University Insect and disease scouting ü Continue scouting for insects and diseases Many of us in the south are recovering from the ü Remove damaged canes as soon as wrath of Hurricanes Florence and Michael. In possible to lessen the impact of the pest parts of eastern NC, soils were saturated with ü Check the Southern Regional Bramble the storm, and then had additional flooding as integrated Management Guide for the rivers continue to fill with water from the recommendations http://www.smallfruits.org tributaries. There is some information in the Planting blog post on how to dealing with flooded berry ü Growers in warmer areas (e.g. extreme fields southeastern NC) can plant into early http://teamrubus.blogspot.com/2018/09/hurrica December. Preparations for winter planting ne-florence-2018.html. should have already been made. If you have questions about winter planting please FALL contact your local county extension agent Plant growth and development ü In cooler areas, prepare list of ­cultivars for ü Primocanes continue to grow but growth next spring’s new plantings. Find a rate is slower commercial small fruit nursery list at ü Flower buds start to form in leaf axils on https://blogs.cornell.edu/berrynurseries/ summer-fruiting types ü Carbohydrates and nutrients in canes begin ü Take soil tests to determine fertility needs to move into the roots for spring plantings. ü Primocane fruiting types begin to flower in ü Non-nitrogenous are best applied late summer/early fall and fruit matures until in the fall to established plantings. frost in fall ü If soil is bare, plant an overwintering cover ü Primocane leaves senesce late fall crop (e.g. rye) to build organic matter and Harvest slow soil erosion. ü Primocane-fruiting raspberry harvest Marketing and miscellaneous ü Primocane-fruiting blackberry harvest ü Order containers for next season Pruning, trellising and tunnels ü Make contacts for selling fruit next season ü Spent floricanes should be removed as soon as possible Make plans to attend Grower meetings! ü Optimal time to prune is after the coldest Blackberries and raspberries are part or all part of the season is over. However pruning of these programs. can start in late fall if plantings are large • North American Raspberry and (late winter for smaller plantings). Blackberry Association/ Southeast

10 Regional Conference and Tradeshow, Savannah, GA o Sessions on blackberry, raspberry, and strawberry, blueberry, muscadines and more! o January 9-12, 2019, at the Savannah International Trade and Convention Center http://www.raspberryblackberry.com/2019- north-american-raspberry-blackberry- conference/

Key Resources: Southern Region Integrated Bramble Management Guide: http://www.smallfruits.org/assets/documents/ip m-guides/Caneberry-Spray-Guide.pdf

Southeast Regional Caneberry Production Guide: https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeast- regional-caneberry-production-guide

Blackberry and Raspberry Grower Information Portal: http://rubus.ces.ncsu.edu Small Fruit News Social Media links: Volume 18, No. 4 October 2018 Twitter: @NCTeamRubus Facebook : Team Rubus Editor and Contributor Wayne Mitchem Blogs: http://teamrubus.blogspot.com/ Published is four times a year. Small Fruit News is available on the Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium (SRSFC) web site www.smallfruits.org.

To subscribe to an electronic notification service of new Small Fruit News issues on the web, send your e-mail address to [email protected].

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