Cowroast Marina Wharf Lane, Tring Hertfordshire

Archaeological Excavation and Watching Brief

for British Waterways Marina Ltd

CA Project: MK0124 CA Report: MK0124_1

June 2020

Cowroast Marina Wharf Lane, Tring Hertfordshire

Archaeological Excavation and Watching Brief

CA Project: MK0124 CA Report: MK0124_1

Document Control Grid Revision Date Author Checked by Status Reasons for Approved revision by A 18/06/20 BH/RSB MPH Internal Final - For Issue MLC review

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

Cowroast Marina, Wharf Lane, Tring, Hertfordshire: Archaeological Excavation and Monitoring (Watching Brief) © Cotswold Archaeology

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 2

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 3

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ...... 4

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...... 6

4. METHODOLOGY ...... 7

5. RESULTS (FIGS 2 – 3) ...... 8

6. DISCUSSION ...... 9

7. CA PROJECT TEAM ...... 9

8. REFERENCES ...... 10

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ...... 11 APPENDIX B: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES ...... 12 APPENDIX C: OASIS REPORT FORM ...... 15

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Site Location Plan (1:25,000) Fig. 2 Survey plan showing areas monitored and excavated (1:500; 1:200) Fig. 3 Photographs: Pre-excavation shot looking north-west Pre-excavation shot of excavated area looking north-west Area 1 looking east Area 2 looking south-east

1 Cowroast Marina, Wharf Lane, Tring, Hertfordshire: Archaeological Excavation and Monitoring (Watching Brief) © Cotswold Archaeology

SUMMARY

Project Name: Cowroast Marina Location: Warf Lane, Tring, Hertfordshire NGR: 495826 210400 Type: Excavation and watching brief Date: 13 January 2020, 18/19 May 2020 Planning Reference: 4/00004/19/FUL Location of Archive: Dacorum Heritage Trust Site Code: CMWL19

An archaeological excavation and programme of archaeological monitoring was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in January and May 2020 at Cowroast Marina, Wharf Lane, Tring, Hertfordshire. The excavation was targeted on an area for the installation of an underground sewage treatment tank, and archaeological monitoring of a pipe trench for associated pipework.

2 Cowroast Marina, Wharf Lane, Tring, Hertfordshire: Archaeological Excavation and Monitoring (Watching Brief) © Cotswold Archaeology

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 In January and May 2020, Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological excavation and an associated programme of archaeological monitoring (Watching Brief) at the request of British Waterways Marinas Ltd at Cowroast Marina, Tring, Hertfordshire (centred at NGR: 495826, 210400; Fig. 1).

1.2 Planning permission (ref: 4/00004/19/FUL) for an underground sewage treatment plant with associated fencing, and underground pipe and discharge was granted by Dacorum Borough Council (DBC) conditional on a programme of archaeological works. The scope of this programme was defined through discussions with Alison Tinniswood, Historic Environment Advisor for the Hertfordshire County Council (HEAHCC), archaeological advisor to DBC.

1.3 The excavation and associated archaeological monitoring was undertaken in accordance with a detailed Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) produced by CA (2019) and approved by Alison Tinniswood. The fieldwork also followed the Standard and Guidance for archaeological excavation (CIfA 2014); the Standard and Guidance for an archaeological watching brief (CIfA 2014); the Management of Archaeological Projects 2 (English Heritage 1991); and, the Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE): Project Manager’s Guide (HE 2015).

The site 1.4 The site is situated on the north-eastern edge of the village of Cow Roast and encloses an area of approximately 497m2 within Cowroast Marina car park. The Marina is bounded by the Grand Union Canal to the south-west and by agricultural fields on all other sides. The site lies on level ground at approximately 120m above Ordnance Datum (aOD).

1.5 The underlying bedrock geology of the area is mapped as West Melbury Marly Chalk Formation and Zig Zag Chalk Formation (undifferentiated), formed during the Cretaceous Period. Superficial Head deposits are mapped as clay, silt, sand and gravel, although during the archaeological investigation only the chalk bedrock was encountered (BGS 2019).

3 Cowroast Marina, Wharf Lane, Tring, Hertfordshire: Archaeological Excavation and Monitoring (Watching Brief) © Cotswold Archaeology

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 The following background is a summary of the information provided by a full HER data search report provided by Hertfordshire County Council (19/09/2019, HCC 2019) and other publicly available information.

Prehistoric period (pre- AD 43) 2.2 The evidence for prehistoric occupation of the area includes two unstratified find spots of Iron Age coins. These were two bronze coins (one of Tasciovanus and one of Cunobelinus respectively), which were found in 1872 at Norcott Court Farm c.400m to the east of the site (HER MHT 142). Three Late Iron Age gold staters were more recently found by metal detectorists in 2005 at Wycherly Hill and Hamberlins Hill c.415m to the south of the site (HER MHT 12867).

Roman period (AD 43 – AD 410) 2.3 The site is located along the north-east limits of a Scheduled Monument designated as ‘Roman settlement at the Cow Roast Inn’ (Historic England, HT91). The Scheduled Monument was designated following an excavation undertaken by the Berkhamsted and District Archaeological Society at the Cow Roast Inn (150m south of the site), on land adjacent the Inn, and at the Marina. The excavation identified a well, a ditch, a Late Iron Age cremation, large quantities of Roman pottery, and about 250 coins (HER MHT1874). Also, a magnetometry survey identified a high concentration of potential features including the probable remains of Akeman Street, a Roman road which ran from Verulamium to Corinium (modern day St Albans and Cirencester). Apparently, the street grid at the Roman settlement at Cow Roast [1874] is visible on aerial photographs taken in 1961, along with the alignment of Akeman Street approaching and leaving the settlement, and cutting a straight line along the Bulbourne valley (HER MTH 4595).

2.4 Remains of a substantial Roman building were identified in a field located about 250m to the north-east of the site. These remains are also Scheduled (Historic England, SMR1861). The railway cutting destroyed one wing of this building but cropmarks visible on aerial photographs suggest foundations for a north range of rooms may still be preserved. The building, which stood on a natural promontory with commanding views over the Roman settlement at Cow Roast, is aligned approximately north/south and is constructed in flint and pale grey mortar. The nature of the building is not known, but surface finds include patterned box-flue tiles

4 Cowroast Marina, Wharf Lane, Tring, Hertfordshire: Archaeological Excavation and Monitoring (Watching Brief) © Cotswold Archaeology

normally used for under-floor heated hypocaust system' associated with baths structures, which are usually found either in public buildings or high-status residences. Also, four Roman coins dating between AD 180-340 have been found in the vicinity of the building on the north side of the railway (HER MHT 1861).

2.5 Roman brooches, golden rings and coins were found approximately 385m east of the site (HER MHT 1467) and more brooches and early Roman coins were found by metal detectorists at the same location as the gold Iron Age staters (HER MHT 12867). A bronze helmet was found during the excavation of the Grand Junction Canal between Tring and Northchurch, near Northcott Hill. The helmet was broadly dated as possibly late Celtic (Iron Age) or of early Roman origin. The exact location of this discovery is unknown though the helmet is often associated with the excavation of a well for the Dudswell Lock Cottage, some 900m south-east of the site along the Grand Union Canal (HER MHT 1874).

2.6 The discovery of a large quantity of Roman pottery at about 400m south of the site, at the ‘Northchurch’ end of the Common, was interpreted as possibly representing the remains of a waste dump of a large villa located outside the Common. The discovery was made during WWI by Inns of Court Officer Training Corps while digging practice trenches. These would have covered an extensive area, which makes the location of the Roman remains uncertain (HER MHT1314).

2.7 Two archaeological investigations during recent re-development works in the Scheduled area at Cow Roast produced evidence for a possible buried turf horizon and a gravelly loam containing Roman and post-medieval finds. This layer was cut by four pits or hollows that contained early 2nd century pottery (HER MHT6956). A pale brown horizon containing sherds of Roman pottery and three fragments of ironworking debris were recovered during a watching brief (HER MHT 12140). Foundations for a new garage were observed cutting through one or possibly two pits and chalk layer, which may have been a floor surface. Associated pottery was dated to the later 1st and 2nd centuries (HER MHT 12729).

2.8 Further cropmarks were identified in fields 500m to the north-west of the site, broadly along the projected line of the Akeman Street. The cropmarks seen in aerial photographs suggest two blocks of rectangular buildings, subdivided into rooms, adjacent to a pair of ditches running south-west/north-east from Akeman Street. It has been suggested that the buildings might represent the remains of a Roman

5 Cowroast Marina, Wharf Lane, Tring, Hertfordshire: Archaeological Excavation and Monitoring (Watching Brief) © Cotswold Archaeology

temple although no evidence in support of this interpretation has been provided (HER MHT 15477).

Early medieval and medieval periods (AD 410 - 1539) 2.9 No evidence of activity or occupation between the early medieval and medieval periods is recorded for the site or the area surrounding it.

Post-medieval and modern periods (1539 -present) 2.10 The Cow Roast Inn has a 17th century timber-framed east wing, but was cased in more fashionable brick in the 18th century; in the early 19th century a south-east wing was added, and then a south wing parallel to the original range making a two- storey L-plan building facing north. The inn was the original building here in an area with no other evidence of occupation since the Roman period. Whether the 17th century building had a predecessor is unknown (HER MHT 13538).

2.11 The dominant post-medieval development is the Grand Union Canal (SMR 241) which runs along the south-west side of the Cowroast Marina. Originally named the Grand Junction Canal, it runs from Braunston in Northamptonshire to the Thames at Brentford for 93.5 miles, linking London, Oxford, Birmingham and the Midlands. Engineered by W. Jessop, and completed in 1805, with a total of 101 locks, it is the longest wide gauge 'barge' canal in Britain. The highest point is at Tring where the cutting is 30ft deep (HET MHT 241). The road bridge over Grand Union Canal, the Cow Roast Lock (HER MHT 5228) and the lock keeper’s cottage (HER MHT 7186) are all part of the same post-medieval activity in the area.

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 The objectives of the archaeological mitigation were to:

• record the nature of the main stratigraphic units encountered; • assess the overall presence, survival and potential of structural and industrial remains; and, • assess the overall presence, survival, condition, and potential of artefactual and ecofactual remains.

6 Cowroast Marina, Wharf Lane, Tring, Hertfordshire: Archaeological Excavation and Monitoring (Watching Brief) © Cotswold Archaeology

3.2 The specific aims of the work were to:

• record any evidence of past settlement or other land use with particular attention to potential remains associated with the Roman settlement of Cow Roast identified on the south-west side of the Grand Union Canal;

• recover artefactual evidence to date any evidence of past settlement that may be identified; in light of the recovery of an Iron Age cremation from the Roman settlement of Cow Roast particular attention should be placed on recovering information on the continuity of use of the area from between the Iron Age and the Roman periods; and,

• sample and analyse environmental remains, where deposits are present, to create a better understanding of past land use and economy.

3.3 Research aims identified from the Research and Archaeology Revisited: a revised framework for the East of England (Medlycott 2011, 47) include:

• Understanding both the continuity of Iron Age into Roman settlement and 2nd-century ‘Romanisation’, identifying continuity as well as new settlement structure and land use, which develops across the region at this time and explanations for this at site, landscape and political levels; and,

• What forms of buildings are present and how far can functions be attributed to them?

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 The excavation followed the methodology set out within the WSI (CA 2019). An excavation area measuring 7m by 5m was set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co- ordinates using Leica GPS kit and surveyed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 4: Survey Manual. The excavation area was scanned for live services by trained CA staff using CAT and Genny equipment in accordance with the CA Safe System of Work for avoiding underground services. The position and size of excavation area was adjusted on site to account for services and other constraints with the final ‘as dug’ area being recorded with GPS.

4.2 Fieldwork commenced with the removal of ‘made ground’ (the existing car park surface and sub-surface material) from the excavation area by mechanical excavator with a toothless grading bucket, under archaeological supervision.

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Artefacts from this layer were noted but not retained as they were of no intrinsic interest.

General methodology 4.3 All exposed archaeological features were hand-excavated to the base of the archaeological stratigraphy. All features were planned and recorded in accordance with CA Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual.

4.4 Deposits were assessed for their environmental potential in accordance with CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites.

Archaeological Watching Brief 4.5 The watching brief comprised the observation by a competent archaeologist of all remaining intrusive groundworks, including the trench excavation for underground pipework linking the buried treatment tank with the discharge point.

5. RESULTS (FIGS 2 – 3)

5.1 This section provides an overview of the evaluation results; detailed summaries of the recorded contexts are to be found in Appendix A.

Area 1 (Fig. 2 and 3) 5.2 The natural substrate, comprising firm, light yellow white chalk was identified at c.0.3m below present ground level. This was overlain by ‘made ground’ comprising loose dark brown grey sand and stone, measuring 0.3m thick on average.

5.3 No archaeological finds, features or deposits were identified with the excavation area. Disturbance to at least the depth of the natural substrate was identified as a modern cut feature measuring >1.85m in width, >2.85m in length >0.3m in depth. This feature is associated with an in-situ water service tank.

Modern period (1800 – present) (Figs 2 and 3) 5.4 Located at the north end of the area feature 102 represents a possible pit associated with the installation of a modern service.

8 Cowroast Marina, Wharf Lane, Tring, Hertfordshire: Archaeological Excavation and Monitoring (Watching Brief) © Cotswold Archaeology

Area 2 (Figs 2 and 3) 5.5 Area 2 comprised a single trench measuring 6.7m by 4.4m and was dug to a depth of 2.25m. Natural mid-yellow brown gravel chalk was encountered at 1.55m bpgl, it was overlay by ‘made ground’ (202), which comprised dark-grey brown silt containing modern debris such as bottles and bricks. The deposit measured 0.25m thick. Overlying the ‘made ground’ deposit was 1m of redeposited natural material (201), which comprised light-yellow white chalk, sealed by 0.3m of mid-grey brown stone and sand used to make up the surface of the car park.

5.6 No archaeological features or deposits were noted within the trench.

6. DISCUSSION

6.1 Despite the archaeological potential of the site, which had been highlighted by a full HER data report provided by Hertfordshire County Council (HCC 2019), no remains of archaeological significance were recorded during groundworks and, despite visual scanning of spoil, no artefactual material pre-dating the modern period was recovered.

6.2 The exposed stratigraphy encountered during the excavation and archaeological monitoring showed evidence of modern levelling deposits directly overlying the natural geological substrate. This indicates a measure of truncation as a result of modern activity. It is possible that any earlier remains pre-dating the modern period have been removed as a result of later levelling and landscaping, if any such remains existed within the site.

7. CA PROJECT TEAM

7.1 Fieldwork was undertaken by Ralph Brown and Molly Day, assisted by Robert Falvey. The report was written by Ralph Brown and Bethany Hardcastle. The illustrations were prepared by Ryan Wilson. The archive has been compiled and prepared for deposition by Sarah Cobain. The fieldwork was managed for CA by Mark Hewson and Michelle Collings.

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8. REFERENCES

BGS (British Geological Survey) 2016 Geology of Britain Viewer http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html Accessed 30 September 2019

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2012 Fieldwork Recording Manual: CA Technical Manual 1

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2012 The taking and processing of environmental and other samples from archaeological sites: Technical Manual No. 2

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2012 Survey Manual: Technical Manual No. 4

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2019 Cowroast Marina, Wharf Lane, Tring, Hertfordshire: Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Excavation and Watching Brief.

DCLG (Department of Communities and Local Government) 2012 National Planning Policy Framework

EH (English Heritage) 1991 Management of Archaeological Projects 2. English Heritage: London

HCC (Hertfordshire County Council) 2019 HER Data Search: Cowroast Marina

HE (Historic England) 2015 Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE): Project Manager’s Guide

Medlycott, M ed. 2011 Research and Archaeology Revisited: a Revised Framework for the East of England, Occasional Papers 24

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APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Context Type Fill Context Description L (m) W (m) Depth/th No. of interpretation ickness (m) 100 Layer Made ground Dark-brown grey sand and >7 >5 0.3 stone, loose, sub angular pebbles 101 Layer Natural Light-yellow white chalk, firm 102 Cut Pit Modern >1.83 >2.85 >0.3 103 Fill 102 Fill of pit Light-yellow brown clay sand, >1.83 >2.85 >0.3 loose with stone, chalk and brick inclusions 200 Layer Made ground Mid-grey brown stone and sand >6.7 >4.4 0.3 car park material 201 Layer Redeposited Light-yellow white chalk 1.0 natural 202 Layer Made ground Dark-grey brown silt with 0.25 modern inclusions 203 Layer Natural Mid-yellow brown gravel chalk >0.6

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APPENDIX B: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES

AAF 2007 Archaeological Archives. A guide to best practice in creation, compilation, transfer and curation. Archaeological Archives Forum AAI&S 1988 The Illustration of Lithic Artifacts: A guide to drawing stone tools for specialist reports. Association of Archaeological Illustrators and Surveyors Paper 9 AAI&S 1994 The Illustration of Wooden Artifacts: An Introduction and Guide to the Depiction of Wooden Objects. Association of Archaeological Illustrators and Surveyors Paper 11 AAI&S 1997. Aspects of Illustration: Prehistoric pottery. Association of Archaeological Illustrators and Surveyors Paper 13 AAI&S nd Introduction to Drawing Archaeological Pottery. Association of Archaeological Illustrators and Surveyors, Graphic Archaeology Occasional Papers 1 ACBMG 2004 Draft Minimum Standards for the Recovery, Analysis and Publication of Ceramic Building Material. (third edition) Archaeological Ceramic Building Materials Group AEA 1995 Environmental Archaeology and Archaeological Evaluations. Recommendations concerning the environmental archaeology component of archaeological evaluations in England. Working Papers of the Association for Environmental Archaeology No. 2 BABAO and IFA, 2004 Guidelines to the Standards for Recording Human Remains. British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology and Institute of Field Archaeologists. Institute of Field Archaeologists Technical Paper 7 (Reading) Barber, B., Carver, J., Hinton, P. and Nixon, T. 2008 Archaeology and development. A good practice guide to managing risk and maximising benefit. Construction Industry Research and Information Association Report C672 Bayley, J. (ed) 1998 Science in Archaeology. An agenda for the future. English Heritage (London) Bewley, R., Donoghue, D., Gaffney, V., Van Leusen, M., Wise, M., 1998 Archiving Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing Data: A guide to good practice. Archaeology Data Service Blake, H. and P. Davey (eds) 1983 Guidelines for the processing and publication of Medieval pottery from excavations, report by a working party of the Medieval Pottery Research Group and the Department of the Environment. Directorate of Ancient Monuments and Historic Buildings Occasional Paper 5, 23-34, DoE, London Brickley, M. and McKinley, J.I., 2004 Guidelines to the Standards for Recording Human Remains. IFA Paper No 7, Institute of Field Archaeologists (Reading) Brickstock, R.J. 2004 The Production, Analysis and Standardisation of Romano-British Coin Reports. English Heritage (Swindon) Brown, A. and Perrin, K. 2000 A Model for the Description of Archaeological Archives. English Heritage Centre for Archaeology/ Institute of Field Archaeologists (Reading) Brown, D.H. 2007 Archaeological Archives: A guide to best practice in creation, compilation, transfer and curation. IFA Archaeological Archives Forum (Reading) Buikstra, J.E. and Ubelaker D.H. (eds) 1994 Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains. (Fayetteville, Arkansas) CIfA, 2014, Code of Approved Practice for the Regulation of Contractual Arrangements in Field Archaeology. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (Reading) CIfA, 2014, Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-based Assessment. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (Reading) CIfA, 2014, Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Watching Brief. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (Reading) CIfA, 2014, Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Excavation. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (Reading) CIfA, 2014, Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Investigation and Recording of Standing Buildings or Structures. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (Reading) CIfA, 2014, Standard and Guidance for the Collection, Documentation, Conservation and Research of Archaeological Materials. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (Reading) CIfA, 2014, Standard and Guidance for the Creation, Compilation, Transfer and Deposition of Archaeological Archives. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (Reading) CIfA, 2014, Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (Reading) Clark, J., Darlington, J. and Fairclough, G. 2004 Using Historic Landscape Characterisation. English Heritage (London) Coles, J.M., 1990 Waterlogged Wood: guidelines on the recording, sampling, conservation and curation of structural wood. English Heritage (London) Cowton, J., 1997 Spectrum. The UK Museums Documentation Standard. Second edition. Museums Documentation Association Cox, M., 2002 Crypt Archaeology: an approach. Institute of Field Archaeologists Technical Paper 3 (Reading) Darvill, T. and Atkins, M., 1991 Regulating Archaeological Works by Contract. IFA Technical Paper No 8, Institute of Field Archaeologists (Reading)

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Davey P.J. 1981 Guidelines for the processing and publication of clay pipes from excavations. Medieval and Later Pottery in Wales, IV, 65-87 Eiteljorg, H., Fernie, K., Huggett, J. and Robinson, D. 2002 CAD: A guide to good practice. Archaeology Data Service (York) EH 1995 A Strategy for the Care and Investigation of Finds. English Heritage Ancient Monuments Laboratory (London) EH 1998 Identifying and Protecting Palaeolithic Remains. Archaeological guidance for planning authorities and developers. English Heritage (London) EH 1999 Guidelines for the Conservation of Textiles. English Heritage (London) EH 2000, Managing Lithic Scatters. Archaeological guidance for planning authorities and developers. English Heritage (London) EH 2002 With Alidade and Tape: graphical and plane table survey of archaeological earthworks. English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2003a Where on Earth Are We? The Global Positioning System (GPS) in archaeological field survey. English Heritage (London) EH 2003b Twentieth-Century Military Sites. Current approaches to their recording and conservation English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2004a Dendrochronology. Guidelines on producing and interpreting dendrochronological dates. English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2004b Human Bones from Archaeological Sites: Guidelines for producing assessment documents and analytical report. English Heritage Centre for Archaeology Guidelines EA 2005 Guidance on Assessing the Risk Posed by Land Contamination and its Remediation on Archaeological Resource Management. English Heritage/ Environment Agency Science Report P5-077/SR (Bristol) EH 2006a Guidelines on the X-radiography of Archaeological Metalwork. English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2006b Archaeomagnetic Dating. English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2006c Science for Historic Industries: Guidelines for the investigation of 17th- to 19th-century industries. English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2007a Understanding the Archaeology of Landscapes. A guide to good recording practice. English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2007b Geoarchaeology. Using earth sciences to understand the archaeological record. (London) EH 2008a Luminescence Dating. Guidelines on using luminescence dating in archaeology. English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2008b Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field Evaluation. English Heritage Research and Professional Services Guidelines No 1 (second edition). English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2008c Research and Conservation Framework for the British Palaeolithic. English Heritage/Prehistoric Society (Swindon) EH 2008d Investigative Conservation. Guidelines on how the detailed examination of artefacts from archaeological sites can shed light on their manufacture and use. English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2010 Waterlogged Wood: Guidelines on the recording, sampling, conservation and curation of archaeological wood. English Heritage (London) EH 2011 Environmental Archaeology: A guide to the theory and practice of methods, from sampling and recovery to post-excavation. English Heritage Centre for Archaeology Guidelines (London) EH 2012, Guidelines for the Care of Waterlogged Organic Artefacts: guidelines on their recovery, analysis and conservation. EH 2014 Our Portable Past: a statement of English Heritage policy and good practice for portable antiquities/surface collected material in the context of field archaeology and survey programmes (including the use of metal detectors). English Heritage (Swindon) EH and Church of England, 2005, Guidance for Best Practice for Treatment of Human Remains Excavated from Christian Burial Grounds in England. English Heritage (London) Ferguson, L. and Murray, D., 1997, Archaeological Documentary Archives. IFA Paper 1, Institute of Field Archaeologists (Reading) Gaffney, C. and Gater, J., with Ovenden, S., 2002, The Use of Geophysical Techniques in Archaeological Evaluations. IFA Technical Paper 9, Institute of Field Archaeologists (Reading) Gillings, M. and Wise, A., 1999, GIS: A guide to good practice. Archaeology Data Service (York) Gurney, D.A., 1985, Phosphate Analysis of Soils: A Guide for the Field Archaeologist. IFA Technical Paper 3, Institute of Field Archaeologists (Reading) HE 2015a Archaeometallurgy: Guidelines for Best Practice. Historic England (Swindon) HE 2015b (revised 2008), Metric Survey Specifications for Cultural Heritage. Historic England (Swindon) HE 2015c Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment. The MoRPHE Project Managers' Guide. Historic England (Swindon) Handley, M., 1999, Microfilming Archaeological Archives. IFA Technical Paper 2, Institute of Field Archaeologists (Reading) Mays, S., 1991, Recommendations for Processing Human Bone from Archaeological Sites. Ancient Monuments Lab Report 124/91 (London) Mays, S., Brickley, M. and Dodwell, N., 2002, Human Bones from Archaeological Sites. Guidelines for Producing Assessment Documents and Analytical Reports. Centre for Archaeology Guidelines, English Heritage (Portsmouth)

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McKinley, J.I. and Roberts, C., 1993, Excavation and Post-excavation Treatment of Cremated and Inhumed Human Remains. Institute of Field Archaeologists Technical Paper No. 13 (Reading) MGC, 1992, Standards in the Museum Care of Archaeological Collections. Museums and Galleries Commission Murphy, P.L. and Wiltshire, P.E.J. 1994, A Guide to Sampling Archaeological Deposits for Environmental Analysis. English Heritage (London) MPRG 2000, A Guide to the Classification of Medieval Ceramics. Medieval Pottery Research Group Occasional Papers No. 1. MPRG 2001, Minimum Standards for the Processing, Recording, Analysis and Publication of Post-Roman Ceramics. Medieval Pottery Research Group Owen, J., 1995, Towards an Accessible Archaeological Archive. The Transfer of archaeological archives to museums: guidelines for use in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Society of Museum Archaeologists PCRG 1997, The Study of Later Prehistoric Pottery: General polices and guidelines for analysis and publication. Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group Occasional Paper 12 Philo, C. and Swann, A., 1992, Preparation of Artwork for Publication. Institute of Field Archaeologists Technical Paper No. 10 (Reading) RCHME 1999, Recording Archaeological Field Monuments: A descriptive specification. RCHME (Swindon) RCHME 2007, MIDAS: A manual and data standard for monuments inventories. RCHME (Swindon) Schofield, A J, (ed) 1998, Interpreting Artefact Scatters. Oxbow Monograph 4 (Oxford) Richards, J. and Robinson, D. (eds), 2001, Digital Archives from Excavation and Fieldwork: A guide to good practice. Archaeology Data Service Robinson, W., 1998, First Aid for Underwater Finds. Archetype Books (London) RFG and FRG, 1993, Guidelines for the Preparation of Site and Assessments for all Finds other than Fired Clay Vessels. Roman Finds Group and Finds Research Group Schmidt, A., 2001, Geophysical Data in Archaeology: A guide to good practice. Archaeology Data Service SGRP, 1994, Guidelines for the Archiving of Roman Pottery. Study Group for Roman Pottery SMA, 1993, Guidelines on the Selection, Retention and Dispersal of Archaeological Collections. Society of Museum Archaeologists UKIC, 1983, Packaging and Storage of Freshly Excavated Artefacts from Archaeological Sites. (United Kingdom Institute for Conservation, Conservation Guidelines No 2) UKIC, 1984, Environmental Standards for Permanent Storage of Excavated material from Archaeological Sites. (United Kingdom Institute for Conservation, Conservation Guidelines No 3) UKIC, 1990, Guidance for Conservation Practice. United Kingdom Institute for Conservation UKIC, 1990, Guidelines for the Preparation of Excavation Archives for Long-term Storage. United Kingdom Institute for Conservation Archaeology Section UKIC, 2001, Excavated Artefacts and Conservation. (United Kingdom Institute for Conservation, Conservation Guidelines No 1, revised) Watkinson, D.E., and Neal, V., 1998, First Aid for Finds. (3rd edition) RESCUE/United Kingdom Institute for Conservation, Archaeology Section and Museum of London Willis, S., 1997, (ed) Research Frameworks for the Study of Roman Pottery. Study Group for Roman Pottery World Archaeology Congress 1989, The Vermillion Accord – Human Remains. Motion Approved at the First Inter- Congress on the Disposal of the Dead (Vermillion) Young C., 1980, Guidelines for the Processing and Publication of Roman Pottery. Department of the Environment

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APPENDIX C: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS

Project Name Cowroast Marina, Wharf Lane, Tring, Hertfordshire Short description An archaeological excavation and programme of archaeological monitoring was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in January and May 2020 at Cowroast Marina, Wharf Lane, Tring, Hertfordshire. The excavation was targeted on an area for the installation of an underground sewage treatment tank, and archaeological monitoring of a pipe trench for associated pipework.

Despite the archaeological potential of the site, no remains of archaeological significance were recorded during groundworks and, despite visual scanning of spoil, no artefactual material pre- dating the modern period was recovered. Project dates 13 January and 18-19 May Project type Excavation and Archaeological Monitoring (Watching Brief)

Previous work Not known

Future work Unknown PROJECT LOCATION Site Location Wharf Lane, Tring, Hertfordshire Study area (M2/ha) 497sqm Site co-ordinates 495826, 210400

PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology Project Brief originator Project Design (WSI) originator Cotswold Archaeology

Project Manager Mark Hewson and Michelle Collings Project Supervisor Ralph Brown and Molly Day MONUMENT TYPE None SIGNIFICANT FINDS None PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of archive Content (e.g. pottery, animal bone etc)

Physical Paper The Dacorum Heritage Trust Context sheets, photo registers, maps Digital The Dacorum Heritage Trust Digital photos, databases BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2020 Cowroast Marina, Wharf Lane, Tring, Hertfordshire: Archaeological Excavation and watching brief. CA typescript report MK0124_1

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Andover 01264 347630 N CAMBRIDGESHIRE Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 573970 MILTON Milton Keynes 01908 564660 SHIRE KEYNES WARWICKSHIRE Archaeology Suffolk 01449 900120 NORTHAMPTON- w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE e [email protected] BEDFORDSHIRELUTON PROJECT TITLE ESSEX Cowroast Marina, Wharf Lane, Tring, Hertfordshire OXFORDSHIRE HERTFORDSHIRE

FIGURE TITLE Site location plan London 0 1km WEST BERKSHIRE DRAWN BY RW PROJECT NO. MK0124 FIGURE NO. © Crown copyright and database rights 2020 CHECKED BY DJB DATE 11/06/2020 E Ordnance Survey 0100031673 APPROVED BY RB SCALE@A4 1:25,000 1 N 2 25m FIGURE NO. 01908 564660 cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk @ 01449 900120 01392 573970 www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk MK0124 11/06/2020 1:500 01264 347630 Andover Cirencester 01285 771022 Exeter Milton Keynes Suffolk w e enquiries 1:500 Site outline area Excavation to subject Area brief watching Modern feature (and buffer) Wayleave Constraint PROJECT NO. DATE SCALE@A3 RW DJB RB Cotswold Archaeology 0 © Crown copyright and database rights copyright 2019© Crown 0100031673 Ordnance Survey PROJECT TITLE Tring, Cowroast Marina, Wharf Lane, Hertfordshire FIGURE TITLE Site plan DRAWN BY DRAWN CHECKED BY APPROVED BY

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Cow Roast Lock Inset

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Cow Roast MarinaCow

Grand Union Canal 210400 5m

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A4251 210450 210350 210400 Pre-excavation shot looking north-west Pre-excavation shot of site, looking north-west

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Exeter 01392 573970 Cotswold Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Archaeology Suffolk 01449 900120 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Area 1, looking north (1m scales) Cowroast Marina, Wharf Lane, Tring, Hertfordshire

FIGURE TITLE Photographs

Area 2, looking south-east DRAWN BY RW PROJECT NO. MK0124 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 11/06/2020 APPROVED BY RB SCALE@A3 NA 3