Who Invented What?
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Letter from Alexander Graham Bell to Alexander Melville Bell, February 26, 1880, with Transcript
Library of Congress Letter from Alexander Graham Bell to Alexander Melville Bell, February 26, 1880, with transcript ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL TO HIS FATHER A. MELVILLE BELL 904 14th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Feb. 26th, 1880. Dear Papa: I have just written to Mamma about Mabel's baby and I now write to you about my own! Only think! — Two babies in one week! The first born at 904 14th Street — on the fifteenth inst., the other at my laboratory on the nineteenth. Both strong vigorous healthy young things and both destined I trust to grow into something great in the future. Mabel's baby was light enough at birth but mine was LIGHT ITSELF! Mabel's baby screamed inarticulately but mine spoke with distinct enunciation from the first. I have heard articulate speech produced by sunlight! I have heard a ray of the sun laugh and cough and sing! The dream of the past year has become a reality — the “ Photophone ” is an accomplished fact. I am not prepared at present to go into particulars and can only say that with Mr. Tainter's assistance I have succeeded in preparing crystalline selenium of so low a resistance and so sensitive to light that we have been enabled to perceive variations of light as sounds in the telephone. In this way I have been able to hear a shadow, and I have even perceived by ear the passage of a cloud across the sun's disk. Can Imagination picture what the future of this invention is to be! I dream of so many important and wonderful applications that I cannot bring myself to make known my discovery — until I have demonstrated the practicability of some of these schemes. -
The Power of Light
David N Payne Dedicated to: Guglielmo Marconi and Charles Kao Director ORC University of Southampton 1909 2009 Nobel Laureates in Physics Wireless and optical fibres The power of light GPS systems, synchronous data networks, cell phone telephony, time stamping financial trades Large scale interferometers for telescopes Optical gyroscopes Data centres/computer interconnects Financial traders You can’t beat vacuum for loss, speed of light or stability! The Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) on Paranal Mountain Data Centre Interconnection Information flow/unit area and latency is key in supercomputers and data centres 20,000 km of fibre per data centre in Facebook alone! Vacuum transit time is 30% lower High-performance: applications in inertial guidance, navigation, platform stabilization, GPS flywheeling, etc. Lower-performance: Consumer / industrial applications in Performancemotion control, industrial limited processing, byconsumer glass electronics, core etc. Periodic lattice of holes Hollow air core Advantage: Typically less than 0.1% optical power in cladding. Ultra-low nonlinearity, lower loss? Vacuum fibre technology Fibres that largely ignore the materials from which they are made Power in glass < 0.01% low nonlinearity Transmission loss < 0.01 dB/m As you wouldLow Latencyexpect (30% from lower) vacuum! Phase insensitive Radiation hard IR transmitting The new anti-resonant fibre 22.3 µm 40.2 µm Width = 359.6 nm 20μm OFC 2016, Los Angeles, PDPTh5A.3 Low Latency data communications • Data transmission at 99.7% the speed of light in vacuum • ‘Only’ 69.4% in a conventional fibre Latency savings (vs conventional fibres): 1m 1.54 ns 100m 154 ns 1km 1.54 µs 100km 154 µs Phase Insensitive Fibres The phase of a signal in a fibre changes with temperature owing to: • Change in refractive index • Change in fibre length • Vacuum fibre temperature sensitivity 2 ps/km/K • 18.5 times smaller than conventional fibres Dr Radan Slavik Slavik et al., Scientific Reports 2015. -
Thomas Edison Alexander Graham Bell
The Inventing Game Cut out the images. Cut out the name of the inventor separately. Read out the text as a clue. Can people match the correct name and image? THOMAS EDISON Clue The first great invention developed by (don’t say the name) Thomas Edison was the tin foil phonograph. A prolific producer, Edison is also known for his work with light bulbs, electricity, film and audio devices, and much more. ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL Clue In 1876, at the age of 29, (don’t say the name) Alexander Graham Bell invented his telephone. Among one of his first innovations after the telephone was the "photophone," a device that enabled sound to be transmitted on a beam of light. GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER Clue (Don’t say the name) George Washington Carver was an agricultural chemist who invented 300 uses for peanuts and hundreds of more uses for soybeans, pecans, and sweet potatoes. His contributions chang ed the history of agriculture in the south. ELI WHITNEY Clue (Don’t say the name) Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1794. The cotton gin is a machine that separates seeds, hulls, and other unwanted materials from cotton after it has been picked. JOHANNES GUTTENBERG Clue (don’t say the name) Johannes Gutenberg was a German goldsmith and inventor best known for the Gutenberg press, an innovative printing machine that used movable type. JOHN LOGIE BAIRD Clue (don’t say the name) John Logie Baird is remembered as the inventor of mechanical television (an earlier version of television). Baird also patented inventions related to radar and fibre optics. -
Alexander Graham Bell 1847-1922
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS VOLUME XXIII FIRST MEMOIR BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 1847-1922 BY HAROLD S. OSBORNE PRESENTED TO THE ACADEMY AT THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1943 It was the intention that this Biographical Memoir would be written jointly by the present author and the late Dr. Bancroft Gherardi. The scope of the memoir and plan of work were laid out in cooperation with him, but Dr. Gherardi's untimely death prevented the proposed collaboration in writing the text. The author expresses his appreciation also of the help of members of the Bell family, particularly Dr. Gilbert Grosvenor, and of Mr. R. T. Barrett and Mr. A. M. Dowling of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company staff. The courtesy of these gentlemen has included, in addition to other help, making available to the author historic documents relating to the life of Alexander Graham Bell in the files of the National Geographic Society and in the Historical Museum of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 1847-1922 BY HAROLD S. OSBORNE Alexander Graham Bell—teacher, scientist, inventor, gentle- man—was one whose life was devoted to the benefit of mankind with unusual success. Known throughout the world as the inventor of the telephone, he made also other inventions and scientific discoveries of first importance, greatly advanced the methods and practices for teaching the deaf and came to be admired and loved throughout the world for his accuracy of thought and expression, his rigid code of honor, punctilious courtesy, and unfailing generosity in helping others. -
Early Forms of Long-Distance Communication
EARLY FORMS OF LONG-DISTANCE COMMUNICATION In this material, you will learn about Telegraphy, Telephone and GSM architecture Before the development of the electric telegraph in the 19th century revolutionized how information was transmitted across long distances, ancient civilizations such as those in China, Egypt and Greece used drumbeats or smoke signals to exchange information between far-flung points. However, such methods were limited by the weather and the need for an uninterrupted line of sight between receptor points. These limitations also lessened the effectiveness of the semaphore, a modern precursor to the electric telegraph. Developed in the early 1790s, the semaphore consisted of a series of hilltop stations that each had large movable arms to signal letters and numbers and two telescopes with which to see the other stations. Like ancient smoke signals, the semaphore was susceptible to weather and other factors that hindered visibility. A different method of transmitting information was needed to make regular and reliable long-distance communication workable. Did You Know? SOS, the internationally recognized distress signal, does not stand for any particular words. Instead, the letters were chosen because they are easy to transmit in Morse code: "S" is three dots, and "O" is three dashes. The Electric Telegraph In the early 19th century, two developments in the field of electricity opened the door to the production of the electric telegraph. First, in 1800, the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) invented the battery, which reliably stored an electric current and allowed the current to be used in a controlled environment. Second, in 1820, the Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) demonstrated the connection between electricity and magnetism by deflecting a magnetic needle with an electric current. -
Local-Loop and DSL REFERENCE GUIDE Table of Contents
Local-Loop and DSL REFERENCE GUIDE Table of Contents Prologue ............................................................................ 2 2.3.9.3 REIN ....................................................................32 2.3.9.4 SHINE..................................................................32 1. Introduction ................................................................. 5 2.3.9.5 PEIN ....................................................................32 2. What is DSL? ................................................................ 6 2.3.10 Bonding...............................................................33 2.3.11 Vectoring ............................................................35 2.1 Pre-DSL Delivery of Data ........................................................... 6 2.3.12 G.Fast ..................................................................36 2.1.1 Dial-Up ................................................................................ 6 2.1.2 ISDN .................................................................................... 7 3. DSL Deployment Issues ...........................................38 2.2 xDSL Overview ............................................................................. 8 3.1 Determining the Nature of the Problem ...............................39 2.3 DSL In-Depth .............................................................................12 3.2 Performing a Visual Inspection ..............................................44 2.3.1 ISDN ..................................................................................13 -
Grade 01 Social Studies Unit 11 Exemplar Lesson 02: Inventions Bring Changes
Grade 1 Social Studies Unit: 11 Lesson: 02 Suggested Duration: 3 days Grade 01 Social Studies Unit 11 Exemplar Lesson 02: Inventions Bring Changes This lesson is one approach to teaching the State Standards associated with this unit. Districts are encouraged to customize this lesson by supplementing with district-approved resources, materials, and activities to best meet the needs of learners. The duration for this lesson is only a recommendation, and districts may modify the time frame to meet students’ needs. To better understand how your district may be implementing CSCOPE lessons, please contact your child’s teacher. (For your convenience, please find linked the TEA Commissioner’s List of State Board of Education Approved Instructional Resources and Midcycle State Adopted Instructional Materials.) Lesson Synopsis This lesson focuses on the life of Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone. The impact of the telephone on communication and society will also be explored. TEKS The Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) listed below are the standards adopted by the State Board of Education, which are required by Texas law. Any standard that has a strike-through (e.g. sample phrase) indicates that portion of the standard is taught in a previous or subsequent unit. The TEKS are available on the Texas Education Agency website at http://www.tea.state.tx.us/index2.aspx?id=6148. 1.2 History. The student understands how historical figures, patriots, and good citizens helped shape the community, state, and nation. The student is expected to: 1.2B Identify historical figures such as Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison, Garrett Morgan, and Richard Allen, and other individuals who have exhibited individualism and inventiveness. -
The 2018 Physics Prize
Nobel Prize Lessons 2018 Teacher’s manuscript – the 2018 Physics Prize The Nobel Prize in Physics • The Nobel Prize in Physics is one of the five prizes founded by Alfred Nobel and awarded on December 10 every year. Before Alfred Nobel died on December 10, 1896, he wrote in his will that the largest part of his fortune should be placed in a fund. The yearly interest on this fund would pay for a prize given to “those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.” ’ Who is rewarded with the Physics Prize? • This Prize rewards important discoveries or inventions in the field of physics. The development of “wireless telegraphy” (radio) is one example. Another is discoveries about how stars behave. • Guglielmo Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun received the Physics Prize in 1909 for the development of radio (“wireless telegraphy”). Subramanyan Chandrasekhar received the 1983 Prize for studying processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars. • Three women have been awarded the Physics Prize: • Maria Goeppert Mayer who made the first advanced model of nuclear structure, Marie Curie for pioneering research on radiation and the discovery of the elements radium and polonium and Donna Strickland, awarded with the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics “for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics”. Physics Prize 2018 • The 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics is all about laser technology. One half of the Prize is being awarded for a tool for capturing and manipulating various particles. The other half rewards a technique for intensifying and speeding up pulsing laser light, beyond what was previously believed possible. -
Communications-Mathematics and Applied Mathematics/Download/8110
A Mathematician's Journey to the Edge of the Universe "The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing." ― Socrates Manjunath.R #16/1, 8th Main Road, Shivanagar, Rajajinagar, Bangalore560010, Karnataka, India *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] *Website: http://www.myw3schools.com/ A Mathematician's Journey to the Edge of the Universe What’s the Ultimate Question? Since the dawn of the history of science from Copernicus (who took the details of Ptolemy, and found a way to look at the same construction from a slightly different perspective and discover that the Earth is not the center of the universe) and Galileo to the present, we (a hoard of talking monkeys who's consciousness is from a collection of connected neurons − hammering away on typewriters and by pure chance eventually ranging the values for the (fundamental) numbers that would allow the development of any form of intelligent life) have gazed at the stars and attempted to chart the heavens and still discovering the fundamental laws of nature often get asked: What is Dark Matter? ... What is Dark Energy? ... What Came Before the Big Bang? ... What's Inside a Black Hole? ... Will the universe continue expanding? Will it just stop or even begin to contract? Are We Alone? Beginning at Stonehenge and ending with the current crisis in String Theory, the story of this eternal question to uncover the mysteries of the universe describes a narrative that includes some of the greatest discoveries of all time and leading personalities, including Aristotle, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton, and the rise to the modern era of Einstein, Eddington, and Hawking. -
History of Communication
History of Communication Animals have their own methods of communication. For example Dolphins use sound to communicate with other dolphins and to echolocate when hunting. From the early history of human existence there have been many ways of communicating each other. People from different parts of the world use a variety of languages to express their thoughts. Gradually civilization thrived and ways of communicating other continents became a general need to build up political and economical inter-relationships among them. We find many curious and interesting methods of communication in the history of the world. Sri Lankan history reveals that messages were sent by birds often. And some messages were named after the bird that carried it. The postal system was one of the early forms of communication. Chou Dynasty created his own postal system in 1000 B.C. The mail would travel on a horse to the next pass. Romans had their own system called the “Cursus Pubius”, they used foot messengers. Genghis Khan made an early postal system using homing pigeons. Middle Age in European history is a very important period. After the invention of the printing machine people in Europe gathered knowledge by reading. They started thinking. Hence, many inventions and theories came forward. Among them were telegraph, telephone, television and radio. British inventors Sir Charles Wheatstone and William F. Cook invented the telegraph in 1837. Samuel Morse invented the telegraph communication system called the Morse code. It had long and short electrical impulses referring as dots and dashes. Each impulse is either a letter or number. -
Detection of Smartphone Malware
Detection of Smartphone Malware Eingereicht von Diplom-Informatiker Aubrey-Derrick Schmidt Von der Fakult¨atIV { Elektrotechnik und Informatik der Technischen Universit¨atBerlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften { Dr.-Ing. { genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuß: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Jean-Pierre Seifert Berichter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sahin Albayrak Berichter: Prof. Dr. Fernando C. Colon Osorio Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 28.06.2011 Berlin 2011 D 83 ii Acknowledgements On completion of my Ph.D. thesis I would like to sincerely thank all those who supported me in realizing and finishing my work. First of all, I am heartily thankful to my supervisors and Ph.D. Com- mittee spending time and effort on me. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sahin Albayrak and Ph.D. Ahmet Camtepe always were a shining example for scientific success to me. Throughout all of the stages of my thesis, they helped me to keep track on the right research direction, seriously revised all of my work, and patiently discussed and resolved issues not only related to my work. I am also deeply moved by their serious and honest attitude towards academic work. Additionally, I really appreciate their will for hosting and motivating me all the time while working at DAI-Laboratory at Technische Univer- sit¨atBerlin. I want to honestly thank them for their friendly, personal, and self-sacrificing will to help me in any situation throughout my time at the DAI-Laboratory. When meeting Prof. Dr. Fernando C. Colon Osorio on Malware Conference 2009 in Montreal the first time, I was really impressed by his will to put scientific discussion into the focus of the conference. -
Here. the End of the 19Th Century Sounds Like a Great Place to Start
Discovery Of The God Particle: A Good Bang For Your Buck? Copyright © 2013 by S. A. Jabeen All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without written per- missions of the publisher is prohibited. Library of Congress Control Number: 2017916416 ISBN-10: 1541295994 ISBN-13: 978-1541295995 Printed in the United States of America CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, North Charleston, SC To my parents I am nothing but what they made me. CONTENTS Preface (2017) 3 Preface (2013) 5 Part I: The Myth Time-Traveling Higgs Destroys The LHC 9 Part II: The Truth Summer 2012—Physicist’s Stone Is Found 17 What Is All The Fuss About? 21 Little Bit Of History 31 The Quantum Leap 35 Baby You Are Not Gonna Get It Tonight 57 Theory Of Everything 77 Part III: The Bang Our Latest Time Machine 97 Higgs Discovery—Doom Or Dawn? 109 Part IV: The Buck Good Bang For Your Buck? 119 How I Met My Soul Mate? You’ve Got Mail 133 Revolution vs Reform 145 Part V: The Crux The Human Gene 157 References 169 Discovery Of The God Particle—A Good Bang For Your Buck? 2 Discovery Of The God Particle—A Good Bang For Your Buck? Preface (2017) I wrote these pages in 2013, after the Higgs discovery was announced in 2012. All of us working on the Large Hadron Collider, or affiliated with the particle physics in general, were intensely emotional. It was easy to put those thoughts on the paper then. In the Fall of 2013, I started teaching physics at the University of Maryland, College Park, and these pages stayed in a forgotten folder on my laptop.