Bypassing Interlibrary Loan Via Twitter: An Exploration of #icanhazpdf Requests Carolyn Caffrey Gardner and Gabriel J. Gardner Introduction behind a paywall or obtained using interlibrary loan. Twitter has emerged as a popular social media plat- Like peer-to-peer sharing in the music industry, this form for many scientists and scholars. peer-to-peer access to scholarly material is ethically Priem and Costello estimate that one out of every dubious, and may run afoul of copyright laws, but it is forty scholars, defined as faculty, postdoc, or doctoral easy to accomplish. The Twitter user simply appends student, in the United States and the United Kingdom the metadata label, or “hashtag”, #icanhazPDF in the is a registered Twitter user.1 tweet rendering it discoverable through traditional What’s more, they are using the platform to share linking and search functions. scholarly material. Moriano et al. have demonstrated This peer-to-peer access, while ethically dubious, that the number of tweets containing links to scholarly is coordinated by the use of the Twitter hashtag #ican- publications increased substantially from 2011 to 2013; hazPDF. The hashtag is included as a tag in the tweet, similarly, they also increased as a percentage of overall which renders it discoverable through traditional twitter traffic.2 Their analysis also noted that certain linking and search functions. publishers’ content is shared more than others. The top domain names tweeted in their sample were: nature. Literature Review com, arxiv.org, sciencemag.org, wiley.com, and science- The modern interlibrary loan (ILL) office has been direct.com. While the interdisciplinary nature of these likened to that of a detective’s office, assisting schol- domains makes it difficult to draw conclusions about ars of all stripes track down materials not held in the Twitter use rates by specific academic discipline, Priem library. ILL offices can often find materials when only and Costello concluded that no one academic discipline partial citation information is available.7 In spite of al- was significantly overrepresented on Twitter.3 ternatives and freely available content online, the av- Apart from everyday social use of the micro- erage ILL request per ARL library has increased in 31 blogging service, scholars are clearly using Twitter to of the 35 years ARL has kept such statistics.8 Users ex- increase their professional networks, organize pre- pect that these ILL requests will happen as easily and publication review of working papers and manuscript instantaneously as they do using popular interfaces, drafts, offer post-publication critique,4 disseminate such as Google9 and many ILL services have made published research,5 and share pre-prints.6 strides, sometimes filling requests in as little as 24 Twitter is also used to facilitate access to schol- hours. Also, as electronic journals have become an es- arly articles that would otherwise be denied to users tablished part of the scholarly communications land- Carolyn Caffrey Gardner is Information Literacy & Educational Technology Librarian, University of Southern California, e- mail: [email protected]; Gabriel J. Gardner is Librarian for Romance, German, Russian Languages & Literatures, and Lin- guistics, California State University, Long Beach, e-mail: [email protected] 95 96 Carolyn Caffrey Gardner and Gabriel J. Gardner scape, fewer lending agreements contain ILL restric- represents a small percentage of Twitter-user behav- tions. Lamoreux and Stemper found that at University ior compared to sharing scholarly research by send- of Minnesota, 89% of licenses allowed for lending and ing links to pay-walled papers. In addition to initial it was primarily small scholarly associations that re- quantitative analysis, Liu also sampled location and stricted lending.10 The scholarship practices that have profile data. These were then used to determine oc- resulted in increased ILL requests are bleeding over cupation and country location of #icanhazPDF us- into non-library spaces. ers. Usage was overwhelmingly an Anglophone phe- Usage of the #icanhazPDF hashtag to facilitate nomenon with the almost half of the tweets sampled the sharing of scholarly articles dates back to 2011 coming from the United States; the United Kingdom with the suggestion from Andrea Kuszewski on the produced the second highest number of tweets. Occu- hashtag language, a riff on a popular internet cat pation data revealed that academics and students, de- meme.11 The hashtag and the social sharing networks spite being the most likely to have institutional access it facilitates have received passing mentions in some to scholarly research, were the most frequent users of medical literature12,13 but little direct study. Dunn et al. the hashtag. Finally, Liu’s category of communicators characterize #icanhazPDF as a form of “guerrilla open which encompassed journalists and bloggers, had the access” through subversion of publisher agreements, third highest use of #icanhazPDF.19 in the tradition of internet activist, Aaron Swartz’s, Though scholars and scientists have been the manifesto of the same name.14,15 Since its inception, primary focus regarding #icanhazPDF, librarians the hashtag has been a controversial topic of discus- have also taken note of the phenomenon and begun sion on science blogs. Michael Eisen, co-founder of to grapple with how it might affect their institutions the Public Library of Science (PLoS), portrayed the and workflows. Greenhill and Wiebrands argue that use of the hashtag as an act of civil disobedience in libraries should view #icanhazPDF and other copy- opposition to the current copyright regime that gov- right-violating (or license-breaching) methods of erns scientific publishing.16 content sharing as competition and not ignore the The sharing mechanics follow a simple protocol. black market transactions.20 When such peer-to-peer First, a requestor tweets a link or partial citation to access is viewed as a competitor, libraries are at a dis- a pay-walled article with the hashtag #icanhazPDF advantage because they must adhere to copyright and and their e-mail address. Second, sympathetic users intellectual property laws, which may take more time then use their institutional subscriptions or personal and/or financial resources. To differentiate themselves memberships to download the desired PDF and email from crowdsourced methods they might emphasize it to the requestor, off of Twitter. Once in possession the local or niche content they provide, and the physi- of the desired PDF, diligent requestors delete their cal space they provide, while advocating for “more tweet containing the original request. Thanking a user open and fair” publishing models.21 who fulfills the request is discouraged.17 This allows One apparent impact that #icanhazPDF shar- the fulfilling user, who likely violated a copyright or ing has on libraries, is in the area of interlibrary loan license agreement, to maintain anonymity. (ILL). Each request fulfilled through Twitter repre- The small amount of research on #icanhazPDF sents one side of a possible ILL transaction.22 The in- has focused on demographic data. In a blog post, stitutions of the fulfilling users will record downloads Jean Liu collected tweets using the hashtag over the of the requested files. Any libraries that requestors course of a year beginning in May 2012. Her analy- might have used however, are left without any re- sis revealed that overall use of the hashtag slowly in- cord of user demand. Thus, #icanhazPDF and other creased over the period of study to an average of 3.6 methods of peer-to-peer sharing distort library use #icanhazPDF tweets per day.18 Using #icanhazPDF statistics: libraries serving users who fulfill requests ACRL 2015 Bypassing Interlibrary Loan Via Twitter: An Exploration of #icanhazpdf Requests 97 via #icanhazPDF have artificially inflated download ics of #icanhazpdf to suggested rules for #icanhazpdf statistics, while libraries whose (potential) users ob- request structure. Of those 824 requests—74 were tain articles over Twitter have artificially deflated ILL retweets by the original user or other accounts and statistics. The magnitude of these errors is unknown were thus excluded from the pool for further analy- and an area for further research. Therefore, Jill Emery, sis. The authors tracked down the full citation infor- reacting to Liu and Bond, urged librarians involved mation for each item requested, and recorded it in a with collection development and technical services shared spreadsheet. While they made every attempt to treat #icanhazPDF as an impetus to improve our using the limited information available, 14 requests services, specifically in the area of document deliv- were unable to be fully captured. In most cases these ery.23 Users bypassing interlibrary loan, particularly requests were links with no other information, and students and professors who have institutional access, the links were parsed through university proxy serv- reveal their preferences for a different method of ful- ers that the authors could not access. For Tweets in fillment that is simpler and often faster.24 This study which the authors were able to determine the correct seeks to analyze our competitor and take a closer look citation, they recorded the title of the material, jour- at the prevalence of #icanhazPDF requests and ana- nal title if applicable, publication date, publisher, and lyze them in order to understand user demand and content format (journal article, book chapter, etc.). improve library services. While some users did not supply location infor- mation, 378 of the 475 users who had requested items Methods had entered in an identifiable geographic location The deletion of the original requesting tweet after such as a city, state, province, or country associated fulfillment makes gathering information difficult. To with their Twitter profile. Many more users included solve this issue of data collection, the authors explored location information that was facetious such as “the several tweet archiving services and settled upon using internet” or “everywhere” and these results were dis- Tweet Archivist (https://www.tweetarchivist.com/).