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Discrete Event Calculus Using Semantic Web Technologies

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Discrete Event Calculus Using Semantic Web Technologies View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Glamorgan Dspace Discrete event calculus using Semantic Web technologies WILL MEPHAM A submission presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Glamorgan/Prifysgol Morgannwg for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2010 Table of Contents ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................1 GLOSSARY................................................................................................................................................2 CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES AND MOTIVATION.................................................................................4 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT...................................................................................................................4 1.2 MOTIVATION...........................................................................................................................................5 1.3 INITIAL GOALS.........................................................................................................................................7 1.3.1 A DEC ontology defined in Semantic Web languages.................................................................7 1.3.2 A software framework that can use the ontology for practical applications..............................8 1.3.3 An accurate implementation of DEC..........................................................................................8 1.3.4 A reusable framework for DEC rule resolution..........................................................................9 1.3.5 An investigation into merging time ontology with DEC ............................................................9 1.4 LONG TERM OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................11 2.1 OVERVIEW............................................................................................................................................11 2.1.1 Scope of this section..................................................................................................................11 2.1.2 Preliminary discussion..............................................................................................................11 2.1.2.1 References to Semantic Web standards.............................................................................................11 2.1.2.2 Logic terms......................................................................................................................................11 2.1.2.3 Rules................................................................................................................................................11 2.2 BACKGROUND TO THE SEMANTIC WEB.....................................................................................................11 2.3 ONTOLOGY AND THE SEMANTIC WEB.......................................................................................................14 2.3.1 Different interpretations of ontology.........................................................................................14 2.3.2 Motivation for ontology engineering........................................................................................15 2.3.3 Semantic web standards............................................................................................................16 2.3.4 Semantic web stack...................................................................................................................18 2.4 RULES AND THE SEMANTIC WEB.............................................................................................................22 2.4.1 The need for rules in Semantic Web applications.....................................................................22 2.4.2 SWRL.........................................................................................................................................22 2.4.3 Decidability and rules...............................................................................................................23 2.5 EVENT CALCULUS IN THE CONTEXT OF TEMPORAL REASONING......................................................................25 2.5.1 Common concerns of temporal logics.......................................................................................25 2.5.1.1 Representation of intervals and timepoints.......................................................................................25 2.5.1.2 Cause and effect for temporal logics................................................................................................25 2.5.1.3 Monotonic and non-monotonic entailment and proof ......................................................................26 i 2.5.1.4 Circumscription for non-monotonic entailment and proof................................................................27 2.5.1.5 The frame problem...........................................................................................................................27 2.5.1.6 The ramification problem.................................................................................................................28 2.5.1.7 Inertia...............................................................................................................................................28 2.6 EVENT CALCULUS.................................................................................................................................28 2.6.1 Origins and general characteristics of Event Calculus............................................................28 2.6.1.1 Parsimony of representation.............................................................................................................29 2.6.1.2 Expressive flexibility.......................................................................................................................30 2.6.1.3 Elaboration tolerance........................................................................................................................30 2.6.2 Basic sorts and form.................................................................................................................30 2.6.2.1 Events (actions) ...............................................................................................................................30 2.6.2.2 Fluents .............................................................................................................................................30 2.6.2.3 Timepoints ......................................................................................................................................30 2.6.2.4 Predicates.........................................................................................................................................31 2.6.2.5 EC domain description.....................................................................................................................31 2.6.3 Representational capabilities of EC..........................................................................................32 2.6.3.1 Circumscription in EC......................................................................................................................32 2.6.3.2 Defeasible reasoning........................................................................................................................34 2.6.3.3 Handling contradictions...................................................................................................................34 2.6.3.4 Continuous change...........................................................................................................................35 2.6.3.5 Concurrency.....................................................................................................................................35 2.7 DISCRETE EVENT CALCULUS...................................................................................................................35 2.7.1 An example DEC sequence with equivalent EC sequence........................................................37 2.8 ALTERNATIVE FORMALISMS TO EVENT CALCULUS.......................................................................................39 2.8.1 Situation calculus......................................................................................................................39 2.8.2 Fluent calculus..........................................................................................................................40 2.8.3 PMON and TAL.........................................................................................................................41 2.8.4 K-IA classification of temporal logic formalisms.....................................................................42 2.8.5 General remarks........................................................................................................................42 2.9 EXISTING WORK ON TIME AND EVENT-BASED SEMANTIC WEB ONTOLOGIES.....................................................43 2.9.1 Time based Semantic Web ontologies ......................................................................................43 2.9.2 Event based Semantic Web ontologies......................................................................................44
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