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Quality Improvement Guidelines for Percutaneous Nephrostomy

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Quality Improvement Guidelines for Percutaneous Nephrostomy STANDARDS OF PRACTICE Quality Improvement Guidelines for Percutaneous Nephrostomy Waleska M. Pabon-Ramos, MD, MPH, Sean R. Dariushnia, MD, T. Gregory Walker, MD, Bertrand Janne d’Othée, MBA, MD, MPH, Suvranu Ganguli, MD, Mehran Midia, MD, Nasir Siddiqi, MD, Sanjeeva P. Kalva, MD, Boris Nikolic, MD, MBA, for the Society of Interventional Radiology Standards of Practice Committee PREAMBLE are conceptualized by the Standards of Practice Committee members. fi Percutaneous nephrostomy is a well-established procedure dating back A recognized expert is identi ed to serve as the principal author for the to the early 20th century. Since the publication of the Quality document. Additional authors may be assigned depending on the Improvement Guidelines for Percutaneous Nephrostomy in 2003, magnitude of the project. procedural indications have expanded. To accommodate the growing An in-depth literature search is performed with use of electronic number of indications (eg, ureteral embolization, cooling pyeloperfu- medical literature databases. Then a critical review of peer-reviewed sion), these indications have been grouped into three main categories: articles is performed with regard to the study methodology, results, and urinary drainage, urinary diversion, and provision of access to the conclusions. The qualitative weight of these articles is assembled into an collecting system. Moreover, based on recent literature and consensus, evidence table, which is used to write the document such that it contains technical success thresholds and adverse event rates have been evidence-based data with respect to content, rates, and thresholds. fl reexamined. This document provides guidance for quality improvement When the evidence of literature is weak, con icting, or contra- initiatives that ultimately lead to better patient outcomes. dictory, consensus for the parameter is reached by a minimum of 12 fi The membership of the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) Standards of Practice Committee members with use of a Modi ed Appendix A Standards of Practice Committee represents experts in a broad Delphi Consensus Method ( ). For the purpose of these fi spectrum of interventional procedures from both the private and the documents, consensus is de ned as 80% Delphi participant agreement academic sectors of medicine. Generally, Standards of Practice Com- on a value or parameter. mittee members dedicate the vast majority of their professional time to The draft document is critically reviewed by the Standards of performing interventional procedures; as such, they represent a valid, Practice Committee members, in either a telephone conference call or a fi broad expert constituency of the subject matter under consideration for face-to-face meeting. The nalized draft from the Committee is sent to standards production. the SIR membership for further input/criticism during a 30-day com- ment period. These comments are discussed by the Standards of Practice Committee, and appropriate revisions are made to create the METHODOLOGY finished standards document. Before its publication, the document is SIR produces its Standards of Practice documents by using the endorsed by the SIR Executive Council. following process. Standards documents of relevance and timeliness These guidelines are written for use in a quality improvement program that monitors percutaneous nephrostomies. This document is not intended to include antegrade pyelography. In the construction of From the Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional this standard, a literature search was performed with use of MEDLINE Radiology (W.M.P.-R.), Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808, Dur- methodology, and an evidence table was constructed, which is available ham, NC 27710; Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional for review from the SIR office. Radiology and Image-Guided Medicine (S.R.D.), Emory University, Atlanta, The most important processes of care are (a) patient selection, (b) Georgia; Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (T.G.W., S.G.) and Center for Image Guided Cancer Therapy performance of the procedure, and (c) patient monitoring. The out- (S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, come measures for these processes are indications, success rates, and Massachusetts; Department of Radiology (B.J.d.O.), University of Maryland complication rates. Outcome measures are assigned threshold levels. School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Radiology (M.M.), McMaster Medical Center, Burlington, Ontario, Canada; Northwest Vascu- DEFINITIONS lar Care St. Louis (N.S.), Florissant, Missouri; Department of Interventional Radiology (S.P.K.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Percutaneous Nephrostomy: Image-guided placement of a catheter Dallas, Texas; and Department of Radiology (B.N.), Stratton Medical through a calyx into the renal collecting system. The collecting system Center, Albany, New York. Received October 30, 2015; final revision can be localized by one or more cross-sectional techniques, such as received and accepted November 17, 2015. Address correspondence to ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), or rotational fluoro- W.M.P.-R.; E-mail: [email protected] scopic acquisition (cone-beam CT). The collecting system can also be localized fluoroscopically using anatomic landmarks or a radiopaque S.P.K. receives royalties from Elsevier (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) and, Springer (Berlin, Germany), as well as personal fees from Celenova Bios- target (eg, stone, cranial loop of a double-J ureteral stent, contrast- ciences (San Antonio, Texas) and the Koo Foundation (Taipei, Taiwan). None opacified collecting system). Percutaneous nephrostomy can be per- of the other authors have identified a conflict of interest. formed independently or in combination with other percutaneous, endoscopic, or surgical techniques for diagnostic or therapeutic fi An earlier version of this article rst appeared in J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003;14: purposes in both native and transplanted kidneys. S277-S281. Successful Percutaneous Nephrostomy: Placement of a catheter of Published by Elsevier, Inc., on behalf of SIR appropriate diameter and course so that the desired outcome is J Vasc Interv Radiol 2016; 27:410–414 achieved or the planned combined procedure is completed (eg, adequate urinary drainage, stone extraction, antegrade ureteral stent http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2015.11.045 insertion). Volume 27 ’ Number 3 ’ March ’ 2016 411 Antegrade Nephrostogram: Injection of a contrast agent through a noninfected urinary tract obstruction, infected urinary tract needle, catheter, or percutaneous nephrostomy into the renal collecting obstruction may manifest with fever, chills, hemodynamic system under fluoroscopic visualization for diagnostic purposes. changes (eg, tachycardia, hypotension), leukocytosis, urinary Endoscopic Procedure: Procedure performed through the nephrostomy sepsis (urosepsis), and evidence of urinary tract obstruction on tract using rigid or flexible nephroscopes or ureteroscopes for visual- imaging studies. Stones are the cause of obstruction in 4 50% ization, usually in conjunction with a urologist. Flexible endoscopes of cases. Emergent or urgent percutaneous nephrostomy is require a 12-F to 16-F tract, whereas rigid nephroscopes require a 24-F indicated because patients are at high risk of developing to 30-F tract. Examples of endoscopic procedures include endopyelot- gram-negative sepsis. Timing of percutaneous nephrostomy omy (incision of a strictured ureteropelvic junction) and resection or depends on each patient’s clinical condition. fulguration of upper tract transitional cell carcinomas. 2. Urinary diversion. Percutaneous nephrostomy is indicated to treat Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (Nephrostolithotomy): Removal of urinary leaks, urinary fistulae, and hemorrhagic cystitis (3,18–22). renal stones from the proximal collecting system or ureter through a Urinary leakage or fistulae may be the indication for 1%–34% of percutaneous tract that is dilated to sufficient size to allow placement of nephrostomies (4,7–9,15–17,23). If the goal is permanent urinary a nephroscope so that large stones can be fragmented (with ultrasonic, diversion (eg, nonhealing vesicovaginal fistula), percutaneous neph- electrohydraulic, or laser lithotripsy) under direct endoscopic visual- rostomy may be combined with ureteral embolization (24–27). ization before removal. Smaller stones may be removed without 3. Provision of access to the collecting system. Percutaneous neph- fragmentation. The targeted stones should be successfully removed rostomy is indicated to provide access to the proximal collecting through the percutaneous access tract. Multiple nephrostomy tracts system to perform other percutaneous or endoscopic procedures: and the use of flexible instruments are often necessary for complete stone removal (1,2). a. Endoscopic procedures (eg, percutaneous nephrolithotomy or nephrostolithotomy) may account for 3%–50% of nephrosto- Upper Urinary Tract Instillation: Administration of a medication into the renal collecting system, typically through a percutaneous nephros- mies (1,2,9,15,16,20). tomy, for therapeutic purposes. b. Anterograde ureteral stent placement is indicated when the Cooling Pyeloperfusion: Administration of cold sterile water or saline retrograde approach is unsuccessful or not feasible (28). It may solution into the renal collecting system during renal ablations (eg, account for 2%–3%
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