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Evolution of Sedimentary Environments of the Middle Jiangsu Coast, South Yellow Sea Since Late MIS 3

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Evolution of Sedimentary Environments of the Middle Jiangsu Coast, South Yellow Sea Since Late MIS 3 J. Geogr. Sci. 2013, 23(5): 883-914 DOI: 10.1007/s11442-013-1051-5 © 2013 Science Press Springer-Verlag Evolution of sedimentary environments of the middle Jiangsu coast, South Yellow Sea since late MIS 3 XIA Fei1,2,3, *ZHANG Yongzhan1,2, WANG Qiang4, YIN Yong1,2, Karl W. WEGMANN3, J. Paul LIU3 1. Department of Coastal Ocean Science, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing Uni- versity, Nanjing 210093, China; 2. The Key Laboratory of Coastal and Island Development, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; 3. Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; 4. Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, China Geological Survey Bureau, Tianjin 300170, China Abstract: An evolutionary model of sedimentary environments since late Marine Isotope Stage 3 (late MIS 3, i.e., ca. 39 cal ka BP) along the middle Jiangsu coast is presented based upon a reinterpretation of core 07SR01, new correlations between adjacent published cores, and shallow seismic profiles recovered in the Xiyang tidal channel and adjacent northern sea areas. Geomorphology, sedimentology, radiocarbon dating and seismic and sequence strati- graphy are combined to confirm that environmental changes since late MIS 3 in the study area were controlled primarily by sea-level fluctuations, sediment discharge of paleo-rivers into the South Yellow Sea (SYS), and minor tectonic subsidence, all of which impacted the progression of regional geomorphic and sedimentary environments (i.e., coastal barrier island, freshwater lacustrine swamp, river floodplain, coastal marsh, tidal sand ridge, and tidal channel). This resulted in the formation of a fifth-order sequence stratigraphy, comprised of the parasequence of the late stage of the last interstadial (Para-Sq2), including the highstand and forced regressive wedge system tracts (HST and FRWST), and the parasequence of the postglacial period (Para-Sq1), including the transgressive and highstand system tracts (TST and HST). The tidal sand ridges likely began to develop during the postglacial transgression as sea-level rise covered the middle Jiangsu coast at ca. 9.0 cal ka BP. These initially sub- merged tidal sand ridges were constantly migrating until the southward migration of the Yel- low River mouth to the northern Jiangsu coast during AD 1128 to 1855. The paleo-Xiyang tidal channel that was determined by the paleo-tidal current field and significantly different Received: 2012-07-28 Accepted: 2012-08-20 Foundation: National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program), No.2013CB956500; National Natural Science Foundation of China, Nos.40776023 & 40872107; Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment in Jiangsu Offshore Area, Nos.JS-908-01-05 & JS-908-01-101; Special Fund for Marine Scientific Research in the Pub- lic Interest, No.201005006; Special Fund for Land and Resources Research in the Public Interest, No.201011019; China State-Sponsored Postgraduate Study Aboard Program, No.2011619035 Author: Xia Fei, Ph.D. Candidate, specialized in coastal ocean geomorphology and sedimentology. E-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author: Zhang Yongzhan, Ph.D. and Associate Professor, specialized in coastal ocean geomorphology and sedimentology. E-mail: [email protected] www.geogsci.com springerlink.com/content/1009-637X 884 Journal of Geographical Sciences from the modern one, was in existence during the Holocene transgressive maxima and lasted until AD 1128. Following the capture of the Huaihe River in AD 1128 by the Yellow River, the paleo-Xiyang tidal channel was infilled with a large amount of river-derived sediments from AD 1128 to 1855, causing the emergence of some of the previously submerged tidal sand ridges. From AD 1855 to the present, the infilled paleo-Xiyang tidal channel has undergone scouring, resulting in its modern form. The modern Xiyang tidal channel continues to widen and deepen, due both to strong tidal current scouring and anthropogenic activities. Keywords: Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3); South Yellow Sea; middle Jiangsu coast; tidal sand ridge; tidal chan- nel; sedimentary environment; radiocarbon dating; seismic stratigraphy; sequence stratigraphy 1 Introduction Since Marine Isotope Stage 5 (MIS 5, i.e., 125 ka BP), the evolution of sedimentary envi- ronments along China’s continental shelves and coastal plains was primarily controlled by global sea-level cycles and sediments supplied by big paleo-rivers (Wang et al., 2006, 2007, 2012a, 2012b). The in-depth stratigraphic correlations between coastal plains and offshore areas are in progress (Wang and Tian, 1999), and a large body of research on offshore sedi- ment cores, seismic stratigraphy, and high resolution analyses of sediment cores of coastal plains are also on going (Marsset et al., 1996; Zhang and Li, 1996; Li et al., 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006; Saito et al., 1998; Liu et al., 2000, 2007; Hori et al., 2001, 2002; Berné et al., 2002; Wang et al., 2002, 2012a; Yoo et al., 2002; Wellner and Bartek, 2003; Liu et al., 2004; Liu and Xia, 2004; Liu et al., 2007, 2009, 2010; Wang and Li, 2009). All these achievements promise to enrich our understanding of worldwide river-sea interactions while also further- ing our knowledge of sequence stratigraphic theory. The origin of the radial sand ridge field (RSRF) of the South Yellow Sea (SYS) off the northern Jiangsu coast is due to river-sea interaction (Wang et al., 2012a). The RSRF is a large sandy deposit on the western SYS to which some large- and medium-sized rivers de- liver abundant sediments both during the geological and current periods, such as the Chang- jiang River, Yellow River and Huaihe River. The RSRF also serves as a typical model for the land-sea interactions in the eastern China coasts (Figure 1). Xiyang, which is located in the northwest RSRF, is the largest tidal channel off the middle Jiangsu coast. Since the 1980s, many scholars have studied the marine geomorphology, sedimentology and Quaternary ge- ology of the Xiyang tidal channel and its adjacent areas (Zhu and Xu, 1982; Cong et al., 1984; Ren et al., 1986; Zhang, 1992; Zhang et al., 1992; Wang et al., 1993, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2012a; Zhu and Gong, 1994; Wang et al., 1995a, 1995b, 1997, 1998; You et al., 1998; Zhu et al., 1999; Chen et al., 2007; Gao, 2009; Huang et al., 2009; Yin and Zhang, 2010; Liu et al., 2011; Ying et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2012). From these investigations it was rec- ognized that the Xiyang tidal channel was caused by tidal current scouring and that it de- veloped since the middle Holocene transgression, and its surface and subsurface sediments are genetically related to the subaqueous deltas of the paleo-Changjiang and paleo-Yellow Rivers, with the mud fraction perhaps influenced more by the paleo-Yellow River Delta (Wang et al., 1993, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2012a). The studies on sediment cores of coastal plains, tidal flats and tidal channels also have enriched the knowledge of the RSRF (Cong et al., 1984; Fu and Zhu, 1986; Zhang et al., 1992; Wang et al., 1993, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2012a; Wang et al., 1995a, 1995b, 1997, 1998; Zhu et al., 1999; Li et al., 2001; Yin and Zhang, XIA Fei et al.: Evolution of sedimentary environments of the middle Jiangsu coast since late MIS 3 885 Figure 1 Satellite remote sensing imagery (OrbView-2 SeaWiFS imagery, imaging time: 10/08/1997) of Jiangsu coast and adjacent regions, showing the location of main sediment cores (light blue dots) and shallow seismic profiles (A–A’, B–B’, C–C’, D–D’, E–E’) 2010). However, prior to this investigation, studies on the evolution of depositional envi- ronments within the Xiyang tidal channel since late MIS 3 (Cong et al., 1984; Zhang et al., 1992; Wang et al., 1993, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2012a; Wang et al., 1995a, 1995b, 1997, 1998; Li et al., 2001; Yin and Zhang, 2010) lacked the application of sequence stratigraphic theory. In this paper, we utilize the published data from core 07SR01 recovered from the Xiyang tidal channel (Yin and Zhang, 2010) and supplement many analyses of up-to-date laboratory testing data from core 07SR01, to make the in-depth correlations with shallow seismic pro- files that cross the Xiyang channel, which were collected in 1994 and 2007, along with addi- tional correlations between core 07SR01 and adjacent published sediment cores and analy- ses of other referenced shallow seismic profiles. The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the evolution of sedimentary environments of the middle Jiangsu coast since late MIS 3, and also to update previous study results using multidisciplinary methods (e.g., geomorphology, sedimentology, radiocarbon dating, seismic and sequence stratigraphy), so as to promote further research endeavors into the nature of local and regional sea-level changes since MIS 886 Journal of Geographical Sciences 3, and land-sea interactions of this region and other subsiding coasts. The results presented here would also be favorable for Jiangsu Province to take advantage of this deep tidal chan- nel to develop Dafeng Port on muddy coasts in a sensible way. 2 Regional settings The Xiyang tidal channel is off the middle Jiangsu coast and located in the northwest RSRF. It is about 80 km long and 12 to 25 km wide and trends NNW-SSE. The west side of the Xiyang tidal channel is boarded by broad tidal flats and several small rivers empty into the SYS. The largest sandbank of the RSRF, Dongsha, is located along the southeast side of the Xiyang tidal channel. The Xiyang tidal channel is connected with
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