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!! v_o_l_u_rn_e_l_ • Part II Living Resources
CACHE RIvER AREA ASSESSMENT
NATURAL RESOURCES CACHE RIvER AREA ASSESSMENT VOLUMEl PART II
LIVING RESOURCES
Illinois Department ofNatural Resources Office of Scientific Research and Analysis Natural History Survey Division 607 East Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820
March 1997
800/1997 Printed by the authority ofthe State ofIllinois other CTAP Publications
The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends • Summary Report • Volume I: Air Resources • Volume 2: Water Resources • Volume 3: Ecological Resources • Volume 4: Earth Resources • Volume 5: Waste Generation andManagement • Volume 6: Sources ofEnvironmental Stress • Volume 7: Bibliography The Rock River Country: An Inventory ofthe Region's Resources Rock River Area Assessment Annual Report I 995, Illinois RiverWatch Network Stream Monitoring Manual, Illinois RiverWatch Network PLAN-IT EARTH, Flowing Waters Module PLAN-IT EARTH, Forest Module Forest Monitoring Manual, Illinois ForestWatch Illinois Land Cover, An Atlas, plus CD-ROM Inventory ofEcologically Resource-Rich Areas in Illinois Illinois Geographic Information System, CD-ROM of digital geospatial data
All CTAP and Ecosystems Program documents are available from the DNR Clearinghouse at (217) 782-7498 or TDD (217) 782-9175. They are also available on the World Wide Web at http://dnr.state.il.us/ctap/ctaphome.htm, or http://dnr.state.il.us/c2000/manage/partner.htm, as well as on the EcoForum Bulletin Board at I (800) 528-5486 or (217) 782-8447.
For more information about CTAP, call (217) 524-0500 or e-mail atctap2@dnrmai\.state.i\.us; for information on the Ecosystems Program call (217) 782-7940 or e-mail at [email protected].
The lllinois Department ofNatural Resources receives federal financial assistance and therefore must comply with federalanli discrimination laws. In compliance with the lUinois Human Rights Act, the lUinois Constitution. Title VI ofthe 1964 Civil Rights Act, Section 504 ofthe Rehabilitation Act of 1973 as amended, and the U.S. Constitution., the Illinois Department ofNatural Resources does not discriminate on the basis ofrace, color, sex, national origin, age or disability. Ifyou believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity or facility please contact the Equal Employment Opportunity Officer, Department ofNatural Resources, 524 S. Second St.. Springfield, IL 62701-1787. (217) 782-7616, or the Office of Human Rights, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 20240.
All public meetings conducted by the Department ofNatural Resources will be accessible to handicapped individuals in compliance with Executive Order No.5 and pertinent state and federal la",.{s, upon notification ofthe anticipated attendance. Handicapped persons planning to attend and needing special acconunodations should infonn the Department ofNatural Resources at least five days prior to the meeting by telephoning or writing the Equal Employment Opportunity Officer. Department ofNatural Resources, 524 S. Second St.. Springfield, IL 62701-1787, phone (217) 782-7616.
Department ofNatural Resources information is available to the hearing impaired by calling DNR's Teleconununications Device for the Deaf (217) 782-9175. The Arneritech Relay Number is (800) 526-0844.
ii About This Report
The Cache River Area Assessment examines an area that includes the majority of the Cache River watershed in extreme southern Illinois. Because significant natural community and species diversity is found in the area, it has been designated a state Resource Rich Area.
This report is part ofa series ofreports on Illinois Resource Rich Areas where a public private partnership has been formed. These assessments provide information on the natural and human resources ofthe areas as a basis for managing and improving their ecosystems. The determination ofresource rich areas and development ofecosystem-based information and management programs in TIlinois are the result ofthree processes -- the Critical Trends Assessment Program, the Conservation Congress, and the Water Resources and Land Use Priorities Task Force.
Background
The Critical Trends Assessment Program (CTAP) documents changes in ecological conditions. In 1994, using existing information, the program provided a baseline of ecological conditions. 1 Three conclusions were drawn from the baseline investigation:
1. the emission and discharge of regulated pollutants over the past 20 years has declined, in some cases dramatically, 2. existing data suggest that the condition of natural ecosystems in Illinois is rapidly declining as a result offragmentation and continued stress, and 3. data designed to monitor compliance with environmental regulations or the status of individual species are notsufficient to assess ecosystem health statewide.
Based on these findings, CTAP has begun to develop methods to systematically monitor ecological conditions and provide information for ecosystem-based management. Five components make up this effort:
1. identify resource rich areas, 2. conduct regional assessments, 3. publish an atlas and inventory ofIllinois landcover, 4. train volunteers to collect ecological indicator data, and 5. develop an educational science curriculum which incorporates data collection
I See The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends, summary report and volumes 1-7.
iii
------At the same time that CTAP was publishing its baseline findings, the Illinois Conservation Congress and the Water Resources and Land Use Priorities Task Force were presenting their respective findings. These groups agreed with the CTAP conclusion that the state's ecosystems were declining. Better stewardship was needed, and they determined that a voluntary, incentive-based, grassroots approach would be the most appropriate, one that recognized the inter-relatedness ofeconomic development and natural resource protection and enhancement.
From the three initiatives was born Conservation 2000, a six-year program to begin reversing ecosystem degradation, primarily through the Ecosystems Program, a cooperative process of public-private partnerships that are intended to merge natural resource stewardship with economic and recreational development. To achieve this goal, the program will provide financial incentives and technical assistance to private landowners. The Rock River and Cache River were designated as the first Ecosystem Partnership areas.
At the same time, CTAP identified 30 Resource Rich Areas (RRAs) throughout the state. In RRAs where Ecosystem Partnerships have been formed, CTAP is providing an assessment of the area, drawing from ecological and socio-economic databases to give an overview ofthe region's resources -- geologic, edaphic, hydrologic, biotic, and socio-economic. Although several ofthe analyses are somewhat restricted by spatial andlor temporallirnitations ofthe data, they help to identifY information gaps and additional opportunities and constraints to establishing long-term monitoring programs in the partnership areas.
The Cache River Assessment
The Cache River originates near Cobden in Union County and has a total length of 176 kilometers (110 miles). The Cache River Basin covers nearly the entire tip of southern 2 2 Illinois and drains 1,537 km (959 rni , 614,100 acres) in parts ofAlexander, Johnson, Massac, Pope, Pulaski, and Union counties (Figure 1). The assessment area runs the entire length ofthe Cache River and includes most ofthe Upper and Lower Cache watersheds.
The Cache River Assessment Watersheds (CRAW) encompass 19 ofthe 21 (IEPA) 305b watershedsl identified in the basin -- all ofthose that include portions ofor drain into the Cache River. (Figure 2) The 19 watersheds cover approximately 835 mi2 (534,786 acres).The existence and maintenance of many significant natural community features in the Cache River Basin are directly related to its natural and managed hydrology, which is described in detail in Volume 1.
I Illinois Environmental Protection Agency 305b reporting watersheds were the unit of analysis used in the statewide screening for Resource Rich Areas. This same physical context has been adopted for the assessment of ecological resources within recognized RRAs.
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Location ofthe Cache River Assessment Watersheds. Cache River Basin and Assessment Watersheds. There are several hundred landowners within the area, with the majority of land (89%) being held in private ownership. Public land in the area totals more than 59,500 acres.
The assessment is comprised of four major parts in two volumes. Volume 1 contains Water Resources which summarizes air quality, climate and surface and ground water quality; and Living Resources which describes terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna of the area.
In Volume 2, the Socio-Economic Profile discusses the demographics, infrastructure, and economy of the area, focusing on the five counties with the greatest amount ofland in the watershed area -- Alexander, Johnson, Massac, Pulaski and Union counties. Also in this volume, Early Accounts ofthe Ecology ofthe Cache River Area describes the ecology ofthe area as recorded by historical writings of explorers, pioneers, eady visitors and early historians.
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PART II LIVING RESOURCES Contributors
Project Coordinator Anne Mankowski
Assessment Summay Anne Mankowski
Authors Anne Mankowski, Illinois Natural History Survey David Baker, Office of Realty and Environmental Planning Karen Miller, Office of Realty and Environmental Planning
GENERAL SITE DESCRIPTION Author Anne Mankowski, Illinois Natural History Survey
BIOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT NATURAL COMMUNITY FEATURES Author Anne Mankowski, Illinois Natural History Survey Contributors Don McFall, Illinois Nature Preserves Commission Jim Herkert, Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board
CONSERVATION PROGRAMS, PARTNERSHIPS, AND PROJECTS Author Anne Mankowski, Illinois Natural History Survey Contributors Don McFall, Illinois Nature Preserves Commission Gerald Updike, United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Max Hutchison, The Nature Conservancy of Illinois Bill White, Office of Realty and Environmental Planning
NATURAL COMMUNITIES TERRESTRIAL COMMUNITIESIVEGETATION DESCRIPTIONS Authors John Taft, Illinois Natural History Survey Anne Mankowski, Illinois Natural History Survey Contributors John Schwegman, Division of Natural Heritage Bob Lindsay, Division of Natural Heritage K. Andrew West, Office of Land Management and Education
TERRESTRIAL WILDLIFE Introduction Author Anne Mankowski, Illinois Natural History Survey
Birds Authors Scott Robinson, Illinois Natural History Survey Jim Herkert, Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board
Mammals Authors Joyce Hofmann, Illinois Natural History Survey Ed Heske, Illinois Natural History Survey
Amphibians and Reptiles Author Christopher A. Phillips, Illinois Natural History Survey
2-ii Caves and their Biota Author Donald W. Webb, Illinois Natural History Survey
Land Snails Author Anne Mankowski, minois Natural History Survey Contributor Max Hutchison, The Nature Conservancy of Illinois
AQUATIC COMMUNITIES Introduction Authors Lawrence M. Page, Illinois Natural History Survey Christine A. Mayer, Illinois Natural History Survey Kevin S. Cummings, Illinois Natural History Survey Anne Mankowski, Illinois Natural History Survey
AQUATIC WILDLIFE Fishes Authors Lawrence M. Page, Illinois Natural History Survey Christine A. Mayer, Illinois Natural History Survey
Mussels Authors Kevin S. Cummings, Illinois Natural History Survey Christine A. Mayer, Illinois Natural History Survey
Crustaceans Authors Lawrence M. Page, Illinois Natural History Survey Christine A. Mayer, Illinois Natural History Survey
Macroinvertebrates Author Mark J. Wetzel, Illinois Natural History Survey
Acknowledgements
Special thanks are extended to: Gerald Updike, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, reviewed portions of the manuscript and provided a great deal of information regarding many aspects of the project and especially the Cypress Creek Wildlife Refuge; Max Hutchison, The Nature Conservancy of Illinois, made numerous contributions to and reviewed several portions of the manuscript; John Penberthy, The Nature Conservancy of Illinois, provided information regarding the Nature Conservancy's Cache River Bioreserve; Mark Joselyn, Liane Suloway, and Kate Hunter, Illinois Natural History Survey, provided Illinois Natural Heritage Database information and created maps; Mark Joselyn and Charlie Warwick, Illinois Natural History Survey, created figures 1-20; Charlie Warwick, Illinois Natural History Survey, conducted final formalling and editing of the text and figures. Thanks also to the following individuals who offered a variety of assistance: Bob Lindsey, Don McFall, John Schwegman, and Bill White, Illinois Department of Natural Resources; and Jeff Hoover, Trina Simpson, and Charlie Warwick, Illinois Natural History Survey.
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Table of Contents
Summary 2-1 Conservation Programs, Partnerships, and Projects 2-5 Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention) 2-5 Cache River Watershed Consortium 2-5 Cache River Wetlands Project 2-8 United States Fish and Wildlife Service 2-8 Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge 2-8 Bellrose Waterfowl Reserve 2-10 Illinois Department of Natural Resources 2-10 Cache River State Natural Area 2-10 National Natural Landmark 2-10 Illinois Nature Preserves 2-10 The Nature Conservancy 2-12 Cache River Bioreserve Project : 2-12 Ducks Unlimited Incorporated : 2-12 Cache River Watershed Resource Planning Committee 2-12 Citizens Committee to Save the Cache River. 2-12 Living Resources 2-15 General Site Description 2-15 Climate 2-15 Physiography and Natural Divisions 2-15 Soils 2-16 Biologically Significant Natural Community Features 2-17 Illinois Natural Areas Inventory 2-17 Special Status Species 2-24 Terrestrial Natural Communities 2-29 Vegetation Introduction 2-29 Modem Vegetation History 2-29 Threatened and Endangered Species .. , 2-31 Natural CommunitieslVegetation Descriptions 2-31 Floodplain Forest and Swamp 2-31 Floodplain Forest 2-31 Wet Floodplain Forest 2-33 Wet-mesic Floodplain Forest 2-34 Mesic Floodplain Forest 2-34 Swamp 2-35 Flatwoods, Upland Forests, and Barrens 2-46 Southern Flatwoods 2-46 Southern Flatwoods (wet) 2-47 Southern Flatwoods (mesic) 2-47 Southern Flatwoods (dry) 2-48 Upland Forest 2-48 Wet-mesic Upland Forest 2-49 Mesic Upland Forest 2-49 Dry-mesic Upland Forest 2-49 Dry Upland Forest 2-50 Xeric Upland Forest 2-50 Barrens 2-51 Primary Communities 2-63 Glades and Cliffs 2-63 Sandstone Glade 2-63 Sandstone Cliff 2-64
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Limestone Glade 2-64 Limestone Cliff 2-65 Shale Glades and Cliffs 2-65 Prairie and Successional Field 2-69 Prairie 2-69 Limestone Hill Prairie 2-69 Loess Hill Prairie 2-70 Mesic to Wet-mesic Prairie 2-70 Successional Field 2-70 Non-native Plant Species 2·77 Terrestrial Wildlife 2·84 Introduction 2-84 Birds 2-84 Introduction 2-84 Forest 2-92 Typical Species 2-92 Unique and Rare Species 2-93 Population Notes 2-93 Habitat Notes 2-93 SavannaJBarrens Communities 2-95 Typical Species 2-95 Unique and Rare Species 2-95 Population Notes 2-95 Habitat Notes 2-95 Grassland 2-95 Typical Species 2-95 Unique and Rare Species 2-95 Population Notes 2-96 Habitat Notes 2-96 Wetlands 2-96 -Typical-Species 2-96 Unique and Rare Species : : : .-.: 2·96 Population Notes 2-97 Habitat Notes 2-97 Mammals 2-97 Forest 2-97 Typical Species 2-97 Threatened and Endangered Species 2-100 Habitat Notes 2-100 Unique and Rare Species 2-102 Exotic Species 2-102 Infonnation Gaps 2-102 Grassland 2-103 Introduction 2-103 Typical Species 2-103 Threatened and Endangered Species 2-103 Unique and Rare Species 2-103 Exotic Species 2-103 Infonnation Gaps 2-103 Wetland 2-103 Typical Species 2-103 Threatened and Endangered Species 2-104 Habitat Notes 2-104 Unique and Rare Species 2-104 Exotic Species 2-105 Infonnation Gaps 2-105 2-vi Amphibians and Reptiles 2-105 Field Surveys 2-105 State/Cache River Assessment Commission 2-105 Threatened and Endangered Species 2-109 Unique Occurrences and Distributions 2-110 Population Notes 2-111 Habitat Notes 2-111 Exotic SpeCies 2-111 Caves and Their Biota 2·111 Introduction 2- I II Cave Descriptions 2-118 Land Snails 2·125 Introduction 2-125 Land Snails in Southern Illinois 2-126 Species of the Cache Ri ver Assessment Watersheds 2-126 Unique or Rare Species 2-126 Habitat Notes 2-126 Information Gaps 2-128 Aquatic Natural Communities 2·131 Introduction 2-131 Impoundments 2-131 Water Quality 2-132 Streams ~ 2-132 Water Quality 2-134 Biologically Significant Illinois Streams 2-134 Aquatic Wildlife 2-136 Fishes 2-136 Mussels 2-140 Crustaceans , 2-144 Aquatic Macroinvertebrates Exclusive of Crustacea and Mollusca 2-146
References Cited 2-155
Appendix A: Species Cited in this Report 2-167
Appendix B: Tables from Robinson, S.K., and J.K. Hoover. 1995. Effects of landscape fragmenta tion on migrant songbirds: implications for floodplain restoration 2-201 Figures J. Location of Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-2 2. Cache River Basin and Assessment Watersheds 2-3 3. Public Land within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-6 4. Illinois Nature Preserves within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds , 2-13 5. Natural Divisions of Illinois. after Schwegman 1973 2-14 6. Illinois Natural Areas Inventory sites within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-18 7. Land cover: upland forest, bottomland forest, and wetland in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds2-30 8. Vegetation survey areas within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-32 9. Bird survey IDeations within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-85 10. Mammal survey and historic record locations within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-98 11. Amphibian and reptile survey and historic record locations within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-1 06 12. Herpetofaunal divisions of Illinois. after Smith 1961 2-107 13. Cave biota survey locations within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-120 14. Land snail survey and historic record locations within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds .. 2-127
2-vii 15. Streams of the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-133 16. Biologically Significant Illinois Stream segments within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds, in cluding the Ohio River 2-135 17. Fish survey locations within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds including the Ohio River .. 2-137 18. Mussel survey locations within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds icluding the Ohio River2 -141 19. Crustacean survey locations within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds including the Ohio River : 2-145 20. Aquatic macroinvertebrate survey locations within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds including the Ohio River 2-147 Tables 1. Land use acreages for each of 19 watersheds within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-7 2. Public land acreage within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-9 3. Illinois Nature Preserves within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-1 I 4. Illinois Natural Areas Inventory sites within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-19 5. Illinois endangered and threatened species documented for the Cache River Assessment Watersheds : 2-25 6. Public land, Illinois Natural Areas Inventory, Illinois Nature Preserve acres, and Biologically Significant Illinois Stream segments within the Cache River Watersheds 2-28 7. Vascular plant species of swamp and floodplain forest habitats in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-37 8. Vascular plant species of flatwoods, upland forests, and barrens in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-52 9. Vascular plant species of cliff and glade communities in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds , 2-65 10. Vascular plant species of prairie and disturbed habitats including successional fields in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-71 JI. Exotic plant species known from natural communities (including succesional field and rights-of-way) in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-78 12. Exotic/non-native plant species that require management attention in publicly managed lands in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-80 13. Breeding birds recorded within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds : 2-86 14. Mammals that oCCur in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-97 15. Endangered and threatened mammal species known to occur in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-100 16. Amphibians and reptiles whose ranges are included in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds .. 2-105 17. Habitat preferences of the amphibians and reptiles of the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-112 18. Cave biota of the Cache River Basin : 2-114 19. Land snail species collected from sites within tbe Cache River Assessment Watersheds during the 1930's and the 1980's 2-129 20. Impoundments of the Cache River Assessment Watersheds 2-132 21. Freshwater fishes recorded from the Cache River Assessment Watersheds including the Ohio River 2-138 22. Freshwater mussels recorded from the Cache River Assessment Watersheds including the Ohio River 2-140 23. Freshwater crustaceans recorded from the Cache River Assessment Watersheds including the Ohio River ...... 2-144 24. Aquatic macroinvertebrates recorded from the Cache River Assessment Watersheds including the Ohio River 2-146
2-viii Summary As part of Phase II ofthe Critical Trends Assessment Project (CTAP), a regional assessment of the status of natural resources is planned for each model Resource Rich Area (RRA) and for RRAs where a local partnership forms and becomes recognized by the Illinois Depart ment of Natural Resources. These assessments will also serve as a basis for implementing a standardized long-term ecological monitoring program by compiling baseline data and identifying information gaps. This Cache River Area Assessment is the second in this se ries. The Cache River Assessment Watersheds (CRAW) is an aggregation of 19 Illinois Environmental Protection Agency 305b reporting watersheds I and covers approximately 835 mi2 (534,786 acres) or 1.5% of the land area of the state. Currently, private ownership accounts for over 481,000 acres (89% of the land area) while public land (state and feder ally owned) exceeds 59,500 acres (11 % of the land area). Land cover data suggest the area is approximately 32% agriculture, 31.5% grassland, 26% upland forest, 2% urban, 1% wa ter, 7% bottomland forest, and 0.5% wetland. A summary of features follows: The Cache River originates near Cobden in Union County and the total length of the river is 110 miles. The Cache River Basin covers nearly the entire tip of southern Illinois and drains 959 mi2 (614,100 acres) in parts ofAlexander, Johnson, Massac, Pope, Pulaski, and Union counties (Figure 1); the CRAW includes all of these counties except Pope (Fig ure 2). The Cache River Basin marks the geographical point where the last invasion of the sea into the Midwest reached its northernmost limit and it lies just south of the southern most extent of the continental glaciers. It is one of only five other places in the United States where four or more physiographic regions come together and it occupies portions of three natural divisions - Shawnee Hills, Coastal Plain, and Ozark, resulting in significant biological diversity. The wetlands of the Cache are among only 15 sites in the U.S. recognized as "Wet lands of International Importance" by the (UNESCO) Ramsar Convention. The unique natural resources of the area have also been designated for protection by the development of conservation areas such as Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge and Cache River State Natural Area, and conservation partnerships such as the Cache River Consortium and the Cache River Wetlands Joint Venture Project. The area contains 3 National Natural Landmarks, 60 Illinois Natural Areas Inventory (INAI) sites, 9 Illinois Nature Preserves, and is known for 104 Illinois endangered and threatened species, including 7 federally endangered and threatened species.
Terrestrial Resources Vegetation The unique and extensive complex of natural communities within the CRAW have earned state, federal, and international recognition for their biological significance. Forty-seven state listed plants (35 Illinois endangered and 12 Illinois threatened) are reported for the area. The forests ofthe CRAW contain II state champion trees and cover over 32% (173,414 acres) of the area. Upland forest, including areas of flatwoods and barrens, covers approxi mately 141,264 acres. This total includes 418 acres (0.3% ofthe state total) of high-quality INAI upland forest and 13 acres (23% of the state total) of high-quality INAI barrens. Bottomland forest covers approximately 32,150 acres, including over 690 acres (11.5% of the state total) of high-quality INAI floodplain forest. Eighteen percent (5,279 acres) of the state's swamp, including 1,899 acres (91 % of the state total) of high-quality INAI swamp and 128 acres (43% of the state total) of high-quality INAI shrub swamp are located in the CRAW. The vast wetland complex that includes s\yamps and bottomland forests provides habitat for over 50 Illinois endangered and threatened (plant and animal) species. Prairie was not very common in this region of the state and no high-quality INAI sites have been recognized. Virtually all ofthe grassland identified within the CRAW, about 168,607 acres, is successional field or pasture. Forty-three caves (II % of those known in the state), con taining a wide diversity of biota, have been located in the CRAW.
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Figure J. Location afthe Cache River Assessment Watersheds. 2-2 Figure 2. Cache River Basin and Assessment Watersheds.
2-3 Wildlife There are 128 native breeding bird species (43% of the state total) in the CRAW, including 20 (48% of the state total) of Illinois' endangered and threatened species. Populations of between 20-50 Illinois and federally endangered bald eagles winter in the cypress trees lining Horseshoe Lake State Conservation Area. There are also historical records of local populations of two globally extinct and one Illinois extirpated species. Mammals in the area constitute 82% (49 species) of those native to Illinois, including 8 (89%) state endan gered and threatened species. Forested habitats in southern Illinois are the only areas of the state where the Illinois endangered Rafinesque's big-eared bat and southeastern myotis (bat) occur and may be the only place in the state where the Illinois and federally endan gered gray myotis (bat) resides during the summer. The 74 native species of herpetofauna found here represent 76% of the amphibian and 72% of the reptile species known for the state. Twelve herpeti1es are Illinois endangered or threatened species (67% of the state total) and two are listed as Illinois watch list species. Two Illinois endangered species, dusky salamander and broad-banded water snake, are known in Illinois only from this area and four additional species reach the northern limits of their distribution here. Twenty-six land snail taxa (22% of the state total) have been identified from a variety of habitats within the CRAW.
Aquatic Resources Impoundments There are 6,330 impoundments, totaling 10,722 acres in the five-county (Alexander, Johnson, Massac, Pulaski, and Union) area of the CRAW. Water quality assessed for overall uses by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) ranged from "partial support/moder ate impairment" (impaired to a degree that inhibits the water body from meeting all the needs for that designated use) to "full support" (meets the needs of all designated uses protected by applicable water quality standards). Impoundments in the CRAW provide habitat for a diversity of aquatic wildlife. Wetland communities associated with some im poundments, such as Horseshoe Lake State Conservation Area, also provide valuable habi tat for numerous terrestrial species including tens of thousands of wintering and migratory ducks and geese each year.
Streams The CRAW encompasses all streams that flow into the Cache River and includes the por tion of the Ohio River Drainage that most strongly influences the Cache River Drainage the area including the Post Creek Cutoff and the original confluence of the Cache River south of Mound City, Illinois. Nearly all Cache Basin stream segments monitored for over all use water quality by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency were rated as "partial support/minor impairment" (impaired, but only to a minor degree). Exceptions include a "full support" rating (meets the needs of all designated uses protected by applicable water quality standards) for Lick Creek and a "partial support/moderate impairment" rating (im paired to a degree that inhibits the water body from meeting all the needs for that designated use) for a 5.5 mile section of the Upper Cache River. Based on water quality and aquatic biodiversity, a total of 52 miles of Biologically Significant Illinois Streams are recognized from segments of the Cache River and Limekiln Slough, Horseshoe Lake and Lake Creek, and the Ohio River. Streams and associated wetlandlbotlomland forest natural communi ties in the CRAW, such as Little Black Slough-Heron Pond Nature Preserve and Limekiln Slough, provide habitat for a wide variety of aquatic and terrestrial wildlife.
Wildlife The streams of the CRAW are known to support 84 native freshwater fish species, 47 native mussel species, and 34 native crustacean species. Statewide, these numbers represent 44% of the fish species known, including 4 (13% of the state total) Illinois endangered and threat ened species and 60% of the mussel species known, including 11 (44% of the state total)
2-4 Illinois endangered and threatened species. Of these special status mussel species, two are also federally endangered. Three additional species are federally endangered and consid ered extinct, and three are federal candidates. All special status mussel species were re corded from the Ohio River. The 34 native crustacean species include 3 (25% of the state total) Illinois endangered and threatened. Over 430 species of aquatic macroinvertebrates (exclusive ofcrustaceans and mollusks) have been recorded for the area including one spe cies ofaquatic worm that is endemic to the Cache River Basin and three species of flies that have distributions in Illinois limited to the Cache River Basin. Among other significant features, this region contains Horseshoe Lake State Conservation Area, an abandoned ox bow of an old meander of the Mississippi River, which is one of the most biologically diverse aquatic systems in Illinois. The Horseshoe Lake ecosystem supports an Illinois endangered crayfish, Orconectes lancifer, the Illinois endangered cypress minnow, the Illi nois threatened bantam sunfish, and many other fish species with limited distributions in Illinois. Conservation Programs, Partnerships, and Projects in the Cache River Area There is a long history of conservation programs, partnerships, and projects in the Cache River area. Cooperative programs and projects are described below. Participating parties are indicated in parenthesis following each project title.
Wetlands of International Importance - Recognized by the Ramsar Convention on Wet lands oflntemationallmportance-especially as Waterfowl Habitat (United Nations Edu cation, Science, and Cultural Organization [UNESCO]) The UNESCO Ramsar Convention, named after its first meeting place of Ramsar, Iran, on November I, 1994 approved an application submitted by the Joint Venture Partner ship that designates the Cache River and Cypress Creek Wetlands for inclusion in a "List of Wetlands of International Importance." Ramsar recognizes the special value of 775 wet land locations in 92 countries. These Illinois wetlands are one of only 15 such sites in the United States to date. The Cache River-Cypress Creek Wetlands were selected because of its critical breeding, wintering, and migratory waterfowl and shorebirds using the Missis sippi flyway. Inclusion on the "List" does not impose regulatory restrictions, but does impose sustainable utilization of the wetlands. Sustainable utilization is defined by the Ramsar Convention as "human use of a wetland so that it may yield the greatest continuous benefit to present generations while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspira tions of future generations." The Joint Venture Partnership shares the view of sustainable utilization and will continue to manage the site under this wise use protocol. Dedication of the site was May 4, 1996 which coincided with the 25th anniversary of the Ramsar Conven tion (Bill White [IDNR] pers. com.; Jerry Updike [USFWS] pers. corn.).
Cache River Consortium 1994 A Memorandum of Agreement was signed by 11 entities regarding resource management of the Cache River Watershed. They agreed to "meet on a semi-annual basis and work together on issues of research, protection, conservation, man agement, restoration, use of natural resources, and the environment of the Cache River Basin, targeting areas where a cooperative interagency approach will facilitate the accom plishment of mutual goals". The signatories are: State of Illinois - Department of Conser vation (now Illinois Department of Natural Resources), Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Illinois Natural History Survey, Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Illinois State Water Survey, and Southern Illinois University; Federal Government - Forest Ser vice, Soil Conservation Service (now Natural Resources Conservation Service), Army Corps of Engineers, and Fish And Wildlife Service, and The Nature Conservancy.
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.~--~---- ~-~------,
Figure 3. Public land within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds.
Illinois Department of Natural Resources Land
Federal Land'
Shawnee NF Proclamation Boundary
• Approved Purchase Unit Boundary Shown for Cypress Creek NWR.
2-6 Table 1. Land use acreages for each of 19 watersheds within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds. Source: the Land Cover Database oflllinois, 1991-1995 (lDENR, 1995).
Basin # Total Agricult. Grassland Upland Wd, Urban Water BottomWd. Wetland Acres AcJ% AcJ% AcJ% AcJ% AcJ% AcJ% AcJ% I. 2.603.4 272.01 817.1/ 1.367.4/ 119.6/ 16.1/ 11.2/ 0.0/ 10.5% 31.4% 52.5% 4.6% 0.6% 0.4% 0.0%
2. 29.600.1 4.503.5/ 13.497.61 8.971.61 1.251.8 180.01 942.7/ 252.9/ 15.3% 45.6% 30.3% 4.2% 0.6% 3.2% 0.8%
3. 13.334.3 1.549.3/ 6.677.6/ 4,583.01 0.0/ 57.0/ 460.4/ 7.0/ 11.6% 50.1% 34.4% 0.0% 0.4% 3.4% 0.0%
4. 25,419.6 3.601.3/ 9.636.0/ 11.312.0/ 108.4/ 147.1/ 613.61 1.2/ 14.2% 37.9% 44.5% 0.4% 0.6% 2.4% 0.0%
5. 30.792.4 4.843.71 12.375.5/ 11.846.21 72.01 263.51 1.365.81 25.7/ 15.7% 40.2% 38.5% 0.2% 0.9% 4.4% 0,1%
6. 23.842,5 3.832.5/ 9.924.8/ 9.074.4/ 502.0/ 222.2/ 229.4/ 57.2/ 16.1% 41.6% 38.1% 2.1% 0.9% 1.0% 0.2%
7. 33.184.5 7.589.6 16.736.8/ 7.170.3/ 647.9/ 254.9/ 711.7/ 73.3/ 22.9% 50.4% 21.6% 2.0% 0.8% 2.1% 0.2%
8. 27.197.8 7.062.5/ 12.907.1/ 5,250,5/ 1.0/ 99.3/ 1,771.8/ 105.61 26.0% 47.4% 19.3% 0.0% 0,4% 6,5% 0,4%
9. 29.407.2 5,057.4/ 10,434.6/ 8,493.21 178.4/ 339.61 4.776.6/ 127.4/ 17.2% 35.5% 29.0% 0.6% 1.1% 16.2 0.4%
10. 1,563.9 316.9/ 220,4/ 427.3/ 0.01 0.0/ 594.5 4.8// 20.3% 14.1% 27.3% 0.0% 0.0% 38.0% 0.3%
II. 35,417.2 8.717.21 8.948.8/ 16,.163.61 390.8/ 123.0/ 1,048.9/ 24.9/ 24.6% 25.3% 45.6% 1.1% 0.3% 3.0% 0.1%
12. 3,034.1 1.558.5/ 627.8/ 495.3/ 99.3/ 7.0/ 241.8/ 4,4/ 51.4% 20.7% 16.3% 3.3% 0.2% 8.0% 0.1%
13. 63.952.5 33,224.01 15.826.21 6.096.5/ 572.6/ 372.7/ 7.068.91 791.61 52.0% 24.8% 9.5% 0.9% 0.6% 11.0% 1.2%
14. 39.854.8 18,053.5/ 11.823.9/ 6,214.9/ 0.0/ 460.8/ 2.943.21 358.5/ 45.3% 29.6% 15.6% 0.0% 1.2% 7,4% 0.9%
IS. 31.110.6 12,304.2/ 10.770.2/ 6.842.11 0.0/ 137.1/ 926.5/ 130.5/ 39.6% 34.6% 22.0% 0.0% 0.4% 3.0% 0,4%
16. 19.106.4 3.802.61 1.635.61 12.940.51 283.41 25.91 406.8/ 11.6/ 19.9% 8.6% 67.7% 1.5% 0.1% 2.1% 0.1% 17. 10.844,4 5,483.7/ 2,556.8/ 1.686.5/ 218.8/ 17.1/ 842.61 38.9/ 50.5% 23.6% 15.5% 2.0% 0.2% 7.8% 0.4%
2-7 Table 1 continued nasin # Total Agricult. Grassland Upland Wd. Orban Water Bottom Wd. Wetland Acres AcJ% AcJ% AcJ% AcJ% AcJ% AcJ% AcJ%
18. 41.130.2 19.322.61 3,278.4/ 8,823.7/ 157.6/ 1,555.1/ 7.681.7/ 311.1/ 47.0% 8.0% 2\.4% 0.4% 3.8% 18.7% 0.7%
19. 73.397.3 27.856.9/ 19,911.4/ 13.505.0/ 3,830.9/ 3.047.5/ * 4,791.3/ 447.4/ 38.0% 27.1% 18.4% 5.2% 4.2% 6.5% 0.6%
Totals: 534.786.3 168,951.9/ 168.606.6/ 141,264.0/ 8,434.5/ 7.325.9/ * 37,429.4/ 2,774.0/ 31.6% 31.5% 26.4% 1.6% lf4% 7.0% 0.5%
*- includes Ohio River ncrenge.
Cache River Wetlands Project 1993 (also referred to as the Cache River Wetlands Joint Venture) - (A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed by the Illinois Department of Conservation [now the Illinois Department of Natural Resources], U.S. Fisp and Wildlife Service, The Nature Conservancy, and Ducks Unlimited Inc.) The Cache River Wetlands Project (CRWP) is a cooperative effort among govern mental agencies, organizations, and individuals to acquire, preserve, and restore approxi mately 60,000 acres of wetlands, bluffs, upland and bottomland hardwood forests, and grass lands in southern Illinois. The Cache River wetlands area is a unique complex of wetlands, bottomland and upland forest, and agriculture. The wetlands and bottomland forests pro vide resting, feeding, and nesting habitat for as many as 20,000 geese and 15,000 ducks. The CRWP is a component ofthe North American Waterfowl Management Plan and its Lower Mississippi Valley Joint Venture which plans to restore as much of this wetland system, as is possible and practical, to its presettlement character. Joint Venture aquisitions include: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service currently owns 13,000 acres and has an authorized purchase goal of 36,000 acres (see below, Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge); Illi nois Department of Natural Resources currently owns over 20,000 acres (including the Cache River State Natural Area and Horseshoe Lake State Conservation Area); The Nature Conservancy owns 1,000 acres (Limekiln Spring Preserve); and Ducks Unlimited, Inc. which helped acquire and develop part of the Bellrose Waterfowl Reserve (see below). Additional organizations and agencies such as the Soil and Water Conservation District, Natural Re sources Conservation Service, Southern Illinois University, and Citizens Committee to save the Cache River, which are not part of the formal Joint Venture, also provide strong techni cal and research support and assistance. The four signatories are described below.
1. United States Fish and Wildlife Service Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge (United States Department of the Interior [USDI], Fish and Wildlife Service) Designation of the 36,000-acre Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge (CCNWR) was authorized June 29, 1990 by Environmental Assessment under the authority of the Emer gency Wetlands Resource Act of 1986. The CCNWR is one of over 500 Refuges across the nation. The emphasis at the CCNWR is on land acquisition, restoration, and the construc tion of a wetlands education center. Land acquisition within the approved purchase bound ary is funded through the Land and Water Conservation Fund. The Refuge is prioritized for acquisition under the New Madrid Wetlands Project (NMWP) which is a component of the Lower Mississippi Valley Joint Venture (LMVJV) of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP). The NMWP is one initiative in the Lower Mississippi Valley that focuses on protection, restoration, and management of bottomland forest and enhancement of waterfowl resources in the middle Mississippi and lower Ohio rivers region. The NMWP proposes acquisition, development, and manage
2-8 Table 2. Public land acreage within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (eRAW). Sources: Land and Water Report (IDOC,1994); Land Cover Database ofIlJinois, 1991· .1995 (IDENR 1995). Illinois Department of Natural Resources (total acreage) (acreage in CRAW) -Ferne Clyffe State Park (1,125) (all) (Includes: Round Bluff Nature Preserve) -Fort Defiance State Park (62) (all) -Fort Massac State Park (1,499) (137) -Horseshoe Lake State Conservation Area (10,570) (all) (Includes: Horseshoe Lake Nature Preserve) -Mermet Lake State Conservation Area (2,630) (all) (Includes: Mermet Swamp Nature Preserve) -Cache River State Natural Area Buttonland Swamp State Natural Area (3,031) (all) (Includes: Section 8 Woods Nature Preserve) Little Black Slough State Natural Area (6,480) (all) (Includes: Heron Pond, Wildcat Bluff, and Cave Creek Glade Nature Preserves) -Chestnut Hills Nature Preserve (272) (all) -Cypress Pond State Natural Area (313) (all) -Deer Pond Nature Preserve (154) (all) Total IDNR owned acreage in CRAW =24,773
Federal Agency (acreage in CRAW) United States Department of Agriculture Shawnee National Forest (approx.21,775) United States Department of the Interior Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge (all - 13,000) [purchase unit includes an additional 23,000 acres]
Total federally owned acreage in CRAW = 34,775 (including IOtal Purchase Unit area) =57,775
2-9 ment of forest and wetland habitat in the four cooperating states of Illinois, Indiana, Ken tucky, and Missouri. The LMVJV involves cooperation with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser vice, U.s. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Department of Agriculture, the States of Illinois, Missouri, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, and Mis sissippi, and private conservation organizations such as The Nature Conservancy and Ducks Unlimited, Inc. The NAWMP proposes protecting and enhancing about 6,000,000 acres of wetland habitat critical to waterfowl populations and provides for a joint venture approach. While the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is the primary federal agency responsible for management of the refuge, the refuge is part of and includes cooperative planning and management from agencies involved in the Cache River Wetlands Project (see above) (USDI 1990).
Frank Bellrose Wateifowl Reserve (Cypress Creek National Wildllife Refuge) The Frank Bellrose Waterfowl Reserve is part of an effort to purchase and restore 2,100 acres of wetlands, forest, and flood-prone farmland at the confluence of Big Creek and the Cache River, across from Limekiln Slough. Management of the reserve is directed toward the benefit of endangered species, waterfowl, and migratory birds. In 1990 Ducks Unlim ited Inc. acquired 1,000 acres and developed it with a ground water pump and moist soil units for waterfowl. The land has since been sold to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The Bellrose Waterfowl Reserve is also part of the Cache River Wetlands Project.
2. lIIinois Department of Natural Resources Cache River State Natural Area (Illinois Department of Natural Resources and the Illinois Nature Preserves Commission) The Cache River State Natural Area (CRSNA) is comprised of two management units: the Little Black Slough unit - 6,480 acres situated along the upper Cache River north ofBelknap, and the Lower Cache unit (Buttonland Swamp) - 3,031 acres situated along the-lower Cache River between Karnak and Perks. The state natural area contains four dedicated Illinois Nature Preserves: Heron Pond-Wildcat Bluff, Little Black Slough and Cave Creek Glade located in the Little Black Slough unit, and Section 8 Woods in the Lower Cache unit. Management of the natural area is generally directed toward protecting and enhancing the natural resources while providing for outdoor recreation. Critical habitat is managed to preserve and protect endangered, threatened and rare plants and animals. Nature preserve management is directed toward ensuring permanent protection of examples of some of the outstanding natural communities characteristic of southern Illinois. Little Black Slough and the Lower Cache Unit are also registered as National Natural Landmarks with the Na tional Park Service (see below, under National Natural Landmarks). The Cache River State Natural Area is also part of the Cache River Wetlands Project (see above).
National Natural Landmark (Illiniois Department of Natural Resources, United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service) There are three National Natural Landmarks occuring on Illinois Department of Natural Resources land within the CRAW: Little Black Slough, Lower Cache River Unit, and Horse shoe Lake. National Natural Landmarks are natural areas that have been designated by the National Park Service as having national significance in representing the broad spectrum of vegetation types in the United States. Horseshoe Lake, for example, represents cypress swamp and bottomland forest from the Gulf Coastal Plain physiographic division. These three landmarks are also recognized as Illinois Natural Areas Inventory sites.
Illinois Nature Preserves (Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Illinois Department of Natural Resources, and respective landowners) Illinois Nature Preserves are publicly or privately owned areas of land and/or water which have been formally dedicated to be maintained in their natural condition. Dedication is presented by the administering agency/owner, and then must be approved by the Nature
2-10 Preserves Commission, the Department of Natural Resources, and the Governor. A nature preserve must have ecological, geological, and/or archaeological features of educational and/or scientific significance or it must retain a high degree of its pre-European settlement character. Once a preserve has been formally dedicated, it is to be used in a manner which is consistent with its public purpose and continued preservation. (McFall and Karnes 1995). As of October 1995, Illinois had 252 nature preserves containing over 33,350 acres, located in 73 counties across the state (Illinois Natural Heritage Database, 1995). There are 9 preserves located within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (CRAW) (Figure 4), totalling over 3,619 acres. All but one of the preserves, are publicly owned. Table 3 lists the features, size, and ownership status of the Illinois Nature Preserves within the CRAW.
Table 3. Illinois Nature Preserves within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds. Sources: Directory of Illinois Nature Preserves (McFall and Karnes 1995); Illinois Natural Heritage Database (1995).
Nature Preserve Name * features County Acreage Ownership Cave Creek Glade Johnson 39.9 Public * INAI Cat. I; limestone glade.
Chestnut Hills Pulaski 271.9 Public * INAI Cat. II, IV; geological exposures, forest, stream, ravines, river bluff communities.
Deer Pond Johnson 154.0 Public * INAI Cat. I, II; swamp, wet-mesic floodplain forest, wet floodplain forest.
Halesia Massac 19.0 Private * INAI Cat. II; wet-mesic floodplain forest, mesic upland forest, dry-mesic upland forest.
Heron Pond· Little Black Slough Johnson 2,130.6 Public * INAI Cat. I, II; upland forest, floodplain forest, limestone glade, sandstone bluffs, swamp.
Horseshoe Lake Alexander 579.3 Public * INAI Cat. I, II; wet floodplain forest, mesic floodplain forest, slough.
Mermet Swamp Massac 46.6 Public * swamp, wet-mesic floodplain forest.
Round Bluff Johnson 55.7 Public * INAI Cat. III; sandstone glade, sandstone cliff community, unique assemblage of northern relict species.
Section 8 Woods Pulaski 322.4 Public * swamp, pond
2-11 3. The Nature Consevancy Cache River Bioreserve Project (The Nature Conservancy) The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is an international conservation organization which works to protect habitat for native plants and animals. The TNC designated the Cache River area as a bioreserve based on a number of criteria, including: the presence of numerous signifi cant and unique ecological values; state, federal, and international recognition as an impor tant protection target; existing local and government partnerships; availibility of a signifi cant information base, and strong community support. The bioreserve is defined by the Cache River watershed (a delineation that differs slightly from the IEPA 305b Cache River watershed), and includes 472,800 acres in Alexander, Johnson, Pulaski, Massac, and Union counties. The ecological reserve, or protected core, of the bioreserve is defined by the Cache River Wetlands Project area (see above). The mission of the Cache River Bioreserve is to protect and restore the dynamic ecosystem of the Cache River watershed to provide largely self-sustaining habitats for all of its native plants and animals, while encouraging environmentally sound economic growth in the surrounding five-county region (TNC 1992).
4. Ducks Unlimited Incorporated In 1990 Ducks Unlimited Inc. acquired 1,000 acres and developed it with a ground water pump and moist soil units for waterfowl as part of the Frank C. Bellrose Waterfowl Re serve. The land has since been sold to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and is part of the Cache River Wetlands Project.
Cache River Watershed Resource Planning Committee (Group of 25 individuals and a technical committee, described below. The project is funded by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency) The Cache River Watershed Resource Planning Committee (CRWRPC) is made up of a group of 25 private citizens representing the five counties in the Watershed-Alexander, Johnson, Massac, Pulaski, and Union. The planning committee identified nine resource concerns from their own input and local residents (four public meetings and a telephone survey sponsored by Southern Illinois University). The planning committee then involved a technical committee made up of staff from 11 agencies to make detailed analyses and presentations regarding the resource concerns. The technical committee included represen tatives from-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Southern Illinois University, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Illinois Department of Natural Resources, United States Depart ment of Agriculture (Shawnee National Forest), United States Department of the Interior (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Illinois State Water Survey, Cooperative Extension Ser vice, The Nature Conservancy, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, and Southern Five Regional Planning District. The mission of the CRWRPC is to develop and promote a plan that will reduce soil erosion and sedimentation, and maintain and/or improve water quality and other natural resources in a manner that is compatible with a healthy economy and high quality of life for this and future generations (CRWRPC 1995).
Citizens Committee to Save the Cache River (Private citizens) The Citizens Committee to Save the Cache River was organized in 1979 to promote conser vation practices in the Cache River Drainage Basin and to preserve the natural values of the Lower Cache River. The committee supports habitat protection and enhancement with an emphasis on benefits for waterfowl and encourages development consistent with preserv ing the natural values and attractions of the Cache. The early conservation work and sup port of the Citizens Committee influenced the development of the Cache River Wetlands Joint Venture and supported the establishment of the Cypress Creek National Wildlife Ref uge. The committee continues to support the preservation and development efforts of the Joint Venture (see above, Cache River Wetlands Project).
2-12 ..:. .tIj.." , . f0 '. , s. . i:'.,';" ...oU4>;\,,:;e·' , Figure 4. Illinois Nature Preserves within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds(INHD 1996).
A Illinois Nature Preserve I Round Bluff 2 Cave Creek Glade 3 Section 8 Woods 4 Mennet Swamp 5 Chestnut Hills 6 Halesia 7 Heron Pond Little Black Slough 8 Horseshoe Lake
2-13 ,----, ~ Wisconsin Driftl." Division 3b
Rock River Hill Country Division Q Freeport Section .···30 b Oregon S.ction ---~.. j Northeodern Morainal Division a Morainal Section ..., 3c b lake Michigan Dunes Section Chicago Plain Lake Section " d Winf\eba9Q Drift Section
Crand Prairie Division a Grand Prairie Section b Springfi.ld Sedion c Western Section d GreiM River \.owland Section e Kankak.. Sand Ar.a S.dion 6b
Upp.lIr Mississippi River and IlIinoit River Bottomlands Division o Illinois Ri.....r S.,tion b Miui$Sippi Riv.r Section
Illinois Ri ..... r ond Mississippi Riv., Sand Areas Division o Illinois River S.ction b Mississippi Riv.r Section
W••tern . For.st -Prairie Divilion Cl (jole,burg Section b Carlin.... ill. Section
Middle Missiuippi Border Division o G\ociot.d S. South.rn Till Plain Di .... i.ion a Effingham Plajn Section b Mt V.rnan Hill Country S.ction Wabash lo,der Oivi~ion o Bottomland. Section b Southern Uplands Section c Vermilion Riv.r Section Ozark Oivilion o Northern Section b CentlQI Section e Southern Section Lower Miuiuippi River aottomla~d, Divi,ion o Northern Section b Southarn Section Shawnee Hills DiVision a Greater Showrwe Hills S~tion b Les..! Shown.. Hills S.etlon Coo)h)1 Plain Oi~i\iol'\ o Cr.to,.oUf Hilts Section b Bottomlandf S.c:)ion Figure 5. Natural Divisions oIIllinois, after Schwegman. et al. 1973. 2-14 LIVING RESOURCES General Site Description Climate The Cache River Basin has a climate that is characterized by warm and humid summers and cool to cold, wet winters. On average, southern Illinois has a frost free season of about 230 days and receives 46 to 48 inches of rain and 10 inches of snow. Within the Cache River Basin the rainy season starts in March and extends through June with monthly averages of 4 to 5 inches. Major rainfall events and flooding are not uncommon in January and Febru ary, although about 75% of flooding occurs during March, April, and May (United States Department of the Interior 1990) . Physiography and Natural Divisions The Cache River Basin is located at the junction of four physiographic provinces of the United States: Shawnee Hills, Lower Mississippi River Bottomlands, Coastal Plain, and Ozark Hills. Physiographic provinces are defined by differences in geologic structure and geomorphic history, and may be further distinguished by differences in the resultant plant and animal communities. The Cache River Basin is one of only five other places in the United States where four or more physiographic regions come together. It is considered to be among the most biologically diverse of these confluence areas (United States Depart ment of the Interior 1990). The Natural Divisions of Illinois (Schwegman 1973) combined the physiographic divisions of Leighton et al. (1948), vegetation mapping done by Vestal (1931), and herpetofaunal mapping done by Smith (1961), with distribution information about rare or restricted plant and animal associations, and in some cases entire natural communities, with respect to the physiography and topography of the state. The following descriptions borrow heavily from the Comprehensive Plan for the Illinois Nature Preserve System, part Two: The Natural Divisions of Illinois (Schwegman 1973). The majority of the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (CRAW) lies within the Shawnee Hills and the Coastal Plain Divi sions, and a small section along the western edge extends into the Ozark Division (Figure 5). Shawnee Hills Division The upper Cache River drainage originates in the Shawnee Hills Division and TOughly the northern half of the CRAW lies within this unglaciated hill country. This division is divided into two sections based on differences in topography and bedrock; Greater Shawnee Hills in the north, and Lesser Shawnee Hills in the south. The Greater Shawnee Hills Section is distinguished by an east-west escarpment of sandstone bedrock with cliffs and overhanging bluffs along the southern face. The elevation averages about 200 feet higher than the Lesser Shawnee Hills to'the south. The Lesser Shawnee Hills Section has limestone and sandstone bedrock and local areas of sinkhole topography. Caves and glades are associated with the limestone bluffs and the area is known for fluorspar deposits and sinkhole ponds. Coastal Plain Division The southern portion of the CRAW is situated in the Coastal Plain Division which marks the northern limit of the Gulf Coast Plain Province of North America. Although this divi sion was never glaciated it was influenced by glacial floodwaters and sediment deposition. The Cretaceous Hills Section comprises a region of low unconsolidated clay and gravel hills. Acidic seep springs are found in the eastern part of this section. The Illinois range of the state endangered dusky salamander (Desmognathus fuscus) is restricted to the Creta ceous Hills. These hills also contain fossil beds from the Cretaceous period. The Bottom land Section of the Coastal Plain Division includes a former channel of the Ohio River 2-15 abandoned during the late Pleistocene and is distinguished by swamps, forested bottom lands, sloughs, and oxbow lakes. The area is a broad floodplain with generally heavy allu vial soils and hardpan clay and sand deposits associated with the terraces. Remnants of the once extensive bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) and tupelo gum (Nyssa aquatica) swamps found here are unique in the state. Ozark Division A small part of the western edge of the CRAW lies within the unglaciated Southern Section of the Ozark Division. The Southern Section has a cherty limestone bedrock with common outcrops and occasional caves and sinkholes. This section is distinguished by southern and Ozarkian flora such as the Illinois endangered black spleenwort (Asplenium resiliens) and big-leaf snowbell bush (Styrax grandifolia). Soils The area of the CRAW contains six major soil associations: Hosmer-Zanesville-Berks, Haymond-Petrolia-Karnak, Alford-Goss-Baxter, Martinsville-Sciotoville, Oakville-Lamont Alvin, and Lawson-Sawmill-Darwin. The Hosmer-Zanesville-Berks and Haymond-Petrolia Karnak are the two dominant associations in the Assessment area. The following general descriptions are taken from Soils ofIllinois (Fehrenbacher, et al. 1984). Hosmer-Zanesville-Berks. These soils developed from thin to thick loess or loamy materials with or without residuum on sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Natural drainage ranges from well to poorly drained. These soils occur on sloping and rough dissected up lands in the unglaciated portion of southern Illinois and topography is determined by bed rock. They formed under deciduous forest and rock escarpments, bedrock outcrops. Talus boulders are common in places. The major problems on soils of this group are susceptibil ity to erosion, low fertility, low organic matter in the surface layer, and low available-water holding capacity. Haymond-Petrolia-Karnak. These are sandy to clayey alluvial sediments that formed under deciduous forests. Natural drainage ranges from well to poorly drained, however flooding and wetness are two of the major problems on soils of this association. These soils are level to gently sloping and occur on bottornlands and floodplains along the major rivers. Alford-Goss-Baxter. Soils of this association formed from thin ·to thick loess or loamy material with or without residuum on limestone. Natural drainage ranges from well to somewhat-poorly drained. These soils mostly formed under deciduous forests on steep and dissected uplands where limestone bedrock dominates the landforms. Some of these soils are noted as having low available water storage capacity, low fertility, and susceptibil ity to erosion. Martinsville-Sciotoville. These soils developed from thin, silty, or loamy materials mostly deposited by the Ohio River on sandy and loamy Wisconsinan outwash. Natural drainage ranges from moderately-well to poorly drained. These soils formed under forests and occur on the terrace areas of river valleys. Erosion is a problem on sloping areas. Oakville-Lamont-Alvin. These soils formed in thick, sandy Wisconsinan outwash and aeolian materials, mostly under deciduous forests. Natural drainage is well to moder ately-well drained. They occur on nearly level to very steep terraces. Erosion and drouthiness are the main problems with soils from this association. Lawson-Sawmill-Darwin. Soils from this association formed in stratified clayey to sandy alluvial sediments mostly under deciduous forests. Natural drainage ranges from well to poorly drained, although flooding and wetness are noted as major problems with these soils. These are level to gently sloping soils that occur on bottomlands and flood plains along the Mississippi River and at its confluence with the Ohio River. 2-16 Biologically Significant Natural Community Features The area of the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (CRAW) is host to a variety ofterres trial and aquatic natural communities and vegetation types. The distribution and extent of these natural communities has been altered significantly since European settlement. Many of the natural communities that remain were spared the conversion to cultivation due to uncompromising topography, unproductive soils, or preservation efforts on the part of the landowner. Some of the natural features of the area that have been identified in several statewide surveys as biologically significant are described below. Locations of these fea tures within the CRAW are illustrated in the following figures: Illinois Department of Natu ral Resources owned public land (see Figure 3), Illinois Natural Areas Inventory sites (see Figure 6), Illinois Nature Preserves (see Figure 4), and Biologically Significant Stream segments (Page et aJ.; see Figure 16). Table 6, at the end of this section, provides a break down by basin of several natural community features (terrestrial and aquatic), including some of those considered biologically significant. Additional features such as Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention) are also described in the "Conservation Pro grams, Partnerships, and Projects" section. Illinois Natural Areas Inventory The Illinois Natural Areas Inventory (INAI) (White, 1978) was conducted by the Univer sity of Illinois, the Natural Land Institute, and the Illinois Department of Conservation over a three-year period in the mid 1970's to document remaining outstanding examples of the natural communities of Illinois. Results from the inventory indicated that, statewide, only 0.07% of Illinois' total land and water area remained in what the INAI described as "high quality, relatively undisturbed" condition at that time (White 1978). The Inventory estab lished seven categories of natural areas based on significant features. The categories are: I - High Quality Natural Communities, II - Habitat for Endangered Species, III - Habitat for Relict Species, IV - Outstanding Geologic Areas, V - Natural Community Restorations and Endangered Species Relocation/Reintroduction Areas, VI - Unique Natural Areas, and VII - Outstanding Aquatic Areas. The INAI also established a grading system to classify natu ral quality. The natural quality of a community or area was graded from A (Relatively Stable or undisturbed) to D (Very early successional or severely disturbed). In general, only A and B communities are designated as significant unless a community with a lower grad ing is one of the last (and consequently, the best) remaining examples of this community type in the state. The INAI recognized 85 natural community types from eight community classes for the state. The Inventory documented examples of 18 different natural community types, from six community classes, for the Cache River Assessment Watersheds. Some of these represent the only or best remaining examples of a particular community type for the state. There are 60 INAI sites (Figure 6), totalling 7,722 hectares (19,074 acres), located in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (Table 4). INAI sites may have a variety of significant and exceptional features, may be included in more than one category, and may have more than one grade. All categories except V are represented in this Resource Rich Area including over 1,300 ha (3,250 acres) of grade A- and B-quality natural communities. Many INAI sites in the CRAW, such as those representing swamps, shrub swamps, and southern flatwoods are features that are unique to this region of the state. A total of 49 sites totalling 7,187 ha (17,753 acres) within the CRAW (3.3% of total area) are recognized as Category I, II, and III natural areas by the Illinois Natural Areas Inventory (White 1978). These include high-quality, statewide-significant, and relatively undisturbed, terrestrial and aquatic communities, threatened and endangered species sites, caves, and sites with unique natural features including outstanding floral and faunal asso ciations. An additional II sites totalling 535 ha (1,321 acres) are recognized by the Illinois Natural Areas Inventory as Category IV natural areas (White 1978). These include sites with noteworthy geologic features. Unknown area of high-quality habitats (Category I 2-17 Figure 6. Illinois Natural Areas Inventory Sites in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (INHD 1996). • Illinois Natural Area Inventory Site l6 Thomas Cemetery Site 510 Wolf Creek Area 853 Open Pond 27 Indian Point 610 Lower Cache River Swamp 857 Dongola North Geological Area 59 Scout Cave 611 Odurn Tract 858 Weaver's Woods 61 DeerPond 614 West Vienna Woods 860 Lick Creek Geological Area 62 Cypress Pond 6\6 Little Cache Creek Area 863 Rich's Cave System 63 Ethridge Limestone Glade 617 Cache Valley Geological Area 878 Roaring Spring Area 71 Sielbeck Forest Tract 618 Teal's Cave 944 Chestnut Hills 73 Fort Massac Area 6 J9 Mason Cave 963 Round Bluff 76 Sielbeck Q Ditch Area 620 Archimedes Cave 966 White Hill Cave 310 Opossum Trot Trail 621 Firestone Creek Cave 967 Drnper"s Bluff 312 ThaliaSite 741 Mennet Lake Flatwoods 986 Bulge Hole 359 CedarBluff 742 Mennel Swamp 1036 Horse Cave Area 360 Cave Creek Barrens 743 Mennct Lake East 1059 Liule Black Slough Heron Pond Area 374 Horseshoe Forest 744 Thornton Ravine 1144 Provo Cemetery 375 Horseshoe Lake 745 Silverbell Site 1145 Big Brushy Ridge 376 Horseshoe Lake South 746 Lino Laird Ravine 115] Thebes Area 386 Horseshoe Lake Nuttall's Oak Site 753 Halesia 1152 Unity Area 440 Goreville Interchange Geological Area 769 Cedar Bluff Cave If 53 Lake Creek 481 Badlands Geological Area 820 Brillen Spring 1185 Ohio River HiHennan 486 Post Creek Cutoff Geological Area 822 Olmsted Geological Area 1200 Post Creek Cutoff Site 487 Mounds West Geological Area 2-18 natural areas) and threatened and endangered species sites (Category II natural areas) are present among these Category IV sites. When combined, these 7,722 ha (19,074 acres) of designated natural areas of statewide significance by the INAI represent 3.6% of total area of the CRAW. This contrasts with only 0.07% designated as high-quality natural area for the entire state (White 1978). Table 4. Illinois Natural Areas Inventory sites within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds. Sources: White 1978; Illinois Natural Heritage Database, 1995. Natural Area Name INAI No/ - Category: (# of occurrences) County * (significant/exceptional features) Acreage Ownership 16/Johnson Thomas Cemetery Site 50 Private - Cat. I * (A&B sandstone glade) 27/Johnson Indian Point 108 Private - Cat. I * (A limestone glade, A&B mesic upland forest, A&B dry upland forest) 59/Johnson Scout Cave 232 Priv/publ c Cat. I * (B sandstone glade, B sandstone overhang community) 6l1Johnson Deer Pond 154 Public - Cat. I, II * (A swamp) 62/Johnson/Union Cypress Pond 499 Public - Cat. I * (B swamp) 63/Johnson Ethridge Limestone Glade 56 Private - Cat. I * (A limesione glade) 71/Massac Sielbeck Forest Tract 206 Private - Cat. I * (B wet-mesic floodplain forest, A swamp) 73/Massac Fort Massac Area 358 Priv/publ - Cat. I, II * (B wet-mesic floodplain forest, B mesic upland forest, C southem flatwoods) 76/Massac Sielbeck Q Ditch Area 40 Private - Cat. I * (B wet-mesic floodplain forest, B swamp) 310/Alexander Opossum Trot Trail 49 Public - Cat. I, II 2-19 Table 4 continued Natural Area Name INAINol - Category: (# of occurrences) County * si nificant/exce tional features Acreage Ownership * (B oess hill prame) 3121Alexander Thalia Site Public - Cat. II 35911 ohnson Cedar Bluff 330 Priv/publ - Cat. I * (A&B sandstone glade, A&B dry upland forest) 360l1ohnson Cave Creek Barrens 8 Private - Cat. I * (A limestone glade) 374/Alexander Horseshoe Forest 23 I Public - Cat. I, II * (A&B wet floodplain forest, A&B mesic floodplain forest, A&B swamp) 3751Alexander Horseshoe Lake 35 I Public - Cat. 1. II * (A&B wet floodplain forest, A&B mesic floodplain forest, A&B swamp) 3761Alexander Horseshoe Lake South 3 Public - Cat. II 3861Alexander Horseshoe Lake Nuttall's Oak Site 0.3 Public - Cat. II 440/Johnson/Union Goreville Interchange Geological Area 13 Public - Cat. IV * (outstanding exposure Pounds Escarpment) 481IMassac Badlands Geological Area 3 Priv/publ - Cat. IV * (outstanding exposure Pleistocene colluvium) 486IPuiaski Post Creek Cutoff Geological Area 4 Private - Cat. IV * (outstanding exposure Little Bear soil) 487IPuiaski Mounds West Geological Area 9 Private - Cat. IV * (outstanding exposure Tertiary formations) 5101Alexander Wolf Creek Area 599 Priv/publ - Cat. II, V 511/Alexander Black Powder Hollow Geological Area 4 Private - Cat. IV * (outstanding exposure of Mounds gravel) 2-20 Table 4 continued Natural Area Name INAI No/ - Category: (# of occurrences) County * (significant/exceptional features) Acreage Ownership 610/1ohnsonlPulaski Lower Cache River Swamp 6,560 Private - Cat. I, II, VI * (B&C swamp) 611/Johnson Odum Tract 108 Priv/publ - Cat. I * (A sandstone glade) 6l4/1ohnson West Vienna Woods 25 Priv/publ - Cat. II 616/Johnson Little Cache Creek Area 0.7 Private - Cat. III 617/Johnson Cache Valley Geological Area 5 Private - Cat. IV * (outstanding view of ancient Ohio River valley) 618/Johnson Teal's Cave 4 Private - Cat. I * (A terrestrial cave community) 619/Johnson Mason Cave 11 Private - Cat. I * (A&B terrestrial cave community) 620/Johnson Archimedes Cave 27 Private - Cat. I * (A&B terrestrial cave community) 6211J ohnson Firestone Creek Cave 29 Private - Cat. I, VI * (A terrestrial cave community, outstanding invertebrate cave fauna) 741IMassac Mermet Lake Flatwoods 63 Public - Cat. I, II, VI * (C southern flatwoods, unique assemblage of plant species) 743IMassac Mermet Lake East 50 Public - Cat. II 744IMassac Thornton Ravine Private - Cat. II 745IMassac Silverbell Site Private - Cat. II 746IMassac Lino Laird Ravine 72 Private - Cat. II 2-21 Table 4 continued Natural Area Name INAI No/ - Category: (# of occurrences) County * Csil:nificant/exceptional features) Acreal:e Ownership 753/Massac Halesia 36 Private - Cat. II 769/Johnson Cedar Bluff Cave 5 Private - Cat. I * (A&B terrestrial cave community) 820IPuiaski Britten Spring 5 Private - Cat. II 822IPuiaski Olmsted Geological Area 6 Private - Cat. IV * (outstanding exposure Porters Creek clay) 853/Union Open Pond 37 Private - Cat. I * (B pond) 857/Union Dongola North Geological Area' 8 Public - Cat. IV * (outstanding exposure of St. Genevieve limestone) 858/Union Weaver's Woods 33 Private - Cat. I * (A dry-mesic upland forest) 860/Union Lick Creek Geological Area 14 Public - Cat. IV * (outstanding exposure Battery Rock escarpment) 863/Union Rich's Cave System 106 Priv/publ - Cat. I, VI * (A&B terrestrial cave community, A&B aquatic cave community, large bat hibernaculurn) 878/Union Roaring Spring Area 58 Private - Cat. I, VI * (A terrestrial cave community, A aquatic cave community, outstanding invertebrate cave fauna) 944IPuiaski Chestnut Hills 674 Priv/publ - Cat. II, IV * (outstanding exposure of Owl Creek, Clayton and McNairy formations) 963/Johnson Round Bluff 59 Public Cat. III 966/Johnson White Hill Cave 4 Private Cat. VI 2-22 Table 4 continued Natural Area Name INAI No/ • Category: (# of occurrences) County * (significant/exceptional features) Acreage Ownership * (outstandmg invertebrate cave fauna) 967/Johnson/Union Draper's Bluff 581 Priv/publ Cat. IV * (outstanding example Pennsylvanian escarpment) 986/Johnson Bulge Hole 75 Public Cat. I * (A sandstone cliff community) l036/Johnson Horse Cave Area 29 Priv/publ Cat. I * (A sandstone glade) I059/Johnson Little Black Slough-Heron Pond 6,613 Priv/publ Cat. I, II * (A&B swamp, A&B pond, A&B wet floodplain forest, A&B wet-mesic floodplain forest, A&B mesic floodplain forest, A&B mesic upland forest, A&B dry-mesic upland forest, A limestone glade) 1144/AlexanderProvo Cemetery 59 Priv/publ - Cat. I, II * (A&B dry upland forest) 1145/AlexanderBig Brushy Ridge 145 Public - Cat. I, II * (A&B dry upland forest) 1152/AlexanderUnity Area 29 Unknown - Cat. II 1153/Alexander Lake Creek 59 Unknown - Cat. II 1I85IMassac Ohio River-Hillerman 117 Priv/publ - Cat. II l20D/Pulaski Post Creek Cutoff Site 57 Priv/publ - Cat. II Categories: I - high-quality natural communities, II - habitat for endangered species, III habitat for relict species, IV - outstanding geologic features, V - approved natural commu nity restorations and endangered species relocations, VI - unique natural areas, VII - out standing rivers and streams. 2-23 Special Status Species Prior to extensive development; Illinois possessed approximately 14.6 million hectares (36 million acres) of natural habitats which were dominated by eastern tallgrass prairie and deciduous forest. As of 1987 only about 10,202 ha (25,200 acres) of high quality natural community remained in the state (Neely and Heister 1987). This habitat destruction, as well as illegal or unregulated hunting, competition from introduced exotic species, and environmental contaminants are all causes of the loss or extirpation of native species (Herkert 1991a). In Illinois, 75% of the habitat that supports the 511 state listed species occurs on private property (Herkert 1994a). The Endangered Species Protection Act was created in 1972. The Endangered Spe cies Protection Board (ESPB) has the responsibility of identifying endangered and threat ened species. The Illinois Department of Natural Resources (lDNR) is the agency that regulates the permit system for special status species. In conjunction with the IDNR and other agencies, the ESPB also works to evaluate and preserve currently threatened popula tions and possibly reintroduce habitat for a species or the species itself if suitable habitat exists. As of 1994, state listed species in Illinois included 109 endangered and 39 threat ened animal species, and 306 endangered and 57 threatened plant species (Illinois Endan gered Species Protection Board, 1994). The Illinois Natural Heritage Database (INHD 1995) documents a total of 84 species (71 endangered, 26 threatened) for the Cache River Assessment Watersheds. This represents 19% of Illinois' 511 listed species. An additional 15 (12 endangered, 3 threatened) species have been recorded for the area (United States Department of the Interior 1990; Illinois Natural History Survey 1995), but are not docu mented in the INHD. The INHD number is derived from recent element occurrence infor mation (after 1980) and does not reflect historic occurrence records (prior to 1980). That these historic occurrences have not been relocated within the last 15 years may be due to a combination of factors (no recent or poorly timed surveys, extreme environmental condi tions, and/or inadequate information flow) and does not necessarily mean that the species is no longer presents. According to the Illinois Natural Heritage Database (1995), state listed species in the CRAW include 35 endangered and 6 threatened plant species, and 26 endangered and 17 threatened animal species, for a total of 84 species. These numbers include five feder ally endangered animals; two birds, two mammals, and one mussel (United States Depart ment of the Interior 1994; Illinois Natural Heritage Database 1995). The additional 20 species reported from the CRAW, but not documented by the INHD include 5 endangered and 1 threatened plant species, and 11 endangered and 3 threatened animal species. These numbers include one federally endangered bird and one federally endangered mussel. State listed plant and animal species are also discussed within respective "Natural Communities" sections. Table 5 lists all 104 (INHD and otherwise) endangered and threatened species reported for the CRAW. 2-24 Table 5. Illinois Endangered and Threatened Species documented for the Cache River Assessment Watersheds. Listed alphabetically by genus. Nomenclature: plants Mohlenbrock (1986), amphibians and reptiles-Coilins (1990). Status notes: SE = State Endangered, ST = State Threatened, FE = Federally Endangered. Sources: 1 = Illi nois Natural Heritage Database 1996; 2 =Illinois Natural History Survey files 1995; 3 =West and Hutchison 1989; 4 =United States Department of the Interior 1990. Illinois Endangered Species 77 Plants 40 Animals 37 Illinois Threatened Species 27 Plants 7 Animals 20 Federally Endangered Species 7 (all animals) Common Source Aristolochia serpentaria var. hastata Virginia snakeroot ST I Asplenium resiliens Black spleenwort SE 4 Bartonia paniculata Screwstem SE 4 Carex decomposita Cypress-knee sedge SE I Carex gigantea Large sedge SE I Carex intumescens Swollen sedge SE I Carex oxylepis Sharp-scale sedge SE I Carex reniformis Reniform sedge SE 1 Carya pallida Pale hickory SE 1 Cimicifuga rubifolia Black cohosh ST 1 Cladrastis lutea Yellowwood SE 1 Clematis crispa Blue jasmine SE 1 Clematis viorna Leatherflower SE 1 Cyperus lancastriensis Galingale SE 1 Dennstaedtia punctilobula Hay scented fern SE 1 Dioclea multiflora Boykin's dioclea ST 1 Dryopteris celsa Log fern SE 1 Eryngium prostratum Eryngo SE 1 Euonymus americana Strawberry bush SE 1 Eupatorium incarnatum Thoroughwort SE 1 Fimbristylis annua Baldwin's fimbristylis SE 1 Halesia carolina Silverbell tree SE I Helianthus angustifolius Narrow-leaved sunflower SE 1 Hydrolea uniflora One-flowered hydrolea SE 4 Iresine rhizomatosa Bloodleaf SE 3 Justicia ovata Water willow SE 1 Leptochloa panicoides Salt meadow grass SE 1 Lysimachia radicans Creeping loosestrife SE 1 Melanthera nivea White melanthera SE 1 Melica mutica Two-flowered melic grass SE 1 Melothria pendula Squirting cucumber SE 1 2-25 Table 5 continued Plants Common Status Source Panicum joorii Panic grass SE I Phaeophyscia leana Lea's bog lichen SE I Planera aquatica Water elm SE I Platantheraflava var.flava Tubercled orchid SE I Quercus nuttallii Nutall's oak SE I Quercus phellos Willow oak ST I Quercus prinus Rock chestnut oak ST I Sagittaria longirostris Arrowhead SE 3 Salvia azurea var. grandiflora Blue sage ST I Scirpus polyphyllus Bulrush ST 4 Scirpus verecundus Bashful bulrush SE I Stenanthium gramineum Grass-leaved lily SE I Styrax americana Storax ST I Styrax grandifolia Bigleaf snowbell rush SE I Thalia dealbata Powdery thalia SE I Tilia heterophylla White basswood SE I Vertebrates Birds Accipiter cooperii Cooper's hawk SE I Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned hawk SE 2 Asio otus Long-eared owl SE I Buteo lineatus Red-shouldered hawk SE I Casmerodius albus Great egret ST I Certhia americana Brown creeper ST I Egretta caerulea Little blue heron SE 2 Egretta thula Snowy egret SE 2 Gallinula chloropus Common moorhen ST I Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald eagle SE, FE I lctinia mississippiensis Mississippi kite ST I lxobrychus exilis Least bittern SE I Lanius ludovicianus Loggerhead shrike ST I Limnothlypis swainsonii Swainson's warbler SE I Nyctanassa violacea Yellow-crowned night-heron ST I Podilymbus podiceps Pied billed grebe ST I Rallus elegans King rail ST 2 Sterna antillarum Least tern SE, FE2 Thryomanes bewickii Bewick's wren SE I Tyto alba Common barn-owl SE I Reptiles and Amphibians Crotalus horridus Timber rattlesnake ST I Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Hellbender SE 2 Desmognathus fuscus Dusky salamander SE I Macroclemmys temminckii Alligator snapping turtle SE 2 Nerodia cyclopion Green water snake ST 2 Nerodia fasciata Broad-banded water snake SE 2 Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis lllinois chorus frog SE I Pseudemys concinnQ River cooter SE I Thamnophis sauritus Eastern ribbon snake SE I 2-26 Table 5 continued Plants Common Status Source Mammals Lutra canadensis River otter SE I Lynx rufus Bobcat ST I Myotis austroriparius Southeastern bat SE I Myotis grisescens Gray bat SE, FE I Myotis sodalis Indiana bat SE, FE I Ochrotomys nuttalli Golden mouse ST I Oryzomys palustris Marsh rice rat ST I Plecotus rafinesquii Eastern big-eared bat SE 1 Fish Acipenserfulvescens Lake sturgeon SE I Hybognathus hayi Cypress minnow SE 1 Lepomis punctatus Spotted sunfish ST 1 Lepomis symmetricus Bantam sunfish ST 1 Notropis boops Bigeye shiner SE I Invertebrates Mussels Cumberlandia monodonta Spectacle case SE 2 Ellipsaria lineolata Butterfly mussel ST I Elliptio crassidens Elephant-ear mussel ST I Elliptio dilatata Spike ST 2 Fusconaia ebena Ebonyshell ST I Plethobasus cooperianus Orange-footed pimpleback SE, FE I pearly Plethobasus cyphys Sheepnose SE 2 Pleurobema cordatum Ohio pigtoe SE I Pleurobema rubrum Pyramid pigtoe SE 2 Potamilus capax Fat pocketbook SE, FE2 Quadrula cylindrica Rabbitsfoot mussel SE I Crustaceans Crangonyx packardi Amphipod SE I Gammarus bousfieldi Amphipod ST I Orconectes lancifer Crayfish SE I Orconectes placidus Crayfish SE I Biologically Significant Illinois Streams Page, et al. (1992) evaluated the streams of Illinois to identify those that were most biologi cally significant based on aquatic biodiversity. Within the area of the CRAW (including the Ohio River) 52 miles of streams from 5 stream segments and waterbodies were identified. These Biologically Significant Illinois Stream segments are described in the "Aquatic Natural Communities" section of this report and locations are illustrated in Figure 16. 2-27 Table 6. Public land, Illinois Natural Areas Inventory and illinois NAture Preserve acreage, and Biologically Significant Stream segment miles within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds. Sources: WOC 1994; IDENR 1995; INHD 1995; McFall and Karnes 1995; Page et al. 1992. Basin # JDNR Owned Federal Agenciesl Illinois Natural Illinois Nature Biologically Public Land Public Land2 Areas Inventory SHes Preserves Significant Illinois AcJ% Basin Area AcJ% Basin Area #3/Acreage #/Acreage Streams miles I. 0/0 0/0 0/0.0 0/0.0 0.0 2. 0/0 0/0 2/530 0/0.0 0.0 3. 0/0 332/2.5% 1/37 010.0 0.0 4. 1,112/4.4% 2.561110.0% 611.050 1/55.7 0.0 5. 190/0.6% 1,530/5.0% 8/1.088 2/181.1 0.0 6. 010 2.457/10.3% 51275 0/0.0 0.0 7. 0/0 2.050/6.2% 1/8 0/0.0 0.0 8. 300/1.1% 5.350/19.7% 2/497 0/0.0 0.0 9. 6.187/21.0% 0/0 3/5.350 1/1.837.4 0.0 10. 155/9.8% 0/0 2/850 11152.0 0.0 II. 010 5.897/16.6% 4iloo 010.0 0.0 12. 0/0 300/0.5% 0/0.0 0/0.0 0.0 13. 2.730/4.3% 19.575/30.6% 4/6.125 1/322.4 13.6 14. 2.630/6.6% 0/0% 61502 1/46.6 0.0 15. 010 77/0.2% 010.0 010.0 0.0 16. 0/0 8,475/44.4% 5/512 0/0.0 0.0 17. 0/0 225/2.1% 0/0.0 0/0.0 0.0 18. 10.570/25.7% 6.396115.5% 1011.140 11579.36 25.7 19. 472/0.6% 2,55013.5% 12il.010 21291.0 13.3 Totals: 24,346/4.5% 82,121115.3% 60/19.074 8/3,465.6 52.6 J Federal Agencies include United States Department of Agriculture, United States Deparlment of the Inle rior. 2 Public Land for Federal Agencies reflects the Shawnee National Forest acres owned by the United States Departmenl of Agriculture and all acres within the Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge Purchase Unit, regardless of ownership status. 3 Some Illinois Natural Areas Inventory sites occur in more than one watershed; therefore, site numbers for each walershed exceeds Ihe total number. 2-28 Terrestrial Natural Communities Terrestrial CommunitieslVegetation Introduction There is significant natural community and species diversity within the Cache River As sessment Watersheds (CRAW). The Land Cover Database of Illinois (IDENR 1995) documents the following current land uses within the CRAW: 31.6% agriculture (row crops, small grains, and orchards), 31.5% grassland (grassland, pastureland, prairie, rights-of-way, and strip mine reclamations), 26.4% upland forest (deciduous and coniferous), 1.6% urban (developed, barren, lawns), 1.4% water, 7.0% bottomland forest (floodplain and swamps), and 0.5% wetland (lacustrine and palustrine) (Table I). Upland and bottomland forest com bined accounts for 33% of the area of the CRAW and for over 3.6% of the state's total forest cover. The extensive swamp and wetland complex that remains has been designated as having state, national, and international biological significance (see "Conservation Pro .grams, Partnerships, and Projects" and "Biologically Significant Natural Communities Fea tures" sections of this report). Upland forest, bottomland forest, and wetland distribution are illustrated in Figure 7. The following community descriptions include species lists that describe the veg etative character of each natural community. Appendix A lists all plant and animal species cited within this present report. Modern Vegetation History Pre-European settlement vegetation of the region included a diversity of forest communi ties including upland, bottomland, and swamp forests. Approximately 80% of the Cache River watershed basin was densely forested at around 1800 (Hutchison 1987). The remain ing areas were comprised of a wide variety of community types, including areas of open water. Prairies were present locally in the bottomlands and on dry exposures of uplands: Barrens were common and covered areas of several square miles in the Cretaceous Hills and uplands of the Shawnee Hills (Hutchison 1984). Springs were frequent along the bases ofbluffs in the uplands ofthe Upper Cache. Sandstone and limestone glades and bluffs also were, and are still, common in upland areas of the Upper Cache River region. Before logging and drainage of the cypress-tupelo forests in the basin, these wet lands covered approximately 101,215 ha. (250,000 acres; Demissie et al. 1990). In the early 1800s a large expanse of land in the southeastern section of the CRAW, that includes what is now Mermet Lake, contained a vast swampland dominated by cypress-tupelo that was over 4,453 ha. (1l,000 acres) in size. Wide shallow swamps and open ponds, up to 12 feet wide and 2-3 feet deep, referred to as the scatters, bordered the Lower Cache River from the present site of Karnack to Ullin. Large tributaries, such as Big Creek and Cypress Creek, had extensive swamps and broad flatwoods along their channels. Limekiln Slough drained extensive swamps along the southern edge of the Cache Basin and Mill Creek and Sandy Creek had 81-121 ha. (200-300 acre) swamps along their downstream portions (Hutchison 1984). Only 20,000 acres of this natural community remain in the entire Cache River Basin (United States Department of the Interior 1990). Details of the settlement and development of the region have been described by Hutchison (1987) and Schwegman (1991). To summarize, around 1800, the first perma nent settlers became established in the region. By the I 920s, the uplands of the watershed were settled extensively with small farms and much of the bottomland forest had been cut. By the 1930s, due to poor soil management, many of these farms were unproductive and abandoned. Nearly all plant communities of the region, except for perhaps the cliff and glade communities, have been altered, sometimes repeatedly, by modern human activities. Some activities, such as the many alterations to the hydrology of the Cache River, altered fire regimes, and logging have had profound effects on the composition, abundance, and distribution of species in most areas with remaining native vegetation. 2-29 ----~-~~~~~~~~~~- Figure 7. Upland Forest, Bottomland Forest, and Wetlands in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (IDNR, INHS 1995). III Bottomland Forest / Swamp • Wetland Woodland m Towns -- Public Land 2-30 Threatened and Endangered Plant Species No federally listed plant species are known from the CRAW. Native species include about 47 (13%) of the state's listed (threatened and endangered) plant species. A total of about 41 taxa that are listed by the Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board as threatened or endangered species (Herkert 1991, 1994) have been observed in the area and documented in the Illinois Natural Heritage Database. An additional six threatened or endangered taxa not included in the Illinois Natura! Heritage Database, and thus not based on confirmed records, may also be present (see Table 5). When characteristic of a particular habitat type, Illinois threatened (ST) and endangered (SE) species are included among the community descriptions below; otherwise, if the threatened or endangered species are rare in a commu nity type, they are included among the more detailed community species lists (Tables 8-11). Natural Community Descriptions There have been several local and regional descriptions of the floristic and ecological char acteristics within the Cache River watershed area. These were consulted extensively to provide descriptive accounts of each community type in the watershed area. Figure 8 illus trates vegetation survey locations. Community classification follows White and Madany (1978) with minor exceptions where noted. Floodplain forest habitats have been described by Miller and Fuller (1921), Voight and Mohlenbrock (1964), Robertson et al. (1978), Evans and Wadham (1978), Ugent et al. (1981), Winship (1990), Robertson (1992), and Basinger (1994). Swamps have been described by Voight and Mohlenbrock (1964), Anderson and White (1970), White (1971), Mitch et al. (1979), Dorge et al. (1984), Winship (1990), and Basinger (1990). Flatwoods in the region have been described by Schwegman (1970), Winship (1990), and Taft (1992a&b). Upland forests, including xeric, dry, dry-mesic, mesic, and wet-mesic sites, have been described by Voight and Mohlenbrock (1964), Mohlenbrock (1966), Weaver and Ashby (1971), White (1971), Evans and Wadham (1978), and Fralish et al. (1991). Barrens have been described by Heikens (1991), Hutchison (1994), and Heikens et al. (1994). Glade and cliff communities have been described by Winterringer (1949), Winterringer and Vestal (1956), Voight and Mohlenbrock (1964), Mohlenbrock (1966), Ozment (1967), White (1971), Evans and Wadham (1978), and Heikens (1991). A few prairies were evidently present in the watershed area, and a few prairie openings still persist in upland situations in the CRAW. Prairies have been described by Evers (1955), Mohlenbrock and Voight (1964), Ozment (1967), White (1971), Hutchison et al. (1991), and Heikens (1991). Species notations within text and tables are as follows: Bold type = special status species, ST = Illinois endangered, SE = Illinois threatened, * = exotic or adventive species. Floodplain Forest and Swamp Floodplain forests are characterized by temporary inundation with composition and struc tural changes along a gradient of inundation frequency and duration. White and Madany (1978) describe wet, wet-mesic, and mesic floodplain forest types in Illinois based on these flooding characteristics. Swamps are characterized by longer periods of inundation com pared with floodplain forest. Two swamp types have been described in the region of the Mississippi embayment: deep swamps and shallow swamps (Penfound 1952). Deep swamps, usually associated with ponds or lakes, are nearly permanently flooded with draw down primarily at the shore margins where shallow-swamp zones may occur. Shallow-swamps, called seasonally wet/dry swamps by Basinger (1994), grade into wet floodplain forest and are distinguished primarily by the presence of bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) and/or tupelo (Nyssa aquatica). Floodplain Forest Wet, wet-mesic, and mesic floodplain forests are present totaling about 13,016 ha (32,150 acres) or 6.0% of the CRAW. Though White and Madany (1978) included swamps among 2-31 .~ - ~--,...,... - -.-'., Fig ure 8. Vegetation Survey Locatio~ns;:W~it~h~in~th~e~c~a~ch~e~R~iv:e~r'-'-'-'-'-'--''-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-r==~~~~~~~~~:!J Assessment Watersheds (from literature citations [see natural community descriptions, page 24?J; /NHD /996; /NHS survey files 192/-1995). State and Federal Land* Shawnee NF Proclamation Boundary *Approved Purchase Unit Boundary shown for Cypress Creek NWR. 2-32 the aquatic communities, for convenience of association in this report, they are described in the following account. About 2.0% of the floodplain forest remaining (280 ha [691 acres]) is high-quality (grades A and B) and relatively undisturbed. This compares to only 0.8% remaining in a high-quality condition for the entire state (White 1978; Suloway and Hubbell 1994). About 11.5% of the area of grades A and B floodplain forest habitat remaining in Illinois is found in the CRAW and located in the following Illinois Natural Areas Inventory sites: Fort Massac Area, Sielbeck Forest Tract, Sielbeck Q Ditch Area, Horseshoe Forest, Horseshoe Lake, and Little Black Sough/Heron Pond (see also Table 4). The floodplain forests of the lower Cache River are at the northern extent of the Mississippi embayment. Braun (1950) included these forests in the Southeastern Ever green Forest region; floodplain forests in the upper Cache watershed were included in the Hills Section of the Western Mesophytic Forest Region (Braun 1950). Floodplain forests are characterized by edaphic conditions of poor drainage and slow permeability. Local areas of sand and gravel increase permeability. Wet floodplain forests occur in the flood plains bordering rivers. For this report, species inhabiting riverbanks and overflow chan nels are included in descriptions of wet floodplain forest. Wet-mesic to mesic floodplain forests occur on low and high terraces, respectively, of rivers and streams. The flooding regime, including length and depth of flooding, is a strong selective force on composition and species richness in this habitat (Voight and Mohlenbrock 1964) and also in regulating tree growth (Robertson 1992). Wet floodplain forests are often seasonally flooded and/or have perched water during a portion of the year, often in late winter and spring. Generally, flooding is of shorter duration and less frequency in mesic floodplain forests. Wet-mesic floodplain forests are intermediate. The diversity of species composition tends to increase from wet to mesic floodplain forest. This pattern is not so clear with the wet floodplain forest class in this report (Table 7) since this community is enhanced by the additions of riverbank and overflow-channel habitats. Also, since no single site has a particularly rich species composition, the higher species richness for trees in floodplain forest habitats, com pared with upland forests (contrast Table 7 and Table 8), reflect more on beta levels of diversity (between habitat) than alpha levels of diversity (within site). A general descrip tion of the structure and composition of floodplain forest follows with more detailed de scriptions in Table 7. Wet floodplain forest - Canopy dominants in forests associated with the Cache River include Drummond's red maple (Acer rubrum var. drummondii), sugarberry (Celtis laevigata), swamp cottonwood (Populus heterophylla), overcupoak (Quercus lyrata), swamp chestnut oak (Q. michauxii), and slippery elm (Ulmus rubra). Occasional to common spe cies include water hickory (Carya aquatica), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), water locust (Gleditsia aquatica), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), pin oak ( Quercus palustris), and American elm (Ulmus americana). A subcanopy stratum is generally lacking but includes small trees near the stream banks like river birch (Betula nigra) and boxelder (Acer negundo). Black willow (Salix nigra) and sandbar willow (5. exigua) are typical species of gravel bars, riparian margins, and wet depressions. Shrubs include stiff dogwood (Comus foemina) , swamp privet (Forestiera acuminata), and swamp holly (flex decidua). Vines are common to occasional and include buckwheat vine (Brunnichia ovata), cupseed (Calycocarpum lyonii), trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), climbing dogbane (Trachelospermum difjorme), catbird grape (Viris palmata), and riverbank grape (11. riparia). Herbaceous species are often absent following periods of inundation. By late summer typical species include side flowered aster (Aster lateriflorus), Ontario aster (A. ontarionis), false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrical, fowl manna grass (Glyceria striata), spotted touch-me not (Impatiens capensis), and clearweed (Pilea pumila). Depressions in this habitat, some times associated with local drainage patterns, remain flooded longer and often support a distinctive composition. Typical species of depressions include sedges (Carex grayi and C. louisianica), arrow arum (Peltandra virginica), swamp dock (Rumex verticillatus), and 2-33 lizard's tail (Saururus cernuus). Species that are generally uncommon in Illinois but found in this microhabitat include white milkweed (Asclepias perennis), several sedges (Carex gigantea SE and C. intumescens SE), water willow (Justicia ovata SE), shrubby sun drops (Oenotherafruticosa), and marsh St. John's wort (Triadenum tubulosum). Powdery thalia (Thalia dealabata SE) is known in Illinois from a single, shallow, roadside ditch within the CRAW. If this species is native to natural habitats in Illinois, it may have been in the overflow channel in floodplain forest or pond margins. A few uncommon species are also associated with sandbars, gravel bars, andlor muddy shores and are included here among floodplain forest species (e.g., eryngo [Eryngium prostratum SEJ, Baldwin's fimbristylis [Fimbristylis annua SE], salt meadow grass [Leptochloa panicoides SEJ, and squirting cucumber [Melothria pendula SED. A rare lichen, Lea's bog lichen (Phaeophyscia leana SE), is occasional on the bark of floodplain forest trees along the Ohio River. Wet floodplain forest, when disturbed by siltation from agricultural run-off, typi cally, is dominated by only a few species including silver maple (Acer saccharinum), east ern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), and white grass (Leersia virginica). Wet-Mesic Floodplain Forest - Canopy dominants include these oaks: burr (Quercus macrocarpa), basket (Q. michauxii), pin (Q. palustris), cherrybark (Q. pagoda), and Shumard's (Q. shumardii), and these hickories: bitternut (Carya cordiformis), kingnut (c. laciniosa), and mockernut (c. tomentosa). Occasional trees include silver maple (Acer saccharinum), pecan (Carya illinoensis), sugarberry (Celtis laevigata), sweetgum (Uquidam bar styraciflua), and slippery elm (Ulmus rubra). A subcanopy is sometimes present in cluding pawpaw (As imina triloba) and American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana). Shrubs include stiff dogwood (Comus foemina), swamp holly (Ilex decidua), spicebush (Undera benzoin), and black haw (Viburnum prunifolium). Vines include cross-vine (Bignonia capreolata), trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), and riverbank grape (Vilis riparia). Herbaceous species include false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrical, bronze fern (Botrychium dissectum var. obliquum), bulb bittercress (Cardamine bulbosa), sedges (Carex grayii, C. intumescens SE, C. louisianica, C. muskingumensis, and C. typhina), stoutwood reed (Cinna arundinacea), day flower (Commelina virginica), fowl manna grass (Glyceria striata);catchfly grass (Leersia lenticularis), white grass (Leersia virginica), purple fringeless orchid (Platanthera peramoena), pinkroot (Spigelia marilandica), and common blue violet (Viola pratincola). Mesic Floodplain Forest - Canopy dominants include many species of wet-mesic flood plain forest but also include sugar maple (Acer saccharum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), and shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), species that do not tolerate periods of inundation. In some locations other species of mesic upland forest are found on upper terraces including white ash (Fraxinus americana), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tuUpifera), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), white oak (Quercus alba), northern red oak (Q. rubra), and basswood (Titia americana). Subcanopy typically includes Ohio buckeye (Aesculus glabra) and sometimes Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus). Shrubs include eastern red bud (Cercis canadensis), flowering dogwood (Comus florida), hazelnut (Corylus americana), bladdernut (Staphylea trifotia), and blackhaw (Viburnum prunifotium). Vines include the ubiquitous Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquejolius) and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans). Herbaceous species include several spring ephemerals and other species in cluding maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), lady fern (Athyrium angustum), bulb bittercress (Cardamine bulbosa), blue-eyed Mary (Col linsia verna), pale corydalis (Corydalis flavula), white dog-tooth violet (Erythronium albidum), wild geranium (Geranium maculatum), golden seal (Hydrastis canadensis), spi der lily (Hymenocallis caroUniana), false rue anemone (lsopyrum biternatum), blue phlox (Phlox divaricata), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrosticoides), Indian pink (Spigelia marilandica), and broad beech fern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera). Canebrakes were for 2-34 merly extensive in the Cache River area (Swayne 1973; Hutchison 1984). Giant cane (Arundinarea gigantea) fonned broad bands on elevated.streamsides and on terraces. Only small, localized remnants persist today. Swamp Deep swamp, seasonally wet/dry swamp, and shrub swamp were present in pre-European settlement Illinois, primarily in the Bottomland Section of the Coastal Plain Natural Divi sion, but also along the lower Wabash River (Voight and Mohlenbrock 1964). Total area of remaining swamp in Illinois is approximately 4,747 hectares (11,726 acres) (lDENR 1995). Forty-five percent of the state's swamp (2, 137 ha [5,279 acres)) is located within the CRAW. The Illinois Natural Areas Inventory documented 2,027 acres of grade A and B high-quality swamp and shrub swamp within the CRAW. The largest high-quality remnants are found within Heron Pond-Little Black Slough Nature Preserve (over l,300 acres), Lower Cache River Swamp Natural Area (350 acres), Cypress Pond (over 140 acres), and Horeshoe Lake Nature PreservelIllinois NaturalArea Inventory site (100 acres) (White 1978; Illinois Natu ral Heritage Database 1995). The Cache River bottomlands supported the greatest diversity of tree species of any bottomland stream system in Illinois (Telford 1926). By 1926 it was estimated that only about 8,499 ha (21,000 acres) of cypress swamp remained in the southern Illinois counties of Pope, Johnson, Union, Massac, Pulaski, and Alexander. At the rate of timber harvest in the area at that time, it was estimated the remaining stands would last only seven years (Telford 1926). By the late 1960s, logging and drainage of the original swamps had re duced the community in Illinois to a few, small, scattered remnants (Anderson and White 1970). Total area of remaining high quality INAI Category I swamp in Illinois was 841 ha (2,077 acres) (White 1978). A total of 769 ha (1,899 acres), or 91.4% of that identified by the INAI, are currently found in the CRAW, the remainder is either recently destroyed and! or occurs outside the CRAW. A total of only 97.9 ha (242 acres) of swamp is considered virtually undisturbed (grade A) and located in Deer Pond, Sielbeck Forest Tract, Horsehoe Forest, Horseshoe Lake, and Little Black Slough/Heron Pond INAI sites. The remaining 743 ha (1,835 acres) is somewhat disturbed (grade B) and distributed among the Fort Massac Area, Sielbeck QDitch Area, Horseshoe Forest, Horseshoe Lake, Lower Cache River Swamp, and Little Black SloughlHeron Pond INAI sites (see also Table 4). An additional 51.8 ha (128 acres) of shrub swamp are present in the CRAW at Little Black SloughlHeron Pond (all grade B), about 43% of the total INAI (Category I) area found in the State (White 1978). The statewide area of shrub swamp includes sites outside the range of cypress and tupelo. Among these remaining forested .swamps are some of the largest swamp trees re maining in the United States (Ugent et al. 1981). Swamp has been defined in Illinois as a forested, pennanent or semi-pennanent body of water (White and Madany 1978). Trees tolerant of permanent or semi-permanent inundation include bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) and tupelo (Nyssa aquatica), two buttressing species that typify swamps. However, periodic draw-down periods are required for seedling recruitment of bald cypress (Demaree 1932). The amount and frequency of draw-down influence the composition and structure of swamps. Where shrubs comprise at least 50% of the cover and trees less than 20% of the cover, the community is tenned a shrub swamp. Where there is less coverage of vegetation, the community is tenned a pond (White and Madany 1978), or swamp pond (Winship 1990). In a recent comparative study of swamps in the Cache River watershed (Basinger 1994), among 23 species of vascular plants that characterized bald cypress swamp communities, eight were submergent and float ing aquatic taxa. These aquatic species were not present in the seasonally wet/dry swamps. In this latter study, which included swamps in the upper and lower sections of the Cache River, a total of 254 vascular plant taxa were recorded in vegetation sample plots. A total of 208 taxa were recorded in the upper Cache River which was distinguished by 93 taxa not found in the lower Cache. A total of 161 species, with 46 unique taxa, were found in swamps in the lower Cache. Six seasonally wet/dry swamps studied in both stream seg 2-35 ments included the most diverse individual sites and contained 51 unique taxa, despite the general lack of aquatic herbaceous species. Diversity of the seasonal swamps (flooded less than nine months/yr.) was accounted for by the greater number of terrestrial species, par ticularly disturbance-tolerant taxa (Basinger 1994). Swamps in the CRAW are characterized by dominance of seven core species which had sample frequencies greater than 70% and cover greater than 5%: bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), common beggar-ticks (Bidensfrondosa), big duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza), tupelo (Nyssa aquatica), water-meal (Wolffia spp.), and duckweed (Spirodela punctata) (Basinger 1994). Note that three of these are diminu tive floating aquatic species. An additional 12 taxa were intermediate in frequency or cover. The remaining 235 taxa were relatively rare, occurring with frequencies less than 38% and! or cover less than 1%. The following community descriptions, which include the character istic common species, draw from Basinger's work (1994) and the other references cited above. A more detailed species list, though not comprehensive, is included in Table 7. Swamp - Canopy dominants include bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) and tupelo (Nyssa aquatica). Drummond's red maple (Acer rubrum var. drummondii) is occasional growing on stumps and logs as a small tree. Shrubs include swamp rose (Rosa palustris), button bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), Virginia willow (Itea virginica), stiff dogwood (Comus joemina), hairy rose mallow (Hibiscus lasiocarpus), the rare water elm (Planera aquatica ST) and big leaf snowbell bush (Styrax grandifolia SE). Swamp rose and Virginia willow are common species rooted on logs and buttress bases in the deeper portions of the swamp. Vines are generally uncommon. Cross-vine (Bignonia capreolata), trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), climbing dogbane (Trachelospermum difforme), and catbird grape (Vitis palmata) are occasional ascending into trees at the swamp margin. Herbaceous species include several floating aquatics: duckweed (Spirodela punctata), giant duckweed (5. polyrhiza), water-meal (Wolffia braziliensis), Mexican fern (Azolla mexicana), common duckweed (Lemna minor), duckweed (L. obscura), frog's bit (Limnobium spongia), featherfoil (Hottonia inflata), yellow water buttercup (Ranunculusflabellaris), humped bladderwort (Utricularia gibba), and marsh purslane (Ludwigia palustris). Spiny hornwort (Ceratophyllum muricatum) is a common submerged aquatic. Tree bases and floating logs provide habitat for a distinct group of terrestrial herbs: common beggar-ticks (Bidens frondosa), marsh St. John's-wort (Triadenum walteri), mad-dog skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora), dwarfSt. John's wort (Hypericum muti/um), false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrical, c1earweed (Pi/ea pumi/a), stalked water horehound (Lycopus rubellus), wild madder (Galium obtusum), and sedge (Carex decomposita SE). Emergent herbaceous species present at swamp margins include: swamp dock (Rumex verticillatus), arrow arum (Peltandra virginica), water parsnip (Sium suave), creeping primrose willow (Ludwigia peploides), lizard's tail (Saururus cemuus), red-rooted sedge (Cyperus erythrorhizos), white milkweed (Asclepias perennis), rice cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides), red iris (Irisjulva), and, locally, the Illinois endangered species creep ing loosestrife (Lysimachia radicans) and eryngo (Eryngium prostratum). Seasonally wet/dry swamps, or shallow swamps, are characterized by greater over all species diversity. Particularly noteworthy is the greater diversity of tree species in a habitat that is not permanently inundated. Canopy dominants include bald cypress, tu pelo, Drummond's red maple, pumpkin ash (Fraxinus profunda), green ash (F pennsylvanica), swamp cottonwood (Populus heterophylla), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and slippery elm (Ulmus rubra). Occasional species include water locust (Gleditsia aquatica), water hickory (Carya aquatica), kingnut hickory (c. laciniosa), pin oak (Quercus palustris), Shummard's oak (Q. shummardii), and overcup oak (Q. lyrata). Black willow (Salix nigra) and box elder (Acer negundo) are occasional subcanopy species. Shrubs include swamp rose (Rosa paluso'is), sw?mp privet (Forestiera acuminata), but tonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), and Virginia willow (Itea virginica). Herbaceous species include many of the taxa at the swamp margin listed above with: sedges (Carex crus-corvii, C. louisianica, C. grayi, C. squarrosa, C. muskingumensis), manna grass 2-36 (Glyceria arkansana SE), Missouri violet (Viola missouiricllsis), Virginia wild rye (Elymus virgillicus), hairy bittercress (Cardamillc hirsuta), white avens (Geum calladcllsc), giant smartweed (Polygollum pellsylvallicum), and Pennsylvania pellitory (Parictaria pellsylvanica). Table 7. 'Native vascular plant species of swamp and floodplain forest habitats in the Cache River Watershed Area. Species of uncertain habitat are indicated with a ques tion mark (?). Status notes: bold type indicates a special status species, SE =State Endangered, ST = State Threatened, FE =Federally Endangered. Floodplain Forest Canopy Swamp Wet Wet-Mesic Mesic Acer rubrum var. drummondii Drummond's red maple X X X Acer saccharinum Silver maple X X Acer saccharum Sugar maple X Carya aquatica Water hickory X X Carya cordiformis Bitternut hickory X Carya illinoensis Pecan X X Carya laciniosa Kingnut hickory X Carya ovata Shagbark hickory X Carya tomentosa Mockernut hickory X X Celtis laevigata Sugarberry X X Celtis occidentaJis Hackberry X X X Fagus grandifolia American beech X Fraxinus americana White ash X Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash X X X Fraxinus profunda Pumpkin ash X X Gleditsia aquatica Water locust X X Gleditsia triacanthos Honey locust X Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum X X X Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip poplar X Nyssa aquatica Swamp tupelo X Nyssa sylvatica Black gum X 2-37 Table 7 continued Swamp Wet Wet-Mesic Mesic Platanus occidenta]is Sycamore X X X Populus deltoides Eastern cottonwood X Populus heterophylla Swamp cottonwood X X Quercus alba White oak X Quercus ]yrata Overcup oak X X Quercus macrocarpa Burr oak X X Quercus michauxii Swamp chestnut oak X X Quercus nuttallii (SE) Nuttall's oak X X Quercus pagoda Cherrybark oak X X Quercus palustris Pin oak X X X Quercus phellos (ST) Willow oak X X Quercus prinoides var. acuminata Yellow chestnut oak X Quercus rubra Northern red oak X Quercus shumardii Shumard's oak X X X Taxodium distichum BaId cypress X Tilia americana American basswood X Ulmus americana American elm X X Ulmus rubra Slippery elm X X X X Subcanopy Swamp Wet Wet-Mesic Mesic Acer negundo Boxelder X X Aesculus discolor Red buckeye X X Asimina triloba Pawpaw X X Carpinus caroliniana American hornbeam X X Diospyros virginiana Persimmon X Morus rubra Red mulberry X Prunus serotina Black cherry X X 2-38 Table 7 continued Swamp Wet Wet-Mesic Mesic Salix exigua Sandbar willow X Salix nigra Black willow X X Sassafras albidum Sassafras X Shrubs Amorpha fruticosa False indigo X X Cephalanthus occidentalis Buttonbush X X Cercis canadensis Eastern redbud X Comus amomum Silky dogwood X X Comus florida Flowering dogwood X Comus foemina Stiff dogwood X X X Comus racemosa Gray dogwood X X Corylus americana Hazelnut X X Crataegus viridis Green thorn X Euonymus americanus (SE) Strawberry bush X Euonymus atropurpurea Wahoo X X Forestiera acuminata Swamp privet X X Hibiscus laevis Halberd-leaved rose mallow X Hibiscus lasiocarpus Hairy rose mallow X Hex decidua Swamp holly X X X Itea virginica Virginia willow X X Lindera benzoin Spicebush X Phoradendron serotinum Mistletoe X X Planera aquatica Water elm X Rosa palustris Swampy rose X Sambucus canadensis Elderberry X X Staphylea trifolia Bladdemut X Styrax americana (ST) Storax X X 2-39 Table 7 continued Swamp Wet Wet-Mesic Mesic Styrax grandiflora (SE) Big leaf snowbeJl bush X Viburnum prunifolium Blackhaw X X Zanthoxylum americanum Prickly ash X X Woody Vines Ampelopsis arborea Pepper-vine X X Ampelopsis cordata Raccoon grape X X Bignonia capreolata Cross-vine X X X Brunnichia ovata Buckwheat vine X Calycocarpum lyonii Cupseed X X Campsis radicans Tumpet Creeper X X Celastrus scandens Bittersweet X Parthenocissus quinquefolius Virginia creeper X X Smilax bona-nox Catbrier X Smilax hispida Bristly greenbrier X X Smilax rotundifolia Greenbrier X Toxicodendron radicans Poison ivy X X X Trachelosperrnum difforme Climbing dogbane X X Vitis palmata Catbird grape X X Vitis riparia Riverbank grape X X X Herbaceous Species Adiantum pedatum Maidenhair fern X Alisma plantago-aquatica var_ parviflorum Common water plantain X Arisaema dracontium Green dragon X Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit X Aristolochia serpentaria var. Izastata (ST) Virginia snakeroot . X X Aristolochia serpentaria Birthwort X Armoracia aquatica -;}. Lake cress X 2-40 Table 7 continued Swamp Wet Wet-Mesic Mesic Arundinarea gigantea Giant cane X X X Asclepias perennis White milkweed X X Aster lateriflorus Side-flowered aster X X Aster ontarionis Ontario aster X X Aster shortii Short's aster X X Aster simplex Panicled aster X X Athyrium angusturn Lady fern X Azolla mexicana Mexican azalia X Bidens discoidea Swamp beggar-ticks X Bidensfrondosa Common beggar-ticks X Boehmeria cylindrica False nettie X X X Boltonia asteroides False aster X Botrychium dissectum var. obliquum Grape fern X X Brunnichia ovata Buckwheat vine X Cardamine bulbosa Spring cress X X Carex crus-corvii Sedge X X Carex decomposita (SE) Cypress-knee sedge X Carex gigantea (SE) Large sedge X Carex graci/lima Graceful sedge X Carex grayi Sedge X X Carex intumescens (SE) Swollen sedge X X Carex louisianica Sedge X X X Carex muskingumensis Sedge X X Carex oxylepis (SE) Sharp-scaled sedge X Carex socialis Sedge X? Carex squarrosa Sedge X X 2-41 .1 Table 7 continued Swamp Wet Wet-Mesic Mesic Carex stipata . Prickly sedge X x Carex tribuloides Sedge X X Carex typhina Sedge X Ceratophyllum demersum Coontail x Chelone obliqua Pink turtlehead X Cinna arundinacea Stoutwood reed X X Clematis viorna (SE) Leatherflower X Collinsia vema Blue-eyed Mary X X Commelina virginica Day flower X X Corallorhiza wisteriana Coral root X X Corydalis flavula (nomenclature follows Mohlenbrock 1986) Pale corydalis X Cyperus erythrorhizos Red-rooted sedge X Cypripedium pubescens Large yellow lady-slipper orchid X Dicentra cucullaria Dutchman's-breeches X Dichantheliumjoorii (SE) Panic grass X Dichanthelium microcarpon Small fruited panic grass X EChinodorus cordifolius Creeping burhead X Eryngium prostratum (SE) Eryngo X Erythronium albidum White dog-tooth violet X Erythronillm americanum Yellow dog-tooth violet X Eupatorium incarnatum (SE) Thoroughwort X X Galium obtusum Wild madder X Galillm triflorum Sweet-scented bedstraw x Geum canadense White avens X Gentiana andrewsii Closed gentian X Geranium maculatum Wild geranium X Glyceria arkansana (SE) Manna grass X 2-42 Table 7 continued Swamp Wet Wet-Mesic Mesic Glyceria septentrionalis Floating manna grass X Glyceria striata Fowl manna grass X X Gratiola virginiana Round-fruited hedge hyssop X Hottonia infiata Featherfoil X Hybanthus concolor Green violet X Hydrastis canadensis Golden seal X Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Great waterleaf X Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia waterleaf X Hymenocallis caroliniana Spider lily X Hypericum mutilum Dwarf St. John's-wort X Impatiens capensis Spotted touch-me-not X X lresine rhizomatosa (SE) Bloodleaf X? Iris brevicaulis Blue iris X Irisfulva Red iris X Iris shrevei Wild blue iris X X X X Isopyrum biternatum False rue anemone X lusticia ovata (SE) Water willow X Laportea canadensis Wood nettle X X Leersia lenticularis Catchfly grass X X Leersia oryzoides Rice cutgrass X Leersia virginica White grass X X Lemna minor Common duckweed X Lemna obscura Duckweed X Lemna valdiviana Valdivian duckweed X Leptochloa panicoides (SE) Salt meadow grass X Limnobium spongia Frog's bit X Ludwigia palustris Marsh purslane X 2-43 Table 7 continued Swamp Wet Wet-Mesic Mesic Ludwigia peploides Creeping primrose willow X Lycopus rubellus Stalked water horehound X Lysimachia radicans (SE) Creeping loosestrife X X X Melothria pendula (SE) Squirting cucumber X Mimulus alatus Winged monkey flower X Monotropa uniflora Indian pipe X Oenothera fruticosa Shrubby sundrops X Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive fern X X Osmunda regalis Regal fern X Panax quinquefolia Ginseng X Panicum stipitatum Panic grass X Parietaria pensylvanica Pennsylvania pellitory X Passiflora lutea Small passion flower X Peltandra virginica Arrow arum X X Penstemon alluviorum Low-land beard-tongue X Penthorum sedoides Ditch stonecrop X Phlox divaricata Blue phlox X Phlox glaberrima Smooth phlox X Pilea fontana Clearweed X Pilea pumila Canada c1earweed X X Platantheraflava var.flava (SE) Tubercled orchid X Platanthera peramoena Purple fringeless orchid X Pluchea camphorata Camphor weed X Polemonium reptans Jacob's-ladder X Polygonum hydropiperoides Swamp smartweed X Polygonum pensylvanicum Giant smartweed X Polygonum punctatum Dotted smartweed X X 2-44 Table 7 continued Swamp Wet Wet Mesic Mesic Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas fern X Potamogeton diversifolius Waterthread pondweed X Potamogeton foliosus Leafy pondweed X Proserpinaca palustris Mermaid-weed X Ptilimnium costatum Mock bishop's weed X Ranunculusflabellaris Yellow water buttercup X Ranunculus septelltriollalis Swamp buttercup X Rorippa sessiliflora Sessile-flowered cress X X Ruellia strepells Smooth ruellia X Rumex verticillatus Swamp dock X X Sagittaria latifolia Arrowhead X Sagittaria longirostra (SE) Arrowhead X? Saururus cernuus Lizard's tail X Scutellaria lateriflora Mad-dog skullcap X Scutellaria nervosa Veiny skullcap X Selaginella apoda Marsh clubmoss X Sium suave Water parsnip X Solidago patula Rough-leaf goldenrod X Spigelia marilandica Indian pink X X Spirodela polyrhiza Big duckweed X Spirodela punctata Duckweed X Stylophorum diphyllum Celandine poppy X Thalia dealabata (SE) Powdery thalia X? Phegopteris ??Thelypteris hexagolloptera Broad beech fern X Tragia cordata Tragia X Triadenum tubulosum Marsh 51. John's wort X Triadenum walteri Marsh St. John's wort X 2-45 Table 7 continued Swamp Wet Wet-Mesic Mesic Triphora triamhophora Nodding pagonia x Utricularia gibba Humped bladderwort x Valeriana paucijlora Pink valerian x Viola missouriensis Missouri violet X Viola pratincola Common blue violet X X Viola pubescens var. eriocarpa Smooth yellow violet X Viola sororia Wooly blue violet X X Viola striata Common white violet X X Wolf.fia braziliensis Water meal X Flatwoods, Upland Forests, and Barrens Flatwoods are level woodlands with a claypan that due to slow permeability are seasonally wet and seasonally dry (Taft et a!. 1995). Though fragipans are frequently ascribed to flatwoods (e.g., Winship 1990), the lack of cementation in Illinois soils suggests that this term is improperly applied. Typically, flatwoods from Texas to Illinois are characterized by a predominance of upland oak species and have an open woodland structure. However, flatwoods in the CRAW can be classified into at least two types, wet and dry (Winship 1990), based largely on differences in the canopy composition which is related to the dura tion of the wet phase of the soil-moisture regime. A mesic flatwoods phase can also be recognized, pending detailed ecological study. Upland forests occur outside of floodplains and except under unusual conditions, do not receive flood waters. White and Madany (1978) recognized five upland forest types in Illinois based on soil moisture characteristics: wet-mesic, mesic, dry-mesic, dry, and xeric. Barrens is an ambiguous community classifi cation as it has been applied to a wide diversity of vegetation structures including shrub thickets and oak openings. For this report, barrens is used according to White and Madany (1978) for local inclusions of a prairie flora mixed with a woodland flora in openings within a generally forested landscape. Southern Flatwoods No areas of flatwoods in the CRAW were recognized as high quality, grades A or B (Cat egory I) natural areas by the INA!. Only a total of about 257 ha of high-quality (grades A and B) southern flatwoods remain in the state, mostly on the Illinoian till plain (Taft et a!. 1995). A total of 28 ha (70 acres) of grade C flatwoods and several noteworthy plant spe cies were recognized at Mermet Lake in the CRAW. At Fort Massac State Park, partially in but mostly outside of the CRAW (Figure 3), there are an additional estimated 70.8 ha (175 acres) of grade C flatwoods (White 1978; Illinois Natural Heritage Database 1995). More area of grade C flatwoods, sites with trees less than 90 years of age or with a salient distur bance history (White 1978), are present in the CRAW but the total amount is unknown. In some cases, data on differential clay content among soil horizons are needed to determine with certainty if a site meets the definition of a.flatwoods. Flatwoods occur locally throughout the southeastern United States andappear to have been most common on the lIlinoian till plain. Variation in vegetation composition and structure can be explained by differences in cation and clay content, depth to claypan, and other edaphic factors (Taft et a!. 1995). Available soil water-holding capacity explains 2-46 ------much of the variance in tree diversity and density in flatwoods. Stem density of woody plants is inversely correlated to ground-cover species diversity and cover (Taft et al. 1995). Flatwoods in the Midwest, south of the Illinoian till plain, have been described from Indi ana (Aldrich and Homoya 1984; Dolan and Menges 1989) and in the Illinois Coastal Plain Natural Division (Schwegman 1970; Winship 1990). Except under unusual conditions, fire appears to be important in the long-term maintenance of oak dominance andground-cover diversity among the seasonally dry flatwoods on the Illinoian till plain (Taft et al. 1995) and may be important south of the till plain, particularly at sites strongly dominated by upland oak species. Flatwoods are characterized by local microdepressions that retain water dur ing the spring months and a flora that responds both temporally and spatially to extremes in soil moisture availability. The composition of wet, mesic, and dry flatwoods found within the CRAW is described below and in Table 8. Southern Flatwoods (Wet) - Analysis of the vegetation ecology of the wet flatwoods com munity in the Coastal Plain Natural Division may reveal that they are more similar to flood plain forests than flatwoods on the till plain. However, for convenience, this community is included here. Canopy dominants include pin oak (Quercus palustris), Shummard's oak (Q. shumardii), swamp chestnut oak (Q. michauxii), and cherrybark oak (Q. pagoda). Oc casional species include overcup oak (Q. lyrata), burr oak (Q. macrocarpa), swamp white oak (Q. bicolor), kingnut hickory (Carya laciniosa), and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua). Shrubs include swamp holly (flex decidua), winterberry (f. verticillata), stiff dogwood (Comus foemina), storax (Styrax americana ST), smooth arrowwood (Viburnum recognitum), and Virginia willow (ltea virginica). Vines include poison ivy (Toxicoden dron radicans) and trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans). Herbaceous species include sev eral sedges: Carex hyalinolepis, C muskingumensis, C louisianica, C squarrosa, C typhina, and C normalis. Other species include stoutwood reed (Cinna arundinacea), small fruited panic grass (Dichanthelium microcarpon), mock bishop's weed (Ptilimnium costatum), red iris (Iris fulva), lance-leaved loosestrife (Lysimachia lanceolata), rough goldenrod (Sol idago rugosa), swamp buttercup (Ranunculus septentrionalis), bulb bittercress (Cardamine bulbosa), and stiff bedstraw (Galium tinctorium). SOl/them Flatwoods (Mesic) • The description for this moisture phase is taken from a submature to mature stand bordering the Post Creek Cut-off in Pulaski County near Karnak. Other remnants may also be present within the CRAW. Three major soil types found in this woodland, the Weinbach silt loam, the Sciotoville silt loam, and the Ginat silt loam, all contain argillic horizons (claypans) (Park and Fehrenbacher 1968). This forest formed on a low terrace and has floristic characteristics of a mesic floodplain forest but in contrast to wet flatwoods also includes a few upland oak species. No clear canopy dominants are present. Occasional canopy species include white oak (Quercus alba), northern red oak (Q. rubra), cherrybark oak (Q. pagoda), post oak (Q. stellata), black oak (Q. velutina), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). Common to occa sional subcanopy species include flowering dogwood (Cornusjlorida), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), shagbark hickory (Carya ovala), sweetgum, sugarberry (Cellis laevigata), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), swamp holly (llex decidua), boxelder (Acer negundo), sugar maple (A. saccharum), kingnut hickory (Carya laciniosa), mockernut (C lomentosa), pignut (C glabra), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), and winged elm (Ulmus alata). Common shrubs and vines include hazelnut (Corylus americanus), winged sumac (Rhus copallina), devil's walking stick (Aralia spinosa), black haw (Viburnum prunifolium), pawpaw (Asimina triloba), eastern redbud (Cerds canadensis), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Vir ginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), and winter grape (Vitis cinerea). Common to occa sional herbaceous species include woodland brame (Bromus pubescens), sedges (Carex artitecta, Cfestucacea, C glaucoidea, C hirsutella), stoutwood reed (Cinna arundinacea), slender spike rush (Eleocharis verrucosa), flowering spurge (Euphorbia corollata), wood 2-47 ------.-._-- .._-- .._- land sunflower (Helianthus divaricatus), smooth beard-tongue (Penstemon calycosus), blue phlox ( Phlox divaricata), smooth phlox (P. glaberrima), slender mountain mint (Pycnanthemum tenuifolium), and grass-leaved lily (Stenanthium gramineum SE). Un common to rare species present include buckwheat vine (Brunnichia ovata), sedges (Carex gigantea SE, and C. intumescens SE), water willow (]usticia ovata SE), shrubby sun drops (Oenotherafruticosa var.linearis), and marsh St. John's wort (Triadenum tubulosum). Southern Flatwoods (Dry) - This is the principal type formerly widespread throughout the Illinoian till plain (Taft et al. 1995). Based on the brief available description from the coastal plain region (Winship 1990), composition is similar to those flatwoods with the addition of a few species of more southern or southeastern distributions (e.g., shrubby sun drops [Oenotherafruticosa], sedge [Carex hyalinolepis], and rough goldenrod [Solidago rugosa). Canopy dominants include post oak (Quercus stellata), white oak (Q. alba), and mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa). Subcanopy is sparse but like flatwoods south of the Illinoian till plain in Indiana (Aldrich and Homoya 1984), contains winged elm (Ulmus alata). Herbaceous species include the sedges (Carex annectans and C. normalis), with two-flowered rush (funcus bijlorus), stoutwood reed (Cinna arundinacea), Indian physic (Porteranthus stipulatus), woodland sunflower (Helianthus divaricatus), and false foxglove (Agalinis purpurea). Occasional prairie species include prairie blazing star (Liatris pycnostachya), stiff goldenrod (Solidago rigida), and downy sunflower (Helianthus mollis). Upland Forest Wet-mesic, mesic, dry-mesic, dry, and xeric upland forest are present totaling about 57,169 ha (141,264 acres) or 26.4% of the CRAW (Table I). This acreage figure probably includes areas of flatwoods described above. About 55 ha (136 acres) ofINAI grade A and 114 ha (282 acres) of INAI grade B upland forest are located in the CRAW. This 169 ha [418 acres] total represents 0.3% of the state total of INAI high-qualtiy upland forest (White 1978; INHD 1995). A total of 1,324 ha (3,270.5 acres) of grade C upland forest were included among INAI natural areas, including 1.6 ha (four acres) of grade C wet-mesic upland forest; however, considerably more area of grade C upland forest is found in the CRAW. Most of the relatively undisturbed (grades A and B) upland forest remaining are mesic sites (71 ha [176 acres)), followed by a combined dry and xeric upland forest (62 ha [154 acres)) and dry-mesic upland forest (35.6 ha [88 acres)). Table 4 describes the distri bution of these remnant high-quality forest types. The upland forests in the CRAW are primarily in the Lesser Shawnee Hills and the Lower Ozark sections of their respective natural divisions. These areas are characterized by relatively rugged topography. In the Lesser Shawnee Hills limestone and sandstone are the principal bedrock types. The Lower Ozark Section is underlain by limestone. Streams have eroded steep valleys in places and bedrock outcroppings are locally common, includ ing some igneous exposures (Mohlenbrock 1986). Sinkholes are present in the limestone areas. Bedrock type, slope degree and position, soil texture and depth, and aspect are all factors that contribute to the available water-holding capacity of soils at a site and the diver sity of upland forest communities present in the CRAW. The upland forests are included in the Ozark Hills section of the Western Mesophytic Forest Region of Braun (1950). Braun (1950) indicates that the mesic forests in sheltered ravine bottoms tend to be dominated by species of the mixed mesophytic forest association while the dry-mesic to xeric upland forests of the upper slopes and ridges are dominated by oaks of wide distribution through out the eastern United States. A great diversity of tree species is found among the upland forests in the CRAW (Table 8), though diversity generally decreases with increasing habitat dryness. Compared with floodplain forests and swamps, there is much greater diversity among the herbaceous ground cover in upland forests (Table 8). The composition of each upland forest type is summarized below. 2-48 Wet-Mesic Upland Forest - Small, local areas of wet-mesic upland forest are present in the CRAW (INHD 1995). They are found in the uplands usually on poorly drained sites, though sometimes they may be associated with sinkholes. Swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor) is sometimes found in poorly drained upland areas in Illinois but has not been reported in similar habitat in the CRAW. Trees associated with localized areas of poor drainage in uplands within the CRAW include pin oak (Q. palustris), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), and honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos). Shrubs include buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis). Vines include trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), greenbrier (Smilax bona nox), and the alien Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). Herbaceous species in clude a sedge (Carex sparganioides), dark green rush (Scirpus atrovirens), stoutwood reed (Cinna arundinacea), panic grass (Panicum rigidulum), and fire weed (Erechtites hieracifolia). Trees associated with sinkholes (limestone districts) include tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa). Mesic Upland Forest· A very rich assortment of canopy tree species can be found includ ing: American beech (Fagus grandifolia), sugar maple (AceI' saccharum), white oak (Quercus alba), northern red oak (Q. rubra), black oak (Q. velutina), chinkapin oak (Q. prinoides var. acuminata), burr oak (Q. macrocarpa), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), pignut hickory (Carya glabra), shagbark hickory (c. ovata), false shag bark (c. ovalis), bitternut hickory (c. cordiformis), kingnut hickory (c. laciniosa), mockernut hickory (c. tomentosa), white ash (Fraxinus americana), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), American elm (D. americana), basswood (Titia americana), black walnut (Juglans nigra), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), and cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acuminata). Common to occasional subcanopy trees include pawpaw (Asimina triloba), hop hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), flowering dogwood (Comus florida), eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis), American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), black cherry (Prunus serotina), river birch (Betula nigra), and hawthorns (Crataegus spp). Shrubs in clude devil's walking stick (Aralia spinosa), burning bush (Euonymus atropurpureus), spi cebush (Undera benzoin), wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arboreal, and swamp holly (/lex decidua). Vines include Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), poison ivy (Toxi codendron radicans), bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), and the exotic Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). Herbaceous species include a great diversity of spring wildflowers, ferns, and other species. A few are listed here and in more detail in Table 9: white baneberry (Actaea pachypoda), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), wild ginger (Asarum canadense), sedge (Carex albursina), spring beauty (Claytonia virginica), dwarflarkspur (Delphinium tricome), toothwort (Dentaria laciniata), Dutchman's-breeches (Dicentra cucullaria), marginal fern (Dryopteris marginalis), har binger of spring (Erigenia bulbosa), yellow dog-tooth violet (Erythronium americanum), green violet (Hybanthus concolor), golden seal (Hydrastis canadensis), great waterleaf (Hydrophyllum appendiculatum), A. phacelia (Phacetia bipinnatijida), broad beech fern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), false Solomon seal (Smilacina racemosa), yellow bellwort (Uvularia grandiflora), and wooly blue violet (Viola sororia). Dry-Mesic Upland Forest - Composition includes many species transitional between mesic and dry upland forest. Tree canopy compOSition includes white oak (Quercus alba), black oak (Q. velutina), northern red oak (Q. rubra), shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), mockernut hickory (c. tomen/osa), red maple (AceI' rubrum), and white ash (Fraxinus americana). Occasional canopy species include pignut hickory (Carya glabra), false shagbark hickory (c. ovalis), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), and eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). Subcanopy composition includes sugar maple (AceI' saccharum), hop hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), and flowering dogwood (Comus florida). Shrubs include devi!'s walking stick (Aralia spinosa), paw paw (Asimina triloba), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), and hazelnut (Corylus americana). 2-49 Vines include greenbriers (Smilax rotwldifolia, S. glauca, and S. bona-IJOx), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), summer grape (Vitis aestivalis), and the exotic Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). Herbaceous species include everlasting (Antenna ria plantaginifolia), rattlesnake fern (Botrychium virginianum), long-awned wood grass (Brachyelytrum erectum), sedges (Carex glaucodea, C. artitecta, C. digitalis), bare-stemmed tick trefoil (Desmodium nudiflorum), wild berga mot (Monarda fistulosa), American columbo (Frasera caroliniensis), wild comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum), common cinquefoil (Potentilla simplex), starry campion (Silene stellata), elm-leaved goldenrod (Solidago ulmifolia), and cleft violet (Viola triloba). Dry Upland Forest - Tree canopy dominants include post oak (Quercus stellata), black oak (Q. velutina), blackjack oak (Q. marilandica), Texas hickory (Carya texana), pignut hickory (C. glabra), and shagbark hickory (c. ovata). Occasional species include white ash (Fraxinus americana), chinkapin oak (Q. prinoides var. acuminata), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), chestnut oak (Q. prinus ST), and false shagbark hickory (Carya ovalis). Subcanopy spe cies include winged elm (Ulmus alata), eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), and shad bush (Amelanchier arboreal. Shrubs include winged sumac (Rhus copallina), fragrant sumac (R. aromatica), low-bush blueberry (Vaccinium pal/idum), dewberry (Rubus flagellaris), and pasture rose (Rosa carolina). Herbaceous species include shooting star (Dodecatheon meadia), wild comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum), yellow-flowered horse gentian (Triosteum angustifolium), sedges (Carex artitecta and C. retroflexa), curly grass (Danthonia spicata), goat's rue (Tephrosia virginiana), diltany (Cunila origanoides), spread ing aster (Aster patens), flowering spurge (Euphorbia corollata), smooth false foxglove (Aureolaria flava), slender bush clover (Lespedeza virginica), trailing bush clover (L. procumbens), Sampson's snakeroot (Psoralea psoralioides), pencil flower (Stylosanthes biflora), woodland sunflower (Helianthus divaricatus), heart-leaved aster (Aster cordifolius), aromatic aster (A. oblongifolius), autumn bent grass (Agrostis perennans), common woodsia (Woodsia obtusa), ebony spleenwort (Asplenium platyneuron), slender three-seeded mer cury (Acalypha gracilens), American agave (Manfreda virginica), a panic grass (Dichanthelium laxiflorum), hog peanut (Amphicarpa bracteata), everlasting (Antennaria plantaginifolia), hairy bedstraw (Galium pilosum), monarda (Monarda bradburiana), downy phlox (Phlox pilosa), small Solomon seal (Polygonatum biflorum), common cinquefoil (Potentilla simplex), hairy mountain mint (Pycnanthemum pi/osum), and elm-leaved gold enrod (Solidago ulmifolia). Xeric Upland Forest - This community type is found on very shallow soil often adjacent to glades of open bedrock and thus tends to grade, sometimes imperceptibly, into barrens, dry upland forest, and glade. The chief dominant trees include blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica) and post oak (Q. stellata). Occasional trees include Texas hickory (Carya texana). Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), winged elm (Ulmus alata), and shad bush (Amelanchier arboreal are common small trees. Shrubs include farkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), low-bush blueberry·(V. pallidum), and dwarf hackberry (Celtis tenuifolia). Vines include catbriers (Smilax glauca and S. bona-nox). Common herbaceous species are little bluesteril. (Schizachyrium scoparium), broom sedge (Andropogon virginicus), curly grass (Danthonia spicata), Venus' looking-glass (Triodanis per/oliata), yellow star grass (Hypoxis hirsuta), dittany (Cunila origanoides), cleft phlox (Phlox bifida), everlasting (Antennaria plamaginifolia), spreading aster (Aster patens), American agave (Manfreda virginica), long leaved bluets (Hedyotis longifolia), small bluets (H. pusilla), narrow-leaved bluets (H. nigricans), panic grasses (DichantheliumlaxiflorUlll, D. linearifolium, and D. acuminatum), tall gramma (Bouteloua curtipendula), June grass (Koeleria macrantha), six-weeks fescue (Vulpia octoflora), and common woodsia (Woodsia obtusa). See descriptions of glades and primary communities (bedrock outcroppings) for additional species present. 2-50 Barrens Barrens is a term used to describe several distinct vegetation types throughout the Midwest (e.g., Engelmann 1863; Aldrich and Homoya 1984; Heikens and Robertson 1994; Hutchison 1994; DeSelm 1994; Baskin et al. 1994; Homoya 1994; Bowles and McBride 1995) and consequently has taken an ambiguous quality. Barrens as defined by the INAI included shallow-soil habitats that supported an assemblage of prairie species and scattered, open grown trees within a generally forested [wooded] landscape (White and Madany 1978) and this classification concept is followed here. Barrens remnants tend to be on the most xeric exposures and edaphic conditions; consequently, these sites are the slowest to be encroached by woody plants during periods of fire absence. Barrens in Illinois are associated with diverse bedrock types including sandstone, limestone, chert, and shale and can further be classified by these parent material modifiers. Barrens may be differentiated from similar community types by having greater than 10% cover of prairie species, less than 50% cover of woody vegetation, exposed bedrock from 1-5%, and soil depth from 10-40 cm (Heikens 1991). Barrens have been the focus of much recent work including examination of the historical use of the term (White 1994; Hutchison 1994), classification and description (Heikens 1991; Homoya 1994; DeSelm 1994; Baskin 1995), and examination of the effects of fire management on vegetation composition and structure (Heikens et al. 1994; Taft, unpublished data). Important environmental discriminators of vegetation are soil depth, .soil pH, percent sand, magnesium and phosphorus content of the soil, and soil organic matter (Heikens 1991). A total of 5.3 ha (13 acres) of grades A and B barrens were identified from two Alexander County sites by the INAI: Provo Cemetery and Big Brushy Ridge (White 1978; INHD 1995). This is about 23% of the high-quality, relatively undisturbed dry to mesic barrens found throughout lllinois. Most barrens remnants are small and spatially isolated. A recent program of landscape-scale fire management in the Shawnee National Forest (Stritch 1990) is aimed at restoring the spatial heterogeneity of savanna-like and forest habitats that formerly characterized the region. Barrens - Ordinarily, remnants of this community are differentiated by soil moisture class and parent material origin. However, there is very little data on the composition of barrens from within the CRAW. The following description is a generalized listing of common species found in southern Illinois barrens. Typically, barrens are comprised of a mixed prairie, open woodland, and glade flora depending on microsite available soil moisture and amount and type of bedrock at the surface. Soil moisture is controlled largely by soil depth, aspect, and texture; most sites remaining tend to be well drained. To find species specifi cally associated with limestone, sandstone, or shale see the community descriptions for primary communities and glades. Common tree species include post oak (Quercus stellata), blackjack oak (Q. marilandica), and Texas hickory (Carya texana). Shrubs and small trees include farkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), low-bush blueberry (V. pallidum), winged elm (Ulmus alata), eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), winged sumac (Rhus copallina), shadbush (Amelanchier arboreal, and dwarf hackberry (Celtis tenuifolia). Herbaceous species include little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), panic grasses (Dichanthelium laxiflorum. D. linearifolium, and D. boscii), curly grass (Danthonia spicata), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans). a sedge (Carex artitecta), ebony spleenwort (Asplenium platyneuron), blazing star (Liatris squarrosa), butterfly pea (Clitoria mariana), June grass (Koeleria macrantha), St. Andrew's cross (Hypericum stragulum), woodland sunflower (Helianthus divaricatus), American agave (Manfreda virginica), false garlic (Nothoscordum bivalve), hairy bedstraw (Galium pilosum), narrow-leaved pinweed (Lechea tenuifolia), creeping bush clover (Lespedeza repens), trailing bush clover (L. procumbens), and prairie wedge grass (Sphenopholis obtusata). 2-51 r------, Table 8. Native vascular plant species of flatwoods, upland forests, and barrens in the Cache River Watershed Area. Species of uncertain habitat are indicated with a ques tion mark (?). Status notes: bold type indicates a special status species, SE =State Endangered, ST = State Threatened, FE = Federally Endangered. ------UplandForests----- Canopy Flatwoods Wet-Mesic Mesic Dry-Mesic Dry Xeric Barrens Acer rubrum Red maple X X Acer saccharum Sugar maple X Carya cordiformis Bitternut hickory X Carya glabra Pignut hickory X X X X Carya laciniosa Kingnut hickory X Carya ovalis False shagbark hickory X X X Carya ovata Shagbark hickory X X X X Carya pallida (SE) Pale hickory X? Carya texana Texas hickory X X X Carya tomentosa Mockernut hickory X X Celtis laevigata Sugarberry X Celtis occidentalis Hackberry X X Cladrastis lutea (SE) Yellowwood X Fagus grandifolia American beech X Fraxinus americana White ash X X X Fraxinus quadrangulata Blue ash X Gleditsia triacanthos Honey locust X Juglas nigra Black walnut X Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum X X Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip poplar X Magnolia acuminata Cucumber magnolia X Nyssa sylvatica Black gum X X 2-52 Table 8 continued Flatwoods Wet-Mesic Mesic Dry-Mesic Dry Xeric Barrens Quercus alba White oak X X X Quercus coccinea Scarlet oak X Quercus falcata Southern red oak X ., Quercus macrocarpa Burr oak X Quercus marilandica Blackjack oak X X X X Quercus palustris Pin oak X Quercus prinoides var. acuminata Yellow chestnut oak X X X X Quercus prinus (ST) .Chestnut oak X? Quercus rubra Northern red oak X X Quercus stellata Post oak X X X X X .Quercus velutina Black oak X X X X X Tilia americana Basswood X TWa heterophylla (SE) White basswood X Ulmus americana American elm X Ulmus rubra Slippery elm X X Subcanopy Acer negundo Boxelder X Acer rubrum Red maple X Acer saccharum Sugar maple X X Amelanchier arborea Shadbush X X Asimina triloba Pawpaw X Betula nigra River birch X Carpinus caroliniana American hornbeam X Cerds canadensis Eastern redbud X X Comus florida Flowering dogwood X X Crataegus calpodendron Urn-shaped hawthorn X 2-53 Table 8 continued Flatwoods Wet-Mesic Mesic Dry-Mesic Dry Xeric Barrens Crataegus crus-galli Cock-spur hawthorn X X Crataegus pruinosa Hawthorn X X Crataegus spathulata Hawthorn X Halesia carolina (SE) Silverbell tree X Juniperus virginiana Eastern red cedar X X X X 'Ostrya virginiana Hop hornbeam X X Prunus serotina Black cherry X Quercus imbricaria Shingle oak X X Sassafras albidum Pawpaw X X X Ulmus alata Winged elm X X X X Ulmus rubra Slippery elm X X Shrubs Aralia spinosa Devil's walking stick X X Celtis tenuifolia Dwarf hackberry X X Cephalanthus occidentalis Buttonbush X Corylus americana Hazelnut X Euonymus americanus (SE) American strawberry bush X Euonymus atropurpureus Wahoo X Hydrangea arborescens Wild hydrangea X flex decidua Swamp holly X X Lindera benzoin Spicebush X Prunus americana Wild plum X Rhus aromatica Fragrant sumac X Rhus copallina Winged sumac X X X Rhus glabra Smooth sumac X X Rosa carolina Pasture rose X X 2-54 Table 8 continued Flatwoods Wet-Mesic Mesic Dry-Mesic Dry Xeric Barrens Rubus flagellaris Dewberry X X Staphylea trifolia Bladdernut X Vaccinium arboreum Farkleberry X X Vaccinium pallidum Low-bush blueberry X X X Vines Campsis radicans Trumpet creeper X X Celastrus scandens Bittersweet X Lonicera japonica * Japanese honeysuckle X X X Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper X X X Smilax bona-nox Catbrier X X X Smilax glauca Greenbrier X X X Smilax hispida Catbrier X Smilax rotundifolia Greenbrier X Toxicodendron radicans Poison ivy X X Vitis aestivalis Summergrape X Vitis cinerea Wintergrape X Herbaceous Species Acalypha gracilens Three-seeded mercury X X X X Actaea pachypoda White baneberry X Adiantum pedatum Maidenhair fern X X Agrostis perennans Autumn bent grass X X Amphicarpa bracteata Hog peanut X X X X Amsonia tabernaemontana Blue star X Andropogon gerardii Big bluestem X Andropogon virginicus Broom sedge X Antennaria neglecta Pussytoes X X X 2-55 Table 8 continued Flatwoods Wet-Mesic Mesic Dry-Mesic Dry Xeric Barrens Al1tel1naria plantaginifolia Pussytoes X X X X Aplectrum hyemale Putty-root orchid X Aralia racemosa American spikenard X Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit X Aristolochia serpentaria Virginia snakeroot X Aruncus dioica Goat's-beard X Arundinaria gigantea Giant cane X Asarum canadense Wild ginger X Asplenium platyneuron Ebony spleenwort X X X X X Aster cordifolius Blue wood aster X Aster oblongifolius Aromatic aster X Aster patens Spreading aster X X Athyrium pycnocarpon Narrow-leaved spleenwort X Athyrium thelypterioides Silvery spleenwort X Aureolaria flava Smooth false foxglove X Botrychium biternatum Southern grape fern X Botrychium virginianum Rattlesnake fern X X Bouteloua curtipendula Sideoats gramma X Brachyelytrum erectum Long-awned wood grass X X Bromus pubescens Woodland brome X X X X X Camassia scilloides Wild hyacinth X X Carex albursina Sedge X Carex artitecta Sedge X X X X X X Carex blanda Woodland sedge X Carex bushii Sedge X X X Carex careyana Sedge X Carex convoluta Sedge X 2-56 Table 8 continued Flatwoods Wet-Mesic Mesic Dry-Mesic Dry Xeric Barrens Carex digitalis Sedge X Carex festucacea Sedge X Carex flaccospenna Sedge X Carex glaucodea Sedge X X X X Carex hirsutella Sedge X Carex oxylepis (SE) Sharp-scaled sedge X Carex reniformis (SE) Sedge X Carex retroflexa Sedge X Carex rosea Sedge X X X Carex shortiana Sedge X Carex socialis Sedge X Carex sparganioides Sedge X Cimicifuga rubifolia (ST) Black cohosh X Cinna arundinacea Stoutwood reed X X Circaea lutetiana Enchanter's nightshade X Claytonia virginica Spring beauty X X Clitoria mariana Butterfly pea X Cocculus carolina Snailseed X X Corallorhiza wisteriana Coral root X Cunila origanoides Dittany X X Cynoglossum virginianum Wild comfrey X Cypripedium pubescens Large yellow lady-slipper orchid X Cystopteris protrusa Fragile fern X Danthonia spicata Curly grass X X X X Delphinium tricorne Dwarf larkspur X Dentaria laciniata Toothwort X Desmodium glutinosum Pointed tick trefoil X 2-57 Table 8 continued Flatwoods Wet-Mesic Mesic Dry-Mesic Dry Xeric Barrens Desmodium nudijZorum Bare-stemmed tick trefoil X X X Diarrhena americana Beak grass X Dicentra canadensis Squirrel-corn X Dicentra cucullaria Dutchman's-breeches X Dichanthelium acuminatum Panic grass X X X X Dichanthelium boscii Panic grass X X X X Dichanthelium laxiflorum Panic grass X X X Dichanthelium linearifolium Slender-leaved panic grass X X Dichanthelium malacophyllum Panic grass X X Dichanthelium microcarpon Small fruited panic grass X X Dichanthelium polyanthes Panic grass X Dioc/ea multiflora (SE) Boykin's dioclea X Dodecatheon frenchii French's shooting-star X Dodecatheon meadia Shooting star X X Dryopteris celsa (SE) Log fern X Dryopteris intermedia Common woodfern X Dryopteris marginalis Marginal fern X Eleocharis obtusa Spike rush X Eleocharis verrucosa Slender spike rush X Elymus hystrix Bottlebrush grass X X Epifagus virginiana Beech-drops X Erechtites hieracifolia Fireweed X Erigenia bulbosa Harbinger-of-spring X Eryngium yuccifolium Rattlesnake master X X Erythronium americanum Yellow dog-tooth violet X Eupatorium mandatum Spotted Joe pye weed X X Eupatorium rugosum 2-58 Table 8 continued Flatwoods Wet-Mesic Mesic Dry-Mesic Dry Xeric Barrens White snakeroot X X Euphorbia corollata Flowering spurge X X Festuca obtusa Nodding fescue X X X Frasera caroliniensis American columbo X Galearis spectabilis Showy orchis X X Galium circaezans Wild licorice X X X Galium pilosum Hairy bedstraw X X Geranium maculatum Wild geranium X X Glyceria striata Fowl manna grass X Hedyotis longifolia Long-leaved bluets X Hedyotis nigricans Narrow-leaved bluets X X Hedyotis pusilla Small bluets X Helianthus angustifolius CST) Narrow-leaf sunflow. X Helianthus decapetalus Pale sunflower X Helianthus divaricatus Woodland sunflower X X X X Hybanthus concolor Green violet X Hydrastis canadensis Golden seal X Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Great waterleaf X Hydrophyllum canadense Broad-leaved waterleaf X Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia waterleaf X Hymenocallis caroliniensis Spider lily X Hypericum drummondii Nits-and-lice X X Hypericum gemianoides Pineweed X X Hypericum lobocarpum St. John's wort X Hypericum stragulum St. Andrew's cross X Hypoxis hirsuta Yellow stargrass X X X Impatiens capensis Spotted touch-me-not X 2-59 Table 8 continued Flatwoods Wet-Mesic Mesic Dry-Mesic Dry Xeric Barrens Iris cristata Dwarf wild iris X Isoetes melanopoda Black quillwort X Isopyrum biternatum False rue anemone X Koeleria macrantha June grass X X Lactuca floridana Blue lettuce X X Lechea tenuifolia Narrow-leaved pinweed X Leersia virginica White grass X Lespedeza procumbens Trailing bush clover X X Lespedeza repens Creeping bush clover X X Lespedeza virginica Slender bush clover ,x X Liatris spicata Marsh blazing star X Liatris squarrosa Blazing star X Lysimachia lanceoloata Lance-leaf loosestrife X Manfreda virginica American agave X X Melanthera nivea (SE) White melanthera X? Melica mutica (SE) Two-flowered meHe grass X? Monarda bradburiana Monarda X X Monarda fistulosa Wild bergamot X X Nothoscordum bivalve False garlic X Obolaria virginica Pennywort X Oenothera fruticosa Shrubby sundrops X Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive fern X Orobanche uniflora Cancer root X Osmorhiza IOllgistylis Anise-root X Pallax quinquefolia Ginseng X Pallicum rigidulum Munro grass X Parthellium integrifolium Wild quinine X X X 2-60 Table 8 continued Flatwoods Wet-Mesic Mesic Dry-Mesic Dry Xeric Barrens Penstemon calycosus Smooth beard-tongue X Phegopteris hexagonoptera Broad beech fern X X Phlox bifida Cleffphlox X Phlox divaricata Blue phlox X X Phlox glaberrima Smooth phlox X Phlox pilosa Downy phlox X X Pilea pumila CJearweed X Polemonium reptans Jacob's ladder X Polygonatllm biflorllm Small Solomon seal X Polygonatum commutatllm Great Solomon seal X Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas fern X X Potentilla simplex Common cinquefoil X X Psoralia psoralioides Sampson's snakeroot X Pteridium aqllilinum Bracken fern X Pycnanthemum pilosum Hairy mountain mint X Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Slender mountain mint X Ranunculus pusillus Small spearwort X Ruellia strepens Smooth ruellia X Sanguinaria canadensis Bloodroot X Sanicula canadensis Canad. blk. snakeroot X X X Saururus cernuus Lizard's tail X SchQachyrillmscoparium Little bluestem X X Scirpus atrovirens Green bulrush X X Scirpus verecundus (SE) Bulrush X Silene stellata Starry campion X X X Smilacina racemosa False Solomon seal X Solidago caesia Woodland goldenrod X X 2-61 Table 8 continued Flatwoods Wet-Mesic Mesic Dry-Mesic Dry Xeric Barrens Solidago nemoralis Gray goldenrod X X X Solidago patula Rough-leaf goldenrod X X Solidago petiolaris Downy goldenrod X X Solidago rugosa Rough goldenrod X Solidago ulmifolia Elm-leaved goldenrod X Sorghastrum nutans Indian grass X Sphenopholis obtusata Prairie wedge grass X Spigelia marilandica Indian pink X Stenanthium gramineum (SE) Grass-leaved lily X Stylosanthes biflora Pencil flower X X X Tephrosia virginiana Goat's rue X Tradescantia ohiensis Spiderwort X Tradescantia subaspera Spiderwort X Tradescantia virginiana Spiderwort X X X X Triodanis perfoliata Venus' looking-glass X X Trillium recurvatum Red trillium X Triosteum angustifolium Yellow-flowered horse gentian X Uvularia grandiflora Yellow bellwort X Valeriana pauciflora Pink valerian X Verbesina altemifolia Yellow ironweed X Viola sororia Wooly blue violet X Viola striata Common white violet X Viola triloba Cleft violet X X Vulpia octoflora Six-weeks fescue X Woodsia obtusa Common woodsia X X X 2-62 Primary Communities· Glades and Cliffs Bedrock outcroppings occur throughout the Lower Ozark and Lesser Shawnee Hills sec tions of the CRAW. The primary bedrock types within the CRAW are sandstone and lime stone. Outcroppings of Pennsylvanian sandstone are locally common throughout the Greater and Lesser Shawnee Hills of southern Illinois and are the predominant bedrock type in the CRAW. Limestone outcrops in Illinois, mostly Mississippian-aged or older, occur princi pally along the Mississippi River and in unglaciated southern Illinois. In the interior of southern Illinois, disjunct and isolated limestone outcrops are found south of the Pennsyl vanian shield within the Lesser Shawnee Hills section (Ozment 1967). Many nonvascular plants, particularly lichens and mosses, are important colonizers of bare rock and can be locally abundant. Lichen and moss rock communities are dynamic and respond to patterns of rainfall drainage and local disturbance frequencies. These pio neer plants aid in the soil building process in bedrock microsites important in the establish ment of vascular plants. A distinct assemblage of vascular plants is found on glades and cliff faces depending on exposure and bedrock type. Cliff faces tend to be less exposed compared with ledges and glades. Glades, particularly on sandstone, are mostly lacking extensive soil development; soil is mostly confined to the glade borders with other commu nities and where it can collect in small cracks and pockets. For this reason, glades are often extremely xeric environments as exposed shallow-soil pockets quickly lose moisture. Few woody plants can persist on glades and the most xeric sites are predominately bare rock with scattered lichens and mosses. Bedrock of limestone and shale is more prone to weath ering and supports greater soil development compared with sandstone. For that reason, limestone glades are sometimes poorly distinguished from limestone hill prairies. Floristic information, in general, is not extensive for limestone outcroppings from within the CRAW and no descriptions of shale are available. Consequently, the following descriptions of those communities are based on the limited data available. The floristic composition for glades and cliffs is detailed in Table 9 and summarized by community type below. Glades and Cliffs Sandstone and limestone glades and cliffs are present within the CRAW. In Illinois, shale glades are rare, and only two high-quality remnants, totaling about 2.4 ha (5.9 acres), have been found (White 1984). No high-quality areas of shale glade have been identified within the CRAW and the total area of disturbed shale glade is unknown. Small outcroppings of bedrock often occur within other community types (e.g., barrens, xeric upland forest) and their separate classification is often a matter of scale interests. A total of 31 ha (77 acres) of high quality (grades A and B) sandstone glade were identified in Scout Cave, Thomas Cemetary Site, Cedar Bluff, Odum Tract, and Horse Cave Area INAI sites (see also Table 4). This total represents 36% of all high-qualtiy (grades A and B) sandstone glade identified in the state. A total of4.9 ha (12 acres) ofhigh quality (grade A) limestone glades have been identified within the Indian Point, Ethridge Limestone Glade, Cave Creek Barrens, and Little Black Slough/Heron Pond INAI sites (White 1978; INHD 1995). There are no data available on the total extent of sandstone and limestone glades in the region. Considerable area of sandstone outcroppings are found locally throughout the uplands in the Lesser Shawnee Hills Section of the CRAW. Total area of cliffs and overhangs within the CRAW is, of course, not known. Sandstone Glade - Sandstone glades can become extremely hot during the summer months and in the most exposed situations support only the most heat- and drought-tolerant taxa. Generally, the only woody plants on glades are associated with the glade margins and can be included among adjoining community types (e.g., xeric upland forest, barrens). Typical woody species at glade margins include farkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica), shadbush (Amelanchier arboreal, and dwarf hackberry (Celtis tenuifolia). Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) occasionally is established throughout glades where cracks in the bedrock permit root penetration. Many succulent herbaceous 2-63 species are present and many herbs persist primarily where a thin sandy residuum is found. Some taxa are sustained by local areas of seepage from draining uplands. Common to occa sional herbaceous species include autumn bent grass (Agrostis perennans), broom sedge (Andropogon virginicus), poverty grass (Aristida dichotoma), hairy lip fern (Cheilanthes lanosa), rushfoil (Crotonopsis elliptical, curly grass (Danthonia spicata), small bluets (Hedyotis pusilla), pineweed (Hypericum gentianoides), St. Andrew's cross (Hypericum stragulum), yellow stargrass (Hypoxis hirsuta), dwarf dandelion (Krigia caespitosa), po tato dandelion (Krigia dandelion), narrow-leaved pinweed (Lechea tenuifolia), American agave (Manfreda virginica), false garlic (Nothoscordum bivalve), three-leaved sundrops (Oenothera linifolia), prickly-pear (Opuntia humifusa), purple oxaJis (Oxalis violacea), small plaintain (Plantago pusilla), dwarf plaintain (P. virginica), slender knotweed (Polygonum tenue), widow's-cross (Sedum pulchellum), three-leaved stonecrop (S. ternatum), rock spikemoss (Selaginella rupestris), pencil flower (Stylosanthes bijlora), prairie fame-flower (Talinumparvijlorum), Venus' looking glass (Triodanis peifoliata), six-weeks fescue (Vulpia octoflora), and common woodsia (Woodsia obtusa). Typical nonvascular plants include the lichens (Cladonia carolinia. C. piedmontensis. C. foliacea, and Parmelia conspersa) and the mosses (Grimmia olneyi. Hedwigia ciliata. Leucobryum glaucum. and Polytrichum juniperinum). Sandstone Cliff - Shaded portions of sandstone communities include a somewhat distinct flora. Many species are found on rock shelves on the cliff face or on shaded portions of the ledge. Aspect and tree canopy cover determine the extent of shading. Species found mostly in more shaded situations include pinnatifid spleenwort (Asplenium pinnatifidum), ebony spleenwort (Aspleniumplatyneuron), hairy lip fern (Cheilanthes lanosa), French's shooting star (Dodecatheon frenchii), tall alumroot (Heuchera americana), late alumroot (H. parvijlora), wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arboreal, bishop's-cap (Mitella diphylla), Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius), gray polypody (Polypodium polypodioides), poi son ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), and common woodsia (Woodsia obtusa). French's shoot ing star is a species of limited distribution and range found primarily just inside the drip zone of sandstone overhangs in southern Illinois and a few adjoining states. Ferns, such as cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), interrupted fern (0. claytoniana), and regal fern (0. regalis) and the fern ally shining c1ubmoss (Lycopodium lucidulum) are occasional on moist sandstone cliffs elsewhere in southern Illinois, but have not been reported from within the CRAW. Limestone Glade - Descriptions of limestone communities often combine species of glades and prairies since making a distinction can be somewhat arbitrary. Weathering is more ex tensive on limestone, thus soil is usually better developed compared with sandstone habi tats. Typically, more prairie species are present and there is greater vegetation cover and species richness. There are numerous endemic plant species associated with limestone glade habitats in Alabama, Tennessee, and Kentucky (Baskin and Baskin 1986). However, none have been reported from limestone glade or prairie habitats in southern Illinois. Typi cal woody species associated with limestone glade/prairie habitats within the CRAW in clude chinkapin oak (Quercus prinoides var. acuminata), barberry-leaved hawthorne (Crataegus engelmannii), small hackberry (Celtis occidentalis var. pumila), and catbrier (Smilax bona-nox). Typical herbaceous species include slender three-seeded mercury (Aca lypha gracilens), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), tall anemone (Anemone virginiana), sideoats gramma (Bouteloua curtipendula), snailseed (Cocculus carolinus), pale purple coneflower (Echinacea pallida), flowering spurge (Euphorbia corollata), American columbo (Frasera carolinensis), milk pea (Galactia regularis), long-leaved bluets (Hedyotis longifolia), tall alumroot (Heuchera americana), false boneset (Brickellia eupatorioides), hoary puccoon (Lithospermum canescens), American agave (Manfreda virginica), adder's tongue fern (Ophioglossum engelmannii), wild petunia (Ruel/ia humilis), blue sage (Salvia azurea var. grandiflora SE), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Indian grass 2-64 (Sorghastrum nutans), shining wedge grass (Sphenopholis nitida), yellow crownbeard (Verbesina helianthoides), and golden Alexanders (Zizia aurea). Additional species are included in Table 9 and under the description of limestone hill prairie. Limestone Cliff - Three small ferns (Cheilanthes lanosa, Pellaea atropurpurea, and Polypodium polypodioides) make up the expected cliff-face flora. No other species have been described from limestone cliffs from within the CRAW. Shale Glades and Cliffs - Shale is sometimes associated with limestone in the Lesser Shawnee Hills section. Glades form where local areas of steep, southern exposure occur. Shale glades are usually acidic. No descriptions of shale glades are available from the CRAW. Typically, woody species of dry and xeric upland forest (Oak spp., Texas hickory [Carya texana], winged elm [Ulmus alata], farkleberry [Vaccinium arboreumJ) are present. Her baceous species found at other shale glade-like areas in southern Illinois include spreading aster (Aster patens), dittany (Cunila origanoides), curly grass (Danthonia spicata), wood land sunflower (Helianthus divaricatus), trailing bush clover (Lespedeza procumbens), American agave (Manfreda virginica), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), dyersweed goldenrod (Solidago nemoralis), and pencil flower (Stylosanthes biflora). Lichens (e.g., Cladonia spp.) are sometimes common. Table 9. Vascular plant species of cliff and glade communities from the Cache River Assessment Watersheds. Sandstone cliffcommunity includes sandstone overhang com· munities and boulders. Status notes: bold type indicates a special status species, SE =State Endangered, ST =State Threatened, FE =Federally Endangered. Sandstone Limestone Shale SPECIES glade cliff glade cliff glade cliff Acalypha gracilens Three-seeded mercury X X Agrostis eIliottiana Awned bent grass X Agrostis perennans Autumn bent grass X Ambrosia bidentata Lanceleaf ragweed X Andropogon gerardii Big bluestem X Andropogon virginicus Broom sedge X Anemone virginiana Tall anemone X Aristida dichotoma Poverty grass X Asclepias verticillata Horsetail milkweed X Asplenium pinnatifldum Pinnatifid spleenwort X Asplenium platyneuron Ebony spleenwort X Asplenium rhizophyllum Walking fern X X Aster patens Spreading aster X 2-65 Table 9 continued Sandstone Limestone Shale 21ade cliff 2lade cliff 2lade cliff Bouteloua curtipendula Sideoats gramma X Brickellia eupatorioides False boneset X Carex artitecta Sedge X Carya texana Texas hickory X Cassia fasciculata Partridge pea X Cheilanthes lanosa Hairy lip fern X X X Cocculus carolinus Snailseed X Crotalaria sagittalis . Rattlebox X Croton monanthogynus Prairie-tea X Crotonopsis elliptica Rushfoil X Cunila originoides Curly grass X Danthonia spicata Curly oat grass X X Dennstaedtia punctilobula (ST) Hay-scented fern X ---, ~Di{)dia-!eres-.---~_ Poorjoe X· Dodecatheon frenchii French's shooting star X Dodecatheon meadia Shooting star X Draba brachycarpa Short-fruited whitlow grass X Dryopteris celsa (SE) . Log fern X Echinacea pallida Pale purple coneflower X Euphorbia corllata Flowering spurge X Frasera carolinensis American columbo X Galactia regularis Milk pea X Geranium carolinianum Wild cranesbill X Hedeoma pulegioides American pennyroyal X HedyotiS longifolia Long-leaved bluets X Hedyotis pusilia Small bluets X Helianthus divaricatus Woodland sunflower X 2-66 Table 9 continued Sandstone Limestone Shale glade cliff glade cliff glade cliff Heuchera americana Tall alumroot X Heuchera parviflora Late alumroot X Hieracium gronovii Hairy hawkweed X Hydrangea arborea Wild hydrangea X Hypericum gentianoides Pineweed X Hypericum stragulum St. Andrew's cross X Krigia dandelion Dwarf dandelion X Krigia caespitosa Dwarf dandelion X Lechea tenuifolia Narrow-leaved pinweed X Lespedeza procumbens Trailing bush clover X Lithospermum canescens Hoary puccoon X Luzula echinata Wood rush X Manfreda virginica American agave X X X Mitella diphylla Bishop's-cap X Mulhenbergia sobolifera Muhly X Nothoscordum bivalve False garlic X X Oenothera linifolia Thread-leaved sundrops X Ophioglossum engelmannii Adder's-tongue fern X Opuntia humifusa Prickly-pear X Oxalis violacea Violet wood sorrel X Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper X Pellaea atropurpurea Purple cliffbrake X Penstemon hirsutus Hairy beard-tongue X Phacelia purshii Miami mist X Phlox bifida Cleffphlox X Plantago aristata Bracted plantain X Plantago pusilla Small plantain X 2-67 Table 9 continued Sandstone Limestone Shale glade cliff glade cliff glade cliff Plantago virginica Dwarf plantain X Polygala sanguinea Field milkwort X Polygonum tenue Slender knotweed X Polypodium polypodioides Gray polypody X X Polypodium virginianum Common polypody X Quercus alba White oak X Quercus marilandica Blackjack oak X Quercus stellata Post oak X Ruellia humilis Wild petunia X X Salvia azurea Blue sage X Schizachyrium scoparium Little bluestem X X Scutellaria parvula Small skullcap X Sedum pulchellum Widow's-cross X Sisyrinchium albidum Blue-eyed grass X Smilax bona-nox Catbrier X Smilax glauca Greenbrier X Solidago nemoralis Gray goldenrod X Sorghastrum nutans Indian grass X Sphenopholis nitida Shining wedge grass X Stylosanthes biflora Pencil flower X X Talinum parviflorum Prairie fameflower X Tephrosia virginiana Goat's rue X Toxicodendron radicans Poison ivy X Trichostema brachiatum False pennyroyal X Triodanis perfoliata Venus' looking-glass X Ulmus alata Winged elm X Vaccinium arboreum Farkleberry X 2-68 Table 9 continued Sandstone Limestone Shale glade cliff glade cliff glade cliff Verbesina helianthoides Yellow crownbeard x Vulpia octoflora Six-weeks fescue x Woodsia obtusa Common woodsia X X Zizia aurea Golden Alexanders X Prairie and Successional Field Though unglaciated southern Illinois was predominately forested at the time of the earliest permanent settlements, small areas of prairie vegetation were found, particularly in the dry uplands. Local areas of south and southwest-facing exposures in upland areas of southern Illinois still support several prairie species and some of these areas have been called barrens (White and Madany 1978; see previous section). Where limestone is at the surface such as bordering the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, hill prairies (sometimes associated with glades) are present. Black-soil, mesic prairies appear to have been scarce in southern Illinois and particularly in the CRAW. Successional fields mostly are abandoned cropland and pastures recovering from the past land use. This classification also applies to roadway rights-of-way and other lands that are disturbed and do not fit other classifications. Successional fields are often domi nated by non-native plant species. Pioneer tree species are sometimes clumped. Several native herbaceous species, including some species typical of prairies, are sometimes occa sional to common (Table 10). Prairie No areas of high-quality prairie (grades A or B) have been identified by the INAI from within the CRAW. Cave Creek Barrens, a site recognized as a significant natural area (White 1978; INHD 1995), previously has been classified as a limestone hill prairie (Evers 1955; Voight and Mohlenbrock 1964; Ozment 1967). Characteristic prairie species from this site will be added to the following description of limestone hill prairie from the CRAW (Table 10). Descriptions of this site also contributed to the characterization of limestone glades. A loess hill prairie occurs within the Opossum Trot Trail Natural Area in Alexander County. However, no detailed floristic information is available for this site. Loess hill prairies are characterized by soils deeper than 40 cm and no exposed rock (Heikens 1991). A small railroad prairie has been described from near Tamms in the Cache River bottoms in Alexander County (Hutchison 1981) and will contribute to the following description of tallgrass prairie for the CRAW. This railroad prairie is degraded but is significant since it is believed to be the only remnant of tallgrass prairie in the Cache River bottoms. Prairie species found associated with other community types such as barrens, glades, and dry and xeric upland forest are mostly included among those community descriptions. One of the only five prairie taxa believed to be extirpated from Illinois is gaillardia (Gaillardia aestivalis) (Taft 1995), a species of basket flower collected only once, in 1874, from a prairie in Alexander County (Mohlenbrock 1986). This species was apparently never common in Illinois prairies; however, the collection serves as evidence that prairie was probably more widespread in the CRAW than at the present time. Limestone Hill Prairie - Characteristic herbaceous species include big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), green milkweed (Asclepias viridijlora), aromatic aster (Aster oblongifolius), spread ing aster (Aster patens), sideoats gramma (Boutelaua curtipendula), false boneset (Brickellia eupatorioides), pale purple coneflower (Echinacea pallidal, flowering spurge (Euphorbia corollata), slender bush clover (Lespedeza virginica), rough blazing star (Liatris aspera), hoary puccoon (Lithospermufll canescens), American agave (Manjreda virginica), marbleseed 2-69 (Onosmodium occidentale), pale beard-tongue (Penstemon pallidus), downy phlox (Phlox pilOSCi), obedient plant (Physostegia virginiana), gray-headed coneflower (Ratibida pinnata), pasture rose (Rosa carolina), wild petunia (Ruellia humilis), blue sage (Salvia aZlirea var. grandiflora SE), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), prairie dock (Silphium terebinthinaceum), Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), and golden Alexanders (Zizia aurea). Loess Hill Prairie - Loess hill prairies in southern Illinois are floristically most similar to limestone glades. Composition is dominated by little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), sideoats gramma (Bouteloua curtipendula), New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americana), rough leaved dogwood (Comus drummondii), Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), green milk weed (Asclepias viridiflora), false boneset (Brickellia eupatorioides), white prairie clover (Dalea candida), purple prairie clover (D. purpurea), wild flax (Linum suleatum), yellow puccoon (Lithospermum incisum), pale beard-tongue (Penstemon pallidus), scurf-pea (Psoralea tenuijlora), smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), prairie blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium campestre), dune ladies' tresses (Spiramhes magnicamporum), and showy goldenrod (Sol idago speciosa) (Heikens 1991). Mesic to Wet-Mesic Prairie - The description of this community type for the CRAW is based on a single site which supports several prairie species. Characteristic herbaceous species include big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), broom sedge (A. virginicus), common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), field thistle (Cirsium discolor), hedgehog club rush (Cyperus ovularis), hairy wild rye (Elymlls villosus), flowering spurge (Euphorbia corollata), grass leaved goldenrod (Euthamia graminifolia), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis*), purple headed sneezeweed (Helenium flexuosum), woodland sunflower (Helianthus divaricatus), pale-leaved sunflower (H. strumosus), marsh elder (Iva annual, two-flowered rush (luncus biflorus), inland rush (J. interior), water willow (Justicia ovata SE), prairie blazing star (Liatris pycnostachya), evening primrose (Oenothera biennis), smooth lens grass (Paspalum laeve), slender mountain mint (pycnanthemum tenuifolium), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis*), Sampson's snakeroot (Psoralia psoralioides), black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta), wholeleaf rosinweed (Silphium imegrifolium), cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum), Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis), and spiderwort (Tradescantia ohiensis). Woody plants include many of the pioneers in old fields (see next section). Successional Field Virtually all of the grassland identified within the CRAW, about 68,234 ha (168,607 acres) or 31.5%, is successional field or pasture. Most of these areas are artificial grasslands that were formerly forest. Species composition includes many non-native taxa. Successional Field - Characteristic herbaceous species include common milfoil (Achillea millejolium*), giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), broom sedge (Andropogon virginicus), dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum), hairy aster (As ter pilosus), yellow rocket (Barbarea vulgaris*), hairy brome (Bromus commutatus*), par tridge pea (Cassiajasciculata), Queen-Anne's-lace (Daucus carota*), deptford pink (Di anthus anneria*), daisy fleabane (Erigeron annuus), flowering spurge (Euphorbia corollata), path rush (funcus tenuis), Korean lespedeza (Kummerowia stipulacea*), Japanese lespe deza (K. striata*), henbit (Lamium amplexicaule*), purple dead nettle (L. purpureum *), white sweet clover (Melilotus alba*), evening primrose (Oenothera biennis), knee grass (Panicum dichotomijlorwn), Timothy (Phleum pratense*), Canadian bluegrass (Poa compressa*), Kentucky bluegrass (P. pratensis*), slender mountain mint (Pycnanthemum tenuifolium), black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta), wild petunia (Ruellia humilis), curly dock (Rumex crispus*), butterweed (Senecio glabellus), yellow foxtail (Setariaglauca*), Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis), dyersweed goldenrod (S. nemoralis), Johnson grass (Sor ghum halapense*), and false red top (Tridens jlavus). Woody plants include persimmon (Diospyros virginialla), eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), black cherry (Prunus 2-70 serotina), shingle oak (Quercus imbricaria), winged sumac (Rhus copallina), smooth sumac (R. glabra), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora*), prairie rose (R. setigera), common black berry (Rubus allegheniensis), black raspberry (R. occidentalis). and sassafras (Sassafras albidum). A few species listed as threatened or endangered in Illinois are found in disturbed situations within the CRAW (blue jasmine [Clematis crispa SE], squirting cucumber [Melothria pendula SEJ, and spring ladies' tresses [Spirant/zes vernalis SE]). Table 10. List of vascular plant species known from prairie and disturbed habitats including successional fields within the Cache River Watershed Area. Status notes: bold type indicates a special status species, SE =State Endangered, ST=State Threat ened, FE = Federally Endangered, * = exotic species. -----Prairie---- Successional SPECIES limestone hill mesic Field Acer negundo Boxelder x Achillea millefolium* Common yarrow x X Agalinis fasciculata False foxglove X Agalinis tenuifolia Slender false foxglove X Agrostis hyemalis Tickle grass X Allium canadense Wild garlic X Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common ragweed X X Ambrosia trifida Giant ragweed X Andropogon gerardii Big bluestem X X X Andropogon virginicus Broom sedge X X Apocynum cannabinum Dogbane X X Asclepias sydaca Common milkweed X X Asclepias tuberosa Butterflyweed X Asclepias viridiflora Green milkweed x Asparagus officinalis* Garden asparagus X Aster oblongifolius Aromatic aster x Aster patens Spreading aster X Aster pilosus Hairy aster X Aster simplex Panicled aster X 2-71 Table 10 continued Prairie Successional SPECIES limestone hill mesic Field Barbarea vulgaris* Yellow rocket X Bidens aristosa Swamp marigold X Blephilia ciliata Pagoda plant X Boltonia asteroides False aster X BOUleloua curtipendula Sideoats gramma X Brickellia eupatorioides False boneset X Bromus commutatus* Hairy brome X Carex muskingumensis Sedge X Carex vulpinoidea Fox sedge X Carya ovalis False shagbark hickory X Cassia fasciculata Partridge pea X Ceanothus americanus New Jersey tea X Cirsium discolor Field thistle X Cirsium vulgare* Bull thistle X Clematis crispa (SE) Blue jasmine X Crataegus spp. Hawthorns X Crotolaria sagittalis Rattlebox X Cyperus ovularis Hedgehog club rush X Cyperus strigosus Straw colored f1atsedge X Daucus carota* Queen-Anne's-Iace X X Desmodium sp. Tick trefoils X Dia11thus anneria* Deptford pink X Diospyros virginiana Persimmon X Echinacea pallida Pale purple coneflower X Eleocharis verrucosa Slender spike rush X Eleusine indica* Goose grass X 2-72 Table 10 continued Prairie Successional SPECIES limestone hill meSIc Field Elymus villosus Hairy wild rye X Elymus virginicus Virginia wild rye X Eragrostis spectabilis Purple love grass X Erigeron annuus Annual fleabane X Erigeron strigosus Rough fleabane X Eupatorium altissimum Tall boneset X Eupatorium coelestinum Blue boneset X Eupatorium semtinum Late boneset X Euphorbia corol/ala Flowering spurge X X X Euthamia graminifolia Grassleaf goldenrod X Festuca pratensis* Meadow fescue X X Fimbristylis annua (SE) Baldwin's fimbristylis X? Fraxinus americana White ash X Geranium carolinianum Wild cranesbill X Glyceria striata Fowl manna grass X Hedyotis longifolia Long-leaved bluets X Helenium flexuosum Purple-headed sneezeweed X Helianthus divaricatus Woodland sunflower X X Helianthus mollis Downy sunflower X Helianthus strumosus Pale-leaved sunflower X Helianthus tuberosus Jerusalem artichoke X Iva annua Marsh elder X Juncus biflorus Two-flowered rush X Juncus interior Inlarid rush X X Juncus tenuis Path rush X Juniperus virginiana Eastern red cedar X 2-73 Table 10 continued Prairie Successional SPECIES limestone hill mesic Field lusticia ovata (SE) Water willow X Kummerowia stipulacea* Korean lespedeza X Kummerowia striata* Japanese lespedeza X Lamium amplexicaule* Henbit X Lamium purpureum* Purple dead nettle X Lespedeza capitata Round-headed clover X Lespedeza intermedia Bush clover X Lespedeza virginica Slender bush clover X X Leucanthemum vulgare* Ox-eye daisy X Liatris aspera Rough blazing star X Liatris pycnostachya Button snakeroot X Liatris scabra Blazing star X Lithospermum canescens Hoary puccoon X Manfreda virginica American agave X Melilotus alba* White sweet clover X X Nothoscordum bivalve False garlic X Oenothera biennis Evening primrose X X Onosmodium occidentale Marbleseed X Panicum capillare Witch grass X Panicum dichotomiflorum Fall panicum X Panicum rigidulum Munro grass X Paspalum laeve Smooth lens grass X Pastinaca sativa* Parsnip X Penstemon pallidus Pale beard-tongue X Phalaris arundinacea Reed canary grass X Phleum pratense* Timothy X 2-74 Table 10 continued -----Prairie'---- Successional SPECIES limestone hill mesic Field Phlox pilosa Downy phlox X Physostegia virginiana Obedient plant X Plantago aristata Bracted plantain X Poa annua* Annual bluegrass X Poa compressa* Canadian bluegrass X Poa pratensis* Kentucky bluegrass X X Potentilla simplex Common cinquefoil X Prunella vulgaris var. elongata Self-heal X Prunella vulgaris* Self-heal X Prunus americana Wild plum X Prunus serotina Wild black cherry X Psoralea psoralioides Sampson's snakeroot X Pycnanthemum tenuijolium Slender mountain mint X X Quercus imbricaria Shingle oak X Ratibida pinnata Gray-head coneflower X Rhus copallina Winged sumac X Rhus glabra Smooth sumac X Rosa carolina Pasture rose X Rosa multiflora* Multiflora rose X Rosa setigera Prairie rose X Rubus allegheniensis Common blackberry X Rubus occidentalis Black raspberry X Rudbeckia hirta Black-eyed Susan X X Ruellia humilis Wild petunia X X Rumex crispus* Curly dock X Salvia azurea var. pitcheri (SE) Blue sage X 2-75 Table 10 continued Prairie Successional SPECIES limestone hill mesic Field Sassafras albidum Sassafras X Schizachyrium scoparium Little bluestem X X X Scirpus atrovirens Green bulrush X Scirpus koilolepis Bulrush X Scleria triglomerata Nut rush X Senecio glabellus Butterweed X Setaria glauca* Yellow foxtail X Silphium integrifolium Wholeleaf rosinweed X X Silphium peifoliatum Cup plant X Silphium terebinthinaceum Prairie-dock X Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod X X Solidago juncea Early goldenrod X Solidago nemoralis Gray goldenrod X Sorghastrum nutans Indian grass X X Sorghum halepense* Egyptian millet X X Spiranthes vernalis (SE) Spring ladies' tresses X Stylosanthes biflora Pencil flower X Taenidia integerrima Yellow pimpernel X Teucrium canadense Gray germander X Tradescantia ohiensis Spiderwort X Tragopongon dubius* Sand goat's-beard X Trichostema brachiatum False pennyroyal X Tridens flavus False red top X Trifolium pratense* Red clover X X Triosteum angustifolium Yellow-flowered horse gentian X Valerianella radiata . Corn salad X 2-76 Table 10 continued -----Prairie:---- Successional SPECIES limestone hill mesic Field Verbascunzthapsus* Wooly mullein x X Vernonia missurica Missouri ironweed X Viola rafinesquianum* Johnny-jump-up X Vulpia octoflora Six-weeks fescue X Zizia aurea Golden Alexanders X Non-native Plant Species Of the 2,959 vascular plant species known from Illinois, 890 (30%) are exotic, or intro duced. The following description of exotic species considers plants identified as non-na tive to Illinois and additional species that become naturalized outside their usual ranges. Many of these exotic taxa are occasional in occurrence and pose no significant threat to natural communities. However, several species are aggressive and widespread. These can become locally dominant and seriously threaten the structure, species composition, and diversity of native plant communities throughout Illinois. The definition of exotic and weedy plants varies between user groups. The Illinos Exotic Weed Act (IEWA) of 1988 defined only three exotic species as "...degrading natural communities, reducing the value of fish and wildlife and wildlife habitat, or threatening an Illinois endangered species". Under the statutes of the IEWA, it is illegal to sell or plant Japanese honeysucke (Lonicera japonica), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), and purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in Illinois (Gould and Gould 1991). The Illinois Noxious Weed Law (INWL) of 1982 (revised) identified eight taxa (plus specific crosses) as noxious weeds, or "plants which are determined to be injurious to public health, crops, livestock, land, or other property" (Illinois, State of 1994). Six of the eight species cited in the INWL (marijuana [Cannabis sativa], Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense], perennial sowthistJe [Sonchus arvensis], musk thistle [Carduus nutans], Johnson grass [Sorghum halepense], Johnson grass [Sorghum almum] - plus other Johnson grass X sorghum crosses with rhi zomes) are also non-native to Illinois. Schwegman (1992) identified 36 exotic weeds that threaten Illinois Natural Areas and Iverson and Schwartz (1994) cited 25 exotic species that pose the greatest threats to Illinois forests. Statewide, the highest concentrations of exotics occur in the northern and southern counties, and in general, upland habitats are more susceptible than wetland habitats to inva sion by non-native species (Iverson and Schwartz 1994). However, the establishment of a pervasive wetland exotic such as purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) can devastate the biological integrity of a wetland community. A few of these aggressive species of concern are native to the region, and are in cluded in the listing of exotics because horticultural, agricultural, and wildlife uses of these species has expanded their natural distribution and abundance. These aggresive species often become naturalized. Two such species are black locust (Robinia psuedoacacia) which has become naturalized in uplands throughout the state and reed (Phragmites australis) which often establishes a monoculture in wetlands. Other species, such as the non-native loblolly pine (P. taeda) and native, Illinois endangered, shortleafpine (Pinus echinata) are not considered aggressive or threatening, but their use in plantations can be inappropriate to the natural landscape. Several exotics have been listed in the preceding community descriptions and many of these have invaded high-quality natural communities in the CRAW. Some additional 2-77 species are known from adjacent Jand and their arrival into the Cache River Basin is prob able. Table 11 lists non-native plant species that are known from the CRAW. Twenty species identified as the most threatening and deserving management attention on publicly managed land within the CRAW (and directly adjacent land) are listed in Table 12 and described below. Table 11. Exotic plant species known from natural communities (including succesional field and rights-of-way) in"the Cache RiverAssessment Watersheds. Sources: Winship 1987; West and Hutchison 1990; Basinger 1991; IDOC 1991; West and Reynolds 1995; Bob Lindsay (IDNR) pers. com.; John Schwegman (IDNR) pers. com.; Andy West (lDNR) pers. com. Notes': + indicates species that are native but the introduction of which can be inapproriate to the landscape and threatening to biological integrity. AbutUon theophrasti Velvetleaf Achillea millefolium Common yarrow Agrostis alba Red top Albizia julibrissin Mimosa Alliaria petiolata Garlic mustard Allium vineale Field garlic Anthemis cotula Stinking chamomile Arabidopsis thaliana Mouse-eared cress Artemesia 'annua Sweet wormwood Asparagus officinalis Garden asparagus Barbarea vulgaris Yellow rocket Berberis thunbergii Japanese barberry Bromus commutatus Hairy brome Bromus inermis Smooth brome Bromus japonicus Japanese chess Bromus racemosus Chess Broussonetta papyrifera Paper mulberry Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepard's-purse Cardamine hirsuta Hairy bitter cress Catalpa bignonoiodies Lady cigar tree Celastrus orbieulatus Round-leaved bittersweet Cerastium brachypetalum Chickweed Cerastium vulgatum Common mouse-ear chickweed Chaenomeles japonica Japanese quince Chamaesyce maculata Wartweed Cirsium vulgare Bull thistle Commelina communis Common day flower Commelina diffusa Day flower Coreopsis tinetoria Plains coreopsis Cynodon dacrylon Scutch grass Cyperus iria Sedge Daucus carola Queen Anne's lace Datura stramonium Jimsonweed Dianthus anneria Deptford pink Dioseorea batatas Chinese yam Dipsacus lacinatus Cut-leaved teasel Dipsaeus .l'ylvestris Common teasel Eehinoehloa muricata Barnyard grass Eleagnus umbel/ata Autumn olive Eleusine indica Goose grass 2-78 Table II continued Erophila vema Mouse-eared whitlow grass Erysimum repandum Treacle mustard Euonymus fortunei Wintercreeper/Climbing euonymus Festuca arundinacea Reed fescue Festuca obtusa Nodding fescue Festuca pratensis Meadow fescue Froelichia gracilis Slender snakecotton Glycine max Soybean Heliotropium indicum Indian heliotrope Hypericum perforatum Common SI. John's wort Kummerowia stipulacea Korean clover Kummerowia striata Japanese clover Lactuca serriola Prickly lettuce Lamium amplexicaule Henbit Lamium purpureum Purple dead nettle Lathyrus latifolius Everlasting pea Lepidium densiflorum Peppergrass Lespedeza cuneata Sericea lespedeza Leucanthemum vulgare Ox-eye daisy Linaria vulgaris Butter and eggs Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera maakii Amur honeysuckle Lonicera standishii Honeysuckle Lonicera tartarica Tartarian honeysuckle Lycoperiscum esculentum Tomato Lycoris radiata Surprise lily Lysmachia nummularia Moneywort Matricaria matricariodes Pineapple weed Medicago lupulina Black medic Medicago sativa Alfalfa Melilotus alba White sweet clover Melilotus ojficinalis Yellow sweet clover Microstegium vimineum Asian grass Mirabilis nyctaginea Wild four-o' clock Najas minor Naiad Narcissus poeticus Poet's narcissus Narcissus psuedo-narcissus Daffodil Pastinaca sativa Parsnip Philadelphus inordus Scentless mock orange Phleum pratense Timothy Phragmitis australis+ Reed Pinus echinata+ Shortleaf pine SE Pinus sylvestris Scots pine Pinus taeda Loblolly pine Plantago lanceolata English plantain Poa annua Annual bluegrass Poa compressa Canadian bluegrass Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass Polygonum hydropiper Waterpepper Polygonum persicaria Spotted lady's thumb Potentilla norvegica Rough cinquefoil Potentilla recta Sulfur cinquefoil Prunella vulgaris Self-heal Prunus persica Peach 2-79 Table II continued Robinia psuedoacacia+ Black locust Rosa multiflora Multiflora rose Rumex crispus Yellow dock Rumex obtusifolius Broad-leaved dock Setaria glauca Yellow foxtail Setaria faberi Nodding foxtail Setaria viridis Green foxtail Solanum ptycanthum Black nightshade Sorghum halapense Johnson grass Stellaria media Salt spurrey Taraxacum officinale Common dandelion Thlaspi arvense Field penny cress Torilis japonica Hedge parsley Tragopogon dubius Sand goat's beard Triticum aestivum Wheat Trifolium campestre Low hop clover Trifolium hybridum Alsike clover Trifolium pratense red clover Trifolium repens White clover Verbascum blattaria Moth mullein Verbascum thapsus Common mullein Veronica peregrina White speedwell Veronica polita Speedwell Vieia cracca Cow vetch Vieia sativa Common vetch Vinca major Large periwinkle Vinca minor Common periwinkle Viola rajlnesquianum Johnny-jump-up Table 12. Exotic plant species identified as the most threatening and deserving man agement attention on publicly managed lands within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (and directly adjacent land). Notes: * =species considered potential threats because they have not yet become established in the CRAW. Alliaria petiolata Garlic mustard Celastrus orbiculatus* Round-leaved bittersweet Dioscorea batatas* Chinese yam Dipsacus sylvestris Common teasel Dipsacus laciniatus Cut-leaved teasel Eleagnus umbellatus Autumn olive Euonymus fortunei Wintercreeper/Climbing euonymus Festuca pratensis Meadow fescue Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera maackii Amur honeysuckle Lythrum salicaria* Purple loosestrife Melilotus alba White sweet clo·ver Melilotus officinalis Yellow sweet clover Microstegium vimineum* Asian grass Phragmites australis* Reed Pueraria lobata* Kudzu vine Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust (see below) Rosa multiflora Multiflora rose Vinca major* Large periwinkle Vinca minor* Common periwinkle 2-80 Garlic mustard (Alliaria pet/alata) Native to Europe and Asia, this biennial has become naturalized into woods and waste places, readily invading shaded areas and open woodlands (Mohlenbrock 1986). Upon invasion, this species dominates the ground layer vegetation, often excluding native spe cies. Until recently, garlic mustard has been mostly restricted to the northern half of Illinois (Illinois Nature Preserves Commission 1990). It is now also present in parts of southern Illinois and has been reported in several areas in the Cache Basin including Horseshoe Lake and Wildcat Bluff Nature Preserves (Bob Lindsay pers. com. 1996; John Schwegman pers. com. 1996; Andy West pers. com. 1996). Teasel (common- D/psacus sylvestr/s; cut-leaved- D. lacin/atus) Both species are native to Europe and are adventive in disturbed, open areas, especially along roadsides (Mohlenbrock 1986). Teasel occurs throughout Illinois and is becoming more prevalent in southern Illinois in recent years. Most recently, this species has been reported in the Cache drainage on roadsides along sections of Interstate 57 and spreading along Routes 146 and 37 (Bob Lindsay pers. com. 1996). Autumn olive (Eleagnus umbellatus) A multistemmed shrub native to eastern Asia that is spread by birds to open habitats through out the state (John Schwegman pers. com. 1996; Mohlenbrock 1986). This species is noted as a significant problem throughout the Cache River area (Bob Lindsay pers. com. 1996) and specifically the Cache River State Natural Area (West and Hutchison 1990; West and Reynolds 1995). Autumn olive, which is typically adventive in openJdisturbed areas has recently been noted seeding along and into woodland edges and invading up to 25 meters into the forest interior throughout the Cache Basin (Bob Lindsay pers. com. 1996). Wintercreeper/Climbing euonymus (Euonymusfartunei) An evergreen creeping vine native to Asia that has escaped from cultivation and is scattered throughout Illinois (Mohlenbrock 1986). Reported from upland sites in the CRAW includ ing Wildcat Bluff Nature Preserve (West and Hutchison 1990; West and Reynolds 1995; Bob Lindsay pers. com. 1996) and from lowland forest near Limekiln Slough (John Schwegman pers. com. 1996). Meadow fescue (Festuca pratens/s) Native to Europe, adventive in disturbed, sunny habitats including pastures, abandoned fields, roadsides and grazed woods throughout the state (John Schwegman pers. com. 1996; Mohlenbrock 1986; Illinois Nature Preserves Commission 1990). This species was origi nally planted for soil conservation purposes, and is also spread by livestock. It readily invades open natural areas and tolerates a variety of moisture conditions (Illinois Nature Preserves Commission 1990). Reported to be a problem throughout the Cache River State Natural Area (West and Hutchison 1990; West and Reynolds 1995). Japanese honeysuckle (Lon/cera japan/cal Native to Asia, common in woods and thickets especially in the southern half of the state (Mohlenbrock 1986). Japanese honeysuckle is a primarily bird-dispersed twining vine that invades open and partially open natural communities, especially open woods. Flatwoods and other open forest communities are especially susceptible to invasion (John Schwegman pers. com. 1996; Andy West pers, com. 1996). This species smothers the native herbaceous layer, and is suspected to alter understory forest bird populations and forest tree reproduc tion in forest communities (John Schwegman pers. com. 1996; Illinois Nature Preserves Commission 1990). 2-81 Amur honeysuckle (Lollicera maackii) Native of Asia that escaped from cultivation, throughout Illinois (Mohlenbrock 1986). A primarily bird-dispersed species that readily invades disturbed habitats of prairies and for ests and undisturbed forests (John Schwegman pers. com. 1996). Reported as a problem in the Cache River State Natural Area, Amur honeysuckle alters the native herbaceous layer of natural communities and dominates the shrub/sapling layer of forests (John Schwegman pers. com. 1996; Illinois Nature Preserves Commission 1990). Sweet clover (white- Melilotus alba; yellow- Melilotus officillalis) Native to Europe and Asia, this species has become naturalized in waste ground throughout the state. Sweet clover is present in many open limestone habitats which have a history of agricultural activities in close proximity. It presents a problem at the grassland and more open natural community sites such as Cave Creek Glade Nature Preserve, and Illinois Natural Areas Inventory sites such as Indian Point, Ethridge Limestone Glade, and Cave Creek Barrens (Bob Lindsay pers. com. 1996). Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) This species is native to North America and the bluffs along the Ohio River in southeastern Illinois. It has, however, been deemed an exotic species in Illinois due to its succcesful reproduction by root suckering and subsequent naturalization far outside of its native range (John Schwegman pers. com. 1996; Mohlenbrock 1986; Illinois Nature Preserves Commis sion 1990). This nitrogen-fixing species has been commonly introduced in mesic to dry woods and thickets throughout the state and has been widely planted to enrich depleted soils and for firewood (John Schwegman pers. com. 1996; Illinois Nature Preserves Com mission 1990). It has been reported to be an increasing management problem at sites within the CRAW including Halesia Nature Preserve (Bob Lindsay pers. com. 1996). Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) Native to China and Japan, multiflora rose has escaped from cultivated use for wildlife cover and food and occurs throughout the state (Mohlenbrock 1986). This species invades disturbed, open areas such as successional fields, pastures, roadsides, and open areas in woodlands. This bird and small mammal dispersed species smothers out native vegetation in natural communities. Reported throughout the Cache River State Natural Area. Potential Management Problems Other exotic species have not yet presented management problems in the CRAW but have been documented on adjacent land and will soon invade the Cache River Watershed. These species have historically presented management problems in other areas of the state and in southern Illinois. Round-leaved bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus) Native of Asia, this species has escaped from cultivation and is adventive in uplands (Mohlenbrock 1986). This bird-dispersed species is reported to be present in the southern part of the CRAW near the Ohio River. It has also been identified as a management prob lem at Giant City State Park which lies just north of the CRAW (Bob Lindsay pers. com. 1996; John Schwegman pers. com. 1996). Chinese yam (Dioscorea batatas) Native to Asia, this tuberous or rhizomatous vine is adventive in disturbed areas (Mohlenbrock 1986). This species is known to cover acres throughout the Shawnee National Forest and is present along the trail to Limekiln Slough on the lower Cache River. Due to the hearty and aggressive growth habit of this species it has the potential to greatly expand its distribution in the Cache River Basin (John Schwegman pers. com. 1996). 2-82 Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) . Native to Europe, escaped from cultivation as an ornamental, adventive into moist areas throughout the state (Mohlenbrock 1986). Upon maturation, this perennial produces abun dant seeds that remain viable for extended periods (Illinois Nature Preserves Commission 1990). This species is present in areas of southern Illinois and reported to be a problem at Lake of Egypt which lies just to the north of the Cache drainage (Bob Lindsay pers. com. 1996). Currently, it has not been identified as a problem in the CRAW (West and Hutchison 1990; West and Reynolds 1995; Bob Lindsay pers. com. 1996). Asian grass (Microstegium vimineum) A branching annual grass native to Asia, adventive in waste ground and mesic to shaded habitats (John Schwegman pers. com. 1996; Mohlenbrock 1986). Currently restricted in Illinois to the southern part of the state. Asian grass has been reported in parts of the Shawnee Forest and at Fort Massac State Park and Halesia Nature Preserve along stream courses and trails (Bob Lindsay pers. com. 1996; John Schwegman pers. com. 1996). It eventually may invade the entire Cache River State Natural Area (John Schwegman pers. com. 1996). Reed (Phragmites australis) Native to North America and common in wetland and moist ground habitats statewide (Mohlenbrock 1986). It is suspected that the species has produced an aggresive ecotype that invades and dominates moist habitats throughout Illinois (John Schwegman pers. com. 1996). It has been identified as a management problem in areas just north of the CRAW including Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge (John Schwegman pers. com. 1996; Andy West pers. com. 1996). Kudzu vine (Pueraria lobata) Native to Japan, escaped from cultivated use to control soil erosion (Mohlenbrock 1986). Considered to be a management problem in parts of southern Illinois. This species has been reported from along roadsides near the city of Mounds, but currently is not identified as a management problem within the CRAW (West and Hutchison 1990; West and Reynolds 1995; Bob Lindsay pers. com. 1996; John Schwegman pers. com. 1996). Periwinkle (common- Vinca minor; large- V. major) Natives of Europe that have escaped from cultivation and are mostly present in southern Illinois (Mohlenbrock 1986). Reported to be an increasing management problem at Giant City State Park which lies just north of the CRAW (Bob Lindsay pers. com. 1996). 2-83 Terrestrial Wildlife Introduction There are 128 native breeding bird species documented for the area, constituting 43% of those known for the state (see Table 13) (Robinson and Hoover 1996; Robinson and Herkert this report). Of the 42 state endangered and threatened bird species, 20 (48%) are known to breed in the area (see Table 5) (Illinois Natural Heritage Database [INHD] 1995; Herkert, this report). There are also historical records of populations of two globally extinct species and one Illinois extirpated species. The CRAW is known for 75 (74%) of the 101 species ofherpetofauna found in the state, including 12 (67%) state endangered and threatened species (see Tables 16 and 5) (PhiJIips, this report; INHD 1995). The 32 native amphibian and 42 native reptile species reported for the area represent 76% the amphibian and 72% of the reptile species with a current or pre-European settlement range for the area (see Figure 13) (Smith 1961). There are 49 native species ofmammals documented for the area within the last 15 years (see Table 14) (Hoffmeister 1989; Hofmann and Heske, this report). This represents 82% of the species known for the state including 8 (89%) of those considered threatened' ' or endangered (INHD 1995). Endangered and threatened species are indicated by bold type through out the following terrestrial and aquatic wildlife sections. Birds (References in italics in the following section refer to tables and figures from the report "Effects of landscape fragmentation on migrant songbirds: implications for floodplain restoration" [Robinson and Hoover 1995] and are located in Appendix B) Information in this section reflects field survey work done in the area of the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (CRAW) during March-August, 1993-1995, at the following locations: Cache River State Natural Area (including Little Black Slough-Heron Pond Natural Preserve, Section 8 Woods, Main Tract, Buttonland Swamp, Karnak Swamp, and Wildcat Bluff), Hogan's Bottoms (Hogue and Kessler Tracts), Bellrose Tract, Section II Woods, Horseshoe Island Nature Preserve, Southern Cache Channel, Ullin and Roth Woodlots, Mermet Lake, Limekiln Slough, and several smaller tracts scattered along the Cache and its floodplain (see Figure 9). The Illinois Natural Heritage Database (INHD), the Breeding Bird Atlas, and the collective experiences of several ob servers familiar with southern Illinois were also used. See Table 1 from Robinson' and Hoover (1995) for a description of the sites. Introduction The Cache River area (including forests, grasslands, barrens, wetlands, and agricultural/urban ar eas) has 135 breeding bird species (including extirpated and exotic species, Table 13) and contains 20 Illinois endangered and threatened bird species (see Table 5). Several species once found in Cache floodplain forest are now globally extinct (ivory-billed woodpecker [Carnpephilus principalis], Bachman's warbler [Vermivora bachmaniiD and one other is extinct in l11inois (swallow-tailed kite [Elanoides forficatusD. The diversity of the Cache River forest bird community results from its mix of swamp, floodplain (76 species), and upland (69 species, Table 13) forest birds. The rich forests along natural levees contain the highest densities of breeding forest birds recorded in the state by Robinson. The natural disturbances associated with floodplain dynamics create open, shrubby habitats occupied by early successional species. Perhaps the greatest value of Cache forests are their poten tial to create and enhance viable populations of many state threatened and endangered species, including the yellow.crowned night heron (Nyctanassa violacea ST), Mississippi kite (lctinia mississippiensis SE), red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatues SE), Cooper's hawk (Accipiter coopedi SE), Swainson's warbler (Umnothlypis swainsQnii SE), and brown creeper (Certhia americana ST). Grassland birds are not well represented in the Cache Area. Of the 30 grassland and grassland edge species, most may only be present because of the extensive pastures, hayfields, and Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields in the region. Nevertheless, significant popula tions of several threatened and endangered species occur in the Cache watershed, including the 2-84 ------Figure 9. Bird Survey Locations within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (after Robinson and Hoover 1995; 1NHD 1996). ~ State and Federal Land' ,',' Shawnee NF Proclamation Boundary * Approved Purchase Unit Boundary shown for Cypress Creek NWR. 2-85 Henslow's sparrow (Ammodramus Izellslowii SE), barn owl (Tyto alba SE), and loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus ST). Mississippi kites also forage over grasslands. Birds of savannas and barrens (42 species) are currently restricted mainly to a few of the upland areas where conditions are dry enough for burning to take place. Many of these areas are now covered with pine plantations. With the possible exception of the barn owl, a bird that may have occurred in savanna, none are threatened or endangered. Wetland birds (37 species in the Cache drainage, 25 species in the Ohio River Valley, Table 13) include some of the most important bird communities in the Cache. In addition to birds of wooded swamps, several areas are being intensively managed for wetland birds (Bellrose Tract, Mennet Lake, and Horseshoe Lake). Although there are some noteworthy breeding birds such as bald eagles (Baliaeetus leucoceplzalus SE, FE), great egrets (Casmerodius albus ST), pied-billed grebes (Podilymbus podiceps ST), and yellow-crowned night herons (Nyc!anassa violacea ST), the primary significance of the wetland habitats are for migratory and winter birds. Tens of thou sands of snow geese (Chen caerulescens), hundreds of thousands of Canada geese (Branta canadensis), and thousands of ducks migrate through and winter in the region. Restoration of natural hydrological cycles have the potential to increase wetland birds, although the scarcity of marsh habitat will exclude many species. Table 13. Breeding birds of the Cache river Ecosystem Project, broken down by habitat. C = Confirmed, L = Likely, P = Possible, E = Extinct, S = Shrubby borders. Status notes: bold type indicates a special status species, SE = State Endangered, ST = State Threatened, FE = Federally Endangered, * = exotic species. Grassland Wetlands Ohio Species Upland Floodpl. Grass Agric. Barrens Cache River Podilymbus podiceps Pied-billed grebe ST C lxobrychus exilis Least bittern SE c Nycticorax violaceus Yellow-crowned night heron ST C Butorides virescens Green heron C c L Egretta caerulea Little blue heron SE P Bubulcus ibis Cattle egret L Egretta tlzula Snowy egret SE p Casmerodius albus Great blue heron C C L Ardea herodias Great egret ST C p Branta canadensis Canada goose P p Anas platyrhynchos Mallard C L Anas discors Blue-winged teal L Aix sponsa Wood duck C C p Lophodytes cucullatus Hooded merganser C C p 2-86 Table 13 continued Forest Grassland Wetlands Ohio Species Upland Floodpl. Grass Agric. Barrens Cache River Rallus elegalls King rail ST P P Porphyrula martinica Purple gallinule P Gallinula chloropus Common moorhen ST C Himalltopus mexicallus Black-necked stilt P Actitis macularia Spotted sandpiper P P Scolopax minor American woodcock L L L Sterna antillarum Least tern SE, FE C Cathartes aura Turkey vulture C L L Coragyps atratus Black vulture L L L Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald eagle SE, FE C lctinia mississippiensis Mississippi kite SE C Elalloides forficatus American swallow-tailed kite E Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned hawk SE C A. cooperii Cooper's hawk SE C C Buteo lineatus Red-shouldered hawk SE C B. platypterus Broad-winged hawk C P B. jamaicensis Red-tailed hawk C C C C L Falco sparverius American kestrel C C Bonasa umbellus Ruffed grouse E? Colinus virginianus Northern bobwhite C C L Meleagris gallopavo Wild turkey L L L Columba livia Rock dove C Zenaida macroura Mourning dove C C C Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed cuckoo C C Tyto alba Common barn owl SE C C Bubo virginianus Great horned owl C C L L L 2-87 Table 13 continued Forest Grassland Wetlands Ohio Species Upland Floodpl. Grass Agric. Barrens Cache River Strix varia Barred owl C C Otus asio Eastern screech owl L Caprimulgus carolinensis Chuck-will's-widow L L C. vociferans Whip-poor-will C L L Chordeiles minor Common nighthawk L L L Chaelllra pelagica Chimney swift C C Archilochus colubris Ruby-throat. hummingbird C C Ceryle alcyon Belted kingfisher L L Melanerpes carolinus Red-bellied woodpecker C C C Colaptes auratus Northern flicker C C L L L Melanerpes erythrocephalus Red-headed Woodpecker C C L Picoides pubescens Downy woodpecker C C L C P. villosus Hairy woodpecker C C Campephilus principalis Ivory-billed woodpecker E Dryocopus pi/eatus Pileated woodpecker C C Tyrannus fyrannus Eastern kingbird C L L Myiarchus cril1itus Great crested flycatcher C C L COl1topus virel1s Eastern wood-pewee C C L Sayomis phoebe Eastern phoebe C C C C L L Empidonax virescens Acadian flycatcher C C E. traillii Willow flycatcher C Eremophila alpestris Horned lark L Tachycineta bicolor Tree swallow C L Progne subis Purple martin L L Stelgidopteryx serripenl1is N. rough-winged swallow C L Hirundo rustica Bam swallow C 2-88 ------Table 13 continued Forest Grassland Wetlands Ohio Species Upland Floodpl. Grass Agric. Barrens Cache River Cya1locitta cristata Blue jay C C L Corvus brachyrhY1lchus Ametican crow L C P P P C. ossifragus Fish crow L p P Parus bicolor Tufted titmouse C C L Parus carolinensis Carolina chickadee C C C CertMa americana Brown creeper ST C Sitta caroline1lsis White-breasted nuthatch C C P Troglodytes aedo1l House wren p p Thryothrous ludovicia1lus Carolina wren C C P L Thryomanes bewickii Bewick's wren SE CrE? C/E? C/E? Polioptila caerulea Blue-gray gnatcatcher C C C Sialia sialis Eastern bluebird P C C C L Hylocichla mustelina Wood thrush C C Turdus migratorius American robin P P L L Lanius ludovicianus Loggerhead shrike ST C C Dumetella carolinensis Gray catbird C-S C L Toxostoma rufum Brown thrasher C-S C-S C Mimus polyglottus Northern mockingbird C Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar waxwing L P Sturnus vulgaris European starling C Vireo griseus White-eyed vireo C-S C L V. flavifro1ls Yellow-throated vireo C C V. belli; Bell's vireo P-S V. olimceus Red-eyed vireo C C V. gilvus Warbling vireo C C C Protollotaria citrina Prothonotary warbler C C P 2-89 Table 13 continued Forest Grassland Wetlands Ohio Species Upland Floodpl. Grass Agric. Barrens Cache River Verrnivora pinus Blue-winged warbler L-S V. bachmanii Bachman's warbler E Parula americana Northern parula C C Mniotilta varia Black-and-white warbler L L Dendroica cerulea Cerulean warbler L C D. pensylvanica Chestnut-sided warbler P-S D. dominica Yellow-throated warbler C C D. discolor Prairie warbler CoS L D. pinus Pine warbler C D. petechia Yellow warbler CoS CoS Oporornis !ormosus Kentucky warbler C C Wilsonia citril1Q Hooded warbler P Helmitheros verrnivorus Worm-eating warbler C Limnothlypis swainsollii Swainson's warbler SE LIE? Seiurus aurocapillus Ovenbird L Seiurus motacilla Louisiana waterthrush C C Geothlypis trichas Common yellowthroat L-S L-S C L L C L-S [cteria virens Yellow-breasted chat CoS CoS CoS L Setophaga ruticilla American redstart C Pheucticus ludovicianus Rose-breasted grosbeak P Guiraca CC1erulea Blue grosbeak L-S Cardinalis cardinalis Northern cardinal C C CoS CoS C CoS L-S Passerina cyanea Indigo bunting CoS C CoS CoS CoS CoS L-S Pipilo erythrocephalus Rufous-sided towhee CoS C P P C Ammodramus saval1narum Grasshopper sparrow L A. hellslowii Henslow's sparrow SE L 2-90 Table 13 continued Forest Grassland Wetlands Ohio Species Upland Floodpl. Grass Agric. Barrens Cache River Pooecetes gramineus Vesper sparrow P Melospiza melodia Song sparrow C-S L-S L-S C-S L-S Aimophila aestivalis Bachman's sparrow SE E Spizella pusilla Field sparrow C-S C-S C-S L L S. passerina Chipping sparrow L Spiza americana Dickcissel C C Sturnella magna Eastern meadowlark L L Agelalus phoeniceus Red-winged blackbird C-S C C C L Molothrus ater Brown-headed cowbird C C C C C C L Quiscalus quiscula Common grackle C L L-S L-S Icterus spurius Orchard oriole L-S L-S L-S L L I. galhula Baltimore oriole L-S C-S L Piranga olivacea Scarlet tanager C C P. rubra Summer tanager C C C Passer domesticus House sparrow C Carduelis tristis American goldfinch C L P Carpodacus mexicanus House finch L Totals: 135 breeding species, 4 extinct, 2 possibly extinct 69 species in upland forests and shrubby forest borders 76 species in floodplain forests 30 species in grasslands 45 species in agriculture and towns 42 species in savannahs and barrens 37 species in Cache River wetlands 25 species in Ohio River wetlands Other possible species (from the Breeding Bird Atlas): black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax rrycticorax SE), black-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus erythrocephalus), cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrthonota), sedge wren (Cistothorus palustris). 2-91 Forest Typical Species Typical species of floodplain forest include: turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), red-shouldered hawk (Buteo linealus SE), yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus), barred owl (Strix varia), ruby throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris), chimney swift (Chaetura pelagica), red-bellied wood pecker (Melanerpes carolinus), red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), hairy woodpecker (Picoides viI/osus), pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pi/eatus), great crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus), eastern wood-pewee (Contopus virens), Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), eastern tufted titmouse (Parus bicolor), Caro lina chickadee (Parus carolinensis), white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), Carolina wren (Thyrothrous ludovicianus), blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) (levees and upland edges only), yellow-throated vireo (VIreo flavifrons), red-eyed vireo (VIreo olivaceus), prothonotory warbler (Protonotaria Gitrina) (mostly near water), northern parula (Parula americana), cerulean warbler (Dendroica cerulea) (largest tracts only), yellow-throated warbler (Dendroica dominica), Kentucky warbler (Oporomis formosus) (levees and upland edges), Louisiana waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla), northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), and common grackle (Quisicalus quiscula) (mostly near water). All of these species nest in virtually all of the 26 sites censused (Appendix A). Exotics such as starlings are absent from most forest tracts. Upland forests (69 breeding species) in the Cache Watershed contain many of the same species, but also add several additional species. Typical upland forest species include: great homed owls (Bubo virginianus), whip-poor-will (Caprimulgus carolinensis), yellow-throated warbler (pine plantations), worm-eating warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus) (steep hillsides such as Wildcat Bluff), ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus) (hilltops, including pine plantations), blue grosbeak (Guiraca caerulea) (open areas adjacent to forest), and scarlet and summer tanagers (Piranga olivacea and P. rubra). All of these species are abundant in much of the Shawnee Hills, Cretaceous Hills, and Illinois Ozarks sections of the Cache Watershed. Within the Cache River Wetland Project Area (see "Conservation Program, Partnerships, and Projects" section of this report) however, these species are much less common; Wildcat Bluff, for example, contains the only worm-eating warblers, and there are no documented breeding hooded warblers (Wilsonia citrina). Natural disturbances associated with floods and backwaters cteate habitat for northern flickers (Colaptes auratus) (mostly on edges of open swamps), red-headed woodpeckers (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), northem rough-winged swallow (Srelgidopteryx serripennis) (nest in streambanks), Carolina wren, eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis) (edges of swamps), gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) (mostly along swamps), white-eyed vireo (Vireo griseus) (river edge and swamp), warbling vireo (Vireo gilvus) (edge of open areas), common yellowthroat (Geoth/ypis trichas), yel low-breasted chat (Icteria virens) (rarely), northern cardinal, indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea), rufous-sided towhee (Pipilo erythrocephalus), song sparrow (Melospiza melodia), northern oriole (Icterus galbula) (edge of open areas only). In winter, typical forest birds (chickadees, titmouses, nuthatches) predominate. In some winters, however, the counts of red-headed and pileated woodpeckers (Dryocopus pi/eatus) are among the highest in the nation. During migration, the Cache River area contains normal populations of all of the species that pass through southern Illinois (Appendix B). Typical birds of cypressftupelo swamps include: yellow-throated warbler, brown creeper (Certhia americana ST), red-headed woodpecker, eastern wood-pewee, Carolina wren, prothono tary warbler, chimney swifts (nesting in hollow trees), and various year-round residents (chicka dees, titmouses, nuthatches, woodpeckers). Buttonbush swamp bird communities are not particu larly rich; they are dominated by cardinals and prothonotary warblers with a few gray catbirds, Carolina wrens, and white-eyed vireos. Green herons (Butorides virescens) perch in the button bushes when foraging. Pine plantations have low diversity as well. Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii SE) occa sionally nest in pine plantations and a few plantations are old enough to have pine and yellow throated warblers (Dendroica dominica). Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus), Kentucky warblers (Oporomisformosus), black-and-white warblers (Mniotilta varia), and hooded warblers (Wilsonia 2-92 -_.~~._--- citrina) nest in some, but not all pine plantations, as do Chuck-will's-widows (Caprimulgus carolinensis). Long-eared owls (Asio otus SE) and red-breasted nuthatches (Sitta canadensis) occupy this habitat in winter. Unique and Rare Species State threatened and endangered birds include the Cooper's hawks (relatively rare in floodplain forests but more abundant in upland forests), red-shouldered hawk (at least 20 pairs and many nests), Swainson's warbler (Limnothylpis swainsonii SE) (probably now extinct, but nested up through 1993 in cane habitats along floodplain disturbance); brown creeper ST (primarily in cy press/tupelo swamps); yelIow-crowned night heron (Nyctanassa violacea ST) (forested swamps: Little Black Slough and Adds' Branch nests); Mississippi kite (letinia mississippiensis SE) (present in whole area, but nesting only confirmed for Horseshoe Lake); great egret (Casmerodius albus ST) (rookery on Boss Island in forest). Sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus SE) may nest in upland pine plantations. Unusual speCies include: black vulture (Coragyps atratus)'(virtually the entire state popu lation resides in the Cache and it may nest in rocky areas on Boss Island); Chuck-will's-widow (upland dry, sandy areas such as Ferne Clyffe State Park); broad-winged hawk (Buteo platypterus) (upland areas only); black-and-white warbler (rarely in swamps, more common in uplands and pine/hardwood mixtures), pine warbler (upland pine plantations only); eastern phoebe (Sayomis phoebe) (common in buildings but also nests in cliffs in uplands and in bare rocks on Boss Island); fish crow (Corvus ossifragus) (confined to southern Illinois); cerulean warbler (Dendroica cerulea) (ca. 30-50 pairs in the Heron PondlLittle Black Slough area only); American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) (only along a short [2-km] stretch of the Cache River near Boss Island); rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus) (a northern species that may nest occasionally in cypress swamps). Population Notes Appendix A from Robinson and Hoover (1995) details the abundance of birds from 23 sites within the Cache River Wetland Project Area. Population trend analysis is limited by the lack ofquantified abundance from the region. All of the census results can be used for future monitoring. Swainson's warbler (Limnothylpis swainsonii SE) may have become extinct since 1993. Habitat Notes Area-sensitivity Suitability of the currently available habitat for breeding species has two compo nents: (l) presence of breeding populations; and (2) nesting success. Breeding populations of many forest species are area-sensitive, i.e., they are absent from the smallest woodlots in the Cache area (Table 2). Overall breeding species richness increased significantly with area (Figures 3. 4. and 5). Small, isolated tracts had 40% fewer species than comparably sized woodlots along the Cache corridor. The number of distinct forest types within a patch also influences species richness (Fig ures 3 and 4). Species that were significantly (P<0.05) less abundant in smaller woodlots included great crested flycatcher, Acadian flycatcher, red-eyed vireo, northern parula, and Kentucky warbler. Species that were more abundant in small woodlots were all species of edge habitats (common yellowthroat, northern cardinal, indigo bunting, and song sparrow). All of the state threatened and endangered species were only found in large (>200-acre) tracts (Cooper's and red-shouldered hawks SE, Mississippi kite SE, brown creeper ST, and Swainson's warbler SE). Enlarging existing tracts and connecting currently small, isolated woodlots will substantially increase abun dances of many forest species, especially threatened and endangered species. Larger tracts will also contain more distinct forest types, which will increase diversity. In the Cache River corridor, forest width is often a better measure of area sensitivity than tract size (Table 2, Figures 5-8). Forest width is highly correlated with the number of breeding bird species (Figure 5) and the number of breeding neotropical migrants (Figure 6). Great crested fly catchers, Acadian flycatchers, red-eyed vireos, northern parulas, and Kentucky warblers were all more abundant in wider tracts (Table 3, Figures 9-10). In contrast, the edge-preferring species were more abundant in small tracts. These correlations demonstrate that increasing forest width along corridors will increase richness and abundance of breeding forest birds. Most of the increase in richness and abundance occurs between 200 and 500 m. The increase in species richness in the 2-93 widest corridors mostly comes from the addition of a few very area-sensitive (several endangered and threatened species and the cerulean warbler) species and a few upland species along floodplain borders. Tracts such as Limekiln Slough, which have been heavily logged, have much lower popu lations of forest birds; such tracts will have to undergo succession before they can regain complete forest bird communities. The tracts in the Cache are currently large enough to contain most, but not all breeding species. Increasing current tract size will probably have the greatest benefit for threatened and endangered species such as the Mississippi kite. The largest tract, the Heron Pond/Little Black Slough section of the Cache River State Natural Area, has by far the richest breeding bird commu nity in the area. Migrating songbirds are not area-sensitive, but the more forest there is, the less crowded they will be, which should make it easier for them to find enough food to refuel. The lack of good cane regeneration and the death of extensive cane stands caused by the flood of 1993 may have caused the extinction of the Swainson's Warbler. Tree death caused by the flood of 1993 may reduce some canopy bird populations in the Horseshoe Lake area. Nesting Success The second component of habitat suitability is nesting success. Unfortu nately, extensive data on nesting success from the Cache suggest that nesting success is very low for many forest species. Cowbird parasitism levels (Table 4) are typical of statewide patterns. A few species largely escape parasitism, but most species are parasitized at moderate levels (20-50% of all nests: Acadian flycatcher, prothonotary warbler, Louisiana waterthrush, northern cardinal, and ru fous-sided towhee) or at very high levels (75% or higher: wood thrush, white-eyed vireos, yellow throated vireos, and red-eyed vireos, Kentucky warblers, indigo buntings, scarlet and summer tana gers. Even the cavity-nesting prothonotary warbler is regularly parasitized. Because cowbird para sitism severely reduces nesting success, such high levels of parasitism represent a major local prob lem. Clearly, the currently fragmented forests do not provide a refuge from cowbird parasitism; even the largest tracts are within the usual commuting range of cowbirds from their feeding areas in pastures (Robinson and Hoover 1995: Appendix B). A long-term management plan for the Cache area will have to include a reduction in local cowbird feeding areas. Parasitism levels were somewhat lower in the largest tracts (Table 6), which offers some hope for improving nesting success. Cowbird parasitism levels, however, were still too high for some species, even in the largest tracts (e.g. wood thrush, indigo bunting, white-eyed vireo). The section ofthe Cache River Natural Area closest to major cowbird feeding areas (Forman Tracts: Table 6) had even higher levels of parasitism. Parasitism levels do not vary significantly with corridor width or distances to edges, which provide further indications that all sites are currently saturated with cowbirds. Nest predation rates of forest species were generally typical of those found elsewhere in southern Illinois (Table 1). Species suffering unusually high (>60%) losses to predation included the yellow-billed cuckoo, indigo bunting, rufous-sided towhee, and scarlet tanager. Wood thrush predation rates were typical of southern Illinois. In combination with the high levels of cowbird parasitism, these nest predation rates may be sufficiently high that these populations are not self sustaining (i.e., population "sinks"). Nest predation rates tended to be lowest in the largest tracts, but not for all species (Table 16). There was, however, considerable variation among sites. Within sites, nest predation rates tended to be highest near agricultural edges, roads, and railroad rights-of-way, and lowest in the forest interior and along natural streamside and pond edges (Tables 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 17). Nest preda tion rates were also much higher in narroW «lOa m wide) corridors than along wider corridors (Fig. ll). These results provide powerful evidence for the need to restore the Cache on a large scale. Even the largest currently available tracts are not large enough to provide protection from cowbirds and excessively high levels of nest predation associated with some kinds of edges. Natural edges, however, such as those created by the river, have the potential to increase bird populations and nesting success of forest and second-growth species. 2-94 SavannaIBarrens Communities Typical Species The several barrens (42 breeding species) in the area no longer contain some species historically associated with this habitat (Bewick's wren [Thryomanes bewickii SE), Bachman's sparrow [Aimophila aestivalis SE], barn owl [Asio otus SE)). Typical species include: yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus), red-headed woodpecker (Meianerpes erytrocephalus), great crested fly catcher (Myriarchus crinitus), eastem wood-pewee (Conotopus virens), tufted titmouse (Parus carolinensis), Carolina chickadee (Parus carolinensis), eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), yellow-throated vireo (Vireo flavifrons), prairie warbler (Dendroica discolor), common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), yel low-breasted chat (Icteria virens), summer tanager (Piranga rubra), and field sparrow (Spizella pusilla). Unique and Rare Species Most ofthe birds currently found in barrens and savannas are also common in other habitats. Bewick's wrens are nearly extinct in southern Illinois and are now confined to a few towns. Bachman's sparrows also now appear to be extinct and may require larger barrens than we now have. Shrubby barrens may be a good candidate for managing stable populations of shrubland species such as prairie warblers and yellow-breasted chats. Population Notes No data, although the Bewick's wren nested in Wildcat Bluff at least through the early 1980s. Habitat Notes Current savannas and barrens may be too small to contain Bachman's sparrows. Bewick's wren formerly nested along the barrens on Wildcat Bluff, but is now locally extinct. Data on nesting success within barrens are too few to examine nesting success. Shrub-nesting birds, in general, suffer low-moderate parasitism levels (Tables 5 and 14). The large areas of early successional forest provide good habitat for many of the shrubland species that also nest in savannas and barrens. Grasslands Typical Species Grasslands in this regions are generally depauperate (30 breeding species), presumably because this habitat may have been absent historically. Eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) and dickcissels (Spiza americana) are the most abundant breeding birds. Other typical species include: red-winged blackbird (Agelalus phoeniceus), field sparrow (Spizella pusilla), northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), and red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). In winter, short-eared owls (Asio flammeus SE) can be locally common and roosts of up to 20 have been found. LeConte's sparrows (Ammodramus leconteii) also winter at low densities in foxtail-dominated grasslands. Henslow's sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii SE) have recently colonized this area in CRP fields; at least four colonies were known from Union and Johnson counties as of 1995. Otherwise, many typical grassland species were rare or absent (e.g., grasshopper sparrow [Ammodramus savannarumJ, ves per sparrow [Pooecetes gramineus], sedge wren [Cistothorus platensis), and upland sandpiper [Bartramia longicauda SE)). In areas where Shrubs are interspersed with grassy areas, there are still a few loggerhead shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus ST). Cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) are locally abundant in pastures, as are brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). Unique and Rare Species By far the most important grassland species in this region is the state-endangered Henslow's spar row, which has only recently colonized the area. Because this species apparently depends upon CRP fields, innovative use of leases and easements to prevent early-season mowing will be neces sary to keep this species if the CRP program is halted. The currently scarce sedge wrens and grass 2-95 hopper sparrows should also benefit as will the Mississippi kite (Ietillia mississppiellsis SE), which nests in forests and feeds over more open areas. State-threatened loggerhead shrikes still occur here, but mainly in residential areas where there is short grass. Barn owls (Tyto alba SE) depend upon a few old barns where they nest. Population Notes Recent increases in CRP acreage has allowed Henslow's sparrows and grasshopper sparrows to colonize the area. Fallow fields in newly acquired sections of Cypress Creek NWR have large populations of dickcissels. Loggerhead shrikes, on the other hand, are decreasing rapidly in the region. Habitat Notes Although brood parasitism is less of a problem for grassland birds (Table 5), nest predation rates appearto be very high (Table 14). Early mowing of hayfields likely reduces nesting success of many grassland species. CRPfields, on the other hand, may create locally suitable conditions for Henslow's sparrows if they are not mowed too early. The earliest stages of succession on newly acquired lands will likely provide increased habitat for grassland birds, but only until shrubs have invaded the area. Habitat suitability for loggerhead shrikes appears to be highest in areas around towns and farm steads. The short grass in which they feed will likely decrease within the Cache River Wetlands Project Area. Maintaining habitat suitability for bam owls will involve maintaining suitable nest sites and working with private landowners to ensure suitable foraging habitat. Wetlands Typical Species Because forested wetlands historically dominated this region, typical wetland species include cav-· ity-nesting ducks such as wood ducks (Aix spollsa) and hooded mergansers (Lophodytes cucullatus); arboreally nesting herons and egrets (great blue and green herons [Ardea herodias and Butorides virescens), great egret [Casmerodius albus ST]); and American woodcocks (Scolopax minor). Current management practices have added substantial open-water habitat and now pied-billed grebes (Podilymbus podiceps ST), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and occasionally, other ducks breed in the area. The scarcity of marsh habitat, however, limits the breeding populations of many wetland species (e.g., bitterns, rails, few moorhens, northern harriers [Circus cyaneus SE], yellow-headed blackbirds [Xantheephalus xanthocephalus SE], marsh wrens [Cistothorus palustris]). In areas where shrubs such as willows have invaded wetlands. red-winged blackbirds (Agelalus phoeniceus) and song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) are abundant and there are also a few orchard and Balti more orioles (Icterus spurius and I. galbula), willow flycatchers (Empidonax trail/ii), yellow war blers (Dendraica petechia), and gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis). Killdeers (Charadrius voci/erus), American and fish crows (Corvus brachyrhynchus and C. ossifragus) and common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) are abundant on mudflats and trees. Rough-winged and barn swallows (Stelgidopteryx serripennis and Hirundo rustira) feed abundantly over open water. In winter, enor mous populations of geese and ducks winter in the area and Horseshoe Lake has 20-50 bald eagles that winter in the cypresses lining the lake. Over 20 species of shorebirds forage in wetlands during migration. The lack of deep water, however, limits the abundance of many diving ducks, grebes, loons, and cormorants, except along the river. Rusty blackbirds (Euphagus carolillus) winter by the thousands in the edges of open swampy forest. The river has numerous gulls (mostly ring-billed [Larus delawarellsis], in winter and migration, and some deepwater migrants (e.g., loons, diving ducks, cormorants) as well as bald eagles (HaUaer;/us leueocephalus SE, FE). Unique and Rare Species Several state threatened and endangered species nest in the Cache area, including bald eagle, pied billed grebe, moorhen, great egret, little blue heron (Egretta caerulea SE may only feed here), snowy egret (Egretta thula SE may only feed here), and yellow-crowned night heron (Nyctallassa violaceus). The recently de-listed purple gallinule (Porphyrula martillica) has nested at Mermet 2-96 Lake. Trumpeter and tundra swans (Cygnus buccinator and C. columbianus) sometimes winter at Horseshoe Lake. Hooded mergansers breed in swamps throughout the area. Least bitterns (Ixobrychus exilis SE) have nested at Mermet Lake and least terns (Sterna antillarum SE, FE) nest along the Ohio River. Additional forested wetland species are discussed in the forest section. Population Notes Bald eagles wi11likely increase as breeding birds as wetland restoration takes place. Management within Cypress Creek NWR has greatly increased wintering populations of waterfowl. The heron rookery on Boss Island is also increasing in size. Habitat Notes The enlarging rookery on Boss Island suggests that wetland conditions are suitable for herons. Mermet Lake has breeding populations of several marsh-nesting birds, but otherwise, there are too few marshes to sustain breeding populations of marsh nesters. Productivity of wood ducks, mal lards, and hooded mergansers seems to be high in existing tracts, but we lack quantitative data. Winter conditions are ideal for bald eagles, ducks, and geese. Shorebirds forage in the moist-soil units during the low-water phase. Least terns need open, sandy areas for nesting; there is no consis tent nest site yet in the region. Mammals Forest· Species information in this section has been compiled from range maps and known records in Hoffmeister 1989; Illinois Natural Heritage Database [INHD] (1982-1995); unpublished mist net ting (bats) and small mammal trapping surveys throughout the lower Cache River area by J.E. Hofmann and J.E. Gardner (1985-1995); and unpublished small mammal trapping and track station (furbearers) surveys in the lower Cache River area by E. J. Heske (1994). Figure 10 illustrates historical records and recent survey locations. Typical Species Mammal species known or likely to occur in the CRAW are listed in Table 14. Species restricted to forested habitats include hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus), silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans), eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), gray (Sciurus carolinensis) and fox squirrels (S. niger) , south ern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans), pine vole (Microtus pinetorum), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and bobcat (Felis rufus ST). Species that are primarily associated with forested habitats but occasionally occur in other habitats include red bat (L. borealis), golden mouse (Ochrotomys nuttalli ST), white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), and raccoon (Procyon lotor). All other species of bats use forested habitats extensively, although many may roost in caves, aban doned mines, or buildings. Some species, such as eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus), wood chuck (Marmota monax), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), require wooded habitat at certain times of the year or specialize in forest edges. Additional habitat generalists typically found in forests of the CRAW are listed in Table 14. Table 14. List of mammal species that occur in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (com piled from range maps and known records reported in Hoffmeister 1989; Illinois. Natural Heritage Database 1995; Warner and Ver Steeg 1995; and unpublished records from surveys conducted by J. E. Hofmann (1985·1995) and E. J. Heske (1994)). Bold type indicates a feder· ally endangered (FE), an Illinois endangered (SE), or an Illinois threatened (ST) species. Notes: []=species known from Cache River Assessment Watersheds, but for which there are no recent records; X = species probably extirpated from Illinois; {} = unusual records, at edge of or beyond usual geographic range of the species; * =exotic species, Habitats: W =wetland, G =grassland, F =forest. Population status (subjective estimate based on personal experience of J. E. Hofmann and E. J. Heske): C =common, U =uncommon, R =rare, ? =status uncertain. continued on page 2-99 2-97 Fig ure 10. Mammal Survey Locations~a:n~d~H~is~to~r~ic~R~e~co:rd~Lo:c~a~t:io:n:s~:c..:c..:c..:c..~~::~~~~~~~::~ within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (INHS Survey Files 1985-1995; Hoffmeister 1989; INHD 1996). ~ State and Federal Land" Shawnee NF Proclamation Boundary " Approved Purchase Unit Boundary shown for Cypress Creek NWR. 2-98 Table 14 continued Species name Common name Habitat Population statys Didelphimorphia Opossums Didelphis virginiana Virginia opossum W.G,F C Insectivora Insectivores {Sorex cinereus Masked shrew} W. G, F (mesic) R Sorex longirostris Southeastern shrew G.F U? {Blarina brevicauda Northern short-tailed shrew j G.F R Blarina carolinensis Southern short-tailed shrew G.F C Cryptotis parva Least shrew G U? Scalopus aquaticus Eastern mole G.F C Chiroptera . Bats Myotis lucifugus Little brown bat F. caves. buildings C Myotis sodalis Indiana bat (FE/SE) F. caves U Myotis austroriparius Southeastern myotis (SEj F (near water). caves U Myotis grisescens Gray myotis (FE/SE) F. caves R Myotis septentrionalis Northern long-eared bat F. caves, buildings C Lasionycteris noctivagans Silver-haired bat F. caves (hibernation) U? Pipistrellus subflavus Eastern pipistrelle F. caves. buildings C Eptesicus fuscus Big brown bat F, caves. buildings C Lasiurus borealis Red bat F C Lasiurus cinereus Hoary bat F U? Nycticeius humeralis Evening bat F. buildings U? Plecotus rafinesquii Rafinesque's big.eared bat (SE) F. caves. buildings R Lagomorpha Rabbits Sylvilagus floridanus Eastern cottontail G,F C Sylvilagus aquaticus Swamp rabbit W, F (mesic) R Rodentia Rodents Tamias striatus Eastern chipmunk F C Marmota monax Woodchuck G, F (edges) C Sciurus carolinensis Gray squirrel F C Sciurus niger Fox squirrel F C Glaucomys volans Southern flying squirrel F C Casror canadensis Beaver W C Oryzomys palustrls Marsh rice rat (ST) W U Peromyscus maniculatus Deer mouse G U Peromyscus leucopus White-footed mouse W, G. F (mostly F) C Peromyscus gossypinus Cotton mouse (X) F Ochrotomys nuttalli Golden mouse (ST) F U [Neotomajloridana Eastern woodrat (SE)] bluffs (in F) Microtus ochrogaster Prairie vole G C Microtus pinetorum Pine vole F U? Ondarra zibethicus Muskrat W C Synapromys cooperi Southern bog lemming W.G C Raftus norvegicus Norway rat * buildings C Mus musculus House mouse * G, buildings C Zapus hudsonius Meadow jumping mouse W.G U? Carnivora Carnivores Canis latrans Coyote W.G.F C Vulpes vulpes Red fox W.G.F C Urocyon cinereoargel1leus Gray fox F U? Procyon lotor Raccoon W,G.F C continued on page 2-100 2-99 Table 14 continued Species name Common name Habitat Population status Mustelafrenata Long-tailed weasel W,G,F C Mustela vison Mink W, G (mostly W) C Taxidea taxus Badger G U Mephitis mephitis Striped skunk W,G,F C Lutra canadensis River otter (SE) W U Felis rufus Bobcat (ST) F R Artiodactyla Even-toed ungulates Odocoileus virginianus White-tailed deer W,G,F C Threatened and Endangered Species Eight of the nine mammal species listed as endangered or threatened in Illinois (Illinois Endan gered Species Protection Board 1994) occur in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (Illinois Natural Heritage Database 1995) (Table 15). Two species-the Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis SE, FE) and gray bat SE, FE (M. grisescC1ls-are also federally endangered (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1991). Six of these eight species are primarily associated with woodlands. The ninth listed species in Illinois is the eastern woodrat (Neotomajloridana SE) which occurs on wooded bluffs in Jackson and Union counties (Monty et al. 1995), not far from the CRAW. Habitat requirements and distributions of the listed woodland species are presented below. Table 15. Endangered and threatened mammal species known to occur in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (Sources: Illinois Natural Heritage Database 1995; Anderson 1995; Feldhamer and Paine 1987; Hofmann et a1. 1990). Number of records is for the period 1982-1995, Status: FE = federally endangered, SE = state endangered, ST = state threat. ened. Common Name Species Status Records Myotis sodaUs Indiana bat FE/SE 7 Myotis grisescens Gray myotis FE/SE 3 Myotis austroriparius Southeastern myotis SE 4 Plecotus raftnesquii Rafinesque's big-eared bat SE 6 Ochrotomys nullalli Golden mouse ST 5 Oryzomys palustris Marsh rice rat ST 4 Lutra canadensis River otter SE 15 Lynx rufus Bobcat ST 16 Habitat Notes Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis SE, FE)-Indiana bats congregate in a limited number of caves or mines for hibernation, but are more widely dispersed during the summer. Indiana bat maternity colonies roost primarily beneath slabs of exfoliating bark on dead trees, but have also been found beneath the "shaggy" bark of certain live hickories (Carya) and in tree cavities (Cope et a!. 1974; Humphrey et a!. 1977; Gardner et a!. 1991; Callahan 1993; Kurta et a!. 1993a, b). Males and non-reproductive females may also roost in caves or abandoned mines. Roost trees used by this species have been located in both upland and floodplain forests; most are relatively large (> 22 em dbh). Tree species that have been used by maternity colonies in Illinois are slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), silver maple (Acer saccharinum), cottonwood (Populus deltoides), post oak (Q. stellata), bitternut hickory (C. cordiformis), white oak (Q. alba), American elm (u. americana), and sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) (Gardneret a!. 1991; Kurta et a!. 1993a). Maternity colonies in Michigan used green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) as roosts (Kurta et a!. 1993b). Indiana bats forage in and 2-100 along the canopy of both riparian and upland forests (Humphrey et aI., 1977; LaVal et aI., 1977; Brack, 1983; Clark et aI., 1987; Gardner et aI., 1991). In recent years the Indiana bat has been recorded in 22 counties in the southern two-thirds of lIIinois during the summer (INHD). Gray myotis (Myotis grisescens SE, FE)-The gray myotis is one of the few bat species that uses caves (or abandoned mines) as both hibernation and summer roosting sites (Decher and Choate 1995). Different caves are occupied during summer and winter because of the different temperature requirements of maternity colonies and hibernating bats (Tuttle 1976a). Gray myotis forage almost exclusively Over rivers, streams, or lakes within 2 km of caves that they occupy during the summer (LaVal et al. 1977; Tuttle 1976b). Historically, this species is known from caves and mines in west-central (Adams, Pike, and Madison counties) and southern (Hardin County) Illinois (Hoffmeister, 1989). Recently gray myotis have been found only in the southernmost portion of Illinois during the summer (Alexander, Hardin, Johnson, Pope, and Pulaski counties; INHD); at least one maternity colony occurs within the Cache River drainage (INHS unpublished data). Southeastern myotis (Myotis austroriparius SE)-During the summer southeastern myotis roost primarily in caves, but occupy mine shafts, buildings or hollow trees in areas where caves do not occur (Jones and Manning 1989). They forage above ponds and streams (Barbour and Davis 1969). In lIIinois this species has been known from caves and mines in Alexander, Hardin, Johnson, and Union counties (Hoffmeister 1989), although recently it has been found hibernating only at one location in Johnson County (INHD). Recent summer records of south eastern myotis are from Alexander, Pope, and Pulaski counties; a nursery colony was found roosting in a hollow tree in Liitle Black Slough (Johnson County) in 1989 and 1990 (INHD; Gardner et al. 1992). Rafinesque's big-eared bat (Plecotus rafinesquii SE)-During the summer Rafinesque's big-eared bats roost primarily in dilapidated buildings and other man-made struc tures, but also occupy caves and trees (Barbour and Davis 1969). They typically hibernate in caves and mines (Barbour and Davis 1969). In Illinois this species has been found hibernating in caves and silica mines in Alexal)der and Union counties (Hoffmeister 1989) and in a cistern in Johnson County (INHD). There are recent summer records for this species in Alexander, Johnson, and Pulaski counties (INHD). Golden mouse (Ochrotomys nuttalli ST)-The golden mouse inhabits dense entangle ments of vines such as Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), cat-brier (Smilax spp.), or grape (Vilis spp.) in bottomland hardwood forest, mixed forest, pine plantations, shrubland, canebrakes (Arundillaria gigalllea), and along the edges of cypress (Taxodium dislichum) swamps (Linzey and Packard 1977; Hoffmeister 1989). Golden mice have recently been live trapped in seven counties in southem lIIinois (Alexander, Gallatin, Jackson, Johnson, Pope, Union, and Williamson) and are likely to occur in two additional counties (Hardin and Saline; INHD; Feldhamer and Paine 1987). Bobcat (Lynx rufus ST)--Optimal habitat for bobcats in the Midwest would be rough or rolling terrain where large tracts of second-growth forest with dense underbrush were interspersed with open areas (e.g. clearings or successional fields), streams, and rock outcrops (Schwartz and Schwartz 1981; McCord and Cardoza 1982). Bobcats also inhabit floodplain forests along major rivers and swamps (Hoffmeister 1989). Rollings (1945) thought that key factors in bobcat habitat selection were prey abundance, protection from severe weather, the presence of suitable den sites, dense cover, and a lack of human disturbance. Small caves, rock crevices, rock piles, logs, stumps, hollow trees, dense thickets, and brush piles are used as resting sites and natal dens (Jackson 1961; Schwanz and Schwartz 1981; McCord and Cardoza 1982). Bobcats change resting sites frequently, except for females with young who occupy dens in inaccessible areas. Bobcats travel extensively while hunting and require large tracts of suitable habitat (Rollings 2-101 1945; McCord and Cardoza 1982). Male bobcats in Missouri have annual home ranges of 46 to 72 km2 and female ranges cover 13 to 31 km2 (Schwartz and Schwartz 1981). Rhea (1982) identified areas greater than 259 km2 with more than 50% forest cover and good interspersion of open areas, streams, and rocky terrain as optimal habitat for viable breeding populations of bobcats. According to these criteria, the best potential breeding habitat in Illinois is located in the Shawnee Hills region, along the lower Illinois River, and in the northwestem corner of the state. Bobcats have been recorded in 24 Illinois counties since 1982 (INHD); these records include all of the counties within the CRAW. Eastern woodrat (Neotomafloridana SE)-In the north-central U.S. the Illinois endangered eastern woodrat lives on wooded bluffs and rock outcrops where it often builds its characteristic houses in crevices, caves, or on ledges (Jones and Birney 1988; Hoffmeister 1989). Southern Illinois is on the northern periphery of the eastern woodrat's range (Jones and Birney 1988). This species once occurred on limestone and sandstone bluffs and outcrops throughout the Shawnee Hills in southern Illinois (Nawrot and Klimstra 1976), but is now restricted to four locations in Union and Jackson counties (Monty et al. 1995). Suitable habitat for this species occurs within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds, e.g. at Wildcat Bluff in Johnson County. Swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus )-The swamp rabbit is rarely found far from water and is an inhabitant of cypress swamps, bottomland forests, and canebrakes (Chapman and Feldhamer 198 J). The swamp rabbit has become rare in Illinois where there are recent records from only eight southern counties (Kjolhaug et a1. 1987). This species was found to occupy areas in the Cache River drainage in Alexander, Johnson, Massac, and Pulaski counties (Kjolhaug et a1. 1987). Unique and Rare Species The forested areas of southern Illinois, including the CRAW, provide the most extensive habitat for bobcat in the state. Forested habitats in southern Illinois are the only areas of the state where the Rafinesque's big-eared bat SE and southeastern myotis SE occur, and may be the only place in the state where the gray myotis SE, FE resides during the summer. Similarly, wooded habitats in southern Illinois comprise the northernmost extension of the geographic range of the golden mouse ST. The swamp rabbit is not listed as threatened or endangered, but has become extremely rare in Illinois and neighboring states. The bottomland forests of the CRAW provide important habitat for the preservation of this species in Illinois. Finally, the CRAW is being considered as a site for the possible reintroduction of elk (Cervus elaphus) in Illinois. Exotic Species The Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) and house mouse (Mus musculus) are the only known exotic mammals in the area. The Norway rat, in particular, is strongly associated with human structures. Both species may be found in woodlots in close proximity to human structures, but neither is generally considered a forest species. These species are now so widespread that they are part of the mammalian fauna across the United States. There is not much that can be done to rectify this situation, and it is not one for concern. Information Gaps Data on the status of populations of several species are not available. Additional information on the distribution and population status of the southeastern shrew (Sorex cinereus), silver-haired bat, hoary bat, evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis), pine vole (Micro/us pine/Drum), swamp rabbit, gray fox, and bobcat ST, would be valuable. Because forest habitat is fragmented and reduced in area in many parts of the CRAW, it is important to determine the extent to which populations in remaining forest tracts have become isolated, whether existing wooded habitats such as the riparian zone of the Cache River adequately serve as wildlife movement corridors for forest species, and how well forest species can disperse across the landscape in general. The ability of wooded bluffs such as Wildcat Bluff in Johnson County to support introduced popula tions of the eastern woodrat should be explored. 2-102 Grassland Species information in this section has been compiled from range maps and known records in Hoffmeister 1989; Illinois Natural Heritage Database (1982-1995); Warner and ver Steeg 1995; unpublished small mammal trapping surveys in the lower Cache River area by J. E. Hofmann (1987); and unpublished small mammal trapping surveys in the lower Cache River area by E'. J. Heske (1994). Introduction Most of the grassland species discussed below are not restricted to "native" or undisturbed grassland habitat. Rather, the structure of rights-of-way, small grain fields, agricultural field edges, pastures, and similarly constructed or disturbed sites may provide suitable habitat for many of these species. . Typical Species Typical species of the CRAW are listed in Table 14. Species that are restricted to grassland include least shrew (Cryptotis parva), deer mouse (Peromyscus manieulatus), prairie vole (Micro tus ochrogaster), and badger (Taxidea taxus). Other species strongly associated with grasslands include southeastern shrew (So rex longirostris), southern short-tailed shrew (Blarina carolinensis), eastern cottontail, woodchuck, southern bog lemming (Synaptomys cooperi), and meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsoni"s) (the latter two especially in mesic grasslands). Additional species that use grasslands include the habitat generalists listed in Table 14. Threatened and Endangered Species None of the mammalian species primarily associated with grasslands in the CRAW is listed as threatened or endangered in Illinois. Unique or Rare Species None of the mammalian species primarily associated with grasslands in the CRAW can be considered unique or rare in Illinois. The CRAW is being considered as a possible site for elk reintroduction, and grassland is an important component of elk habitat. Exotic Species The Norway rat and house mouse are strongly associated with human structures, but both species may be found in grasslands in proximity to human structures. The house mouse in particular can sometimes reach substantial numbers in grasslands near buildings. These species are now so widespread that they are part of the mammalian fauna across the United States. There is not rnuch that can be done to rectify this situation, and it is not one for concern. Information Gaps Additional information on the population status and distribution of the southeastern shrew, least shrew, meadow jumping mouse, and badger would be useful. Wetland Species information in this section has been compiled from range maps and known records in Hoffmeister 1989; Illinois Natural Heritage Database (1982-1995); unpublished mist netting (bats) and small mammal trapping surveys throughout the lower Cache River area by J. E. Hofmann and J.E. Gardner (1985-1995); and unpublished small mammal trapping and track station (furbearers) surveys in the lower Cache River area by E. J. Heske (1994). Typical Species Typical species for the CRAW are listed in Table 14. Species whose life history requires wetland habitats include beaver (Castor canadensis), muskrat (Ondatra zibethictls), marsh rice rat ST, swamp rabbit, mink, and river otter SE. In addition, all species of bats found in the CRAW use wetland areas, primarily as foraging habitat. The southern bog lemming and meadow jumping 2-103 mouse use wetlands extensively in addition to grasslands. Other habitat generalists that use wetlands are listed in Table 14. Threatened and Endangered Species The river otter and marsh rice rat use wetlands in the CRAW. All four state endangerd species of bats (Indiana bat SE, FE; gray myotis SE, FE; southeastern myotis SE; and Rafinesque's big-eared bat) forage above wetlands. All of these bats, except the gray myotis, may also roost in trees in floodplain forest or swamps during the summer. Habitat Notes River otter (Lutra canadensis SE)-River otters occupy a variety of aquatic habitats, from coastal swamps and marshes to high mountain lakes (Toweill and Tabor 1982). They are abun dant in estuaries, the lower reaches of rivers, and the tributaries and lakes of unpolluted river systems, but scarce in densely populated areas, especially if the water is polluted (Toweill and Tabor 1982). In Illinois, river otters have been found in shallow lakes, sloughs, cypress swamps, rivers, streams, drainage ditches, and ponds (Anderson 1982; Anderson and Woolf 1984). Habitat used by river otters in northwestern Illinois has the following characteristics: isolation from the main river channel (providing a relatively stable water level), extensive riparian forest (or emer gent herbaceous vegetation), the persistence of open water during winter, good water quality (and healthy fish populations), the presence of suitable den sites (e.g. beaver lodges, log piles, exposed tree roots), and minimal human disturbance (Anderson and Woolf 1984). The shape of river otter home ranges is determined by the type of habitat and their size is influenced by prey abundance, topography, weather conditions, and the individual's reproductive status (Melquist and Hornocker 1983). At the Lamine River Wildlife Area in Missouri, otter home ranges were 11-78 km in length (Erickson et al. 1984). Only a portion of the range is used at any time; activity centers are located in areas with abundant food and suitable shelter and are changed frequently (Melquist and Hornocker 1983). River otters may travel long distances, 160 km or more, in search of suitable habitat (Jackson 1961). River otters disappeared from most of Illinois in the late 1800s, but this species persisted in the Cache River area (Mohr 1943). The number of records of otters reported in the Cache River drainage has increased in the past decade (Anderson 1995). This may be due to better reporting of sightings rather than an actual increase in numbers, but does indicate that the population is at least stable (Anderson J995). Marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris ST)-Marsh rice rats occupy wetland habitats, including coastal marshes, swamps, freshwater marshes, and wet meadows; occasional animals found in upland habitats are thought to be transients (Wolfe 1982). In southern Illinois rice rats have been trapped in areas with standing water and emergent herbaceous vegetation, such as sedges (Carex), cattails (Typha), rushes (JUIlCUS), bulrushes' (Scirpus), common reed (Phragmites australis), and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundillacea; Hofmann et al. 1990). This species has also been caught in southern Illinois swamps (McLaughlin and Robertson 1951; Klimstra and Roseberry 1969). There are recent rice rat records for 12 counties in southern II1inois (Alexander, Franklin, Hamilton, Jackson, Johnson, Massac, Pope, Pulaski, Saline, Union, White, and Williamson; INHD; Hofmann et al 1990). Swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus)-The swamp rabbit is rarely found far from water and is an inhabitant of cypress swamps, bottomland forests, and canebrakes (Chapman and Feldhamer 1981). The swamp rabbit has become rare in Illinois where there are recent records from only eight southern counties (Kjolhaug et al. 1987). This species was found to occupy areas in the Cache River drainage in Alexander, Johnson, Massac, and Pulaski counties (Kjolhaug et al. 1987). Unique and Rare Species The swamp rabbit is not listed as threatened or endangered, but has become extremely rare in 2-104 Illinois. The cypress swamps of CRAW provide some of the best remaining habitat in Illinois for this species. Exotic Species House mice occasionally can be found in wetland habitats. This species is so widespread that it is now part of the mammalian fauna across the United States. There is not much that can be done to rectify this situation, and it is not one for concern. Information Gaps Many wetlands, especially emergent wetlands, exist as isolated habitat patches. The ability of wetland-associated mammals to disperse between such wetlands should be examined. Data on the status and distribution of the swamp rabbit should be updated. Monitoring of the population status of the river otter and marsh rice rat should be maintained. Amphibians and Reptiles Field Surveys Several herpetological surveys have been conducted in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (CRAW). The most recent is "Factors determining richness of reptile and amphibian species in a riparian wildlife dispersal corridor", an (as yet) unpublished Master's Thesis by Frank Burbrink of the Illinois Natural History Survey and the University of Illinois. In this work, six intensive study transects were established, two in Heron Pond and four along the Cache River riparian zone (see Figure II): Amphibian and reptile species richness was determined for each transect in an attempt to identify factors that contributed to the use of the riparian zone as a wildlife movement corridor. The other survey was carried.out by researchers at Southern Illinois University in Carbondale. In this study the aquatic fauna was surveyed at 18 sites along the Cache River from west of Vienna to the Cache Chapel Road bridge east of Ullin (see Figure 11) . State! Cache River Assessment Watersheds Species Comparison The Cache River Assessment Watersheds contain portions of two of Smith's (1961) Herpetofaunal Divisions; Austroriparian and Shawnee Hills (Figure 12). There are 32 amphibian species and 43 reptile species known or thought to occur in the CRAW (Table 16). This repre sents 76% of the amphibian species and 72% of the reptile species known to occur in Illinois. There are museum or literature records for the CRAW for all but two of these species, the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) and the wood frog (Rana sylvatica). Table 16. Amphibians and reptiles whose ranges are included in the CRAW. This informa tion was taken from range maps in Smith (1961) and Conant and Collins (1991). Status notes: bold type indicates a special status species, SE = State Endangered, ST = State Threatened, FE = Federally Endangered, * =exotic species. Species Amphibians Ambys/oma macula/urn Spotted salamander Ambys/oma opacum Marbled salamander Ambys/oma talpa/deum Mole salamander Ambys/ama texanum Smallmouth salamander Ambystama tigrinum Tiger salamander Cryptobranchus allegail/ensis Hellbender SE Desmognathus fuscus Dusky salamander SE Eurycea drr/gem Two-lined salamander Eurycea long/cauda Long-tailed salamander continued on page 2-108 2-105 Fig ure ll. Herpetological Survey Areas from the Cache River Assessment Watersheds(after Phillippi 1986; Burbink 1995; INHD 1996). State and Federal Land* Shawnee NF Proclamation Boundary • Approved Purchase Unit Boundary shown for Cypress Creek NWR. 2-106 0 Prairie Northeastern Mesic g~i%71 Woodlands Division Woodlands of the ~ Graod Prairie Division Western Division Woodlands Southern Division • Woodlands Shawnee Hills • Division J..ustroriparian • Division •~ Lower Mississippi Border DIvision Upper Mississippi ~ Border D1V1s1on 8 Wabash Border Division • Sand Azeas Figure J.2. Herpetofaullal D.ivJJ~Q!lfl..ofIllillois. after Smith 1961. 2-107 Table 16 continued Species Eurycea lucifuga Cave salamander Plethodon dorsalis Zig-zag salamander Plethodon glutinosus Slimy salamander Necturus maculosus Mudpuppy Notophthalmus viridescens Eastern newt Siren intermedia Lesser siren Bufo americanus American toad Bufo woodhousii Woodhouse's toad Acris crepitans Cricket frog Hyla avivoca Bird-voiced treefrog Hyla cinerea Green treefrog Hyla avivoca Gray treefrog Pseudacris crucifer Spring peeper Pseudacris streckeri ST Illinois chorus frog ST Pseudacris feriarum Upland chorus frog Scaphiopus holbrookii Eastern spadefoot toad Rana areolata Crawfish frog Raila blairi Plains leopard frog Raila catesbeiana Bullfrog Rana clamitalls Green frog Rana palustris Pickerel frog Rana sphenocephala Southern leopard frog Rana sylvatica Wood frog Reptiles Chelydra serpentina Snapping turtle Macroclemmys temminekii Alligator snapping turtle ST Terrapene carolina Eastern box turtle Chrysemys picta Painted turtle Trachemys scripta Slider Psedemys eoneinna River cooter SE Graptemys geographiea Map turtle Graptemys pseudogeographica False map turtle Sternotherus odoratus Common musk turtle Kinosternon subrubrum Eastern mud turtle Apalone mutiea Smooth softshell WL Apalone spinifera Spiny softshell Seeloporus undulatus Fence lizard Crotaphytus collaris Collared lizard WL* Ophisaurus attenuatus Slender glass lizard Cnemidophorus sexlineatus Six-lined racerunner Eumeces fasciatus Five-lined skink Eumeces laticeps Broad-head skink Scincella laterale Ground skink Farancia abacura Mud snake Heterodon platirhinos Eastern hognose snake Opheodrys aestivus Rough green snake Coluber COllstrictor Racer Diadophis punctatus Ringneck snake Carphophis amoenus Worm snake Elaphe obsoleta Rat snake Lampropeltis triangulatum Milk snake Lanpropeltis getula Common kingsnake Lanpropeltis calligaster Prairie kingsnake 2-108 Table 16 continued Species Virgillia valeriae Smooth earth snake Thamllophis sirtalis Common garter snake Thamllophis sauritus Eastern ribbon snake SE Thamllophis proximus Western ribbon snake Storeria dekayi Brown snake Storeria occipitomacuiata Red-bellied snake Nerodia sipedoll Northern water snake Nerodia rhombifer Diamondback water snake Nerodia erythrogaster Plainbelly water snake WL" Nerodia cyclopion Green water snake ST Nerodia fasciilta Broad-banded water snake SE Crotalus horridus Timber rattlesnake ST Agkistrodoll contortrix Copperhead Agkistrodoll piscivorous Cottonmouth * probably introduced A only the sUbspecies N. e. negiecta, the copperbelly water snake, is a Watch List species. Threatened and Endangered Species Habitat Requirements & Historical Records For Listed Species Historical records for the listed species were taken from the following sources: I) specimens from museum, university, and private collections (referred to as vouchered records), 2) unvouchered records from the literature, 3) unvouchered records taken from reliable biologists and naturalists, and 4) the Illinois Natural Heritage Database (INHD). Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis SE)-This completely aquatic sala mander inhabits fast running, clear-water areas of large creeks and rivers. They are most often found in association with shoals and rapids containing large surface rocks, boulders, or slabs of bedrock. Klimstra and Hutchison (1965) reported a hellbender taken in 1960 from the Ohio River near Joppa. A museum specimen (INHS #9670) exists that was taken from the Ohio River at Metropolis in 1956. Stein and Smith (1959) reported two specimens from the Cache River near Ullin. These were reportedly captured in 1926 and 1937. Dusky salamander (Desmognathus fuscus SE)-Known in Illinois only from the CRAW. This semi-aquatic salamander is found at the margins of springs and spring-fed streams. In Illinois it is restricted to a few direct tributaries of the Ohio River and the lower Cache and its tributaries. In these areas its habitat consists of forested headwaters of spring-fed creeks, usually in the bottoms of steep ravines. The most recent sightings or specimens are from 1991. There is also a population two miles east of Buncombe in northern Johnson County (lNHD 1991). Illinois chorus frog (Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis ST)-his small, fossorial frog is restricted to sand substrates. It is seldom seen above ground except during the late wimer/early spring breeding season when it can be heard chorusing from a variety of aquatic habitats, includ ing sand ponds, flooded fields, roadside ditches, and marshes. This frog is known from east of Sandusky (INHD 1992); northeast and east of Olive Branch (INHD 1992); southwest and west of Miller City (lNHD 1992); and the vicinity of Horseshoe Lake (lNHS #11500 1962). Alligator Snapping Turtle (Macroclemmys temminckii ST)-Typically found in deep rivers, oxbows, and sloughs although it may occasionally occur in medium-sized rivers and creeks. It spends most of its time lying on the bottom in deep water, leaving only to nest. Unlike the common snapping turtle, it is very rarely found in isolated ponds and lakes. The most recent record for the CRAW is UIMNH 83975, collected in the Ohio River near Metropolis in the 1920s. River Cooter (Pseudemys concinna SE)-This highly aquatic turtle inhabits rivers and floodplain ponds that communicate with the rivers during flood conditions. Adults are almost completely herbivorous and are therefore restricted to ponds and rivers with a lush aquatic flora. The most recent record is for the CRAW is a road-killed individual found near the spillway at 2-109 Horseshoe Lake (SIU-C #6014, 1984). Older literature and museum records (/9305) are avail able for Horseshoe Lake and near Metropolis. Smooth Softshell Turtle (Apalone mutica WL)-An inhabitant of clean sandy bottom rivers and creeks with strong current and frequent sandbars. This species is completely aquatic and leaves the water only for nesting which takes place very near the river's edge. There is a literature record from Horseshoe Lake (Cahn 1937). Eastern Ribbon Snake (Thamnophis sauritus SE)-Usually found in summer near swamps, ponds, and marshes at the forest edge. In the fall it may seek upland situations for hibernation. Museum and literature records are confounded by the fact that the eastern and western (T. proximus) ribbon snakes were only recently recognized as full species. The most recent records that can be attributed to T. sauritus are: from near Forman along the Burlington Northern railroad tracks (Burbrink 1995); at the Cache River west of Limekiln Slough (INHD 1994); at the Cache River south of Perks (SIU-C #21671989); and 0.5 miles NE of Forman (INHD I 986). Copperbelly Water Snake (Nerodia·erythrogaster neglecta WL)-Important habitat components include wooded uplands in close proximity to permanent and ephemeral water that provides healthy populations of fish and amphibians. Museum and literature records are con founded by the fact that the copperbelly and yellowbelly (N. e.fiavigaster) water snakes inter grade across a wide portion of the CRAW. The most recent records that can be attributed to N. e. neglecta in the CRAW are: 0.25 miles southwest of Forman (Burbrink 1995); Wildcat Bluff . Nature Preserve (Burbrink 1995); OJ miles east-southeast of Boaz (SIU-C #2309, 199 I); 1.5 miles north of Ullin (SIU-C #2313 1991); on Rt. 37, 2.4 miles south of intersection with Rt. 146 (SIU-C #2249 1988). Other records are available for Heron Pond (Phillipi et al. 1986); 4 miles north-northeast of Belknap (Phillipi et a!. 1986); Limekiln Slough (Phillipi et a!. 1986); Mermet Lake Conservation Area (UIMNH #54734 1963); Fort Massac State Park (SIU-C #1235 1963) and near Cypress (UIMNH #50918 1958. Broad-banded water snake (Nerodiafasciata SE)-Known in Illinois only from the CRAW. An inhabitant of cypress swamps. The most recent museum record is for Horseshoe Lake (INHS #60221951). However, ajuvenile N.fasciata was sighted by Jeanne Serb and Dr. Larry Page (both of INHS) at Horseshoe Lake in October, 1995. This record is considered valid. Green water snake (Nerodia cyclopion ST)-An inhabitant of cypress swamps and sluggish river backwaters. The only records from the CRAW are from Horseshoe Lake, near Olive Branch (FMNH #s 2137, 2237,161291907). Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus ho"idus ST)-This venomous snake usually occu pies three distinct habitats: heavily forested areas for foraging (summer), south- or west -facing rock outcrops or talus slides containing deep cracks and fissures for denning (fall to mid-spring), and more open woods, fields and other disturbed habitats when moving between these two habitats (fall and spring). In addition, gravid females may occupy rocky open sites close to the den for gestation and birthing (summer). Records exist for almost all parts of the CRAW, includ ing 3 miles west ofElco (INHD 1994); northeast of Olive Branch (INHD 1994); north of Belknap (INHD 1992); and the bluffs west of Tamms (INHD 1990s). Unique Occurrences/Distributions In addition to the listed species discussed above, the green treefrog (Hyla cinera), bird-voiced treefrog (Hyla avivoca), cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorous), and mole salamander (Am bvstoma ralpoideum) reach the northern limits of their distribution in the CRAW. They are all restricted to the cypress-buttonbush swamps of the CRAW and adjacent watersheds. While all of these species could be considered common in the Mississippi Valley lowlands south of Illinois, they are rare or uncommon in Illinois. The mud snake (Faranda abacura) is also restricted to the swamps of the Austroriparian division. However, it is uncommon throughout the rest of its range. The spadefoot toad (Scaphiopus holbrookii) is a small fossorial species known in lllinois only from the CRAW and immediately adjacent watersheds. 2-110 --~-----_._-- . __.. _--- Population Notes Several of the listed species from the CRAW are very close to extirpation in Illinois. The hell bender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) and alligator snapping turtle (Macroclemmys temminckii) have not been Seen in the CRAW for over 30 and 70 years, respectively. Although they are both highly secretive and very difficult to monitor, it is safe to say that there are no longer viable populations in the CRAW, and probably the entire state. The recent sighting of the broad-banded water snake at Horseshoe Lake provides some hope for that species in Illinois but additional sightings are necessary before any decision can be made. The river cooter (Pseudemys concinna) and green water snake (Nerodia cyclopion) are probably extirpated from the CRAW but viable populations exist in other parts of the state. Habitat Notes Broad habitat preferences for all species of the CRAW are listed in Table 17. Habitats are divided into forest (upland forest), grassland (native grassland, non-native grassland, savanna, hill prairie, glade, primary), wetland (marsh, swamp, floodplain forest, wet shrubland, wet meadow, sedge meadow, fen, bog, seep, pond, lake, slough), springs and caves (caves, springs, spring runs, small spring-fed creeks), and river (streams, rivers). Exotics Species The eastern collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris) has recently been discovered at Ferne Clyffe State Park, Johnson County. It is currently on the State Watch List as "Status Unknown" but it was undoubtedly introduced to the sandstone ledges of the park. This large and conspicuous lizard could not have gone unnoticed in an area that receives such a large number of visitors, including herpetologists, each year. The small population is reproducing and studies are under way to determine the geographic source of these lizards and determine what impact they could have on the native lizard taxa at Ferne Clyffe. Caves and Their Biota Introduction In Illinois 390 caves have been located (Bretz and Harris 1961, Oliver and Graham 1988, Webb, Taylor, and Krejca 1993) and are restricted to a limited area within the state because of past glaciations. The limestone and dolomite in the northeastern part of the state have undergone multiple glaciations which have destroyed or filled any caves that may have been there (Peck and Lewis 1978). The majority of Illinois caves are located in four karst regions (Shawnee Hills, Sinkhole Plain, Lincoln Hills, and Driftless Area) where exposed limestones occur along the western and southern edges of the state. Illinois caves are formed in Paleozoic limestones, ranging in age from Ordovician to Mississippian. Forty-three caves are located within the Cache River Basin (Figure 13), 33 in Johnson County and lOin Union. No caves have been located in Alexander, Massac, or Pulaski counties. The biological reSources supported within caves are fragile and often poorly under stood. Because of the unique subterranean environment, cave-adapted organisms are highly specialized and have evolved narrow tolerances that make them particularly susceptible to disturbances. The absence of light, near-constant temperatures, high relative humidity, and minimal energy input are some of the properties of the cave environment (Gardner 1991). The narrow tolerances of cavernicoles (animals dwelling in caves) makes these organisms more sensitive to changes than similar epigean (surface dwelling) species (Field 1989). Cavernicolous animals are ecologically classified with respect to their degree of adaptation to the caVe environment and to the degree they are restricted to the cave environment. Accidentals (AC). These organisms may be washed into caveS in floods, or may wander or fall into caves and their existence there is only temporarily, they either leave or die. Trogloxenes (TX) These organisms frequent caves and moist, cool habitats outside of caves. They must return to the surface (or at least the cave entrance) to forage. 2-111 Table 17. HAbitat preferences of the amphibians and reptiles of the CRAW. Status notes: bold type indicates a special status species, SE =State Endangered, ST = State Threatened, FE =Federally Endangered, * = exotic species. Habitat types: F = upland forest; G =grass land; W =wetland; S =springs and caves; R =river. See text for further descriptions. Species Habitat Types Amphibians Ambystoma maculatum Spotted salamander F. W Ambystoma opacum Marbled salamander F, W Ambystoma talpoideum Mole salamander W Ambystol1Ul texanum Smallmouth salamander W Ambystoma tigrillum Tiger salamander W.O Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Hellbender SE R Desmognathus fuscus Dusky salamander SE S Eurycea cirrigera Two-lined salamander S Eurycea longicauda Long-tailed salamander S Eurycea lucifuga Cave salamander S Plethodoll dorsalis Zig-zag salamander F Plethodon glutinosus Slimy salamander F Necturus maculosus Mudpuppy R Notophthalmus viridescells Eastern newt F Siren intermedia Lesser siren W Bufo americanus American toad W,F Bufo woodhousii Woodhouse's toad W,F Acris crepitans Cricket frog R,W Hyla avivoca Bird-voiced treefrog W Hyla cillerea Green treefrog W Hyla avivoca Gray treefrog F Pseudacris crucifer Spring peeper F, W Pseudacris streckeri ST II1inois chorus frog ST W Pseudacris feriarum Upland chorus frog W,F Scaphiopus holbrookii Eastern spadefoot toad W,O Rana areolata Crawfish frog G,W RallO blairi Plains leopard frog G,W Rana catesbeiana Bullfrog W Rallo clamitans Green frog W Rana palustris Pickerel frog S,W Rana sphenocephala Southern leopard frog W Rallo sylvatica Wood frog F Reptiles Chelydra serpentilla Snapping tunle W,R Macroclemmys temminckii Alligator snapping turtle ST R Terrapene carolina Eastern box tunle F Chrysemys picta Painted turtle W Trachemys scripta Slider W Psedemys concinna River cooter SE W,R Craptemys geographica Map turtle R Craptemys pseudogeographica False map turtle R Stemotherus odoratus Common musk turtle W Kinosternoll subrubrum Eastern mud turtle W Apalolle mutica Smooth softshell WL R Apalone spinifera Spiny softshell R 2-112 Table 17 continued Species Habitat Types Sceloporus undulatus Fence lizard F Crotaphytus collaris ColIared lizard WL* F Ophisaurus attenuatus Slender glass lizard G Cnemidophorus sexlineatus Six-lined racenmner G,F Eumeces fasciatus Five-lined skink F Eumeces laticeps Broad-head skink F Scincella laterale Ground skink F Farancia abacura Mud snake W Heterodon platirhinos Eastern hognose snake F Opheodrys aestivus Rough green snake F Coluber constrictor Racer F Diadophis punctatus Ringneck snake F Carphophis amoenus Wonn snake F Elaphe obsoleta Rat snake F Lampropeitis triangulatum Milk snake F Lanpropeltis getula Common kingsnake F Lanpropeltis calligaster Prairie kingsnake G,F Virginia valeriae Smooth earth snake F Thamnophis sirlalis Common garter snake W Thamnophis sauritus Eastern ribbon snake SE W Thamnophis proximus Western ribbon snake W Storeria dekayi Brown snake F, W Storeria occipitomaculata Red-bellied snake F, W Nerodia sipedon Northern water snake W,R Nerodia rhombifer Diamondback water snake R,W Nerodia erythrogaster PlainbelIy water snake WLA W Nerodia cyclopion Green water snake ST W,R Nerodia fasciata Broad-banded water snake SE W Crotalus horridus Timber rattlesnake ST F Agkistrodon contortrix Copperhead F Agkistrodon piscivorous Collonmouth W * probably introduced A only the subspecies N. e. neg/ecra, the copperbelly water snake, is a Watch List species. 2-113 Troglophiles (TP) These organisms can complete their entire life cycles within a cave, but they may also be found in similar epigean habitats (deep down in surface leaf debris; in crawl spaces beneath buildings; inside wet rotting logs; in bluffs; and in and around springs). The cave salamander, Eurycea lucifuga Rafinesque, and the spring cavefish, Forbesicthys agassizi (Putnam) are two troglophilic vertebrates found in Illinois. Troglobites (TB) These organisms are obligate cave inhabitants. They often display morphological specializations such as the loss of body pigment, reduction or loss of eyes, and attenuation of the body and appendages. Troglobites often exhibit physiological specializations: their metabolic rates are generally lower; olfactory, vibratory and tactile senses are typically modified and well developed; movements often appear slower and more deliberate, and reproduc tive strategies tend towards the production of fewer and larger eggs and young. Reproduction is often closely attuned to seasonal availability of food, as might be brought in by flooding (Ginet 1960). No troglobitic vertebrates are known from Illinois, but several troglobitic invertebrates are found in Illinois caves. Edaphobites (ED) are organisms found in deep soil and sometimes in caves. Phreatobites (PB) occur both in caves and in other groundwater. Table 18. Cave biota of the Cache River Basin. Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria: Tricladida Planariidae Phagocata gracilis (Haldeman), TP. Annelida: Oligochaeta: Haplotaxida Lumbricidae Allolobophora trapezoides (Duges), ED. Dendrobaena rubida (Savigny), ED, TP. Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister, ED. Arthropoda: Mandibulata: Crustacea: Amphipoda Crangonyctidae Bactrurus brachycaudus Hubricht and Mackin, TB. Crangonyxforbesi Hubricht and Mackin, TP. Crangonyx minor Bousfield, TP. Crangonyx packardi group, TB. Synurella dentata Hubricht, TP. Gammaridae Gammarus minus Say, TP. Gammarus troglophilus (Hubricht and Mackin), TP. Crustacea: Decapoda Cambaridae Cambarus tenebrosus Hay, TP. Crustacea: Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea brevicauda (Forbes), TP Caecidotea sp. I, TB. Caecidotea sp. 2, TB. Ligiidae Ligidium elrodii elrodii (Packard), TX. Arthropoda: Chelicerata: Arachnida: Araneae Agelenidae 2-114 Table 18 continued Calymmaria cavicola (Banks), TP. Coras sp. Araneidae Neoscolla arabesca, Dictynidae Cicurina brevis (Emerton), Cicurilla pallida Keyserling, Linyphiidae Barhyphantes albivelltris (Banks), TP. Bathyphantes pallida (Banks), Celltromerus latidells (Emerton), Eperigolle alltraea (Crosby), TP. Eperigolle maculata (Banks), Lillyphia radiata [Nerielle radiata] (Walckenaer), Phanetta subterrallea (Emerton), TB. Liocranidae Scotinella redempta (Gertsch), Lycosidae Pardosa sp., AC. Pirata sp., AC. Pisauridae Dolomedes scriptlls Hentz, TX. Dolomedes vittatus Walckenaer, TX. Dolomedes sp., TX. Tetragnathidae Meta ovalis [M. americalla, M. menardi] (Gertsch), TP. Arachnida:Phalangida Ischyropsalidae . Sabacon caricolens Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha Lithobiidae Undetennined genus and species. Diplopoda: Chordeumatida Cleidogonidae Cleidogona unita Causey, TP. Conotylidae Austrotyla specus (Loomis), TP. Tingupidae Tingupa pallida Loomis, TP. Diplopoda: Polydesmida Polydesmidae Pseudopolydesmus pinetor",,, (Bollman), TP. Insecta: Coleoptera Carabidae Atranus pubescells (DeJean), TP. Bembidion texan",ll Chaudoir, TP. Platyllus telluicollis (LeConte), TP. Chrysomelidae Orsodaclle atra, 2-115 Table 18 continued Cryptophagidae Cryptophagus valens Casey, AC. Histeridae Hister sp., AC. Pselaphidae Batrisodes rossi Park, TP. Staphylinidae: Atheta sp. I, TP. Emplenota lucifuga Casey, TP. Lesteva pallipes LeConte, TP. Philonthus sp., ~C? Quedius erythrogaster Mannerheim, TP. Quedius fulgidus (Fabricius), TP. Insecta: Collembola Entomobryidae Pseudosinella aera, Sine/la avita Christiansen, TP. Sinella (Sine/la) cavernarum (Packard), TP. Hypogastruridae Hypogastrura (Ceratophysella) denticulata, TP. Isotomidae Folsomia candida WiIlem, TP. lsotoma (lsotoma) viridis Neanuridae Neanura muscorum Onychiurus (Protaphorura) reus, TP. Onychiurus (Protaphorura) subtenuis, TP. Onychiurus sp., TP. Sminthuridae Arrhopalites pygmaeus Wankel, TP. Dicyrtoma (Ptenothrix) atra (Linnaeus), TX. Tomoceridae Tomocerus (Pogonognathellus) bidentatus Folsom, TP.. Tomocerus (Pogonognathellus) dubius. Tomocerus (Pogonognathellus) flavescens (Tullberg), TP. Tomocerus sp. Insecta: Diplura Campodeidae Eumesocampa sp., TB. Insecta: Diptera Culicidae Anopheles punctipennis (Say), TX. Culex sp., TX. Heleomyzidae Aecothea specus (Aldrich), TX. Amoebaleria defessa (Osten Sacken), TX. Amoebaleria defessa Isackeni female, TX. Amoebaleria helvola, TX. Amoebaleria sackeni Garrett, TX. Heleomyza brachyptema (Loew), TX. 2-116 Table 18 continued Mycetophilidae Exechia sp. 6, TX. Macrocera nobilis Johnson, TB. Orfelia sp., TX. Phoridae Megaselia cavemicola (Brues), TP. Megaselia sp.; TP. Psychodidae Undetermined genera and species, TP? Sciaridae Lycoriella sp., TX Sphaeroceridae Leptoeera caenosa (Rondani), TP. Leptoeera sp., TB. Spelobia tenebrarum (Aldrich), TB. Tipulidae Daetylolabis (Daetylolabis) montana (Osten Sacken). Doliehopeza (Oropeza) obseura (Johnson). Doliehopeza (Oropeza) tridentieulata Alexander. Erioptera (Psitoeonopa) armillaris Osten Sacken. Limonia (Dieranomyia) plldica (Osten Sacken). Limonia (Dicranomyia) sp. females. Insecta: Heteroptera Veliidae Mierovelia americana, AC. Insecta: Lepidoptera Noctuidae Seoliopteryx libatrix (Linnaeus), TX. Insecta: Orthoptera Gryllacrididae Ceuthophitus elegans Hubbell, TX. Ceuthophillis gracilipes (Haldeman), TX. Cellthophilus williamsoni Hubbell, TX. Ceuthophilus sp., TX. Mollusca: Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Polygyridae Triodopsis fosteri Zonitidae Zonitoides arboreus Chordata: Osteichthyes Cyprinidae Semotitus atromaculatus (Mitchill), AC. Ictaluridae Unidentified catfish Amphibia: Leptospondyli: Caudata Plethodontidae Eurycea longieauda longicauda (Green), TXITP. Eurycea lucifuga Rafinesque, TP. 2-117 Table 18 continued Euryeea sp. larva, TXlTP. Plethodon glutinosis (Green), TP. Aves: Falconiformes Cathartidae Cathartes aura (Linnaeus), TX. Mammalia: Chiroptera VespertiJionidae Eptesicus fuseus (Palisot de Beauvois), TX. Myotis austroriparius (Rhoads), TX. Myotis lucifugus (Le Conte), TX. Myotis sodalis Miller and G. M. Allen, TX. Pipistrellus subflavus (F. Cuvier),. TX. Caves of the Cache River Basin: Descriptions Archimedes Cave: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is avail able. Fauna: Arthropoda: Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae: Neoseona arabesea. Lycosidae: Paradosa sp. Phalangida: Ischyropsalidae: Sabacoll eavicolells. Bear Branch Cave: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is avail able. Belknap Cave: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. Fauna (Peck and Lewis 1978): Arthropoda: Crustacea: Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae: Baetrums braehycaudus, SYllurella dentata (tentative identification). Insecta: Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Lesteva pallipes, Philanthus sp. Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Leptocera sp. Blowing Spring Cave: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. No fauna has been recorded for this cave. Bulge Hole: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. No fauna has been recorded for this cave. Cache Cave: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. No fauna has been recorded for this cave. Casey Spring Cave: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is avail able. Fauna (Peck and Lewis 1978): Turbellaria: Planariidae: Phagocata gracilis. Cedar Bluff Cave [Cedar Grove Cave]: Johnson County. This cave is located about half way up a wooded hillside which has scattered limestone outcrops. A soil slope leads down through a small hole beneath a 4 feet high limestone outcrop to a dry, joint controlled passage about 1.5 feet high. The entrance passage shortly intersects a perpendicular joint, where the passage opens up to the left to an enlarged mazy area. A short distance down this passage two small pits occur on the left. The second of these pits contains some dripping water and moist limestone walls. Most of the cave passage consists of mazelike crawlways, mostly 2-4 feet high with dusty dry Iloors and numerous broken formations. Towards the back of the cave, one passage leads off to the west much farther than the rest of the cave. The speleothems in this passage are in better condition and some dripping water and wet mud was encountered. The front part of the cave is well known and often visited by locals. The cave is marred by a little bit of trash, graffitti, and broken speleothems (mostly stalac tites). Total surveyed length is 1,010 feet. Environmental Conditions: Air temperatures: Entrance 2-118 26 °C. Twilight zone 19 °C. Air temperatures: Entrance 13 0 C, Twilight zone 1\.2 °C, Dark zone 11.5 0c. Fauna (INHS, Webb, Taylor, and Krejca 1993): Arthropoda: Arachnida: Araneae: Dictynidae: Cieurina pallida. Linyphiidae: Eperigone maeulata, Linyphia radiata. Tetragnathidae: Meta ovalis. Insecta: Diptera: Heleomyzidae: Aecothea specus, Amoebalaria defessa. Phoridae: Megaselia sp. Tipulidae: Dactylolabis (Dactylolabis) montana. Limonia (Dicranomyia) pudica. Amphibia: Caudata: Plethodontidae: Eurycea lucifuga. Aves: Falconifonnes: Cathartidae: Cathartes aura. Feed Bluff Rockshelter: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. No fauna has been recorded for this cave. Ferne Clyffe Pit: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. No fauna has been recorded for this cave. Firestone Creek Cave: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. Fauna (KAChristiansen; Peck and Lewis 1978): Mollusca: Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Zonitidae: Zanitoides arboreus. Arthropoda: Crustacea: Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae: Bactrurus braehyeaudus, Crangonyx forbesi. C. packardi group, Synurella dentata. Isopoda: Asellidae: Caecidotea brevicauda. Arachnida: Araneae: Linyphiidae: Bathyphantes pallidus, Centramerus latidens, Phanetta subterranea. Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae: undetermined genus and species. Insecta: Coleoptera: Histeridae: Hister sp. Staphylinidae: Athera sp. I, Quedius erythrogaster. Collembola: Entomobryidae: Pseudosinella aera, Sin ella (Sillella) avita. S. (5.) eavernarum. Hypogastruridae: Hypogastrura (Ceratophysella) denticulata, Odonte!la stella, Schafferia (Typhlogastrura) sp. Isotomidae: !sotoma (lsotoma) viridis. Neanuridae: Neallura museorum. Onychiuridae: Onychiurus (Prataphorura) reus. Sminthuridae: Arrhopalites pygmaeus. Dicyrtoma (Ptenothrix) atra. Diptera: Mycetophilidae: Oifelia sp. Phoridae: Megaselia eavernicola. Sphaeroceridae: Leptocera sp. Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Ceuthophilus elegans. Ceuthophilus sp. Horse Cave: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. No fauna has been recorded for this cave. Jug Spring Cave: Johnson County. This cave is located at the base of a wooded hillside near a stream, and just downstream of an impoundment. The entrance is a spring with a small cement dam I causing the water to be pooled to a depth of about I foot. The entrance is developed along ajoint in I the limestone and is about 3 feet high by 2.5 feet wide. There is an outcrop of limestone above the entrance. The passage is joint controlled, about 3-4 feet high with 0.5-2 feet of water. Further I upstream the passage gets very low, less than one foot in places. No speleothems were observed. Total surveyed length is 2,157 feet. Environmental Conditions: Air temperatures: Entrance 12 I oC, TWilight zone 12 0C, Dark zone 12 0c. Watertemperatures: Entrance 13 °C, Twilight zone 13 I 0C, Dark zone 13 0c. pH 8.4, 7.8. Dissolved oxygen 10.6 ppm. Alkalinity 116 mgIL CaC03. Total dissolved solids 114 ppm. Anions (ppm) (04/30/92) Br 2-119 Fig ure 13. Cave Biota Survey Locatio~n:s~W~i~th:in~th~e~c~a:'C~h:e~R~i:ve:r~""';'''':'''===''':'''~==~~~~~~~~ Assessment Watersheds (after Webb, et at. 1993). !88lJ State and Federal Land" Shawnee NF Proclamation Boundary " Approved Purchase Unil Boundary shown for Cypress Creek NWR. 2-120 Mason Cave Number 1: Johnson County. This cave is located high on a wooded hillside beneath farmland and rural residential areas. The entrance is in a sinkhole in a wooded area, 5 feet high by 5 feet wide, with exposed bedrock above it. The passage begins fairly large, 6-12 feet high by 6-10 feet wide and is well decorated, though some speleothems are broken. No cave stream was ob served, but some pools of water were encountered. Some evidence of human visitation (graffiti) and a strong animal smell was evident. This cave and Mason Cave Number 3 might actually be just one cave. There is less than 300 feet of passage in this cave. Environmental Conditions: Air temperatures: Entrance 13 °C, Twilight zone 11.5 °C, Dark zone 11 °C. Fauna (INHS; Peck and Lewis 1978; Webb, Taylor, and Krejca 1993): Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae: Allolobophora trapezoides. Arthropoda: Arachnida: Araneae: Linyphiidae: Centromerus latidens. Tetragnathidae: Meta ovalis. Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae: Culex sp. Heteroptera: Veliidae: Microvelia americana. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Scoliopteryx libatrix. Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Ceuthophilus gracilipes. Amphibia: Caudata: Plethodontidae: Eurycea lucifuga. Aves: Falconiformes: Cathartidae: Cathartes aura. Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae: Unidentified bat. Mason Cave Number 2: Johnson County. This cave is located high on a wooded hillside beneath farmland and rural residential areas. The entrance is 4 feet high by 10 feet wide with 2 feet of exposed bedrock above. Just inside the entrance is a rusted old vat that was used (according to the landowner) as part of a still during prohibition. The passage is generally smaller than the other two Mason Caves, mainly about 4 feet high with a clay floor. There is some evidence that people have visited the cave, and a strong animal smell was evident. The passage is probably more than 300 feet in length. Environmental Conditions: Air temperatures: Entrance 14 oC, Twilight zone 12 oC, Dark zone 12 °C. Fauna (INHS; Peck and Lewis 1978; Webb, Taylor, and Krejca 1993): Arthro poda: Arachnida: Araneae: Tetragnathidae: Meta ovalis. Insecta: Diptera: Heleomyzidae: Aecothea specus. Sphaeroceridae: Spelobia tenebrarum. Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Ceuthophilus gracilipes. Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vesptertilionidae: Pipistrellus subjlavus. Mason Cave Number 3: Johnson County. This cave is located high on a wooded hillside beneath farmland and rural residential areas. This cave has the smallest entrance of the three Mason caves, about 2 feet high by 5 fe~t wide, with very little exposed rock around the entrance. The passage is rather mazy, with slippery rocks and loose breakdown on the floor. At one time the cave was very well decorated, but most of the formations have been broken. Some graffiti, names, and arrows were observed. This cave may be connected to Mason Cave Number I, but was not explored enough to determine whether or not this is true. Like the other Mason caves, there was a strong animal odor evident. More than 300 feet of passage is in this cave. Environmental Conditions: Air temperatures: Entrance 13 0C, Twilight zone II °C, Dark zone 10.5 0c. Fauna (INHS; Webb, Taylor, and Krejca 1993): Arachnida: Araneae: Tetragnathidae: Meta ovalis. Insecta: Diptera: Heleomyzidae: Amoebaleria helvola. Mortar Cave: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. No fauna has been recorded for this cave. Mount Pisgah Caves: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. No fauna has been recorded for this cave. Persimmon Pit: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. Fauna (Peck and Lewis 1978): Arthopoda: Insecta: Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Ceuthophilus sp. Pig Dump Cave [Pig Grave Cave?]: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. Fauna (KA Christiansen): Arthopoda: Insecta: Collembola: Tomoceridae: Tomocerus sp. Pipeline Shelter Cave: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. 2-121 Pipistrellus Pit Cave: Johnson County. This cave is located in a large wooded sinkhole complex On top of the hill. The entrance is a hole 2 feet high by 4 feet wide, on the side of a sinkhole which drops down about I foot to a low passage. There is about 2 feet of exposed limestone above the entrance. The passage begins about 1 foot high with a breakdown floor. Soon it branches and becomes 2-3 feet high with clay and breakdown on the floor. One branch leads through two con strictions to an end, where unentrable small cracks in the floor lead downwards. The other branch leads to a blind pit 15 feet deep with water dripping into it. The passage continues beyond this to another smaller pit. The walls and ceiling are bedrock, and several small formations in good condi tion were observed. No evidence of human visitation was observed, but some garbage dumped into the sinkhole had washed into the cave. Aside from a few drips, no water was observed. Total surveyed length is 185 feet. Environmental Conditions: Air temperatures: Entrance 14.5 °c, Twilight zone 13 °c, Dark zone 11.5 °C. Fauna (INHS; Webb, Taylor, and Krejca 1993): Insecta: Diptera: Heleomyzidae: Aecothea specus, Amoebaleria defessa. Tipulidae: Dolichopeza (Oropeza) obscura. Amphibia: Caudata: Plethodontidae: Eurycea lucifuga. Procyon Cave [Unnamed Cave]: Johnson County. This cave is located in a draw on the side of a wooded hill below a pasture and a house. The hillside is currently being logged. The entrance is a collapse area, 4 feet by 8 feet, under a fallen tree that leads down from surface drainage. In the twilight zone a small cave stream is intersected. The bottom of the cave stream is covered with a black encrusting layer that is easily broken. This encrusting layer is up to I inch thick. A few names are scratched or smoked onto the walls and ceiling of the cave. Much of the passage is 12 feet high by 8 feet wide. Upstream, the cave is I foot wide. There is probably less than 300 feet of passage in this cave. Environmental Conditions: Air temperatures: Entrance 12, Twilight zone 11.5 °c, Dark zone 12 oc. Watertemperatures: Twilight zone 12.5 °c, Dark zone 11.5 oc. Fauna (INHS; Peck and Lewis 1973; Webb, Taylor, and Krejca 1993): Arthropoda: Crustacea: Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae: Crangonyx minor, C. packardi group. Isopoda: Asellidae: Caecidotea sp. 2. Arach nida: Araneae: Dictynidae: Cicurina brevis. Linyphiidae: Bathyphates pal/idus, Centromerus latidens, Lillyphia radiata. Liocranidae: Scotinella redempta. Lycosidae: Pirata sp. Pisauridae: Dolomedes sp. Tetragnathidae: Meta ovalis. Insecta: Diptera: Phoridae: Megaselia cavemicola. Sphaeroceridae: Leptocera caenosa, Spelobia tenebrarum. Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Ceurhophila gracilipes. Amphibia: Caudata: Plethodontidae: Eurycea longicauda longicauda, Eurycea lucifuga, Plethodon glutillosis. Schieraun's Rockshelter: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. No fauna has been recorded for this cave. Scout Cave: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. No fauna has been recorded for this cave. Teal's Cave. [Teal Cave]: Johnson County. This cave is located on a wooded hillside beneath pasture and a farm pond. A rural residential area lies below the cave. The north entrance is a sinkhole entrance 4 feet by 5 feet on the side of a hill. It goes straight down for a short distance. Rock is exposed on about half of the entrance wall, the remainder of the wall being soil. The south entrance, about 80 feet away, is a small entrance on the same hillside, 2 feet by 3.5 feet. It also drops straight down into the cave. From the north entrance, one can go down into a small room, almost completely filled by a large breakdown block. On the south side of the room is a small opening through which one can look down over a large pit that is more accessible through the south entrance. The floor of this passage is dry limestone breakdown. From the south entrance, the passage drops down into an irregular passage with a rubble and breakdown floor which trends towards the north with two side passages leading out towards the surface of the hill. At some points, the passage is 20 feet high. After about 100 feet, the passage nearly terminates in a low breakdown filled room, but a small opening on one side leads to the top of ajoint controlled pit, 30 feet deep. A chain ladder was found rigged here. Some areas of the pit walls are decorated with large popcorn. From the bottom 2-122 of the pit, passages lead off to the east and west. The western end leads upwards and ends in breakdown near the level of the top of the pit. To the east, a high upper lead with considerable popcorn runs about 50 feet to a dead end. At the bottom of the eastern end of the joint is a low water crawl. This passage contains a cave stream, though there was only a small rivulet of water at the time of our visit. The passage becomes too small to be humanly enterable here. Little evidence of human visitation was observed in the caVe. The total surveyed length is 366 feet, and 52 feet deep. Environmental Conditions: Air temperatures: Entrance 15 0C, Twilight zone 11.5 0c. Fauna (INHS; Peck and Lewis 1978; Webb, Taylor, and Krejca 1993): Arthropoda: Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae: Caecidotea sp. Arachnida: Araneae: Agelenidae: Calymmaria cavicola. Diplopoda: Chordeumida: Tingupidae: Tillgupa pallida. Phalangida: Ischyropsalidae: Sabacoll cavicolens. Insecta: Coleoptera: Cryptophagidae: Cryptophagus valens. Pselaphidae: Batrisodes rossi. Staphylinidae: Atheta sp. I, Emplellota lucifuga, Quedius erythrogaster. Collembola: Onychiuridae: Onychiurus sp. Tomoceridae: Tomocerus (Pogonognathellus)jlavescells. Diptera: Heleomyzidae: Aecothea specus. Phoridae: Megaselia cavernicola. Sciaridae: Lycoriella sp. Sphaeroceridae: Spelobia tenebrarum. Tipulidae: Dolichopeza (Oropeza) tridenticulata, Limonia (Dicronomyia) sp. Onhoptera: Gryllacrididae: Ceuthophilus sp. Amphibia: Caudata; Plethodontidae: Eurycea lucifuga, Plethodon glutinosis. Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vesptertilionidae: Pipistrellus subjlavus. Teal's Slit Cave: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. Thapsus Cave: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. Fauna (Peck and Lewis 1978): Arthopoda: Insecta: Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Ceuthophilus sp. Thomas Cemetary Shelters: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. White Hill Cave [possibly Procyon Cave?]: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. Fauna (INHS; JD Garner; Peck and Lewis 1978; Webb, Taylor, and Krejca 1993): Arthropoda: Crustacea: Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae: CrallgollYx packardi group. Isopoda: Asellidae: Caecidotea sp 2. Arachnida: Araneae: Pisauridae: Dolomedes sp. Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae: Anopheles punctipennis, Culex sp. Heleomyzidae: Aecothea specus, Amoebaleria defessalsackeni female, Heleomyza brachypterna. Phoridae: Megaselia cavernicola. Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Ceuthophila gracilipes. Will Thomas Spring Cave: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. Fauna (INHS; Peck and Lewis 1978; Webb, Taylor, and Krejca 1993): Turbellaria: Planariidae: Phagocata gracilis. Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae: Dendrobaena rubida. Lumbricus rubellus. Arthropoda: Crustacea: Amphipoda: Gammaridae: Gammarus minus. Isopoda: Ligiidae: Ligidium elrodii elrodi!. Arachnida: Araneae: Linyphiidae: Phanetta subterranea. Pisauridae: Dolomedes vittatus. Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Polydesmidae: Pseudopolydesmus pinetorum. Chordeumida: Cleidogonidae: Cleidogona unita. Tingupidae: Tingupa pallida. Spirobolida: Spirobolidae: Narceus sp. Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae: Atranus pubescells. Platy"us tenuicollis. Staphylinidae: Quedius erythrogaster. Collembola: Hypogastruridae: Hypogastrura denticulata complex. Sminthuridae: Arrhopalites pygmaeus. Diptera: Psychodidae: undetermined genera and species. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Scoliopteryx libatrix. Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Ceuthophilus williamsoni. Wolf Story Cave: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. No fauna has been recorded for this cave. Wymore Cave: Johnson County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. Cobden Cave: Union County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. Fauna (Peck and Lewis 1978): Arthropoda: Arachnida: Araneae: Pisauridae: Dolomedes sp. 2-123 Cricket Cave: Union County. The opening to this cave (Bretz and Harris 1961, Fig. 12) is on a valley slope 32 feet above a tributary of Mill Creek. The cave has a high vaulted roof and is developd along a joint for nearly 100 feet in the upstream direction. Downstream the ceiling be comes very low and the stream emerges some 200 yards down the valley from the entrance. Bretz and Harris (196 J) also discuss the geology of this cave. Fauna (KA Christiansen; Marshall and Peck 1984; Peck and Lewis 1978): Mollusca: Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Polygyridae: Triodopsis fosteri. Arthropoda: Crustacea: Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae: Crangonyx packardi group. Gammaridae: Gammarus troglophilus. Isopoda: Asellidae: Caecidotea sp. 1. Insecta: Collembola: Isotomidae: Foisomia candida. Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Quediusfulgidus. Diptera: Heleomyzidae: Aecothea specus, Amoebaleria defessa, Heleomyza brachyptema. Mycetophilidae: Orfelia sp. Sphaeroceridae: Spe/obia tenebrarum. Dongola Cave: Union County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. Fauna (KA Christiansen): Arthropoda: Insecta: Collembola: Entomobryidae: Sine/la (Sine/la) cavernarum. Friendship School Cave: Union County. This cave is an example of a single-room cavity so com mon beneath sinkholes in the Saint Genevieve limestone of the Anna region (Bretz and Harris 1961). The room has narrow unenterable passages leading away from it that were formed by solu tion along joint surfaces. No fauna has been recorded for this cave. Quarry Cave: Union County. No morphological information or map of this cave is available. No fauna has been recorded for this cave. Roaring Spring Cave: Union County. This cave (Bretz and Harris 1961, Fig. 11) is in an attractive woodland glen with no surface outlet. A perennial spring flows, and often rushes, from a cavity that at high water is completely filled, and winds its way among great limestone blocks, and then plunges into another cavern. The open stream area is approximately 100 feet across, and represents the collapse of an original cavern roof. A surface stream enters the collapse sink from the north, de scending into it by a waterfall. At the south side a saddle records the old stream course before the collapse. Apparently the upstream cavern is not enterable at any season and the downstream portion can be entered through a long open joint on the hill slope by means of a rope. The depth of the joint floor is about 20 feet and a further descent brings one to the stream, which may be 3 feet deep in the spring. The stream can be followed for about 50 feet, where the cave turns at right angles and the ceiling lowers. Bretz and Harris (1961) also discuss the geology of this cave. Fauna (Peck and Lewis 1978): Arthropoda: Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae: Caecidotea sp. I .. Saratoga Cave: Union County. This cave is located at the base of a wooded hillside with rural homes and a horse pasture above the cave. The entrace is a spring entrance 4 feet high by 2 feet wide with about I foot of pooled water on the floor and a small outcrop of rock above the entrance. The spring water flows a short distance from the cave to join a surface stream. The passage is joint controlled, about 2-4 feet high by 1-3 feet wide with a cave stream 0.5-8 inches deep with a gravel and sediment substrate. After several hundred feet, the cave ends where the ceiling drops down too low to be humanly enterable. Bretz and Harris (1961) have only a few words to add about this cave. No speleothems were observed. Environmental Conditions: Air temperatures: Entrance 13 °C, Twilight zone 13.5 °C, Dark zone 13.5 °C. Water temperatures: Entrance 14 oC, Twilight zone 14 oC, Dark zone 14 °C. Fauna (INHS; Marshall and Peck 1984; Peck and Lewis 1978; Webb, Taylor, and Krejca 1993): Arthropoda: Crustacea: lsopoda: Asellidae: Caecidotea brevicauda. Amphipoda: Gammaridae: Gammarus minus, G. troglophilus. Decapoda: Cambaridae: Cambarus tenebrosus. Arachnida: Araneae: Lycosidae: Pirata sp. Pisauridae: Dolomedes scriptus, D. probably vittatus. Tetragnathidae: Meta ovalis. Diplopoda: Chordeumida: Conotylidae: Austroryla specus. Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidioll texanLlm. Chrysomelidae: Orsodacne atra. Diptera: Culicidae: Anopheles punctipennis, Culex sp. Heleomyzidae: Amoebaleria defessa, Heleomyza brachypterna. Sphaeroceridae: Leprocera caenosa, Spelobia tenebrarLlm. Tipulidae: Erioptera (Psiloconopa) 2-124 armillaris. Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Ceuthophilus gracilipes, C. williamsolli. Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae: Semotitus atromaculatus. lctaluridae: unidentified catfish. Amphibia: Caudata: Plethodontidae: Eurycea sp., Plethodoll glutillosis. Sediment Cave: Union County. No morphological infonnation or map ofthis cave is available. No fauna has been recorded for this cave. Sensemeyer Cave: Union county. This cave (Bretz and Harris 1961, Fig. 13) lies beneath an up lands and a small rivulet constantly enters the cave from a small sink pond. The rivulet follows a transverse joint across the main passage and runs down to a lower level along joints too narrow to transverse. Solution has enlarged a number of intersecting joints and numerous intricate solution fonnations are present. Bretz and Harris (961) also discuss the geology of this cave. Fauna (KA Christiansen; Marshall, and Peck 1984; Peck and Lewis 1978): Arthropoda: Crustacea: Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae: Crallgonyx packardi group. Gammaridae: Gammarus troglophilus. Isopoda: Asellidae: Caecidotea sp. I. Arachnida: Araneae: Linyphiidae: Eperigone antraea, Phanetta subterranea. Tetragnathidae: Meta ovalis. Diplopoda: Chordeumida: Conotylidae: Austrotyla specus. Insecta: Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Quedius fulgidus. Collembola: Tomoceridae: Tomocerus (Pogonoghnathellus) bidentatus. Diplura: Campodeidae: Eumescocampa sp. Diptera: Heleomyzidae: Aecothea specus, Amaebaleria defessa, Heleomyza brachypterna. Mycetophilidae: Exechia sp. 6. Sphaeroceridae: Spelobia tenebrarum. . Worm Hole Cave: Union County. No morphological infonnation or map of this cave is available. No fauna has been recorded for this cave. A cave is a unique and delicate environment. Human visitation poses the most serious threat to this environment and its inhabitants. The following species of bats roost or hibernate in caves in or near the CRAW (based on records in Hoffmeister 1989; Whitaker and Winter 1977; Illinois Natural Heritage Database; and Gardner, Hofmann, and Gamer [INHSIIDNR] unpublished data). Eptesicus fuscus big brown bat Myotis austroriparius southeastern myotis (SE) Myotis lucifugus little brown bat Myotis septentrionalis northern long-eared bat Myotis sodalis Indiana bat (FE/SE) Pipistrellus subflavus eastern pipistrelle In addition, the gray myotis (Myotis grisescens SE, FE), occurs in the Cache River drain age during the summer (Illinois Natural Heritage Database; Gardner, Hofmann, and Garner, unpub lished data) and is only known to roost in caves. Bats are discussed in further detail in the mammal section of this report. Land Snails Surveys of land snails in southern Illinois were conducted by Baker (1939) and Hutchison (1989) (Figure 14). Due to differences in collection locations and techniques, no direct comparison of data can be made between these surveys. The following description summarizes the results of both surveys and borrows heavily from "A Survey of Land Snails in Southern Illinois" (Hutchison 1989). Introduction Baker (1939) documented 116 native (and 6 exotic) species and subspecies ofland snails in Illinois. Snails are important food for a number of animals including many small mammals. The limited mobility of this invertebrate group also makes them potentially good indicators of environmental changes (Goodfriend 1986; Hutchison 1989; Gardenfors 1992; Baur and Baur 1993). Specifically, 2-125 because. of some of the life history characteristics and habitat requirements of this invertebrate group, changes in their distribution and abundance may indicate changing environmental condi tions of a site or geographic region. For example, alterations in local moisture and temperature conditions can cause mortality and reduce reproductive success in certain species (Baur and Baur 1993). Also, there are significant correlations between soil and litter calcium concentrations (in cluding calcium-related factors such as pH, base saturation, and cation concentration) and snail (shell) morphology (Goodfriend 1986) and population densities (Gardenfors 1992). Land Snails in Southern Illinois During the years 1931-32, as part of a statewide survey, Dr. Frank C. Baker of the University of Illinois, reported 80 species and subspecies of land snails for the following southern Illinois coun ties: Jackson, Williamson, Saline, Gallatin, Hardin, Pope, Johnson, Union, Alexander, Pulaski, and Massac. From the period 1980-89, Max Hutchison (1989) identified 42 species and subspecies for the same area and collected several specimens that were never identified to species. Both surveys reported 32 species and subspecies in common; with 48 unique taxa identified from Baker's survey, and 7 unique taxa identified from Hutchison's survey. Although not a replication of Baker's survey of 50 years earlier, Hutchison did however, comment on the apparent reduction in species richness and species abundance; noting on the latter point that the number of shells (of particular species) in Baker's collection vials was often greater than the total number of observed specimens during the entire nine years of Hutchison's survey. Species of the Cache River Assessment Watersheds Baker (1939) reported 23 taxa from 12 survey locations and Hutchison (1989) identified 26 taxa from 22 survey locations within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (CRAW). These numbers represent 20% and 22%, repectively, of Illinois' total land snail taxa. As stated earlier, survey data are not statistically correlative. However, between the two surveys there were 9 species and subspe cies in common; with 14 unique taxa identified from Baker's survey and 17 unique taxa reported from Hutchison's survey. There are no exotic (introduced) species of land snails documented for the CRAW. Table 18 lists species from the CRAW identified during the two surveys. Unique and Rare Species Baker (1939) and Hubricht (1985) noted 23 species ofland snails as rare or uncommon throughout Illinois. Of these, Baker identified only one species from the area of the CRAW as rare, Gastrocopta procera. Hutchison (1989) did not report finding this species. Currently, there is only one snail (Iowa pleistocene snail, Discus macclintocki) listed as endangered or threatened in Illinois, and it is restricted to the very northwest corner of the state. There are no Illinois or federally endangered or threatened species documented for the CRAW. Habitat Notes Hutchison (1989) reported that within the CRAW, land snails appeared to be most abundant in the limestone regions of mesic forested ravines and were also found in dry glades and heavily disturbed habitats such as limestone quarries. In general, snails were less common from sites in the dry-mesic upland forest of the sandstone region of the Shawnee Hills and the bottomland forest and swamp communities of the Cache River Basin. Baker (1939) suggested that railroad rights-of-way may have served as refugia for certain species as natural grasslands were settled and "eveloped. Natural habitats throughout Illinois, and much of the CRAW, are highly fragmented and "suitable" habitat for many species exists as islands among urban and agriculturally developed land. Within this context, populations of species with restricted mobility, such as land snails, have limited movement between suitable sites and can be severly affected by environmental disturbances. These species may be unable to escape disturbances such as fires and flooding. Hutchison (1989) reported the occurrence of "hundreds of shells from roasted snails" on sites following prescribed (natural area management) spring fires at several prairies within the CRAW. Consequently, neighboring populations may then be too isolated to restock the site following such a disturbance. 2-126 Figure 14. Land Snail Survey Sites within the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (after Baker 1932; Hutchison 1989). State and Federal Land' Shawnee NF Proclamation Boundary 'Approved Purchase Unit Boundary shown for Cypress Creek NWR. 2-127 In addition, these isolated populations may be equally affected by indirect environmental changes. Research conducted in Switzerland indicated that local climatic warming due to increased radiation from developed (urban) areas restricted egg development and appeared to be a factor in population reductions among certain snail species within the region (Baur and Baur 1993). Information Gaps Existing data for land snail species status, distrubution, and natural community associations is inad equate to accurately monitor populations. In the interest ofmonitoring population status and trends, standardized methods should be established to measure plant and animal populations (native and exotic). Land snail popUlation changes in particular, may indicate local environmental changes (e.g., changes in soil/litter pH and vegetation/soil temperatures) and may provide predictive infor mation regarding other species and populations. 2-128 Table 19. Land snail species collected within the CRAW during the 1930s (Baker 1939) and the 1980s (Hutchison 1989). FAMILY Community type of survey locations described by Baker, 1939 Species "Varied" Swamp, Upland Furested lJIuffs and Cliffs Prairie/graH'alld River floodplain forestl slopes and forested railroad rights banks rorest woodland ravines bluffs of·way HEUCINIDAE lieru/!!rJonitl occulra (fossil?) , PUPILLlDAE Ctl.llr(x:opw llrmifem , , Cuslrr}{.'opw!JrrJcera , , SUCCINEIDAE Sucdnt'fI (Wlira , , , DISCIDAE AngUisl'im "llern(lftl , , AlIguiJpim tadri , , , Disl'us jJlIwlus , , , HEL!CODISCIDAE He!i"ooiscus p(/mlle/us , , , ZONITIDAE Hml',ljjd minisculr, , , , Me,iOmplu'.l ,'UI"l'U:; , , Rel/nellll indellW((1 , , , Zm;'(JiJe.~ arborl.'us , , POLYGYRIDAE Polygym ,,/lm/ahr!:; (I/Jeni , , , Polygym (lfJ!Jressu , , , POlygyrcl U{WT"l',iSr, (Ippressu , Polygym lIfJl,reSSl'fosteri , , , P(l~\'gy"'fmudult'n/(l , , P(l1.IX1·ra if'flee/a , , PtJIygrra lefwrinl/ x P"(IXI'UllllonodOlI!rmernu , , PolYllym mullilillt'(IW , PoIY8ym thym!,lus , , , Poh'K,'m :(/Ietu , , commumty type!';, I = wet boltomland fore!';tJcypres!'; swamp, 2 _ mesIC boltomland fore!';t, 3 - dry·me!';!c bottomland forest. 4 - dry~ mc!';ic upland loresf. 5 =dry upland forese, 6 =dry~mesic burrens. 7 =loess hill prairie. 8 =limestone glade, 9 =sandstone gl.::ide, JO = shale glade, II =railroad righl-of~way. 12 = cultivmed field/pa"ture/gardenllawn, 13 =abandoned limestone quarry/mine. 14 =rocky/ weedy slream edge. x. =species present, A =limestone slope. B =sundslOne slope. C = Limestone bluff. D =sandstone bluff 2-129 Table 19 continued FAMILY Community type of survey locations described by Hutchison, 1989 Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 STROBILOP$IDAE Slrobilops /(Ihyrinthka , L1MACIDAE DI:'fY}('ercl,\" gmef/I! A,B PHILOMYCIDAE Pallifemfo.ueri A,B D1SCIDAE AIIRui.lpim uftert1(1/t1 ,'aritww C,D C , Discu! I'atu/us , , , ZONITIDAE MeJ'(lfl1pIJi;c cUI"eu.\, A,B , , Mewrtlpl!ix[ri(lhilh , , , Mesomphix per/tlel'is I'ul~(ltus x,A,B,C C , , , , , Par(II';lrt'a C(I/}sellli , , Retint'/I1l ;m/eIlUUII , , Ventricfnu figerus , Zonitoitles tlr!JorelU C C , , , HAPl.,OTREMA Huplotremtl ,'oncen'um , , A,n,C C , , , , , POLYGYRlDAE PO/Y8YW al1N1I(1hri.~ alieni "D , Pol.\'8y,a (lI/HI/tlbris den/OW , B,C.D "C , Polygyrtl cllIU:;" xAB,C PO~l'gyru del'llw , PO!YRyra Josler; D , , , , Polygym!Huu{ult-nw A,B,C,D C , , Po1Y8l'rt/ Jrirsuw , PoIY8yrtl inflecw , A,S,C C , , , , , PO/Y8ym inflecw inflecw A.B.C , , , , PV/Y8yrtl Il:'lmr;"" , , PO~\'g."r(( , , , , , , dtymitlu., , x.A.B.C C " Polygym IridenulW edt'nli/l/IJri.l , Poll'gym Iridenultajri.wmi , , . community types: I = wet bottomland forest/cypress swamp, 2 = mesic bottomland foresl, 3 = dry~mesic bottomland forest, 4 = dry-mesic upland forest, 5 =dry up/nnd forese, 6 = dry-mesic barrens, 7 = loess hill prairie, 8 = limestone glade, 9= safld.~lOflegbde, )0 =shnle glnde, JI =miJroad righr· of-way, 12 = cuhivated fieldlpasture!gardenllawn, 13 = abandoned limeslone quarry/mine, 14 = rocky/weedy stream edge, x =species presenl, A = limestone slope, B = sandstone slope, C = Limestone bluff, 0 = sandstone bluff 2-\30 Aquatic Natural Communities Introduction The Cache River Basin marks the geographical point where the last invasion of the sea into the Midwest reached its northernmost limit and lies only a few miles from thesouthernmost extent of the continental glaciers. The Basin is referred to in the original United States Land Survey of 1806-1809 as "inaccessible, a drowned land." In later years different parts have been designated by different local names: "the Ponds" in Pope County, "Black Slough" in Massac County, and "the Scatters" in Pulaski County (Cache River Drainage Commission ers 1905). Although untouched by major glaciations, these southern areas of Illinois were in fluenced by glacial floodwaters and sediment deposits. During the Wisconsinan period, massive torrents of meltwater flowed south and west. The giant river that was to become the Ohio cut across southern Illinois leaving behind sediments up to 180 feet thick. As the glacier continued to retreat northward, the water level slowly dropped and the nearly flat glacial mud left by the ancient Ohio blocked its own tributaries to form a series of swamps, wetlands, and small lakes called "scatters." These areas were low-lying, flat, and seem ingly impossible to drain with a sluggish stream, the Lower Cache, meandering through them. Today this area is known as the Cache River Basin, the prehistoric river valley of the Ohio. The Cache River watershed, a result of thousands of years of geologic action, is naturally divided into three parts: the Upper Cache River, which flows through the high hills of the Ozark mountain uplift into the Cache River Basin, the Lower Cache, which flows out of the river basin, and the Cache River Basin itself. The majority of the land use is agriculture and National Forest. The primary water pollutant is siltation. The major water-based activities are fishing, canoeing, hiking, and waterfowl hunting. Recreational areas include the Shawnee National Forest, several Illi nois Nature Preserves, and Horseshoe Lake, which was a former bend in the course of the Mississippi River. The streams of the CRAW are known to support 84 native freshwater fish species (see Table 20), 47 native mussel species (see Table 21), 34 native crustacean species (see Table 22) (Page et aJ. 1992; Page et aJ. this report). Statewide, these numbers represent 44% offish species known, including 4 (13%) of state listed species and 60% of the mussel species known, including 11 (44%) of state listed species. Of these special status mussel species, two are also federally endangered. Three additional species are federally endan gered and considered extirpated from Illinois, and three are federal candidates (see Tables 6 and 21) (Illinois Natural Heritage Database 1995). The 34 native crustacean species in clude 3 (25%) of the state listed species. Additional wildlife species that are predominantly terrestrial but use aquatic re sources during parts of their life cycles (herpetiles, mammals, and birds) are discussed in the "Terrestrial Wildlife" section. Appendix A lists all species cited within this present report. Special status species are indicated by bold type and noted as follows: Illinois endangered =SE; Illinois threatened =ST; state watch list =W; Federally endangered =FE; Federally threatened = FT; Federal candidate =FC, * = exotic species. Impoundments There are 6,330 impoundments, totalling 10,722 acres, in the five-county (Alexander, Johnson, Massac, Pulaski, and Union) area of the CRAW (Illinois Department of Conserva tion 1994). Impoundments are defined as permanent, open bodies of water 0.1 acres or greater in size, constructed by artificial means or formed by nature. These communities are separated from wetlands by their permanence and general lack of emergent woody or graminoid vegetation. Table 19 lists impoundment numbers and acres by county and the three primary ownership categories; state, public (government agency other than state), and private (noncommercial). 2-131 Table 20. Impoundment numbers, acres, and ownership (state, other public, and pri vate) in Alexander, Johnson, Massac, Pulaski, and Union counties (after Illinois De partment of Conservation 1994). Total State Public (other) Private County number acres number ~ number acres number ~ Alexander 405 2,342 I 1.890 2 413 399 413 Johnson 1,902 3,055 5 296 3 178 1,891 2,503 Massac 985 1,355 1 452 0 0 980 856 Pulaski 852 665 0 0 1 5 843 627 Union 2,186 3,304 17 729 5 1,025 2,162 1,544 Totals 6,330 10,722 24 3,367 11 1,221 6,275 5,943 Private (noncommercial) ownership accounts for 99% of the impoundments and 55% of the acreage in the five-county area. The Illinois Department of Natural Resources owns 0.4% and 31 %, and other governmental agencies own 0.2% and 11% of impound ments and acreage, respectively. Other ownership classifications (organizations of six or more members and commerical properties) account for the remaining 0.4% of impound ments and 3% of total acreage. Horseshoe Lake is the largest lake waterbody in the CRAW (1,890 acres) and is owned by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Water Quality Water quality (of monitored and evaluated lakes) assessed for overall uses by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (!EPA 1994) in the CRAW area ranged from "partial support/moderate impairment" (water quality conditions are impaired to a greater degree inhibiting the waterbody from meeting all the needs for that designated use) to "full sup port" (water quality meets the needs of all designated uses protected by applicable water quality standards). Causes of less than "full support" ratings for all lake waterbodies assessed in Illinois included nutrients (impacted 95.7% ofall acres assessed), suspended solids (impacted 93.6%), siltation (impacted 93.5%), and organic enrichment/dissolved oxygen depletions (impacted 91.0%). Causes of less than "full support" ratings for all publicly-owned lake waterbodies assessed in Illinois included suspended solids (impacted 96.3% of all acres assessed), silt ation (impacted 96.2%), nutrients (impacted 95.3%), and organic enrichment/dissolved oxygen depletions (impacted 93.4%) (IEPA 1994). Streams Cache River The Cache River rises near Cobden in Union County and flows for 87 miles through Alexander, Johnson, and Pulaski counties. Drainage is into the Mississippi River via the Cache River Diversion Channel, or the Ohio River via the Post Creek Cut-off. Principal tributaries are Lick Creek, Dutchman Creek, and Little Cache Creek. Figure 15 illustrates the streams of the Cache River Basin. The Cache has the appearance of two rivers-the Upper and the Lower. The Upper Cache is fast, flowing against the rocky outcrops and bluffs of Shawnee Hills. Part of the river is laden with riffles. As the Cache reaches the lower half of its course, the land flattens and drainage conditions change to slow flowing and meandering channels with numerous wetlands characteristic of the Coastal Plain. 2-132 Fig ure 15. Streams ofthe Cache River;A~ss~e~s:sm:en:t~~~a~te:r~s~h:ed~s;::::"'::::"'::::"':-:-::::"'':'''''''~~~~§~ ~~~~=~ (JDENR 1995). 2-133 The Cache River has been dredged, diverted, and generally modified for decades (see also "Hydrology" section). The earliest ditches were dug to control the Lower Cache and provide a channel to float logs to market. In 1916 the Post Creek Cut-off was com pleted. The cut-off, designed to alleviate flooding of adjacent farmland, cut the river in two, allowing a portion of the Upper Cache to drain directly into the Ohio River instead of the Lower Cache. The Cache River Diversion Channel, constructed in the 1940s, takes the Cache River into the Mississippi River, and the Mounds City Closure Levee keeps the Ohio River floodwater out of the old Cache River (Allen 1969). Despite these human interven tions, the Cache is the only river in Illinois with two National Natural Landmarks along its banks: Heron Pond-Little Black Slough and Buttonland Swamp. Ohio River The Ohio River originates in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, at the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers. It flows for 918 miles and drains 199,948 square miles, including parts of 14 states. The Ohio River's drainage basin represents 6% of the total land for the 48contiguous states and nearly 25% of the land east of the Mississippi River. For most of its length, the present channel of the Ohio River lies roughly at the edge of the southernmost extension of the last glacial invasion of North America. In Illinois, the basin lies south of the southern limit of glacial drift. The Ohio River was once a shallow, free flowing river with a clean gravel and rubble substrate. Today, it is a series of deep navigational pools formed by the 20 locks and dams throughout its length (Pearson and Krumholz 1984). Siltation has covered the gravel substrate. The clearing of the forests in the nineteenth century, the dam construction for maintaining navigation, and industrial and domestic pollution have dramatically altered the ecology of the Ohio River. Water Quality Nearly all Cache Basin stream segments monitored for water quality (for overall use) by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (1994) were rated as "partial support/minor im pairment" (water quality has been impaired, but only to a minor degree). Exceptions in clude the entire length of Lick Creek that received the highest rating of "full support" (wa ter .quality meets the needs of all designated uses protected by applicable water quality standards), and a 5.5 mile segment of the upper Cache, rated as partial support/moderate impairment (water quality conditions are impaired to a greater degree inhibiting the watemody from meeting all the needs for that designated use). Causes of less than full support ratings include siltation and turbidity from agricultural runoff and erosion in the Upper Cache, and siltation, turbidity, channelization, and sedimentation in the Lower Cache. The Ohio River was not rated. The Biological Stream Characterization (Hite and Bertrand 1989) rated the Cache River as a C Stream (Moderate Aquatic Resource). The Ohio River was not rated. Smith (1971) rated the Cache River as "Good" with desiccation during drought and siltation as problems. The Ohio River was not rated. BiologicaJly Significant Illinois Streams Based on water quality and aquatic biodiversity, a total of 52 miles of Biologically Signifi cant Illinois Streams are recognized from segments of the Cache River, Limekiln Slough, Horseshoe Lake, Lake Creek, and the Ohio River (Figure 16; Page et al. 1992). The follow ing stream segment descriptions are adapted from "BiologicaJly Significant Illinois Streams: an Evaluation of the Streams of I!!inois Based on Aquatic Biodiversity" (Page et al. 1992). Endangered and threatened species are indicated with bold type. Cache River, from Big Creek to Karnak, and Limekiln Slough, Johnson and Pulaski Coun ties This segment of the Lower Cache has been channelized, dredged, and the banks de nuded. The substrate is silt/mud and plant detritus. Stream habitats include long pools and oxbows. Aquatic vascular vegetation is sparse. If the land has not been cleared to the 2-134 Fig ure 16. Biologically Significant Illinois Stream Segments within the Cache River Assessmefll Watersheds ineluding the Ohio River (after Page, et at. 1992). - Biologically Significant Stream segment 2-135 water's edge, riparian vegetation consists of second growth wet floodplain forest. Button bush and bald cypress communities are present. The cypress minnow (Hybognathus hayi SE) and the rare c1ubtail dragonfly (Arigomphus maxwelli) are present. This stretch of the Cache flows through a National Natural Landmark, Lower Cache River Unit (previously referred to as Buttonland Swamp). Section 8 Woods, an Illinois Nature Preserve, is also located along its course. Most of the segment is part of the Cache River State Natural Area and the entire segment is part of the Cache River Wetlands (joint venture) Project and the area designated as Wetlands of International Importance. Restoration has already begun with hardwood reforestation. See "Conservation Programs, Partnerships, and Projects" section for National Natural Landmark, Illinois Nature Preserve, State Natural Area, Wet lands (Joint Venture) Project, and Wetlands of International Importance for descriptions. Horseshoe Lake and Lake Creek, Alexander County Horseshoe Lake and its tributary Lake Creek are located on the Coastal Plain of Illinois and support a variety of species that are extremely rare in Illinois. Horseshoe Lake is an old oxbow of the Mississippi River; Lake Creek carries water from the lake to the Cache River. The depth of Horseshoe Lake fluctu ates from three to six feet and the substrate is sand/silt, silt, and clay. Aquatic vegetation is plentiful with several species of duckweed, water lily, mosquito fern, bald cypress, and tupelo. A dam and spillway have been constructed to control the water level. Due to the dam, Lake Creek, a small bottomland stream, is intermittent and during late summer and early fall consists of isolated shallow pools. The oxbow crayfish (Orconectes lancifer SE), the cypress minnow (Hybognathus hayi SE), and the bantam sunfish (Lepomis symmetricus ST) are present. Horseshoe Lake is also a National Natural Landmark and an Illinois Nature Preserve (see "Conservation Programs, Partnerships, and Projects" section for descriptions). Although managed by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, the natural characteristics of the ecosysytem are being damaged by overuse associated with recreation. Protection is needed. Ohio River, Lock and Dam 53 to Mound City, Pulaski County The Ohio River in Pulaski County is a large river with a wide, wooded floodplain. The sustrate is predominantly densely packed coarse sand with some gravel. Patches ofgravel and cobble provide habitat for Bousfield's amphipod (Gammarus bousfieldi ST) and the crayfish (Orconectes placidus SE). Water depths where the orange-foot pirnpleback (Plethobasus cooperianus SE,FE) was found ranged from three to six meters. The elephant-ear (Elliptio crassidens ST) was also present. Ohio River, Fort Massac State Park, Lock and Dam 52 to Metropolis, Massac County The Ohio River near Fort Massac State Park is a large river with a sand and gravel shoreline and a wooded floodplain. The crayfish (Orconectes placidus SE) and Bousfield's amphipod (Gammarus bousfieldi ST) are present. Because of the presence of the state park, protec tion of the river shoreline (where these two endangered and threatened crustaceans occur) seems plausible. Aquatic Wildlife Fishes Eighty-five species of fishes are known from 77 sites in the Cache River Watershed (Table 20, Figure 17). State endangered fishes in the region are the cypress minnow, Hybognathus hayi, and the bigeye shiner, Notropis boops. State threatened species are the redspotted slinfish, Lepomis miniatus, and the bantam sunfish, Lepomis symmetricus. The Missis sippi silvery minnow, Hybognathus nuchalis, is a state watch list species of special con cern. 2-136 Fig ure 17. Fish Survey Locations Wit~h~in~t~h~e~c;a:c~h~e~R;'~'v~e~r~A:s:se~s~s:m~e~n~t:.....;:.....;:.....;:.....;:.....;~==~~~~~~~=; Watersheds. including the Ohio River (INHS Survey Files Early 1900s-1995). 2-137 Table 21. Freshwater fishes recorded from the Cache River Assessment Watersheds. Data from the Illinois Natural History Survey Fish Collection and Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. Status notes: bold type indicates a special status species, Illinois endangered =SE;Illinois threatened =ST; state watch list =W; Federally endangered = FE; Federally threatened =FT; Federal candidate =FC, exotic species -*- . PETROMYZONTIDAE Ichthyomyzon castaneus Chestnut lamprey Ichthyomyzon unicuspis Silver lamprey LEPISOSTEIDAE Lepisosteus oculatus Spotted gar Lepisosteus platostomus Shortnose gar AMIIDAE Amia calva Bowfin HIODONTIDAE Hiodon alosoides Goldeye Hiodon tergisus Mooneye CLUPEIDAE Alosa chrysochloris Skipjack herring Dorosoma cepedianum Gizzard shad Dorosoma petenense Threadfin shad CYPRINIDAE Campostoma anomalum Central stoneroller Cyprinella lutrensis Red shiner Cyprinella venusta blacktail shiner Cyprinus carpio * Common carp Hybognathus hankinsoni Brassy minnow Hybognathus hayi SE Cypress minnow Hybognathus nuchalis W Mississippi silvery minnow Luxilus chrysocephalus Striped shiner Lythrurus fumeus Ribbon shiner Lythrurus umbratilis Redfin shiner Macrhybopsis storeriana Silver chub Notemigonus crysoleucas Golden shiner Notropis atherinoides Emerald shiner Notropis blennius River shiner Notropis boops SE Bigeye shiner Notropis buchanani Ghost shiner Notropis shumardi Silverband shiner Notropis volucellus Mimic shiner Opsopoeodus emiliae Pugnose minnow Phenacobius mirabilis Suckermouth minnow Pimephales notatus Bluntnose minnow Pimephales vigilax Bullhead minnow Semotilus atromaculatus Creek chub CATOSTOMIDAE Carpiodes carpio River carpsucker Carpiodes cyprinus Quillback Catostomus commersoni White sucker Erimyzon ob/ongus Creek chubsucker Ictiobus bubalus Smallmouth buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus Bigmouth buffalo Ictiobus niger Black buffalo 2-138 Table 21 continued Moxostoma erythrurum Golden redhorse ICTALURIDAE Ameiurus melas Black bullhead Ameiurus natalis Yellow bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus Brown bullhead Ictalurus punctatus Channel catfish Noturus gyrinus Tadpole madtom Noturus miurus Brindled madtom Noturus nocturnus Freckled madtom Pylodictis olivaris Flathead catfish ESOCIDAE Esox americanus Grass pickerel UMBRIDAE Umbra limi Central mudminnow APHREDODERIDAE Aphredoderussayanus Pirate perch FUNDULIDAE Fundulus notatus Blackstripe topminnow Fundulus olivaceus Blackspotted topminnow POECILIIDAE Gambusia affinis Mosquitofish ATHERINIDAE Labidesthes sicculus Brook silverside COTTIDAE Cottus carolinae Banded sculpin MORONIDAE Morone chrysops White bass ELASSOMATIDAE Elassoma zonatum Banded pygmy sunfish CENTRARCHIDAE Centrarchus macropterus Flier Chaenobryttus gulosus Warmouth Lepomis cyanellus Green sunfish Lepomis gibbosus Pumpkinseed Lepomis humilis Orangespotted sunfish Lepomis macrochirus Bluegill Lepomis megalotis Longear sunfish Lepomis microlophus Redear sunfish Lepomis miniatus ST Redspotted sunfish Lepomis symmetricus ST Bantam sunfish Micropterus punctulatus Spotted bass Micropterus salmoides Largemouth bass Pomoxis annularis White crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus Black crappie PERCIDAE Etheostoma asprigene Mud darter Etheostoma chlorosomum Bluntnose darter Etheostoma flabellare Fantail darter Etheostoma gracile Slough darter Etheostoma kennicotti Stripetail darter Etheostoma proeliare Cypress darter Etheostoma spectabile Orangethroat darter Etheostoma squamiceps Spottail darter Percina caprodes Logperch 2-139 Table 21 continued Percina maculata Blackside darter Percina phoxocephala Slenderhead darter SCIAENIDAE Aplodinotus grunniens Freshwater drum Total number of species =85 (84 native, I introduced). This region contains the Horseshoe Lake ecosystem, one of the most biologically di verse aquatic systems in Illinois. This ecosystem is home to the state endangered cypress minnow, and the state threatened bantam sunfish, as well as many other species with limited distributions in Illinois. The cypress minnow, Hybognathus hayi, occurs in the Cache River between the mouth of Big Creek and Karnak in Johnson County, Limekiln Slough in Pulaski County, and Horse shoe Lake and its effluent, Lake Creek, in Alexander County. It inhabits pools and other sluggish water areas of streams and usually is found over clay. The bigeye shiner, Notropis boops, was observed in Lake Creek, Alexander County, as recently as 1964; however, recent efforts at finding it have been unsuccessful, and it may be extirpated from the system. The species occupies clear-water streams and usually is found over a rocky substrate. The redspotted sunfish, Lepomis miniatus, and bantam sunfish, Lepomis symmetricus, live in vegetated areas of lakes and swamps. Both have suffered precipitous declines in Illinois as a result of the drainage of bottomland lakes and other forms of habitat degrada tion. The Mississippi silvery minnow, Hybognathus nuchalis, a watch list species of special con cern, was found in the Ohio River in Pulaski County in 1964. It inhabits pools with current and usually is found over sand or mud bottoms. Mussels Forty-seven native species ofmussels have been reported from 47 sites in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (Table 22, Figure 18; Page et aI. 1992). Eighteen species of mus sels have been reported from the Cache River drainage, none of which is listed as threat ened or endangered. No systematic surveys of the Cache River have been conducted, and no recent data are available to allow a basinwide assessment of stream quality based on mussel diversity. Many collections were made in the drainage as part of a study on the fauna of the basin in 1986 (Phillippi et al. 1986). Table 22. Freshwater mussels recorded from the Cache River Assessment Watersheds. Data from the Illinois Natural History Survey Mollusk Collection and other museum collections. Status notes: bold type indicates a special status species, Illinois endan gered = SE; Illinois threatened =ST; state watch list = W; Federally endangered = FE; Federally threatened = FT; Federal candidate = FC, Extirpated = Ex, exotic species = *. MARGARITIFERIDAE Cumberlandinae Cumberlandia monodonta SE FC Spectaclecase UNIONIDAE Anodontinae Anodonta suborbiculata Flat floater Continued on page 2-142 2-140 Fig u re 18. Mussel Survey Locations Wit~hl:'n~th~e~c;a~Ch:e~R~i~ve~r-'-"'-'-"'-'--'-"'-'-"'-'-~~=~~~~~~=~ Assessment Watersheds, including the Ohio River (INHS Survey Files Early 1900s-/995). I 2-141 Table 22 continued Anodontoides ferussacianus Cylindrical papershell Arcidens cOJifragosus Rock-pocketbook Lasmigona complanata White heelsplitter Pyganodon grandis Giant floater Strophitus undulatus Squawfoot Utterbackia imbecillis Paper pondshell Ambleminae Amblema plicata Threeridge Cyclonaias tuberculata Purple wartyback Elliptio crassidens ST Elephantear Elliptio dilatata ST Spike Fusconaia ebena ST Ebonyshell Fusconaia flava Wabash pigtoe Megalonaias nervosa Washboard Plethobasus cooperianus SE FE Orangefoot pimpleback Plethobasus cyphyus SE Sheepnose Pleurobema cordatum SE Ohio pigtoe Pleurobema rubrum SE Fe Pyramid pigtoe Quadrula cylindrica SE FC Rabbitsfoot Quadrula metanevra Monkeyface Quadrula nobilis Gulf mapleleaf Quadrula nodulata Wartyback Quadrula pustulosa Pimpleback Quadrula quadrula Mapleleaf Tritogonia verrucosa Pistolgrip Lampsilinae Actinonaias ligamelltina Mucket Ellipsaria lineolata ST Butterfly Epioblasma torulom FE EX Tubercled blossom Lampsilis abrupta FE EX Pink mucket Lampsilis cardium Plain pocketbook Lampsilis ovata Pocketbook Lampsilis siliquoidea Fatmucket Lampsilis teres Yellow sandshell Leptodea fragilis Fragile papershell Ligumia recta Black sandshell Ligumia subrostrata Pondmussel Obliquaria reflexa Threehorn wartyback Obovaria olivaria Hickorynut Obovaria retusa FE EX Ring pink Potamilus alatus Pink heelsplitter Potamilus capax SE FE Fat pocketbook Potamilus ohiensis Pink papershell Toxolasma parvus Lilliput Toxolasma texasiensis Texas lilliput Truncilla donaciformis Fawnsfoot TruncWa truncata Deertoe DREISSENIDAE Dreissena polymorpha * Zebra mussel CORBICULIDAE Corbicula jluminea * Asian clam Total number of species = 49 (47 native, 2 introduced). 2-142 The portion of the Ohio River included in this watershed assessment has historically supported 16 special status spedes including 4 state threatened species (Elliptio crassidens, Elliptio dilatata, Fusconaia ebena, and Ellipsaria lineolata), 7 state endangered species (Cumberlandia monodonta, Plethobasus cooperianus, Plethobasus cyphyus, Pleurobema cordatum, Pleurobema rubrum, Quadrula cylindrica, and Potamilus capax), and 5 feder ally endangered species (Plethobasus cooperianus, Epioblasma torulosa, Lampsilis abrupta, Obovaria retusa, and Potamilus campax). A survey of the Ohio River was re cently completed and the mussel fauna of the river is relatively well known (Williams and Schuster 1989). Two introduced species of mollusks are known in this stretch of the Ohio River: Dreissena polymorpha, the zebra mussel, and Corbicula fluminea, the Asian clam. Cumberlandia monodonta (spectacle case): No historical records for the spectacle case are known from museum collections. This species was first found alive in the Ohio River in 1994 near Hillerman in Massac County. Elliptio crassidens (elephantear): This species was formerly widely distributed in the Ohio River. Recent live records for the elephantear in the Ohio River are from Massac County downstream of Metropolis (1994) and Pulaski County near Olmsted (1986) and Mound City (1984). Elliptio dilatata (spike): There are no recent live records for the spike in the Ohio River. Fresh dead shells were found downstream of Metropolis (1994) and near Hillerman, Joppa, and Olmsted (1988) in Massac and Pulaski counties. Fusconaia ebena (ebony shell): There are many recent (1984 to present) live records ofthe ebony shell from Metropolis to Mound City. This species was most recently collected live in Massac County downstream of Metropolis and also near HilJerman in 1994. Plethobasus cooperianus (orangefoot pimpleback): The orangefoot pimpleback is a feder ally endangered species with historical records or relict shells known from Hillerman, Massac County (1907), and Olmsted, Pulaski County (1981). A shell with tissue still attached was found downstream of Metropolis in 1994. Plethobasus cyphyus (sheepnose): The sheepnose was formerly widespread but rare in the Ohio River. A relatively fresh-dead shell was found in the Ohio River at Brookport in 1987 and this species may still occur in the lower Ohio River. A weathered dead shell was found downstream of Metropolis in 1994. Pleurobema cordatum (Ohio pigtoe): The Ohio pigtoe was considered widespread but sporadic in the Ohio River and its tributaries. Four live specimens were recorded for the Ohio River in 1986. . Pleurobema rubrum (pyramid pigtoe): The pyramid pigtoe is known from one collection by J. Zetek at Cairo, Alexander County (no date, but probably early in this century). Quadrula cylindrica (rabbitsfoot): Historical records or weathered-dead shells of the rabbitsfoot are available from a number of sites in the lower Ohio River. A fresh dead shell was found near Joppa in Massac County in 1994. Just upstream of the assessment area at Fort Massac, live rabbitsfeet were photographed in September 1994. Ellipsaria lineolata (butterfly): Live specimens of the butterfly were found near Hillerman and downstream of Metropolis in Massac County in 1994 and near Olmsted in Pulaski County in 1986. 2-143 Epioblasma torulosa (tubercled blossom): The only known records of the tubercled blos som from the Ohio River in Illinois are subfossil sheUs collected at Fort Massac State Park in 1988. This mussel is thought to be extinct. Lampsi/is abrupta (pink mucket): A historical record of the pink mucket exists from the Ohio River at Hillerman (1907), Massac County. No recent records are known and it is presumed extirpated from this stretch of the Ohio River. Obovaria retusa (ring pink): Relict shells of the ring pink were found in the Ohio River at Joppa (1988) and Mound City (1986). No recent records are known from the state and this species is presumed extirpated from Illinois Potami/us capax (fat pocketbook): The fat pocketbook was formerly widespread in the Ohio River in Illinois. Recent records (l980s) are known from below Smithland Dam and near the mouth of the Cumberland River at Cumberland Island Towhead. This species is still extant in the lower Wabash River and possibly present at various localities in the lower Ohio River. Crustaceans Thirty-four species of crustaceans are known from this region (Table 23; Figure 19). Table 23. Freshwater crustaceans recorded from the Cache River Assessment Water sheds. Data from the Illinois Natural History Survey Crustacean Collection. Status notes: bold type indicates a special status species, Illinois endangered =SE; Illinois threatened = ST; state watch list = W; Federally endangered =FE; Federally threat ened =FT; Federal candidate = FC, *=exotic species. ISOPODA (ISOPODS) ASELLIDAE Caecidotea beattyi Caecidotea brevicauda Caecidotea forbesi Caecidotea intermedia Caecidotea stygia Caecidotea whitei Lirceus sp. AMPHIPODA (AMPHIPODS) CRANGONYCTIDAE Bactrurus brachycaudus Crangonyxforbesi Crangonyx gracilis Crangonyx minor Crangonyx pseudogracilis Crangonyx richmondensis Synurella bi/urca Synurella dentata GAMMARIDAE Gammarus bousfieldi ST Bousfield's amphipod Gammarus minus Gammarus pseudolimnaeus HYALELLIDAE Hyalella azteca Continued on page 2-146 2-144 Fig ure 19. Crustacean Survey Locatio~n~s~w~it~h~in~th~e~c~a:C~h~e~R~'~'v~e~r~L-:":"":":"":":""=:":"":":""~=~~~~~~~~=~ Assessment Watersheds, including the Ohio River (INHS Survey Files Early 1900s-1995). 2-145 Table 23 continued DECAPODA (CRAYFISHES & SHRIMPS) PALAEMONIDAE Palaemonetes kadiakensis Mississippi grass shrimp CAMBARIDAE Cambarellus puer Carnbarellus shufeldtii Cajun dwarf crayfish Carnbarus diogenes Devil crawfish Carnbarus rusticiforrnis Carnbarus tenebrosus Fallicarnbarus fodiens Orconectes illinoiensis Orconectes irnmunis Calico crayfish Orconectes lancifer SE Oxbow crayfish Orconectes placidus SE Orconectes virilis Virile crayfish Procambarus acutus White river crayfish Procarnbarus clarkii Red swamp crayfish Procambarus viaeviridis Total number of species = 34. Bousfield's amphipod, Gammarus bousfieldi, occurs only in the Ohio River and is a state threatened species. The crayfish Orconectes placidus also occurs in the river. Orconectes lancifer is found in Illinois only in Horseshoe Lake, Alexander County, and Lake Creekjust below the spillway on Horseshoe Lake. Gammarus bousfieldi is known in the Ohio River from Tower Rock, Hardin County, to Mound City, Pulaski County, and probably occurs throughout the river. Orconectes placidus is known in the Ohio River from Fort Massac State Park, Massac County, to Olmsted in Pulaski County. Aquatic Macroinvertebrtes, Exclusive of Crustacea and Mollusca The following aquatic macroinvertebrate species information has been compiled from his toric literature citations and Illinois State Museum records dating back to the early 1900s (see references) and Illinois Natural History Survey records from 1976-1995. Figure 20 illustrates Illinois Natural History Survey survey locations from 1976-1995. There are over 430 species of aquatic macroinvertebrates recorded for the area of the Cache River Assessment Watersheds (CRAW) (Table 23). None of the species recorded for the CRAW are listed as state or federally endangered threatened species. One species of aquatic worm, Limnodrilus tortilipenis, is endemic to the Cache River Basin and three species of flies (Chryops celatus, Neochryops globusus, and Tabanus petiolatus) have dis tributions in Illinois that are limited to the Cache River Basin. Table 24, Aquatic macroinvertebrates, exclusive of the Crustacea and Mollusca, re corded from the Cache River Assessment watersheds in Alexander, Johnson, Pope, Pulaski, and Union counties. Data are from the Illinois Natural History Survey Insect and Annelida collections; compiled by M. J. Wetzel and D. W. Webb, and INHS Cen ter for Biodiversity. Warren U. Brigham (INHS) assisted in the compilation of the checklist of aquatic Coleoptera and Tim Vogt (Illinois State Museum, pers. comm.) assisted in the compilation of the checklist for Odonata. Notes: + = species with distri butions in Illinois limited to the Cache River basin; # = species endemic to the Cache River basin. Continued on page 2-148 2-146 Figure 20. Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Survey Locations in the Cache River Assessment Watersheds, including the Ohio River (/NHS Survey Files /976-/995). 2-147 Table 24 continued NEMATODA - Nematode Wonns Tubificidae - Aquatic Worms NEMATOMORPHA - Horsehair Worms Aulodrilus pigueti Gordiidae Branchiura sowerbyi Gordius sp. Ilyodrilus templetoni Paragordius sp. Limnodrilus cervix ECTOPROCTA (BRYOZOA) - Moss Limnodrilus claparedianus Animals Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Phylactolaemata Limnodrilus maumeensis Pectinatellidae Limnodrilus profundicola Peclinatella magnifica Limnodrilus rubripenis PlumateIIidae Limnodrilus tortilipenis # Hyalinella punctata Limnodrilus udekemianus Plumatella repens Psammoryctides californianus TURBELLARIA . Flatworms Quistadrilus multisetosus Tricladida Tasserkidrilus kessleri Planariidae Tubifex tubifex Dugesia tigrina Varichaetadrilus angustipenis Phagocata gracilis Enchytraeidae - Aquatic Worms ANNELIDA - True Segmented Worms Barbidrilus paucisetus CLASS APHANONEURA Lumbricidae - Aquatic Wonns Aeolosomatida Eisenia foetida Aeolosomatidae - Head-crawling, or Eiseniella tetraedra Suction-feeding Wonns CLASS HIRUDINEA - Leeches Aeolosoma hemprichi Rhynchobdellida Branchiobdellida Glossiphoniidae Cambarincolidae - Crayfish Wonns Actinobdella pediculata Genus Cambarincola spp. Helobdella fusca CLASS OLIGOCHAETA Helobdella stagnalis Lumbriculida Helobdella triserialis Lumbricu1idae - Aquatic Worms Placobdella montifera Lumbriculus variegatus Placobdella multilineata Haplotaxidae - Aquatic Worms Placobdella ornata Haplotaxis gordioides Plaeobdella parasitiea Naididae - Aquatic Wonns Piscicolidae Amphichaeta leydigi Myzobdella lugubris Chaetogaster diaphanus Piscicola punetata Chaetogaster diastrophus Piseicolaria reducta Dero furcata GnathobdeIlida Dero vaga Hirudinidae Dero digitata Haemopis eonops Dero nivea Haemopis marmorata Dero trifida Haemopis terrestris Haemonais waldvogeli Maerobdella decora Nais communis Pharyngobdellida Nais pardalis Erpobdellidae Nais simplex Erpobdella punetata punctata Nais variabilis Mooreobdella microstoma Ophidonais serpe11tina CLASS INSECTA - Insects Paranais frici EPHEMEROPTERA - Mayflies Pristina leidyi Baetidae Pristinella jenkinae Baetis intercalaris Slavina appendiculata Baetis pygmaeus Stylaria lacustris Raetis propinquus Callibates fluctuans 2-148 Table 24 continued Cloeon rubropictum Lestes inaequalis Caenidae Lestes rectangularis Caenis forcipata Lestes unguiculatus Caenis hilaris Anisoptera - Dragonflies Caenis simulans Aeshnidae Ephemerellidae Aeshna constricta Ephemerella dorothea Aeshna mutata Ephemeridae Aeshna umbrosa Hexag£mia bilineata Anaxjunius Hexagenia limbata Anax longipes Heptageniidae Basiaeschna janata Heptagenia diabasia Boyeria vinosa Pseudiron centralis Epiaeschna heros Stenacron interpunctatum Nasiaeschna pentacantha Stenacron pallidum Gomphidae Stenonema bipunctatum Arigomphus lentulus Stenonema canadense Arigomphus maxwelli Stenonema minnetonka Arigomphus submedianus Stenonema tripunctatum Dromogomphus spinosus Leptophlebiidae Dromogomphus spoliatus Chloroterpes basalis Erpetogomphus designatus Siphlonuridae Gomphurus hybridus Siphlonurus alternatus Gomphurus vastus ODONATA· Dragonflies and Damselflies Gomphus exilis Zygoptera - Damselflies Gomphus graslinellus Calopterygidae Progomphus obscurus Calopteryx maculata Stylurus amnicola Hetaerina americana Stylurus notatus Coenagrionidae Stylurus plagiatus Argia apicalis Cordulegastridae Argiajumipennis violacea . Cordulegaster obliqua Argia moesta Corduliidae Argia sedula Epitheca coastalis Argia tibialis Epitheca cynosura Argia translata Epitheca princeps Enallagma aspersum Neurocordulia molesta Enallagma basidens Neurocordulia xanthosoma Enallagma civile Neurocordulia yamaskanensis Enallagma divagans Somatochlora linearis Enallagma exsulans Somatochlora tenebrosa Enallagma geminatum Macromiidae Enallagma signatum Didymops transversa Enallagma traviatum Macromia illinoensis Enallagma vesperum Macromia taeniolata Ischnura hastata Libellulidae Ischnura posita Celithemis elisa Ischnura ramburii Celithemis eponina Ischnura verticalis Celithemis fasciata Telebasis byersi Dythemis jugax . Lestidae Dythemis velox Archilestes grandis Erythemis simplicicollis Lestes disjunctus Libellula cyanea Lestes eurinus Libellula deplanata Lestes forcipatus Libellula incesta 2-149 . Table 24 continued Libellula luctuosa Ranatra fusca Libellula lydia Ranatra nigra Libellula pulchella Belostomatidae'- Giant Water Bugs Libellula vibrans Belostomajlumineum . Pachydiplax longipennis Belostoma lutarium Pantala jlavescens Lethoeerus (Benacus) griseus Pantala hymenaea Lethocerus uhleri Perithemis tenera Corixidae - Water Boatmen Sympetrum ambiguum Cenocorixa sp. Sympetrum corruptum Corisella edulis Sympetrum intemum Hesperocorixa lucida Sympeirum rubicundulum Hesperoeorixa nitida Sympetrum vincinum Hesperocorixa obliqua Tramea carolina Palmocorixa buenoi Tramea lacerata Ramphocorixa acuminata Tramea onusta Sigara altemata Petaluridae Sigara decorata Tachopteryx thoreyi Sigara grossolineata PLECOPTERA - Stonetlies Sigara hubbelli Capniidae Sigara modesta Allocapnia mystica Sigara virginiensis Alloeapnia riekeri Trichoeorixa calva Allocapnia vivipara Trichoeorixa kanza Chloroperlidae Trichocorixa macroceps Alloperla eal/data Trichocorixa naias Leuctridae Trichocorixa sexcinta Leuctra rickeri Notonectidae - Backswimmers Zealeuctra claasseni Buenoa margaritacea Nemouridae Buenoa scimitra Amphinemura delosa Notonecta indica Amphinemura varshava Notonecta irrorata Perlidae Notonecta raleighi Acroneuria abnormis Notonecra uhleri Aeroneuria evoluta Notonecta undulata Acroneuria frisoni Hebridae - Velvet Water Bugs Acroneuria perplexa Hebrus sp. Attaneuria ruralis Merragata sp. Perlesta decipiens Brunnea hebroides Perlinella drymo Dipsocoridae - Phantom Shore Bugs Perlinella ephrye Cryptostemma sp. Perlodidae Mesoveliidae - Water Treaders Clioperla clio Mesovelia mulsanti Isoperla decepta Mesovelia cryptophila Isoperla longiseta Saldidae - Shore Bugs Taeniopterygidae Microcantha sp. Taeniopteryx burksi Salda sp. HETEROPTERA - True Bugs Hydrometridae - Marsh Treaders, or Naucoridae - Creeping Water Bugs Water Measurers Peloeoris femoratus Hydrometra hungeifordi Gelastocoridae - Toad Bugs Hydrometra martini Gelastocorus oeulatus oculatus Gerridae - Pond Skaters Nepidae - Water Scorpions Aquarius nebularis Ranatra australis Aquarius remigis Ranatra buenoi Gerris argenticollis 2-150 Table 24 continued Gerris marginatus Scirtidae Limnoporus canaliculatus Cyphon sp. Rheumatobates palosi Heteroceridae Trepobates pictus Heterocerus sp. Veliidae - Little Water Striders Hydrophilidae Microvelia americana Anacaena limbata Microvelia pulchella Serosus aculeatus Steinovelia stagnalis Serosus exiguus COLEOPTERA· Beetles Serosus fraternus Dryopidae Serosus infuscatus Helichus basalis Serosus pantherinus Helichus fastigiatus Serosus peregrinus Helichus lithophilus Serosus pugnax Dytiscidae Serosus striatus Acilius fraternus fraternus Chaetarthria atra Sidessonotus pulicarius Crenitis longulus Celina angustata Cymbiodyta beckeri picta Copelatus chevrolati Cymbiodyta blanchardi Copelatus glyphicus Cymbiodyta toddi Coptotomus interrogatus Cymbiodyta vindicata Coptotomus loticus Dibolocelus ovatus Dytiscus fasciventris Enochrus cinctus Hydaticus bimarginatus Enochrus consortus Hydroporus mellitus Enochrus ochraceus Hydroporus oppositus Enochrus pygmaeus nebulosus Hydroporus pulcher Helochares maculicoUis Hydrovatus indianensis Hydrochara obtusata Laccophilus fasciatus rufus Hydrochus pseudosquamifer Laccophilus maculosus maculoHydrophilus triangularis sus Laccobius agilis Laccophilus proximus Paracymus confluens Liodessus flavicollis Paracymus confusus Matus bicarinatus Paracymus subcupreus Matus ovatus Tropisternus blatchleyi blatchleyi Thermonectes ornaticollis Tropisternus blatchleyi modestus Uvarus lacustris Tropisternus collaris mexicanus E1midae Tropisternus collaris striolatus Dubiraphia quadrinotata Tripisternus lateralis nimbatus Dubiraphia vittata Tropisternus mixtus Gyrinidae Tropisternus natator Dineutus ciliatus Hydraenidae Gyrinus analis Hydraena pennsylvanica Gyrinus piceolus Noteridae Haliplidae Hydrocanthus iricolor Peltodytes dunavani Suphisellus bicolor Peltodytes duodecimpunctatus Suphisellus puncticollis Peltodytes edentulus MEGALOPTERA . Alderflies and Dob Peltodytes lengi sonflies Peltodytes litoralis Sialidae - Alderflies Peltodytes muticus Sialis americana Peltodytes pedunculatus Sialis mohri Peltodytes sexmaculatus Corydalidae - Dobsonflies Haliplus fasciatus Chauliodes pectinicornis Haliplus triopsis Chauliodes rastricornus 2-151 Table 24 continued Corydalus cornutus Culex salinarius Nigronia serrocornis Culex territans AQUATIC AND SEMIAQUATIC Culiseta inornata NEUROPTERA· Psorophora ciliata Sisyridae Psorophora confinnis Climacea areolaris Psorophora cyanescens Sisyra vicaria Psorophora ferox TRICHOPTERA - Caddisflies Ceratopogonidae Hydropsychidae Ceratopogon levis Cheumatopsyche analis Palpomyia complex Cheumatopsyche campyla Simuliidae Diplectrona modesta Simulium spp. Hydropsyche bidens Chironomidae Hydropsyche incommoda Chironominae Hydropsyehe orris Chironomus attenuatus Hydropsyche simulans Chironomus riparius Potamyia flava Chironomus stigmaterus Hydroptilidae Cryptochironomusfulvus Hydroptila grandiosa complex Hydroptila hamata Dierotendipes nervosus Hydroptila spatulata Dicrotendipes modestus Leptoceridae Endochironomus Athripsodes tarsi-punctatus nigricans Athripsodes transversus Glyptotendipes Leptocella candida (Phytotendipes) lobiferus Oecetis inconspicua Micropsectra sp. Philopotamidae Paralauterborniella sp. Chimarra feria . Paratendipes albimanus Chimarra obscura Phaenopsectra (Tribelos) Wormaldia shawnee jueundus Polycentropidae Polypedilum illinoense Neureclipsis crepuseularis Polypedilum scalaenum Psyehomyiidae Pseudoehironomus Polyeentropus cinereus richardsoni Rhyacophilidae Tanytarsus sp. Rhyaeophila fenestra Trissocladius sp. DlPTERA . Flies Xenoehironomus festivus Tipulidae Orthociadiinae Tipula sp. Crieotopus bicinctus Hexatoma sp. Nilothauma sp. Chaoboridae Tanypodinae Chaoborus punetipennis Ablabesmyia Culicidae (Ablabesmyia) annulata Aedes canadensis Coelotanypus scapularis Aedes sollicitans Conchapelopia Aedes sticticus (Conchapelopia) rurika Aedes vexans Larsia decolorata Anopheles punctipennis Natarsia baltimoreus Anopheles quadrimaculatus Procladius Culex erraticus (Psilotanypus) bellus Culex peccator Procladius (Procladius) Culex pipiens sublettei Culex quinquefasciatus Pseetrotanypus Culex restuans 2-152 Table 24 continued (Psectrotanypus) dyari Tanypus (Ape/apia) neopunctipennis Tanypus (Tanypus) stellatus Thienemannimyia sp. 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Effects of artificial liming on land snail populations. Journal of Applied Ecology 29:50-54. Goodfriend, G.A. 1986. Variation in land-snail shell form and size and its causes: a review. Sys tematic Zoology, 35(2):204-223. Hutchison, M.D. 1989. A survey of land snails in southern Illinois. Nongame Wildlife Conserva tion Fund project report submitted to the Illinois Department of Conservation, Springfield, Illinois. 81 pp. AQUATIC COMMUNITIES Illinois Department of Conservation. 1994. 1993 Inventory of Illinois surface water resources. State of Illinois, Department of Conservation, Division of Fisheries. 38 pp. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Illinois Water Quality Report (1992-93): volume I. State of Illinois, Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Water Pollution Control, Plan ning Section, Springfield. 258 pp. Page, L., et al. 1992. Biologically Significant Illinois Streams: an evaluation of the streams of Illinois based on aquatic biodiversity. Center for Biodiversity Technical Report 1992(1). 485 pp. Fishes, Mussels, Crustaceans Allen, J. 1969. Pulaski County surface water resources. Illinois Department of Conservation, Division of Fisheries, Springfield. 41 pp. Baker, Ee. 1906. A catalogue of the Mollusca of IlIinois. Bulletin of the IlIinois State Laboratory of Natural History. 7(6):53-136 + I map. Cache River Drainage Commissioners. 1905. Report of the board of Cache River Drainage Com missioners of IlIinois. IlIinois Printing Company, Danville, Illinois. 30 pp. Forbes, S.A., and R.E. Richardson. 1908. The fishes of Illinois. Illinois State Laboratory of Natu ral History, Danville. cxxxvi + 357 pp. Hite, R.L., and B.A. Bertrand. 1989. Biological stream characterization (BSC): a biological assess ment of Illinois stream quality. Illinois State Water Plan Task Force Special Report. 13: 1-42 + map. Holsinger, J.R. 1972. The freshwater amphipod crustaceans (Gammaridae) of North America. Biota of Freshwater Ecosystems Identification Manual No 5. viii + 89 pp. IlIinois Department of Conservation. 1994. 1993 Inventory of Illinois surface water resources. State of Illinois, Department of Conservation, Division of Fisheries. 38 pp. 2-164 ------ Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Illinois water quality report (\ 992-93): volume I. State of Illinois, Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Water Pollution Control, Planning Section, Springfield. 258 pp. Iverson, L.R. 1987. Soils in R.D. Neely and e.G. Heister (compilers). The natural resources of Illinois: introduction and guide. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication No.6. 224 pp. Miller, A.e., B.S. Payne, and T. Siemsen. 1986. Description of the habitat of the endangered mussel Plethobasus cooper/anus. Nautilus 100(1): 14-18. Ogata, K.M. 1975. Drainage areas for Illinois streams. U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations 13-75. 120 pp. Parmalee, P.W. 1967. The fresh-water mussels of Illinois. Illinois State Museum Popular Science Series. 8:1-108. Pearson, W.O., and L.A. Krumholz. 1984. Distribution and status of Ohio River fishes. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 401 pp. Phillippi, M.A., B.M. Burr, and R.A. Brandon. 1986. A preliminary survey of the aquatic fauna of the Cache River in Johnson and Pulaski counties, Illinois. Report to Illinois Department of Conser vation. 125 pp. Schwegman, J.E. 1973. Comprehensive plan for the Illinois nature preserves system. Part 2. The natural divisions of Illinois. Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Springfield, Illinois. 32 pp. Smith, P.W. 1971. Illinois streams: a classification based on their fishes and analysis of factors responsible for disappearance of native species. Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes No. 76. 14 pp. Turgeon, D.O., A.E. Bogan, E.V. Coan, W.K. Emerson, W.G. Lyons, w.L. Pratt, C.EE. Roper, A. Scheltema, EG. Thompson, and J.D. Williams. 1988. A list of common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: mollusks. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication. 19:viii-277 + 12 plates. Williams, J.C., and G.A. Schuster. 1989. Freshwater mussel investigations of the Ohio River. Mile 317.0 to mile 981.0. Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Division of Fisheries, Frankfort, Kentucky. 57 pp. Aquatic Macroinvertebrates Brigham, A.R. 1978. An assessment of the water quality of the Cache River basin derived from a biological investigation. A project report prepared for the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield. lIIinois Natural History Survey, Urbana. 73 pp. Garman, P. 1917. The Zygoptera, or damselflies, of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois State Labora tory of Natural History 12(IV): 41 1-587 + plates LVIII-LXXIII. Goodnight, C,J. 1940. The Branchiobdellida (Oligochaeta) of North American crayfishes. Illinois Biological Monographs No. 17(3): 1-75. Illinois Natural History Survey. 1976a. Water quality assessment of Little Cache Creek-Dutchman Creek watershed, Johnson County, Illinois, with notes on the biota. Project report prepared for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. August. iv + 44 pp. 2-165 --. I976b. Faunistic assessment of Bay Creek watershed, Johnson, Massac, and Pope counties, Illinois. Project report prepared for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 41 pp. Lauck, D.R. 1955. The taxonomy and bionomics of the aquatic Hemiptera of Illinois. Master of science thesis, Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana. xxii + 353 pp. Malloch, J.R. 1915. The Chironomidae, or midges, of Illinois, with particular reference to the species occurring in the Illinois River. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 10:275-543. Moore, J.P. 1901. The Hirudinea of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 5(12):479-547. Pechuman, L.L., D.W. Webb, and H.J. Teskey. 1983. The Diptera, or true flies, of Illinois. 1. Tabanidae. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 33(1): 1-122. Peters, T.M., and E.F. Cook. 1966. The nearctic Dixidae (Diptera). Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 5:233-278. Wetzel, MJ. 1980. Limnodrilus rubripenis Loden and Psammoryctides californianus Brinkhurst, two aquatic worms (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) new to Illinois. Transactions of the Illi nois State Academy of Science 73(3):36-38. __. 1982. The distribution and relative abundance of aquatic Oligochaeta in the upper Cache River basin, southern Illinois, in relation to water quality. Unpublished M.S. thesis, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston. x + 182 pp. --. 1987. Limnodrilus tortilipenis, a new North American species of freshwater Tubificidae (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta). Proceedings ofthe Biological Society ofWashington 100 (I):182 185. 1992. Aquatic Annelida of Illinois: introduction and checklist of species. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 85(1 and 2):87-101. 2-166 AppendixA Species cited in this report Status notes: bold type indicates a special status species, SE = State Endangered, ST =State Tbreatened, W =State Watch List, FE =Federally Endangered, FT = Federally Threatened, FC =Federal Candidate, * =exotic species, + =species with distributions in Illinois limited to the Cache River Basin, # =species endemic to the Cache River Basin. Plants Acalypha graci/ens Three-seeded mercury Acer negundo Boxelder Acer rubrum Red maple Acer rubrum var. drummondii Drummond's red maple Acer saccharinum Silver maple Acer saccharum Sugar maple Achillea milleJolium* Common yarrow Actaea pachypoda White baneberry Adiantum pedatum Maidenhair fern Aesculus discolor Red buckeye AgalinisJasciculata False foxglove Agalinis tenuifolia Slender false foxglove Agrostis elliottiana Awned bent grass Agrostis hyemalis Tickle grass Agrostis perennans Autumn bent grass Alisma plantago-aquatica var. parviflorum Common water plantain Allium canadense Wild garlic Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common ragweed Ambrosia bidentata Lanceleaf ragweed Ambrosia trifida Giant ragweed Amelanchier arborea Shadbush AmorphaJruticosa False indigo Ampelopsis arborea Pepper-vine Ampelopsis cordata Raccoon grape Amphicarpa bracteata Hog peanut Amsonia tabernaemontana Blue star Andropogon gerardii Big bluestem Andropogon virginicus Broom sedge Anemone virginiana Tall anemone Antennaria neglecta Pussytoes Antennaria plantaginifolia Pussytoes Aplectrum hyemale Putty-root orchid Apocynum cannabinum Dogbane Aralia racemosa American spikenard Aralia spinosa Devil's walking stick Arisaema dracontium Green dragon Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit Aristida dichotoma Poverty grass Aristolochia serpentaria var. hastata Virginia snakeroot ST Aristolochia serpentaria Birthwort Arrnoracia aquatica Lake cress Aruncus dioica Goat's-beard Arundinarea gigantea Giant cane Asarum canadense Wild ginger 2-167 Appendix A continued Asclepias perennis White milkweed Asclepias syriaca Common milkweed Asclepias tuberosa Butterflyweed Asclepias verticil/ata Horsetail milkweed Asclepias viridiflora Green milkweed Asimina triloba Pawpaw Asparagus ojficinalis* Garden asparagus Asplenium pinnatifidum Pinnatifid spleenwort Asplenium platyneuron Ebony spleenwort Asplenium rhizaphyllum Walking fern Aster cordifolius Blue wood aster Aster lateriflorus Side-flowered aster Aster oblongifolius Aromatic aster Aster ontarionis Ontario aster Aster patens Spreading aster Aster pilosus Hairy aster Aster shortii Short's aster Aster simplex Panicled aster Athyrium angustum Lady fern Athyrium pycnocarpon Narrow-leaved spleenwort Athyrium thelypterioides Silvery spleenwort Azalla mexicana Mexican azolla Barbarea vulgaris* Yellow rocket Betula nigra River birch Bidens aristosa Swamp marigold Bidens discoidea Swamp beggar-ticks Bidensfrondosa Common beggar-ticks Bignonia capreolata Cross-vine Blephilia ciliata Pagoda plant Boehmeria cylindrica False nettle Boltonia asteroides False aster Botrychium biternatum Southern grape fern Botrychium dissectum var. obliquum Grape fern Botrychium virginianum Rattlesnake fern Bouteloua curtipendula Sideoats gramma Brachyelytrum erectum Long-awned wood grass Brickellia eupatorioides False boneset Bromus commutatus* Hairy brome Bromus pubescens Woodland brame Brunnichia ovata Buckwheat vine Calycocarpum lyonii Cupseed Camassia scilloides Wild hyacinth Campsis radicans Trumpet Creeper Cardamine bulbosa Spring cress Carex albursina Sedge Carex artitecta Sedge Carex blanda Woodland sedge Carex bushii Sedge Carex careyana Sedge Carex convoluta Sedge Carex crus-corvii Sedge Carex decomposita Cypress-knee sedge SE Carex digitalis Sedge Carex festucacea Sedge 2-168 Appendix A continued Carex fiaccosperma Sedge Carex gigantea Large sedge SE Carex glaucodea Sedge Carex gracillima Graceful sedge Carex grayi Sedge Carex hirsurella Sedge Carex intumescens Swollen sedge SE Carex louisianica Sedge Carex muskingumensis Sedge Carex oxylepis Sharp-scaled sedge SE Carex reniformis Sedge SE Carex retrofiexa Sedge Carex rosea Sedge Carex shorriana Sedge Carex socialis Sedge Carex sparganioides Sedge Carex squarrosa Sedge Carex stipata Prickly sedge Carex tribuloides Sedge Carex typhina Sedge Carex vulpinoidea Fox sedge Carpinus caroliniana American hornbeam Carya aquatica Water hickory Carya cordiformis Bitternut hickory Carya illinoensis Pecan Carya laciniosa Kingnut hickory Carya glabra Pignut hickory Carya ovalis False shagbark hickory Carya ovata Shagbark hickory Carya pallida Pale hickory SE Carya texana Texas hickory Carya tomentosa Mockernut hickory Cassia fasciculata Partridge pea Ceanothus americanus New Jersey tea Celastrus scandens Bittersweet Celtis laevigata Sugarberry Celtis occidentalis Hackberry Celtis tenuifolia Dwarf hackberry Cephalanthus occidentalis Buttonbush Ceratophyllum demersum Coontail Cercis canadensis Eastern redbud Cheilanthes lanosa Hairy lip fern Chelone obliqua Pink turtlehead Cimicifuga rubifolia Black cohosh ST Cinna arundinacea Stoutwood reed Circaea lutetiana Enchanter's nightshade Cirsium discolor Field thistle Cirsium vulgare* Bull thistle Cladrastis lutea Yellowwood SE Claytonia virginica Spring beauty Clematis crispa Blue jasmine SE Clematis viorna Leatherflower SE Clitoria mariana Butterfly pea Cocculus carolinus Snailseed 2-169 Appendix A continued Collinsia vema Blue-eyed Mary Commelina virginica Day flower Corallorhiza wisteriana Coral root Comusamomum Silky dogwood Comus florida Flowering dogwood Comus foemina Stiff dogwood Comus racemosa Gray dogwood Corydalis flavula Pale corydalis Corylus american'a Hazelnut Crataegus calpodendron Urn-shaped hawthorn Crataegus crus-galli Cock-spur hawthorn Crataegus pruinosa Hawthorn Crataegus spathulata ????? Crataegus viridis Green thorn Crotalaria sagittalis Rattlebox Croton monanthogynus Prairie-tea Crotonopsis elliptica Rushfoil Cunila origanoides Dittany Cynoglossum virginianum Wild comfrey Cyperus erythrorhizos Red-rooted sedge Cyperus ovularis Hedgehog club rush Cyperus strigosus Straw colored flatsedge Cypripedium pubescens Large yellow lay-slipper orchid Cystopteris protrusa Fragile fern Danthonia spicata Curly grass Daucus carota* Queen-Anne's-lace Delphinium tricome Dwarf larkspur Dennstaedtia punctilobula Hay-scented fern ST Dentaria laciniata Toothwort Desmodium glutinosum Pointed tick trefoil Desmodium nudiflorum Bare-stemmed tick trefoil Dianthus anneria* Deptford pink Diarrhena americana Beak grass Dicentra canadensis Squirrel-corn Dicentra cucullaria Dutchman's-breeches Dichantheliumjoorii (Panicum??) Panic grass SE Dichanthelium acuminatum Panic grass Dichanthelium boscii Panic grass Dichanthelium laxiflorum Panic grass Dichanthelium linearifolium Slender-leaved panic grass Dichanthelium malacophyllum Panic grass Dichanthelium microcarpon Small fruited panic grass Diodia teres Poorjoe Diospyros virginiana Persimmon Dodecatheon frenchii French's shooting-star Dodecatheon meadia Shooting star Draba brachycarpa Short-fruited whitlow grass Dryopteris celsa Log fern SE Dryopteris intermedia Common woodfern Dryopteris marginalis Marginal fern Echinacea pallida Pale purple coneflower Echinodorus cordifolius Creeping burhead Eleocharis obtusa Spike rush Eleocharis verrucosa Slender spike rush 2-170 Appendix A continued Eleusine indica* Goose grass Elymus hystrix Bottlebrush grass • Elymus villosus Hairy wild rye Elymus virginicus Virginia wild rye Epifagus virginiana Beech-drops Eragrostis spectabilis Purple love grass Erechtites hieracifolia Fireweed Erigenia bulbosa Harbinger-of-spring Erigeron annuus Annual fleabane Erigeron strigosus Rough fleabane Eryngium prostratum Eryngo SE Eryngium yuccifolium Rattlesnake master Erythronium albidum White dog-tooth violet Erythronium americanum Yellow dog-tooth violet Euonymus americanus Strawberry bush SE Euonymus atropurpurea Wahoo Eupatorium altissimum Tall boneset Eupatorium coelestinum Blue boneset Eupatorium incarnatum Thoroughwort SE Eupatorium maculatum Spotted Joe pye weed Eupatorium rugosum White snakeroot Eupatorium serotinum Late boneset Euphorbia corollata Flowering spurge Euphorbia corol/ata ???????? Euthamia graminifolia Grassleaf goldenrod Fagus grandifolia American beech Festuca obtusa Nodding fescue Festuca pratensis* Meadow fescue Fimbristylis annua Baldwin's fimbristylis SE Forestiera acuminata Swamp privet Frasera caroliniensis American columbo Fraxinus americana White ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash Fraxinus profunda Pumpkin ash Fraxinus quadrangulata Blue ash Galactia mohlenbrockii Boykin's dioclea SE Galactia regularis Milk pea Galium circaezans Wild licorice Galium obtusum Wild madder Galium pilosum Hairy bedstraw Galium triflorum Sweet-scented bedstraw Geum canadense White avens Gentiana andrewsii Closed gentian Geranium carolinianum Wild cranesbill Geranium maculatum Wild geranium Gerardia flava ???????? Gleditsia aquatica Water locust Gleditsia triacanthos Honey locust Glyceria arkansana Manna grass SE Glyceria septentrionalis Floating manna grass Glyceria striata Fowl manna grass Gratiola virginiana Round-fruited hedge hyssop Halesia carolina Silverbell tree SE Hedeoma pulegioides American pennyroyal 2-171 Appendix A continued Hedyotis longifolia Long-leaved bluets Hedyotis nigricans Narrow-leaved bluets Hedyotis pusilla Small bluets Helenium flexuosum Purple-headed sneezeweed Helianthus angustifolius Narrow-leaved sunflower ST Helianthus decapetalus Pale sunflower Heliamhus divaricatus Woodland sunflower Helianthus mollis Downy sunflower Helianthus strumosus Pale-leaved sunflower Helianthus tuberosus Jerusalem artichoke Heuchera americana Tall alumroot Heuchera americana???? Tall alumroot???? Heuchera parviflora Late alumroot Hibiscus laevis Halberd-leaved rose mallow Hibiscus lasiocarpus Hairy rose mallow .Hieracium gronovii Hairy hawkweed Hottonia inflata Featherfoil Hybanthus concolor Green violet Hydrangea arborea Wild hydrangea Hydrangea arborescens Wild hydrangea Hydrastis canadensis Golden seal Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Great waterleaf Hydrophyllum canadense Broad-leaved waterleaf Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia waterleaf Hymenocallis caroliniana Spider lily Hypericum drummondii Nits-and-Iice Hypericum gentianoides Pineweed Hypericum lobocarpum St. John's wort Hypericum muti/um Dwarf St. John's-wort Hypericum stragulum St. Andrew's cross Hypoxis hirsuta . Yellow stargrass !lex decidua Swamp holly Impatiens capensis Spotted touch-me-not Iresine rltizomatosa Bloodleaf SE Iris brevicaulis Blue iris Iris cristata Dwarf wild iris Irisfulva Red iris Iris shrevei Wild blue iris Isoetes melanopoda Black quillwort Isopyrum biternatum False rue anemone Itea virginica Virginia willow Iva annua Marsh elder Juglas nigra Black walnut Juncus biflorus Two-flowered rush Juncus interior Inland rush Juncus tenuis Path rush Juniperus virginiana Eastern red cedar ]usticia ovata Water willow SE Koeleria macrantha June grass Krigia dandelion Dwarf dandelion Krigia caespitosa Dwarf dandelion Kummerowia stipulacea* Korean lespedeza Kummerowia striata* Japaneselespedeza Lactuca floridana Blue lettuce 2-172 Appendix A continued Lamium amplexicaule* Henbit Lamium purpureum* Purple dead nettle Laportea canadensis Wood nettle Lechea tenuifolia Narrow-leaved pinweed Leersia lenticularis Catchfly grass Leersia orvzoides Rice cutgrass Leersia virginica White grass Lemna minor Common duckweed Lemna obscura Duckweed Lemna valdiviana Valdnia duckweed Leptochloa panicoides Salt meadow grass SE Lespedeza capitata Round-headed clover Lespedeza intermedia Bush clover Lespedeza procumbens Trailing bush clover Lespedeza repens Creeping bush clover Lespedeza virginica Slender bush clover Leucanthemum vulgare* Ox-eye daisy Liatris aspera Rough blazing star Liatris pycnostachya Button snakeroot Liatris scabra Blazing star Liatris spicata Marsh blazing star Liatris squarrosa Blazing star Limnobium spongia Frog's bit Lindera benzoin Spicebush Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip poplar Lithospermum canescens Hoary puccoon Lonicera japonica * Japanese honeysuckle Ludwigia palustris Marsh purslane Ludwigia peploides Creeping primrose willow Luzula echinata Wood rush Lycopus rubellus Stalked water horehound Lysimachia lanceoloata Lance-leaved loosestrife Lysimachia radicans Creeping loosestrife SE Magnolia acurninata Cucumber magnolia Mallfreda virginica American agave Melanthera nivea White melanthera SE Melica mutica Two·flowered melic grass SE Melilotus alba* White sweet clover Melothria pendula Squirting cucumber SE Mimulus alatus Winged monkey flower Mitella diphylla Bishop's-cap MOllarda bradburiana Monarda Monarda fistulosa Wild bergamot MOllotropa uniflora Indian pipe Morus rubra Red mulberry Mulhenbergia sobolifera Muhly Nothoscordum bivalve False garlic Nyssa aquatica Swamp tupelo Nyssa sylvatica Black gum Obolaria virgillica Pennywort Oenothera fruticosa Shrubby sundrops Oellothera linifolia Thread-leaved sundrops Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive fern 2-173 Appendix A continued Ophioglossum engelmannii Adder's-tongue fern Opuntia hUinifusa Prickly-pear Orchis spectabilis ?Galearis spectabilis Showy orchis Orobanche uniflora Cancer root Osmorhiza longistylis Anise-root Osmunda regalis Regal fern Ostrya virginiana Hop hornbeam Oxalis violacea Violet wood sorrel Panax quinquefolia Ginseng Panicum capillare Witch grass Panicum dichotomiflorum Fall panicum Panicum polyanthes Panic grass Panicum rigidulum Munro grass Panicum stipitatum Panic grass Parthenium integrifolium Wild quinine Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolius Virginia creeper Parietaria pensylvanica Pennsylvania pellitory Paspalum laeve Smooth lens grass Pastinaca sativa* Parsnip Passiflora lutea Small passion flower Pellaea atropurpurea Purple cliffbrake Peltandra virginica Arrow arum Penstemon alluviorum Low-land beard-tongue Penstemon calycosus Smooth beard-tongue Penstemon hirsutus Hairy beard-tongue Penstemon pallidus Pale beard-tongue Penthorum sedoides Ditch stonecrop Phacelia purshii Miami mist Phalaris arundinacea Reed canary grass Phegopteris hexagonoptera Broad beech fern Phleum pratense* Timothy Phlox bifida Cleffphlox Phlox divaricata Blue phlox Phlox glaberrima Smooth phlox Phlox pilosa Downy phlox Phoradendron serotinum Mistletoe Physostegia virginiana Obedient plant Pilea fontana Clearweed Pilea pumila Canada clearweed Planera aquatica Water elm Plantago aristata Bracted plantain Plantago pusilla Small plantain Plantago virginica Dwarf plantain Platanthera jZava var. jZava Tubercled orchid SE Platanthera peramoena Purple fringeless orchid Platanus occidentalis Sycamore Pluchea camphorata Camphor weed Poa annua* Annual bluegrass Poa compressa* Canadian bluegrass Poa pratensis* Kentucky bluegrass Polemonium reptans lacob's-ladder Polygala sanguinea Field milkwort Polygonatum biflorum Small Solomon seal 2-174 Appendix A continued Polygonatum commutatum Great Solomon seal Polygonum hydrapiperoides Swamp smartweed Polygonum pensylvanicum Giant smartweed Polygonum punctarum Dotted smartweed Polygonum tenue Slender knotweed Polypodium polypodioides Gray polypody Polypodium virginianum Common polypody Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas fern Populus deltoides Eastern cottonwood Populus heterophylla Swamp cottonwood Potamogeton diversifolius Waterthread pondweed Potamogeton foliosus Leafy pondweed Potentilla simplex Common cinquefoil Praserpinaca palustris Mermaid-weed Prunella vulgaris var. elongata Self-heal Prunella vulgaris* Self-heal Prunus americana Wild plum Prunus seratina Black cherry Psoralia psoralioides Sampson's snakeroot Pteridium aquilinum Bracken fern Ptilimnium costatum Mock bishop's weed Pycnanthemum pilosum Hairy mountain mint Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Slender mountain mint Quercus alba White oak Quercus coccinea Scarlet oak Quercus falcaia Southern red oak Quercus imbricaria Shingle oak Quercus lyrata Overcup oak Quercus macrocarpa Burr oak Quercus marilandica Blackjack oak Quercus michauxii Swamp chestnut oak Quercus nuttalIii Nuttall's oak SE Quercus pagoda Cherrybark oak Quercus palustris Pin oak Quercus phellos Willow oak ST Quercus prinoides var. acuminata Yellow chestnut oak Quercus prinus Chestnut oak ST Quercus rubra Northern red oak Quercus shumardii Shumard's oak Quercus stellata Post oak Quercus velutina Black oak Ranunculus flabellaris Yellow water buttercup Ranunculus septentrionalis Swamp buttercup Ranunculus pusillus Small spearwort Ratibida pinnata Gray-head coneflower Rhus aromatica Fragrant sumac Rhus copallina Winged sumac Rhus glabra Smooth sumac Rorippa sessiliflora Sessile-flowered cress Rosa carolina Pasture rose Rosa multiflora* Multiflora rose Rosa palustris Swampy rose Rosa setigera Prairie rose Rubus allegheniensis Common blackberry 2-175 Appendix A continued Rubusflagellaris Dewberry Rubus occidentalis Black raspberry Rudbeckia hirta Black-eyed Susan Ruellia humilis Wild petunia Ruellia strepens Smooth ruellia Rumex crispus* Curly dock Rumex verticillatus Swamp dock Sagiliaria latifolia Arrowhead Sagittaria longirostra Arrowhead SE Salix exigua Sandbar willow Salix nigra Black willow Salvia azurea Blue sage Salvia azurea var. pitcheri Bluesage SE Sambucus canadensis Elderberry Sanguinaria candensis Bloodroot Sanicula canadensis Canadian black snakeroot Sassafras albidum Sassafras Saururus cernuus Lizard's tail Schizachyrium scoparium Little bluestem Scirpus atrovirens Green bulrush Scirpus koilolepis Bulrush Scirpus vereculldus Bulrush SE Scleria triglomerata Nut rush Scutellaria lateriflora Mad-dog skullcap Scutellaria nervosa Veiny skullcap Scutellaria parvula Small skullcap Sedum pulchellum Widow's-cross Selaginella apoda Marsh clubmoss Senecio glabellus Butterweed Setaria glauca* Yellow foxtail Silene stellata Starry campion Silphium integrifolium Wholeleaf rosinweed Silphium perfoliatum Cup plant Silphium terebinthinaceum Prairie-dock Sisyrinchium albidum Blue-eyed grass Sium suave Water parsnip Smilacina racemosa False Solomon seal Smilax bona-nox ??Catbrier Smilax glauca Greenbrier Smilax hispida ??Bristly greenbrier Smilax rotundifolia ??Greenbrier Solidago caesia Woodland goldenrod Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod Solidagojuncea Early goldenrod Solidago nemoralis Gray goldenrod Solidago patula Rough-leaf goldenrod Solidago petiolaris Downy goldenrod Solidago rugosa Rough goldenrod Solidago ulmifolia Elm-leaved goldenrod Sorghastrum nutans Indian grass Sorghunlhalapense* Egyptian millet Sphenopholis nitida Shinin wedge grass Sphenopholis obtusata Prairie wedge grass Spigelia marilandica Indian pink 2-176 Appendix A continued Spirallthes vernalis Spring ladies' tresses SE Spirodela polyrhiza Big duckweed Spirodela pUllctata Duckweed Staphylea trifolia Bladdernut Stellallthium gramilleum Grass-leaved lily SE Stylophorum diphyllum Celandine poppy Stylosallthes biflora Pencil flower Styrax americana Storax ST Styrax gralldiflora Big leaf snowbell bush SE Taenidia illtegerrima Yellow pimpernel Talillum parviflorum Prairie fameflower Taxodium distichum Bald cypress Teucrium calladense Gray germander Thalia dealabata Powdery thalia SE Phegopteris ??Thelypteris hexagonoptera Broad beech fern Tephrosia virgillialla Goat's rue Tilia americalla American basswood Tilia heterophylla White basswood SE Toxicodendron radicalls Poison ivy Trachelospermum difforme Climbing dogbane Tradescalltia ohiellsis Spiderwort Tradescalltia subaspera Spiderwort Tradescalltia virgillialla Spiderwort Tragia cordata Tragia Tragopollgoll dubius* Sand goat's-beard Triadellum pe!foliatum ??????????? Triadenum tubulosum Marsh St. John's wort Triadenum walteri Marsh St. John's wort Trichostema brachiatum False pennyroyal Tridells flavus False red top Trifolium pratellse* Red clover Trillium recurvatum Red trillium Triodanis pe!foliata Venus' looking-glass Triosteum allgustifolium Yellow-flowered horse gentian Triphora trianthophora Nodding pagonia Ulmus alata Winged elm Ulmus americalla American elm Ulmus rubra Slippery elm Utricularia gibba Humped bladderwort Uvularia gralldiflora Yellow bellwort Vaccillium arboreum Farkleberry Vaccillium pallidum Low-bush blueberry Valeriana pauciflora Pink valerian Valeriallella radiata Corn salad Verbascunlthapsus* Wooly mullein Verbesina alternifolia Yellow ironweed Verbesilla heliallthoides Yellow crownbeard Vernollia missurica Missouri ironweed Viburnum prunifolium Blackhaw Viola missouriellsis Missouri violet Viola pratillcola Common blue violet Viola pubescells var. eriocarpa Smooth yellow violet Viola rafillesquiallum* Johnny-jump-up Viola sororia Wooly blue violet 2-177 Appendix A continued Viola striata Common white violet Viola triloba Cleft violet Vitis aestivalis Summergrape Vitis cinerea Wintergrape Vitis palmata Catbird grape Vitis riparia Riverbank grape Vulpia octoflora Six-weeks fescue Wolffia braziliensis Water meal Woodsia obtusa Common woodsia Zanthoxylum americanum Prickly ash Zizia aurea Golden Alexanders Terrestrial Wildlife Birds Podilymbus podiceps Pied-billed grebe ST Ixobrychus exilis Least bittern SE Nycticorax violaceus Yellow-crowned night heron ST Butorides virescens Green heron Egretta caerulea Little blue heron SE Bubulcus ibis Cattle egret Egretta thula Snowy egret SE Ardea herodias Great blue heron Casmerodius albus Great egret ST Branta canadensis Canada goose Anas platyrhynchos Mallard Anas discors Blue-winged teal Aixsponsa Wood duck Lophodytes cucullatus Hooded merganser Rallus elegans King rail ST Porphyrula martinica Purple gallinule Gallinula chloropus Common moorhen ST Himantopus mexicanus Black-necked stilt Actitis macularia Spotted sandpiper Scolopax minor American woodcock Sterna antillarum Least tern SE, FE Cathartes aura Turkey vulture Coragyps atratus Black vulture Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald eagle SE, FE Ictinia mississippiensis Mississippi kite SE Elanoides forficatus Americn swallow-tailed kite Ex Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned hawk SE A. cooperii Cooper's hawk SE Buteo lineatus Red-shouldered hawk SE B. platypterus Broad-winged hawk B. jamaicensis Red-tailed hawk Falco sparverius American kestrel Bonasa umbellus Ruffed grouse Ex? Colinus virginianus Northern bobwhite Meleagris gallopavo Wild turkey Columba livia Rock dove * Zenaida macroura Mourning dove Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed cuckoo Tyto alba Common barn owl SE Bubo virginianus Great horned owl 2-178 Appendix A continued Strix varia Barred owl Gtus asio Eastern screech owI Caprimulgus earolinensis Chuck-will's-widow C. voeiferans Whip-poor-will Chordeiles minor Common nighthawk Chaetura pelagiea Chimney swift Arehiloehus eolubris Ruby-throated hummingbird Ceryle aleyon Belted kingfisher Melanerpes earolinus Red-bellied woodpecker Colaptes auratus Northern flicker Melanerpes erythroeephalus Red-headed woodpecker Pieoides pubeseens Downy woodpecker P. villosus Hairy woodpecker Campephilus prineipalis Ivory-billed woodpecker Ex . Dryocopus pileatus Pileated woodpecker Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern kingbird Myiarehus erinitus Great crested flycatcher Contopus virens Eastern wood-pewee Sayornis phoebe Eastern phoebe Empidonax vireseens Acadian flycatcher E. traillii Willow flycatcher Eremophila alpestris Horned lark Taehyeineta bieolor Tree swallow Progne subis Purple martin Stelgidopteryx serripennis N. rough-winged swallow Hirundo rustiea Barn swallow Cyanocitta cristata Blue jay Corvus braehyrhynehus American crow C. ossifragus Fish crow Parus bieolor Tufted titmouse Parus carolinensis Carolina chickadee Certhia americana Brown creeper ST Sitta earolinensis White-breasted nuthatch Troglodytes aedon House wren Thryothrous ludovieianus Carolina wren Thryomanes bewiekii Bewick's wren SElEx Polioptila caerulea Blue-gray gnatcatcher Sialia sialis Eastern bluebird Hyloeiehla mustelina Wood thrush Turdus migratorius American robin Lanius ludovicianus Loggerhead shrike ST Dumetella earolinensis Gray catbird Toxostoma rufum Brown thrasher Mimus polyglottus Northern mockingbird Bombyeilla cedrorum Cedar waxwing Sturnus vulgaris European starling * Vireo griseus White-eyed vireo V. flavifrons Yellow-throated vireo V. bellii Bell's vireo V. olivaeeus Red-eyed vireo V. gilvus Warbling vireo Protonotaria citrina Prothonotary warbler Vermivora pinus Blue-winged warbler V. baehmanii Bachman's warbler Ex 2-179 Appendix A continued Parula americana Northern parula Mniotilta varia Black-and-white warbler Dendroica cerulea Cerulean warbler D. pensylvanica Chestnut-sided warbler D. dominica Yellow-throated warbler D. discolor Prairie warbler D. pinus Pine warbler D. petechia Yellow warbler Oporornis fonnosus Kentucky warbler Wilsonia citrina Hooded warbler Helmitheros vennivorus Worm-eating warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii Swainson's warbler SElEx Seiurus aurocapillus Ovenbird Seiurus motacilla Louisiana waterthrush Geothlypis trichas Common yellowthroat lcteria virens Yellow-breasted chat Setophaga ruticila American redstart Pheucticus ludovicianus Rose-breasted grosbeak Guiraca caerulea Blue grosbeak Cardinalis cardinalis Northern cardinal Passerina cyanea Indigo bunting Pipilo erythrocephalus Rufous-sided towhee Ammodramus savannarum Grasshopper sparrow A. henslowii Henslow's sparrow SE Pooecetes gramineus Vesper sparrow Melospiza melodia Song sparrow Aimophila aestivalis Bachman's sparrow SE Spizella pusilla Field sparrow S. passerina Chipping sparrow Spiza americana Dickcissel Sturnella magna Eastern meadowlark Agelalus phoeniceus Red-winged blackbird Molothrus ater Brown-headed cowbird Quiscalus quiscula Common grackle Icterus spurius Orchard oriole I. galbula Baltimore oriole Piranga olivacea Scarlet tanager P. rubra Summer tanager Passer domesticus House sparrow * Carduelis tristis American goldfinch Carpodacus mexicanus House finch Totals: 135 breeding species, 14 Illinois endangered, 7 Illinois threatened, 2 Federally endangered, 4 extinct, 2 possibly extinct, 3 exotics Mammals Didelphis virginiana Virginia opossum Sorex cinereus Masked shrew Sorex longirostris Southeastern shrew Blarina brevicauda Northern short-tailed shrew Blarina carolinensis Southern short-tailed shrew Cryptotis parva Least shrew 2-180 Appendix A continued Scalopus aquaticus Eastern mole Myotis lucifugus Little brown bat Myotis sodalis Indiana bat SE,FE Myotis austroriparius Southeastern myotis SE Myotis grisescens Gray myotis SE,FE Myotis septentrionalis Northern long-eared bat Lasionycteris noctivagans Silver-haired bat Pipistrellus subflavus Eastern pipistrelle Eptesicus juscus Big brown bat Lasiurus borealis Red bat Lasiurus cinereus Hoary bat Nycticeius humeralis Evening bat Plecotus rafinesquii Rafinesque's big-eared bat SE Sylvilagus floridanus Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus aquaticus Swamp rabbit Tamias striatus Eastern chipmunk Marmota monax Woodchuck Sciurus carolinensis Gray squirrel Sciurus niger Fox squirrel Glaucomys volans Southern flying squirrel Castor canadensis Beaver Oryzomys palustris Marsh rice rat ST Peromyscus maniculatus Deer mouse Peromyscus leucopus White-footed mouse Peromyscus gossypinus Cotton mouse Ex Ochrotomys nuttallii Golden mouse ST Neotoma floridana Eastern woodrat SE Microtus ochrogaster Prairie vole Microtus pinetorum Pine vole Ondatra zibethicus Muskrat Synaptomys cooperi Southern bog lemming Rattus norvegicus Norway rat * Mus musculus House mouse * Zapus hudsonius Meadow jumping mouse Canis latrans Coyote Vulpes vulpes Red fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus Gray fox Procyon lotor Raccoon Mustela jrenata Long-tailed weasel Mustela vison Mink Taxidea taxus Badger Mephitis mephitis Striped skunk Lutra canadensis River otter SE Felis rufus BobcatST Odocoileus virginianus White-tailed deer Totals: 51 species, 6 Illinois endangered, 3 Illinois threatened, 2 Federally endangered, 1 probably extirpated, 2 exotics 2-181 Appendix A continued Amphibians Ambystoma maculatun Spotted salamander Ambystoma opacum Marbled salamander Ambystoma talpoideum Mole salamander Ambystoma texanum Smallmouth salamander Ambystoma tigrinum Tiger salamander Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Hellbender SE Desmognathus fuscus Dusky salamander SE Eurycea cirrigera Two-lined salamander Eurycea longicauda Long-tailed salamander Eurycea lucifuga Cave salamander Plethodon dorsalis Zig-zag salamander Plethodon glutinosus Slimy salamander Necturus maculosus Mudpuppy Notophthalmus viridescens Eastern newt Siren intermedia Lesser siren Bufo americanus American toad Bufo woodhousii Woodhouse's toad Acris crepitans Cricket frog Hyla avivoca Bird-voiced treefrog Hyla cinerea Green treefrog Hyla versicolor!chrysocelis Gray treefrog Pseudacris crucifer Spring peeper Pseudacr~streckeri Illinois chorus frog ST Pseudacris feriarum Upland chorus frog Scaphiopus holbrookii Eastern spadefoot toad Rana areolata Crawfish frog Rana blairi Plains leopard frog Rana catesbeiana Bullfrog Rana clamitans Green frog Rana palustris Pickerel frog Rana sphenocephala Southern leopard frog Rana sylvatica Wood frog Reptiles Chelydra serpentina Snapping turtle Macroclemmys temminckii Alligator snapping turtle ST Terrapene carolina Eastern box turtle Chrysemys picta Painted turtle Trachemys scripta Slider Pseudemys concinna River cooter SE Graptemys geographica Map turtle Graptemys pseudogeographica False map turtle Stemotherus odoratus Common musk turtle Kinostemon subrubrum Eastern mud turtle Apalone mutica Smooth softshell WL Apalone spinifera Spiny softshell Sceloporus undulatus Fence lizard Crotaphytus collaris Collared lizard WL * Ophisaurus attenuatus Slender glass lizard Cnemidophorus sexlineatus Six-lined racerunner Eumeces fasciatus Five-lined skink Eumeces laticeps Broad-head skink 2-182 Appendix A continued Scincella latemle Ground skink Farancia abacura Mud snake Heterodon platirhinos Eastern hognose snake Opheodrys aestivus Rough green snake Coluber constrictor Racer Diadophis punetatus Ringneck snake Carphophis amoenus Worm snake Elaphe obsoleta Rat snake Lampropeltis triangulum Milk snake Lampropeltis getula Common kingsnake Lampropeltis calligaster Prairie kingsnake Virginia valeriae Smooth earth snake Thamnophis sirtalis Common garter snake Thamnophis sauritus Eastern ribbon snake SE Thamnophis proximus Western ribbon snake Storeria dekayi Brown snake Storeria occipitomaculata Red-bellied snake Nerodia sipedon Northern water snake Nerodia rhombifer Diamondback water snake Nerodia erythrogaster Plainbelly water snake WL/\ Nerodia cyclopion Green water snake ST Nerodia fasciata Broad-banded water snake SE Crotalus horridus Timber rattlesnake ST Agkistrodon contortrix Copperhead Agkistrodon piscivorous Cottonmouth * probably introduced /\ only the subspecies N. e. neglecta, the copperbelly water snake, is a Watch List species in Illinois Totals: 75 species (32 amphibians, 43 reptiles): 5 Illinois endangered (2 amphibians, 3 rep tiles), 4 Illinois threatened (l amphibian, 3 reptiles), 3 Illinois watch list (all reptiles), 1 probably introduced (reptile) Land Snails Hendersonia occulta Polygyra albolabris alleni Polygyra albolabris dentata Polygyra appressa Polygyra appressa appressa Polygyra clausa Polygyra elevata Polygyra fosteri Polygyra fraudulenta Polygyra inflecta Polygyra inflecta inflecta Polygyra leporina Polygyra monodon Polygyra multlineata Polygyra thyroidus Polygyra tridentata edentilabris Polygyra tridenta frisoni Polygyra zaleta Hawaiia minuscula 2-183 Appendix A continued Mesomphix cupreus Mesomphix friabilis Mesomphix perlaevis vulgatus Paravitrea capsella Retinella indentata Ventridens ligerus Zonitoides arboreus Anguispira alternata Anguispira kochi Discus patulus Heliocodiscus parallelus Haplotrema cancavum Gastrocopta armifera Gastrocopta procera Strobilops labyrinthica Succinea avara Deroceras gracile Pallifera fosteri Cave Biota Phagocata gracilis (Haldeman), TP. Allolobophora trapezoides (Duges), ED. Dendrobaena rubida (Savigny), ED, TP. Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister, ED. Bactrurus brachycaudus Hubricht and Mackin, TB. Crangonyxforbesi Hubricht and Mackin, TP. Crangonyx minor Bousfield, TP. Crangonyx packardi group, TB. Synurella dentata Hubricht, TP. Gammarus minus Say, TP. Gammarus troglophilus (Hubricht and Mackin), TP. Cambarus tenebrosus Hay, TP. Caecidotea brevicauda (Forbes), TP Caecidotea sp. 1, TB. Caecidotea sp. 2, TB. Ligidium elrodii elrodii (Packard), TX. Calymmaria cavicola (Banks), TP. Caras sp. Neoscona arabesca, Cicurina brevis (Emerton), Cicurina pallida Keyserling, Bathyphantes albiventris (Banks), TP. Bathyphantes pallida (Banks), Centromerus latidens (Emerton), Eperigone antraea (Crosby), TP. Eperigone maculata (Banks), Linyphia radiata [Neriene radiata] (Walckenaer), Phanetta subterranea (Emerton), TB. Scotinella redempta (Gertsch), Pardosa sp., AC. Pirata sp., AC. Dolomedes scriptus Hentz, TX. Dolomedes vittatus Walckenaer, TX. Dolomedes sp., TX. 2-184 Appendix A continued Meta ovalis [M. americana, M. menardi] (Gertsch), TP. Sabacon caricolens Cleidogona unita Causey, TP. Austrotyla specus (Loomis), TP. Tingupa pallida Loomis, TP. Pseudopolydesmus pinetorum (Bollman), TP. Atranus pubescens (DeJean), TP. Bembidion texanum Chaudoir, TP. Platynus tenuicollis (LeConte), TP. Orsodacne atm, Cryptophagus valens Casey, AC. Hister sp., AC. Batrisodes rossi Park, TP. Atheta sp. 1, TP. Emplenota lucifuga Casey, TP. Lesteva pallipes LeConte, TP. Philonthus sp., AC? Quedius erythrogaster Mannerheim, TP. Quedius fulgidus (Fabricius), TP. Pseudosinella aera, Sine/la avita Christiansen, TP. Sine/la (Sinella) cavemarum (Packard), TP. Hypogastrura (Ceratophysella) denticulata, TP. Folsomia candida Willem, TP. [sotoma (Isotoma) viridis Neanura muscorum Onychiurus (Protaphorura) reus, TP. Onychiurus (Protaphorura) subtenuis, TP. Onychiurus sp., TP. Arrhopalites pygmaeus Wankel, TP. Dicyrtoma (Ptenothrix) atra (Linnaeus), TX. Tomocerus (Pogonognathellus) bidentatus Folsom, TP. Tomocerus (Pogonognathellus) dubius. Tomocerus (Pogonognathellus) flavescens (Tullberg), TP. Tomocerus sp. Eumesocampa sp., TB. Anopheles punctipennis (Say), TX. Culex sp., TX. Aecothea specus (Aldrich), TX. Amoebaleria defessa (Osten Sacken), TX. Amoebaleria defessa Isackeni female, TX. Amoebaleria helvola, TX. Amoebaleria sackeni Garrett, TX. Heleomyza brachyptema (Loew), TX. Exechia sp. 6, TX. Macrocera nobilis Johnson, TB. Oifelia sp., TX. Megaselia cavemicola (Brues), TP. Megase/ia sp., TP. Undetermined genera and species, TP? Lycoriella sp., TX Leptocera caenosa (Rondani), TP. Leptocera sp., TB. Spelobia tenebrarum (Aldrich), TB. 2-185 Appendix A continued Dactylolabis (Dactylolabis) montana (Osten Sacken). Dolichopeza (Oropeza) obscura (Johnson). . Dolichopeza (Oropeza) tridenticulata Alexander. Erioptera (Psiloconopa) armillaris Osten Sacken Limonia (Dicranomyia) pudica (Osten Sacken). Limonia (Dicranomyia) sp. females. Microvelia americana, AC. Scoliopteryx libatrix (Linnaeus), TX. Ceuthophilus elegans Hubbell, TX. Ceuthophilus gracilipes (Haldeman), TX. Ceuthophilus williamsoni Hubbell, TX. Ceuthophilus sp., TX. Triodopsis fosteri Zonitoides arboreus., Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill), AC. Eurycea longicauda longicauda (Green), TXfTP Eurycea lucifuga Rafinesque, TP Eurycea sp. larva, TXfTP Plethodon glutinosis (Green), TP Cathartes aura (Linnaeus), TX Fishes Ichthyomyzon castaneus Chestnut lamprey Ichthyomyzon unicuspis Silver lamprey Lepisosteus oculatus Spotted gar Lepisosteus platostomus Shortnose gar Amia calva Bowfin Hiodon alosoides Goldeye Hiodon tergisus Mooneye Alosa chrysochloris Skipjack herring Dorosoma cepedianum Gizzard shad Dorosoma petenense Threadfin shad Campostoma anomalum Central stoneroller Cyprinella lutrensis Red shiner Cyprinella venusta Blacktail shiner Cyprinus carpio Common carp * Hybognathus hankinsoni Brassy minnow Hybognathus hayi Cypress minnow SE Hybognathus nuchalis Mississippi silvery minnow WL Luxilus chrysocephalus Striped shiner Lythrurus fumeus Ribbon shiner Lythrurus umbratilis Redfin shiner Macrhybopsis storeriana Silver chub Notemigonus crysoleucas Golden shiner Notropis atherinoides Emerald shiner Notropis blennius River shiner Notropis hoops Bigeye shiner SE Notropis buchanani Ghost shiner Notropis shumardi Silverband shiner Notropis volucellus Mimic shiner Opsopoeodus emiliae Pugnose minnow Phenacobius mirabilis Suckermouth minnow Pimephales notatus Bluntnose minnow Pimephales vigilax Bullhead minnow 2-186 Appendix A continued Semotilus atromaculatus Creek chub Carpiodes carpio Ri ver carpsucker Carpiodes cyprinus Quillback Catostomus commersoni White sucker Erimyzon oblongus Creek chubsucker Ictiobus bubalus Smallmouth buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus Bigmouth buffalo Ictiobus niger Black buffalo Moxostoma erythrurum Golden redhorse Ameiurus melas Black bullhead Ameiurus natalis Yellow bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus Brown bullhead Ictalurus punctatus Channel catfish Noturus gyrinus Tadpole madtom Noturus miurus Brindled madtom Noturus nocturnus Freckled madtom Pylodictis olivaris Flathead catfish Esox americanus Grass pickerel Umbra limi Central mudminnow Aphredoderus sayanus Pirate perch Fundulus notatus Blackstripe topminnow Fundulus olivaceus Blackspotted topminnow Gambusia affinis Mosquitofish Labidesthes sicculus Brook silverside Cottus carolinae Banded sculpin Morone chrysops White bass Elassoma zonatum Banded pygmy sunfish Centrarchus macropterus Flier Chaenobryttus gulosus Warmouth Lepomis cyanellus Green sunfish Lepomis gibbosus Pumpkinseed Lepomis humilis Orangespotted sunfish Lepomis macrochirus Bluegill Lepomis megalotis Longear sunfish Lepomis microlophus Redear sunfish Lepomis miniatus Redspotted sunfish ST Lepomis symmetricus Bantam sunfish 8T Micropterus punctulatus Spotted bass Micropterus salmoides Largemouth bass Pomoxis annularis White crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus Black crappie Etheostoma asprigene Mud darter Etheostoma chlorosomum Bluntnose darter Etheostoma flabellare Fantail darter Etheostoma gracile Slough darter Etheostoma kennicotti Stripetail darter Etheostoma proeliare Cypress darter Etheostoma spectabile Orangethroat darter Etheostoma squamiceps Spoltail darter Percina caprodes Logperch Percina maculata Blackside darter Percina phoxocephala SJenderhead darter Aplodinotus grunniens Freshwater drum Total number of species = 85, 2 Illinois endangered, 2 Illinois threatened, I Illinois watch list (84 native, 1 introduced). 2-187 Appendix A continued Mussels Cumberlandinae Cumberlandia monodonta Spectaclecase SE,FC Anodontinae Anodonta suborbiculata Flat floater Anodontoides ferussacianus Cylindrical papershell Arcidens confragosus Rock-pocketbook Lasmigona complanata White heelsplitter Pyganodon grandis Giant floater Strophitus undulatus Squawfoot Utterbackia imbecillis Paper pondshell Ambleminae Amblema plicata Threeridge Cyclonaias tuberculata Purple wartyback Elliptio crassidens Elephantear ST Elliptio dilatata SpikeST Fusconaia ebena Ebonyshell ST Fusconaia flava Wabash pigtoe Megalonaias nervosa Washboard Plethobasus cooperianus Orangefoot pimpleback SE,FE Plethobasus cyphyus Sheepnose SE Pleurobema cordatum Ohio pigtoe Pleurobema rubrum Pyramid pigtoe SE,FC Quadrula cylindrica Rabbitsfoot SE,FC Quadrula metanevra Monkeyface Quadrula nobilis Gulf mapleleaf Quadrula nodulata Wartyback Quadrula pustulosa Pimpleback Quadrula quadrula Mapleleaf Tritogonia verrucosa Pistolgrip Lampsilinae Actinonaias ligamentina Mucket Ellipsaria lineolata Butterfly ST Epioblasma torulosa Thbercled blossom FE,Ex Lampsilis abrupta Pink mucket SE,FE Lampsilis cardium Plain pocketbook Lampsilis ovata Pocketbook Lampsilis siliquoidea Fatmucket Lampsilis teres Yellow sandshell Leptodea jragilis Fragile papershell Ligumia recta Black sandshell Ligumia subrostrata Pondmussel Obliquaria reflexa Threehom wartyback Obovaria olivaria Hickorynut Obovaria retusa Ring pink FE potamilus alatus Pink heelsplitter Potamilus capax Fat pocketbook SE,FE Potamilus ohiensis Pink papershell Toxolasma parvus Lilliput Toxolasma texasiensis Texas lilliput Truncilla donaciformis Fawnsfoot Truncilla truncata Deertoe Dreissena polymorpha Zebra mussel * 2-188 Appendix A continued Corbicula fluminea Asian clam * Total number of species =49, 6 Illinois endangered, 4 Illinois threatened, 4 Federally en dangered, 3 Federal candidates (47 native, 2 introduced). Crustaceans Caecidotea beattyi Caecidotea brevicauda Caecidotea forbesi Caecidotea intermedia Caecidotea stygia Caecidotea whitei Lirceus sp. Bactrurus brachycaudus Crangonyxforbesi Crangonyx gracilis Crangonyx minor Crangonyx pseudogracilis Crangonyx richmondensis Synurella bifurca Synurella dentata Gammarus bousfieldi Bousfield's amphipod ST Gammarus minus Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Hyalella azteca Palaemonetes kadiakensis Mississippi grass shrimp Cambarellus puer Cambarellus shufeldtii Cajun dwarf crayfish Cambarus diogenes Devil crawfish Cambarus rusticiformis Cambarus tenebrosus Fallicambarus fodiens Orconectes illinoiensis Orconectes immunis Calico crayfish Orconectes lancifer Oxbow crayfish SE Orconectes placidus SE Orcollectes virilis Virile crayfish Procambarus acutus White river crayfish Procambarus clarkii Red swamp crayfish Procambarus viaeviridis Total number of species = 34, 2 Illinois endangered, I Illinois threatened. Aquatic Macroinvertebrates NEMATODA - Nematode Worms NEMATOMORPHA - Horsehair Worms Gordiidae Gordius sp. Paragordius sp. ECTOPROCTA (BRYOZOA) - Moss Animals Phylactolaemata Pectinatellidae Pectinatella magnifica Plumatellidae Hyalinella punctata Plumatella repens 2-189 Appendix A continued TURBELLARIA - Flatworms Tricladida Planariidae Dugesia tigrina Phagocata gracilis ANNELIDA - True Segmented Worms CLASS APHANONEURA Aeolosomatida Aeolosomatidae - Head-crawling, or Suction-feeding Worms Aeolosoma hemprichi Branchiobdellida Cambarincolidae - Crayfish Worms Genus Cambarincola spp. CLASS OLIGOCHAETA Lumbriculida Lumbriculidae - Aquatic Worms Lumbriculus variegatus Haplotaxidae - Aquatic Worms Haplotaxis gordioides Naididae - Aquatic Worms Amphichaeta leydigi Chaetogaster diaphanus Chaetogaster diastrophus Dero furcata Dero vaga Dero digitata Dero nivea Dero trifida Haemonais waldvogeli Nais communis Nais pardalis Nais simplex Nais variabilis Ophidonais serpentina Paranais frici Pristina leidyi Pristinella jenkinae Slavina appendiculata Stylaria lacustris Tubificidae - Aquatic Worms Aulodrilus pigueti Branchiura sowerbyi Ilyodrilus templetoni Limnodrilus cervix Limnodrilus claparedianus Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Limnodrilus maumeensis Limnodrilus profundicola Limnodrilus rubripenis Limnodrilus tortilipenis # Limnodrilus udekemianus Psammoryctides californianus Quistadrilus multisetosus Tasserkidrilus kessleri 2-190 Appendix A continued Tubifex tubifex Varichaetadri/us angustipenis Enchytraeidae - Aquatic Worms Barbidri/us paucisetus Lumbricidae - Aquatic Worms Eisenia foetida Eiseniella tetraedra CLASS HIRUDINEA - Leeches Rhynchobdellida Glossiphoniidae Actinobdella pediculata Helobdella fusca Helobdella stagnalis Helobdella triserialis Placobdella montifera Placobdella multilineata Placobdella ornata Placobdella parasitica Piscicolidae Myzobdella lugubris Piscicola punctata Piscicolaria reducta Gnathobdellida Hirudinidae Haemopis eonops Haemopis marmorata Haemopis terrestris Macrobdella decora Pharyngobdellida Erpobdellidae Erpobdella punctata punctata Mooreobdella microstoma CLASS INSECTA - Insects EPHEMEROPTERA - Mayflies Baetidae Baetis intercalaris Baetis pygmaeus Baetis propinquus Callibates fluctuans Cloeon rubropictum Caenidae Caenis forcipata Caenis hi/aris Caenis simulans Ephemerellidae Ephemerella dorothea Ephemeridae Hexagenia bilineata Hexagenia limbata Heptageniidae Heptagenia diabasia Pseudiron centralis Stenacron imerpunctatum Stenacroll pallidum 2-191 Appendix A continued Slenonema bipunclalum Slenonema canadense Stenonema minnelonka Stenonema Iripunclatum Leptophlebiidae Chlorolerpes basalis Siphlonuridae Siphlonurus allernalus ODONATA . Dragonflies and Damselflies Zygoptera - Damselflies Calopterygidae Calopleryx maculala Helaerina americana Coenagrionidae Argia apicalis Argia jumipennis violacea Argia moesla Argia sedula Argia tibialis Argia lranslala Enallagma aspersum Enallagma basidens Enallagma civile Enallagma divagans Enallagma exsulans Enallagma geminaium Enallagma signalum Enallagma Iravialum Enallagma vesperum Ischnura haslala Ischnura posila Ischnura ramburii Ischnura verlicalis Telebasis byersi Lestidae Archilesles grandis Lesles disjunclus Lesles eurinus Lesles jorcipalus Lesles inaequalis Lesles reclangularis Lesles unguiculalus Anisoptera - Dragonflies Aeshnidae Aeshna conslricla Aeshna mulala Aeshna umbrosa Anax Junius Anax longipes Basiaeschna janala Boyeria vinosa Epiaeschna heros Nasiaeschna penlacanlha 2-192 Appendix A continued Gomphidae Arigomphus lentulus Arigomphus maxwelli Arigomphus submedianus Dromogomphus spinosus Dromogomphus spoliatus Erpetogomphus designatus Gomphurus hybridus Gomphurus vastus Gomphus exilis Gomphus graslinellus Progomphus obscurus Stylurus amnicola Stylurus notatus Stylurus plagiatus Cordulegastridae Cordulegaster obliqua Corduliidae Epitheca coastalis Epitheca cynosura Epitheca princeps Neurocordulia molesta Neurocordulia xanthosoma Neurocordulia yamaskanensis Somatochlora linearis Somatochlora tenebrosa Macromiidae Didymops transversa Macromia il/inoensis Macromia taeniolata Libellulidae Celithemis elisa Celithemis eponina .Celithemis fasciata Dythemis fugax Dythemis velox Erythemis simplicicollis Libellula cyanea Libellula deplanata Libellula incesta Libellula luctuosa Libellula lydia Libellula pulchella Libel/ula vibrans Pachydiplax longipennis Pantala jlavescens Pantala hymenaea Perithemis tenera Sympetrum ambiguum Sympetrum corruptum Sympetrum internum Sympetrum rubicundulum Sympetrum vincinum Tramea carolina 2-193 Appendix A continued Tramea lacerata Tramea onusta Petaluridae Taehopteryx thoreyi PLECOPTERA . Stoneflies Capniidae Alloeapnia mystiea Alloeapnia riekeri Alloeapnia vivipara Chloroperlidae Alloperla eaudata Leuctridae Leuetra riekeri Zealeuetra claasseni Nemouridae Amphinemura delosa Amphinemura varshava Perlidae Aeroneuria abnormis Aeroneuria evoluta Aeroneuria frisoni Aeroneuria perplexa Attaneuria ruralis Perlesta decipiens Perlinella drymo Perlinella ephrye Perlodidae Clioperla clio Isoperla deeepta Isoperla longiseta Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx burksi HETEROPTERA . True Bugs Naucoridae - Creeping Water Bugs Peloeoris femoratus Gelastocoridae - Toad Bugs Gelastoeorus oeulatus oeulatus Nepidae - Water Scorpions Ranatra australis Ranatra buenoi Ranatra fusea Ranatra nigra Belostomatidae - Giant Water Bugs Belostomaflumineum Belostoma lutarium Let/weerus (Benaeus) griseus Lethoeerus uhleri Corixidae - Water Boatmen Cenoeorixa sp. Corisella edulis Hesperoeorixa lueida Hesperoeorixa nitida Hesperoeorixa obliqua Palmoeorixa buenoi 2-194 Appendix A continued Ramphoeorixu aeuminata Sigara alternata Sigara deeorata Sigara grossolineata Sigara hubbelli Sigara modesta Sigara virginiensis Triehocorixa calva Triehoeorixa kanza Triehoeorixa maeroeeps Triehoeorixa naias Triehoeorixa sexeinta Notonectidae - Backswimmers Buenoa margaritacea Buenoa seimitra Notoneeta indica Notonecta irrorata Notonecta raleighi Notonecta uhleri Notonecta undulata Hebridae - Velvet Water Bugs Hebrus sp. Merragata brunnea hebroides Dipsocoridae - Phantom Shore Bugs Cryptostemma sp. Mesoveliidae - Water Treaders Mesovelia mulsanti Mesovelia cryptophila Saldidae - Shore Bugs Microcantha sp. Salda sp. Hydrometridae - Marsh Treaders, or Water Measurers Hydrometra hungerfordi Hydrometra martini Gerridae - Pond Skaters Aquarius argenticollis Aquarius canalieulatus Aquarius marginatus Aquarius nebularis Aquarius remigis Limnoporus canalieulatus Rheumatobates palosi Trepobates pictus Veliidae - Little Water Striders Microvelia americana Microvelia pulehella Steinovelia stagnalis COLEOPTERA· Beetles Dryopidae Heliehus basalis Helichus fastigiatus Heliehus lithophilus Dytiscidae Acilius fraternus fratemus 2-195 Appendix A continued Bidessonotus pulicarius Celina angustata . Copelatus chevrolati Copelatus glyphicus Coptotomus interrogatus Coptotomus loticus Dytiscus fasciventris Hydaticus bimarginatus Hydroporus mellitus Hydroporus oppositus Hydroporus pulcher Hydrovatus indianensis Laccophilus fasciatus rufus Laccophilus maculosus maculosus Laccophilus proximus Liodessus flavicollis Matus bicarinatus Matus ovatus Thermonectes ornaticollis Uvarus lacustris Elmidae Dubiraphia quadrinotata Dubiraphia vittata Gyrinidae Dineutus ciliatus Gyrinus analis Gyrinus piceolus Haliplidae Peltodytes dunavani Peltodytes duodecimpunctatus Peltodytes edentulus Peltodytes lengi Peltodytes litoralis Peltadytes muticus Peltadytes pedunculatus Peltadytes sexmaculatus Haliplus fasciatus Haliplus triopsis Scintidae Cyphan sp. Heteroceridae Heterocerus sp. Hydrophilidae Anacaena limbata Berosus aculeatus Berosus exiguus Berasus fraternus Berosus infuscatus Berosus pantherinus Berosus peregrinus Berosus pugnax Berosus striatus Chaetarthria atra Crenitis langulus 2-196 Appendix A continued Cymbiodyta beckeri picta Cymbiodyta blwichardi Cymbiodyta toddi Cymbiodyta vindicata Dibolocelus ovatus Enochrus cinctus Enochrus eonsortus Enochrus ochraceus Enochrus pygmaeus nebulosus Heloehares maculicollis Hydrochara obtusata Hydrochus pseudosquamifer Hydrophilus triangularis Laeeobius agilis Paraeymus confluens Paracymus confusus Paraeymus subcupreus Tropisternus blatehleyi blatchleyi Tropisternus blatchleyi modestus Topisternus eollaris mexieanus Tropisternus eollaris striolatus Tripisternus lateralis nimbatus Tropisternus mixtus Tropisternus natator Hydraenidae Hydraena pennsylvaniea Noteridae Hydroeanthus irieolor Suphisellus bieolor Suphisellus puneticollis MEGALOPTERA - Alderflies and Dobsonflies . Sialidae - Alderflies Sialis americana Sialis mohri Corydalidae - Dobsonflies Chauliodes peetinieornis Chauliodes rastrieornus Corydalus eornutus Nigronia serroeornis AQUATIC AND SEMIAQUATIC NEUROPTERA Sisyridae Climaeea areolaris Sisyra viearia TRICHOPTERA - Caddisflies Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyehe analis Cheumatopsyehe eampyla Dipleetrona modesta Hydropsyehe bidens Hydropsyehe ineommoda Hydropsyehe orris Hydropsyehe simulans Potamyia flava 2-197 Appendix A continued Hydroptilidae Hydroptila grandiosa Hydroptila hamata Hydroptila spatulata Leptoceridae Athripsodes tarsi-punctatus Athripsodes transversus Leptocella candida Oecetis inconspicua Philopotamidae Chimarraferia Chimarra obscura Wormaldia shawnee Polycentropidae Neureclipsis crepuscularis Psychomyiidae Polycentropus cinereus Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila fenestra DIPTERA - Flies Tipulidae Tipula sp. Hexatoma sp. Chaoboridae Chaoborus punctipennis Culicidae Aedes canadensis Aedes sollicitans Aedes sticticus Aedes vexans Anopheles punctipennis Anopheles quadrimaculatus Culex erraticus Culex peccator Culex pipiens Culex quinquefasciatus Culex restuans Culex salinarius Culex territans Culiseta inornata Psorophora ciliata Psorophora confinnis Psorophora cyanescens Psorophora ferox Ceratopogonidae Ceratopogon levis Palpomyia complex Simuliidae Simulium spp. Chironomidae Chironominae Chironomus attenuatus Chironomus riparius Chirollomus stigmaterus 2-198 Appendix A continued Cryptochironomus fulvus complex Dicrotendipes nervosus Dicrotendipes modestus Endochironomus nigricans Glyptotendipes (Phytotendipes) lobiferus Micropsectra sp. Paralauterbomiella sp. Paratendipes albimanus Phaenopsectra (Tribelos) jucundus Polypedilum illinoense Polypedilum scalaenum Pseudochironomus richardsoni Tanytarsus sp. Trissocladius sp. Xenochironomus festivus Orthocladiinae Cricotopus bicinctus Nilothauma sp. Tanypodinae Ablabesmyia (Ablabesmyia) annulata Coelotanypus scapularis Conchapelopia (Conchapelopia) rurika Larsia decolorata Natarsia baltimoreus Procladius (Psilotanypus) bel/us Procladius (Procladius) sublettei Psectrotanypus (Psectrotanypus) dyari Tanypus (Apelopia) neopunctipennis Tanypus (Tanypus) stellatus Thienemannimyia sp. Tabanidae Chrysops callidus Chrysops celatus + Chrysops dimmocki Chrysops flavidus Chrysops montanus Chrysops niger Chrysops pikei . Chrysops reicherti Chrysops sequax Chrysops upsilon Chrysops vittatus Hamatabanus carolinensis Neochrysops globosus + Tabanus abdominalis Tabanus americanus Tabanus atmtus atratus Tabanus calens Tabanus cymatophorus Tabanus equalis Tabanus fulvulus Tabanus limbatinevris Tabanus lineola Tabanus molestus molestus 2-199 ------ Appendix A continued Tabanus mularis Tabanus pallidescens Tabanus petiolatus + Tabanus proximus Tabanus quinquevittaius Tabanus sackeni Tabanus similis Tabanus sparus sparus Tabanus sublongus Tabanus subsimilis Tabanus sulcifrons Tabanus trimaculatus Tabanus turbidus 2-200 Table 1. Censuses conducted on and descriptions of 25 study siles in the Cache River Bioreserve in 1993-1994. Census "'I "Ei :51 No. No. Area Widtha Code Study Site Year Points Replicates (ha) (m) Habitat Type WSb Wildcat Swamp 1993 , 1994 28 , 28 5 , 4 2500 3000 Cache Bottomalnd Forest 1993 , 1994 16 , 16 3 , 3 Swamp/Upland Forest CNb Upper Cache 1993 , 27 , 1 , 2500 1800 Cache Bottomland Forest FTb Forman Tract 1993 , 1994 27 27 4 . 3 2500 1990 Cache Bottomland Forest BIb Boss Island 1993 . 23 • I , 2500 3000 Wooded and Open Swamp -0 S8 Section Eight 1993 , 1994 20, 23 1 , 1 700 lOOO Swamp Forest C'l, C'l Sl1 Section Eleven 1993 1994 30 . 24 3 , 3 550 1270 Bottomland Forest MT Main Tract 1993 , 1994 28 , 24 3 , 3 140 590 Swamp/BottomlandIFlatwoods KS Karnak Swamp 1993 , 1994 25 , 20 I , I 80 770 SwamplBottomland AB Adds Branch Corridor 1993 , 1994 23 , 23 1 , 1 60 400 Younger Bottomland Forest HW Hogue Woods 1993 , 1994 20 , 20 3 , 4 65 700 Bottomland Forest KT Kessler Tract 1993 1994 9 . 9 2 3 22 300 Bottomland Forest CB Cypress Branch Corridor 1993 . 9 . 1 15 lOO Disturbed, Narrow Bottomland LSc Limekiln Slough 1993 , 1994 22 , 21 1 , I 200 Narrow, disturbed Swamp EW Horseshoe Island Tract 1993 . 1994 23 , 23 1 , I 70 300 SwamplBottomland Forest Table I. Page 2. BW Bellrose West of I-57 1993 , 15 , 1 , 85 400 YounglDisturbed Forest GTI Green Tree Unit One 1993 , 6 , I , 8 70 YounglDisturbed Forest GT4 Green Tree Unit Four 1993 , 12 , I , 17 150 Young/Disturbed Forest EIW Eichhorst Tract 1993 , 4, I , 16 150 Two Swamp Woodlots (8 hal UW Ullin Fragments 1993 , 8 , I , 20 200 Four Bottomland Woodlots (5 hal tv, RW Roth Woodlots 1993 , 1994 10 , 8 I , I 30 140 Six Bottomland Woodlots (5 ha) tv 0 tv BSc Buttonland Swamp 1993 , 1994 18 , 18 1 , 1 500 Open and Wooded Swamp LCNc Lower Cache North 1993 , 1994 14 , 15 1 , 1 600 Narrow Swamp Corridor LCSc Lower Cache South 1993 , 1994 17, 17 1 , 1 300 Narrow Swamp Corridor ML MermetLake 1993 , 18 , 1 , 400 2000 Swamp Forest MTE Main Tract East , 1994 , 6 , 2 40 190 Bottomland/Swamp Forest a Average width of the tract of forest. b These four sites are subsections within the larger Little Black SloughlHeron Pond area. c These four sites are long narrow riparian corridors where a specific value for area could not be applied. Table 2. Values from regression analyses where abundances of individual species were compared to forest area for 21 study sites in the Cache River Bioreserve in southern Illinois, 1993-1994. Species Slope Y intercept P Yellow-billed Cuckoo -0.43 4.96 0.015 0.591 Ruby-throated Hummingbird 0.40 2.07 0.038 0.395 Pileated Woodpecker 0.29 0.34 0.105 0.151 Great Crested Flycatcher 0.89 0.88 0.313 0.008 Eastern Wood-pewee 0.89 5.59 0.069 0.249 Acadian Flycatcher 5.06 4.62 .0315 0.008 Blue Jay 0.21 0.84 0.030 0.453 American Crow -0.06 0.96 0.005 0.766 Fish Crow 0.10 0.19 0.032 0.438 Carolina Wren -1.47 9.22 0.115 0.132 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 1.l5 6.28 0.063 0.274 Wood Thrush 0.87 -0.12 0.159 0.073 Yellow-throated Vireo 0.18 1.47 0.011 0.646 Red-eyed Vireo 1.38 -0.70 0.266 0.017 Prothonotary Warbler 1.13 2.57 0.063 0.274 Northern Parula 2.20 -2.10 0.359 0.004 Yellow-throated Warbler 0.23 -0.04 0.114 0.135 Kentucky Warbler 1.l2 -0.87 0.323 0.007 Common Yellowthroat -3.49 11.69 0.388 0.003 Northern Cardinal -4.27 22.15 0.380 0.003 Indigo Bunting -6.29 23.66 0.491 0.001 Song Sparrow -1.45 4.47 0.274 0.015 Red-winged Blackbird -0.27 2.89 0.002 0.851 Brown-headed Cowbird (Female) -0.91 5.27 0.086 0.197 Brown-headed Cowbird (Female+Male) -0.89 9.20 0.032 0.441 Common Grackle -0.41 9.49 0.002 0.852 2-203 Table 3. Values from regression analyses where abundances of individual species were compared to forest width for 2S study sites in the Cache River Bioreserve in southern Illinois, 1993-1994. Species Slope Y intercept P Yellow-billed Cuckoo cO.80 6.06 0.020 0.495 Ruby-throated Hummingbird 0.52 1.61 0.024 0.461 Pileated Woodpecker 0.36 -0.07 0.063 0.225 Great Crested Flycatcher· 1.44 -1.06 0.300 0.005 Eastern Wood-pewee 1.13 4.61 0.037 0.356 Acadian Flycatcher 8.50 -7.95 0.329 0.003 Blue Jay 0.37 0.31 0.030 0.408 American Crow -0.21 1.33 0.021 0.485 Fish Crow 0.19 -0.09 0.040 0.362 Carolina Wren -2.79 13.50 0.153 0.053 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 1.55 4.99 0.033 0.387 Wood Thrush 1.48 -2.21 0.141 0.065 Yellow-throated Vireo -0.03 1.86 0.000 0.965 Red-eyed Vireo 1.97 -3.09 0.212 0.021 Prothonotary Warbler 1.61 1.29 0.035 0.371 Northern Parula 3.10 -5.89 0.276 0.007 Yellow-throated Warbler 0.47 -0.55 0.024 0.458 Kentucky Warbler 1.81 -3.54 0.308 0.004 Common Yellowthroat -5.66 19.23 0.369 0.001 Northern Cardinal -5.79 29.15 0.261 0.009 Indigo Bunting -9.41 36.01 0.393 0.001 Song Sparrow -2.33 7.76 0.248 0.011 Red-winged Blackbird -.062 5.26 0.002 0.837 Brown-headed Cowbird (Female) -2.92 11.56 0.333 0.003 Brown-headed Cowbird (Female+Male) -2.09 12.95 0.068 0.208 Common Grackle -0.85 10.98 0.003 0.794 2-204 Table 4. Parasitism frequency and intensity for all forest species at all sites in the Cache River Bioreserve, 1993-1994. Cowbird Eggs/ Species % Nest Parasitized (n) Parasitized Nest Acadian Flycatcher 37 (350) 1.1 E. Wood-Pewee 0 (4) Wood Thrush 90 (178) 2.3 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 0 (6) Carolina Wren 17 (6) 1.0 White-eyed Vireo 68 (34) 1.2 Yellow-throated Vireo1 100 (3) 2.0 Red-eyed Vireo1 67 (6) 2.5 Prothonotary Warbler2 40 (82) 1.8 Worm-eating Warbler 100 (1) 1.0 Louisiana Waterthrush 30 (10) 2.5 Kentucky Warbler 43 (63) 1.8 Northern Cardinal 21 (183) 1.0 Indigo Bunting 57 (183) 1.3 Rufous-sided Towhee 40 (5) 1.0 Scarlet Tanager1 100 (1 ) 3.0 Summer Tanager1 83 (7) 2.0 1 Includes data from 1995 to increase sample sizes. 2 Natural cavity nests only. 2-205 Table 5. Parasitism frequencies of species in early successional (old field) habitats, 1993-1995. Species % Nests Parasitized (n) Yellow-billed Cuckoo 0 (16) Mourning Dove 0 (6) Willow Flycatcher 0 (1) Brown Thrasher 0 (6) Gray Catbird 0 (4) American Robin 0 (3 ) Prairie Warbler 14 (7) Yellow Warbler 0 (1 ) Yellowthroat 69 (16) Yellow-breasted Chat 75 (20) Northern Cardinal 1 21 (34) Indigo Bunting 1 68 ( 19) Dickcissel 0 (25) Field Sparrow 15 (39) Song Sparrow 56 (9) Red-winged Blackbird 0 (83) 1 Not including nests located in forest habitats. 2-206 Table 6. Levels of parasitism for birds in the Cache River Bioreserve (sites arranged in order of decreasing tract size). Forest Sites % Parasitism (No. Nests Found) Wildcat Forman Section Hogue Main Kessler Limekiln Species Year Swamp Tract 11 Woods Tract Tract Slough Acadian flycatcher 1993 25 (53) 65 (20) 86 (14) 42 (19) 48 (27) 50 (6) 1994 26 (70) 46 (26) 75 (8) 20 (20) 40 (20) 39 (18) 1995 23 (26) 25 (16) 50 (22) Total 25 (149) 54 (46) 82 (22) 29 (55) 45 (47) 46 (46) Wood Thrush 0;' IV, 0' IV 1993 65 (17) 93 (27) 100 (4) 87 (15) 100 (8) ;:; 0 -..l ~ 1994 91 (35) 100 (38) 100 (4) 91 (21) 100 (4) 50 (4) 1995 83 (23) 89 (28) 80 (10) Total 83 (23) 97 (65) 100 (8) 89 (64) 100 (12) 71 (14) Prothonotary Warbler 1993 15 (20) 0 (I) 43 (7) 75 (4) 1994 44 (18) 50 (2) 39 (13) 63 (8) Total 29 (38) 33 (3) 40 (20) 67 (12) Kentucky Warbler 1993 50 (8) 30 (10) 0 (1) 100 (2) 100 (2) 0 (I) 1994 29 (31) 50 (6) 33 (6) 100 (2) 0 (4) 1995 40 (10) 0 (4) Total 35 (49) 38 (16) 0 (I) 50 (8) 100 (4) 0 (9) -1 Table 6. Page 2. Northern Cardinal 1993 17 (12) 36 (14) 0 (2) 19 (16) 17 (6) 10 (10) 13 (8) 1994 II (18) 39 (13) 33 (3) 31 (13) 27 (II) 16 (25) 1995 36 ( II) 25 (16) 22 (18) Total 20 (41 ) 37 (27) 20 (5) 24 (45) 24 (17) 17 (53) 13 (8) Indigo Bunting N, N 1993 78 (9) 64 (11) 71 (7) 33 (3) 60 (15) 39 (13) 70 (10) 0 00 1994 52 (23) 67 (6) 90 (10) 53 (17) 47 (32) 1995 80 (5) 33 (21) Total 62 (37) 65 (17) 71 (7) 77 (13) 56 (32) 41 (66) 70 (10) White-eyed Vireo 1993 38 (8) 100 (I) 100 (2) 1994 85 (13) 1995 60 (5) Total 65 (26) 100 (I) 100 (2) Table 7. Effects of agricultural edges on nest parasitism levels and nest predation rates ofAcadian Flycatchers in all sites and all years. Distance to All Nests agricultural edge (m) % Parasitized (n) % Daily Pred. ± SO (n) 0-5 80 (5) 5.7 ± 2.8 (4) 6-50 39 (54) 5.7 ± 0.9 (38) 51-100 36 (92) 4.7 ± 0.6 (58) 101-200 Z7 (79) 3.4 ± 0.5 (40) >200 33 (236) 3.5 ± 0.3 (120) • Table 8. Trend analysis of agricultural edges in relation to predation of Acadian Flycatcher nests. All sites combined. ~ Site Parasitism Predation Main Tract Neg. Pos.lNone Hogue Woods None Neg. Kessler Tract None Neg. Forman Tract None Neg. Section II Neg. None/Pos. Wildcat Swamp None Neg. Add's Branch None Neg.INone Karnak Swamp None Neg. Main Tract East None Neg.lNone Roth Woodlots None None 2-209 Table 9. Effects of roads and railroads on nest parasitism levels and nest predation rates of Acadian Flycatchers in all sites and all years. Distance to road (m) % Parasitized (n) % Daily Pred. ± SD (n) 0-5 6-50 50 (4) 10.3+5.7 (4) 51-100 44 (16) 4.4 + 1.4 (16) 101-200 52 (23) 4.6+1.1 (23) >200 50 (74) 2.7 + 0.5 (74) Table 10. Predation rates and parasitism levels ofAcadian Flycatcher nests versus distances to roads and railroad rights-of-way within sites. % Parasitism (n) % daily Predation + SD Distance to edge MT FT MT FT 0-5 6-50 100 (1) 7.0 ± 6.7 51-100 0 (3) 83 (6) 4.4±3.1 8.1 ± 3.5 101-200 52 (23) 60(10) 4.6 ± 1.1 4.0 ± 1.5 >200 47 (23) 52 (27) 4.4 ± 1.1 1.4 ± 0.6 Stats ns ns ns ** 2-210 Table 11. Effects of rivers and lake edges on nest parasitism levels and nest predation rates of Acadian Flycatchers in all sites and all years. Distance to water (m) % Parasitized (n) % Daily Predation ± 50 (n) 0-5 31 (91) 2.4 + 0.4 6-50 36 (58) 2.7 + 0.6 51-100 38 (44) 5.0 + 0.9 101-200 24 (45) 4.4 + 0.8 >200 51 (29) 2.8 + 0.7 Table 12. Predation rates of Acadian Flycatcher nests versus distances to water edges within sites. % Daily predation + 50 Distance to edge KT FT 5-11 W5 0-5 1.2 + 1.2 2.2 + 1.0 0 2.0 + 0.5 6-50 5.1 + 2.5 2.8 + 2.0 2.4 + 0.6 51-100 40.0 + 22 3.8 + 1.5 8.7 + 8.3 5.1 +1.1 101-200 9.1 +5.0 2.5 + 1.2 7.7 + 7.4 4.6 + 1.0 >200 4.2 + 2.1 2.7 + 1.9 2.4 + 1.1 2.4 + 1.4 2-211 Table 13. Overall predation rates for forest birds in tbe Cache River wetlands, 1993-1995. Data uses Mayfield estimator. Species % Nests Depredated (Exposure Days) Yellow-billed Cuckoo 67 (184) Ruby-throated Hummingbird 47 (35) Acadian Flycatcher1 63 (5506) E. Wood-Pewee 0 (39) Wood Thrush 59 (3302) Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 47 (139) Eastern Phoebe 0 (29) Carolina Wren 74 (98) White-eyed Vireo 48 (408) Yellow-throated Vireo 0 (9) Red-eyed Vireo 89 (34) Prothonotary Warbler2 54 (1007) Louisiana Waterthrush 29 (143) Kentucky Warbler 64 (870) Northern Cardinal 78 (2104) Indigo Bunting 75 (1941) Rufous-sided Towhee 67 (51) Summer Tanager 62 (75) 1 1993 and 1994 only. 2 Natural cavity nests only. 2-212