Opportunities of Shifting Jhum and Constraints of Practicing Social Forestry in Khagrachhari District of Bangladesh

136 International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 5, Issue 12, December-2016 ISSN 2278-7763

Authors:

1. A.T.M. ZINNATUL BASSAR (Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, Bangladesh)

2. SHAKIL AHMED (Khulna University, Bangladesh)

3. MD. AHOSHAN HABIB (Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, Bangladesh)IJoART

Abstract defined as “People oriented forestry”. To use a more modern phrase, Social Forestry may be called “people friendly forestry”. The main purpose of the study was to identify the status of jhum Because of it’s defined focus on people Social Forestry is cultivation along with the constraints of practicing social sometimes simply described as “forestry for the people & by the forestry in Khagrachhari district of Bangladesh. Data were people” (Huq and Alim, 1995). Most shifting cultivators in collected by multistage random sampling from 180 jhum Chittagong Hill Tract experience food shortages varying from cultivators of Diginala, Khagrachhari sadar, Mahalchhari, three to six months per year, and they depend on forest products Matiranga and Panchhari upazilla of Khagrachhari District for a to fulfill their subsistence requirements (DANIDA, 2000; Sutter, period of 12 months from January 2015 to December 2016. 2000). Likewise, the income from shifting cultivation also About 90% respondents have 5 acres land of which 4.5-4.59 declines (Huq, 2000). Thus, shifting cultivation is no longer a acres are used for jhum cultivation and 0.41-0.5 acre is used as suitable land use from both the environmental and economic homestead. All of the respondents show multi-response among perspectives, and there is need to replace such land use the 200 respondents, the majority of the respondents (about gradually with alternative locally suitable land-use systems 93%) have continued jhum farming partly due to historical (Knudsen & Khan, 2002). Day by day population pressure is reasons and partly (90%) due to poverty-related reasons. Only increasing in the hilly area of Bangladesh and due to land 14% jhum cultivators support jhum cultivation because of scarcity the local people can’t shift to another place. Jhum scarcity of land and labor whereas 53% have no idea about other cultivation is now practicing on permanent area in the cases soil types of cultivation techniques. The main constraints of has losing its fertility and jhum cultivators can’t getting enough practicing social forestry were local politics, scarcity of land, cash crops as a result it having difficult to livelihood for jhum population pressure, traditional beliefs, conflict between tribal cultivator only by jhum cultivation. With the rapid growth in people and forest department, conflicts between Chittagong Hill population, the fallow period has been reduced to 3-4 years, Tracts Regional council and Forest Department. Permanent allowing very little time for soil regeneration. The decrease in jhum cultivation leads to soil infertility and makes the livelihood fallow period has led to the deterioration of faunal and microbial pattern difficult for the cultivators. About 67% respondents are organisms, top soil loss, and land degradation due to slashing willing to set up social forestryIJoART on their hill but the technology is and burning during the period of heavy rainfall. Hill farmers unknown to them. Majority of the respondents suggested the therefore face a bleak future with jhum cultivation. So in this solution of the constraints were as convenience local leader, present situation the jhum cultivators might be adopt to social used fallow land, create awareness about the benefit of social forestry program as an alternative source of income for forestry, coordination among tribal people, Forest Department, livelihood as well as to increase forest cover in the Chittagong political leader and Chittagong Hill Tracts. Hill Tract of Bangladesh. In some areas of Banderban and Rangamati district, alternative land uses such as agroforestry, Key Words: constraints, jhum cultivation, social forestry. tree farming, and horticulture are practiced and livestock are integrated to farming system, but in Khagrachhari district Introduction subsistence based traditional shifting cultivation is still predominant which is considered detrimental to environment Social forestry being a resource system and is basically an and economy. Shifting cultivation associated incendiary fires interaction of three interdependent elements-land, people & have destroyed almost all the climax vegetation in the area technology in a particular space & time. Social Forestry is (Brammer, 1986; Khan & Khisha, 1970). As a result, 37% of the forestry for helping the poor. It involves tree planting and total forest of Chittagong Hill Tract has been destroyed over management, at the farm, village or community level, by or for time (Farid & Hossain, 1988). Declining forest cover and small farmers and the landless. Social forestry can be broadly inappropriate land use have led to severe soil erosion Copyright © 2016 SciResPub. IJOART 138 International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 5, Issue 12, December-2016 ISSN 2278-7763

(Shoaib,et,al 1998). Each year, the eroded soil from all the jhum agroforestry, tree farming, and horticulture are practiced and fields in Chittagong Hill Tract carries out about 4309 tons of livestock are integrated to farming system, but in other areas nitrogen along with other nutrients (Gafur, 2001). Deforestation subsistence based traditional shifting cultivation is still and soil erosion have adversely affected soil quality of forest predominant. Question, therefore, arises as to why in some areas lands in Bangladesh ( Shoaib et al., 1998). It is estimated that farmers are practicing sustainable land use practices and in other about 1 million ha of land has been degraded due to shifting areas farmers still adhered to traditional extensive land use cultivation (Sfeir-Younis & Dragun, 1993). Most shifting practices, which is considered detrimental to environment and cultivators in Chittagong Hill Tract experience food shortages economy. The factors that led farmers to use land extensively varying from three to six months per year, and they depend on rather than intensively are not still fully understood (Brady, forest products to fulfill their subsistence requirements 1996; Pagiola & Holden, 2001). Deforestation and repeated use (DANIDA, 2000; Sutter, 2000). Likewise, the income from of the hill slopes in quick succession threatens the shifting cultivation also declines (Huq, 2000). Thus, shifting sustainability of crop production. The seriousness of the cultivation is no longer a suitable land use from both the problem of hill agriculture needs to be better understood through environmental and economic perspectives, and there is need to in- depth studies to identify the constraints of introducing social replace such land use gradually with alternative locally suitable forestry in Khagrachhari district. land-use systems (Knudsen & Khan, 2002).Shifting cultivation has also been gradually changing into intensive types of land use The study was conducted to know about the status of jhum in different parts of African countries such as Kenya, Nigeria, cultivation in Khagrachhari District, to identify the opportunity Rwanda and Tanzania (Cleaver & Schreiber, 1994; Tiffen & of social forestry in Khagrachhari District and to determine the Martimore, 1994). Shifting cultivation has gradually been constraints of practicing social forestry in Khagrachhari District. replaced by more intensive forms of land use in Asia and elsewhere (Rasul & Thapa, 2003). For instance, in the Methodology mountains of Nepal shifting cultivation had been completely replaced by intensive sedentary agriculture by the end of the Selection of the study area: The study was conducted in 19th century. Such land useIJoART has been gradually replaced by Khagrachari district of Bangladesh through one month from agroforestry and tree based land uses in Nagaland, India December 2015 to January, 2016. An exploratory survey was (Faminow et al., 2001). In the mountains of northern Thailand conducted in Khagrachari district to explore information and peninsular Malaysia, and on the islands of Java and Bali in regarding the Demographic profile of jhum cultivators, annual Indonesia, shifting cultivation has been largely replaced by income of jhumia families, reason of jhum cultivation, problems sedentary commercial agriculture over the last few decades of jhum cultivation faced by jhum cultivator, jhum cultivator (Rasul & Thapa, 2003; Suraswadi et al., 2000; Turkelboom, knowledge about social forestry, jhum cultivators response to Van, Ongprasert, Sutigoolabud, & Pelletier, 1996). Shifting the adoption of Social Forestry, suggestion to rectify about the cultivation has also been gradually changing into intensive types problem of jhum cultivator. of land use in different parts of African countries such as Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda and Tanzania (Cleaver & Schreiber, 1994; Sampling technique: During the study a multistage sampling Tiffen & Martimore, 1994). In Chittagong Hill Tract, efforts technique was adopted. Khagrachhari district was selected were made to control shifting cultivation and promote purposively as the study area. Khagrachhari district was famous alternative land-use systems since 1860. However, it still for jhum cultivation but my selection main purpose was other remains the dominant land use in the region (ADB, 2001; hilly area jhum cultivation practice with social forestry but in DANIDA, 2000), though its nature varies from one area to Khagrachari district social forestry has not been practicing. another. In some areas, alternative land uses such as Copyright © 2016 SciResPub. IJOART 139 International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 5, Issue 12, December-2016 ISSN 2278-7763

Figure 1: Study area map using Arc GIS 10.1

collected by conducting a survey work with a semi structured Khagrachari district constitutes eight upazillas e.g. Dighinala, questionnaire. For this reason, interviewers were selected Khagrachhari sadar, Lakshmichhari, Mahalchhari, Manikchhari, IJoARTpurposely. It is also done by physical visit to the jhum Matiranga, Panchhari and Ramgarh. In Khagrachari district cultivation site and then interviewing the respondent. In it people have been traditionally practicing jhum cultivation. informal discussions with the participants and villagers of the Khagrachari district was selected as the primary sampling unit, target areas also included. The secondary sources of data five upazillas namely Diginala, Khagrachhari sadar, including books, journals, various publications of government, ,Mahalchhari, Matiranga, Panchhari were randomly selected as institutions, and other organizations, articles of local and second sampling units, fifteen Mouza were the third sampling national newspapers and other research papers on same or units (one village from each Mouza)which were selected similar issues have been used for data collection. The data randomly. obtained from interview schedule was coded and tabulated in a data sheet. All personal traits were categorized and arranged in Data collection and analysis: From every upazilla 18 simple tables for descriptions. Then the frequency and respondents were selelected purposively from three villages. In percentage of the respondents in different categories were total 90 respondents were selected for the survey. A detailed calculated. socio economic survey was then conducted to assess educational status, land status, occupation and income. Except the 90 respondent the DFO from Forest division of Khagrachhari district was informally interviewed. The primary data has been

Results and Discussion

Table-1 Socio-economic characteristics of the respondent Socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents: It is evident from the result of the study that age of the respondents was markedly varied (Table-1). It was found that the highest numbers of the respondents (58%) were middle aged followed Character Categories Perc by the young aged (39%) and only 3% respondents were old s enta aged. It is evident that middle aged of the people are involved in ge jhum cultivation. The majority of the respondents (44%) were Age(Year <30 (young aged) 39 livelihood only by jhum cultivation followed by jhum ) 30-50 (middle aged) 58 >50 (old aged) 3 cultivation and labor (36%), jhum cultivation and Business Professio Jhum cultivation 44 (8%), jhum cultivation and others occupations (10%).The lowest n Jhum cultivation & Daily Labor 36 number of the respondents was engaged in jhum cultivation and Jhum cultivation & Business 8 service (2%). Other occupations included rickshaw pullers, Jhum cultivation & Service holder 2 handicrafts make etc. The highest numbers of the respondents Jhum cultivation & Others 10 (48%) are illiterate whose have only signature ability followed Education Illiterate 48 by primary level (39%) and secondary level (11%). The lowest al Primary 39 numbers of the respondents (2%) were above secondary level. It qualificati Secondary 11 is clear from the study that the most educated respondents are on Above secondary 2 interested to involve social forestry program. It has been found Land size Homestead land that 33% jhum cultivators had homestead land in range of 0.41- 0.2-0.3 acre 24 0.5 acre. 24% of jhum cultivators had homestead land in the 0.31-0.4 acre 17 range of 0.2-0.3 acre. There were 26% of jhum cultivators 0.41-0.5 acre 33 having homestead land ofIJoART 0.51-0.6 acre and 17% of jhum 0.51-0.6 acre 26 cultivators had homestead land in the range of 0.31-0.4 acre. About 26% of them had agricultural land of 4.7-4.8 acre. There Agricultural land were 33% of jhum cultivators having agricultural land of 4.6- 4.7-4.8 acre 26 4.69 acre. Only 17% of jhumia had agricultural land in the range 4.6- 4.69 acre 33 4.5-4.59 acre 17 of 4.5-4.59 acre that was the lowest percentage for agricultural 4.4-4.49 acre 24 land. It has also been found that 24% of jhum cultivators had Annual Low (20,000-35,000) 54 land for agriculture in the range of 4.4-4.49 acre. Maximum income in Moderately high (30,000-50,000) 36 number of the respondents (54%) had low income ranging Tk. Taka High (40,000-60,000) 10 20,000-35,000. 36% of respondents had moderately high income Awarenes Low 89 (Tk. 30,000-50,000) and only 10% of respondents had high s about High 11 income (Tk. 40,000-60,000).Most of the respondents (89%) had social no previous knowledge about social forestry and only 11% of forestry the respondents were earlier concept about social forestry.

Reason for jhum cultivation: The entire respondent shows Problem faced by the respondents for jhum cultivation: The multi-response for jhum cultivation. The majority of the respondents gave their opinion about different problems respondents about 93% have continued jhum farming partly due confronted by them. In the survey area about 47% have problem to historical reasons and partly(90%) for livelihood . Only a few of capital. The data also show that about 28% have quality and (14%) percentages of jhum cultivators give their opinion that quantity of good seedling problem. In the study area 13% they are practicing jhum lack of plain land and scarcity of labor. mentioned about land ownership problem and 9% said that they Other jhumia (53 %) said that they have no idea about other have numerical support from agricultural and forest department. types of cultivation technique (Table-2) Only 3% had no response about their problem. So these finding indicate that according to the opinion of highest percentage of Table- 2: Reason for jhum cultivation respondent (47%) cultivated jhum followed by capital problem (Table-3) Reasons for Jhum Cultivation (N=180) Percentage (Multi-response) Table-3: Problem faced by the respondents for jhum cultivation Jhum farming is an inherited practice 93 Types of problem Percentage of the For livelihood 90 respondent Other cultivation method is unknown 53 Problem of capital 47 Lack of plain land 10 Good seedling problem 28 Labor scarcity 4 Land ownership problem 13 Numerical support from 9 Technical support for Jhum cultivators: In the hilly area most Agricultural and Forest Department of the people are deprived from facilities than any other region No response 3 of Bangladesh. The technical supports include seed, seedling, loan, and provide land for landless people etc. The jhum Farmers response to the adoption of Social Forestry: The cultivator has getting aboutIJoART 62% most of the official support table (4) shows that majority (67%) of the respondents are from Chittagong Hill Tracts Development Board and the rest of interested to adopt social forestry in order to fulfill their 38% getting support from national and international NGOs. demand. But a few percentages (33%) were not willing to adopt These finding indicate that majority of support has getting the social forestry because technique of establishing social forestry jhum cultivators from Chittagong Hill Tracts Development was unknown, fear of losing land, traditional belief and they Board (Fig-1) think that it would be very long term to get revenue (Table-4).

Figure 2: Technical support for Jhum cultivators

Table -4: Farmer responses to the adoption of social forestry program and the second highest percentage was found in Matiranga upazilla about 67%.The lowest 44% interested people Reasons for not Adopting Percentage were found in Mahalchhari upazilla. In the study area we also Willingness to Adopt (N=180) found (Mahalchhari 56%, Panchhari 44%; Matiranga 33%, Yes 67 Khagrachhari sadar and Diginala upazilla about 17%) that some No 33 of the respondent were despair about social forestry program. Reason for not Adoption These finding indicate that majority (67%) of the respondent 1.Technique of establishing Social 10 interested to involve in social forestry program and only 33% Forestry is unknown show less interest about social forestry program. The main 2.Very long term to gain output 17 reason was to interest about social forestry program, in the past, 3.Traditional beliefs 43 they practiced Jhum in the same area with a fallow period of 15- 4.Fear of losing land 30 20 years, which ensured the long-term sustainability of soil Facilities Demanded fertility. With the rapid growth in population, the fallow period 1.Provision for supplying fruit sapling 37 has been reduced to 3-4 years, allowing very little time for soil free of cost regeneration. The decrease in fallow period has led to the 2. Provision for full financial support to 45 deterioration of faunal and microbial organisms, top soil loss, set up Forest Department and land degradation due to slashing and burning during the 3. Provision for providing training on 18 period of heavy rainfall. Hill farmers therefore face a bleak Social Forestry future. In the present situation jhum cultivators can’t getting enough crops from jhum cultivation as a result very difficult to Interest of the respondent about social forestry: In the maintaining their family only by jhum. Their aspiration was if following (Table-5) the author found the respondent interest govt. supports all of the material and meets their demand, they about social forestry will agree with social forestry program (Fig-3)

Table- 5: Interested about socialIJoART forestry program

SI. Name of Total no. of Yes No No Upazila respondent . No. of % No. of % respond respon ent dent 1 Diginala 36 30 8 6 1 3 7 2 Khagrac 36 30 8 6 1 hari 3 7 sadar 3 Mahalch 36 16 4 20 5 hari 4 6 4 Matirang 36 24 6 12 3 Fig-3: Interest about social forestry in Khagrachhari district a 7 3 5 Panchhar 36 20 5 16 4 i 6 4 Problem faced by Forest Department to introduce social forestry in Khagrachhari District: In the study area we were In Khagrachari sadar and Diginala upazilla majority of (83%) informally interviewed with DFO of Khagrachhari Forest respondents were interested to involve in social forestry Copyright © 2016 SciResPub. IJOART 143 International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 5, Issue 12, December-2016 ISSN 2278-7763

Division named Md Ali Kabir, he mentioned that local politics Traditional beliefs: Jhum farming is an inherited practice. is the main barrier to introduce social forestry in Khagrachhari Some of the respondent has given their opinion from year to District and District administration support to jhum cultivator. year their forefather have been practicing jhum cultivation. So Local political leader, Circle chief (Raja), Headman, Chittagong they were not interested with other types of cultivation because Hill Tracts Regional council leader does not want to implement they think that jhum cultivation was related with their traditional social forestry in Khagrachhari district. beliefs.

Forest Department officer said that, Jhum farming is an inherited Scarcity of land: In the hilly area population pressure is practice, from year to year their forefather have been practicing increasing day by day. At the present time due to scarcity of jhum cultivation. So they were not interested with other types of land jhum cultivators cannot shift to another place as a result cultivation because they think that jhum cultivation was related they cultivated jhum on fixed land. Most of the respondent has with their traditional beliefs. given their opinion if government gives some land they would be involved social forestry program. DFO also mentioned that a few percentages (5%) conflicts are responsible for practicing social forestry in Khagrachhari Fear of losing land: In the study area the respondent who’s had District. This most of the conflict related with land issue. no schooling education they think that if Forest Department initiate the social forestry program there is a great chance for landless.

Conflicts between Forest Department and Tribal People: When indigenous people cultivate jhum and extract forest product in Reserve forest then forest department seized the materials and suits against the local people. In the cases conflict IJoARTarise with Forest Department and tribal people. Conflict between tribal people and Bengali people: Population transfers from different parts of the country to hills Figure 4: Problem faced by Forest Department to introduce where ethnic people cultivate jhum. This population transfer social forestry in Khagrachhari District program started in 1978. During the period 1978-1984, an estimated 500,000 people from other parts of Bangladesh were Major Constraints to introduce social forestry in resettled on lands and village common forests owned by the the study area: indigenous people. So ethnic people are losing their land and it affects jhum cultivation. The impact of this planned population Local Politics: In the study area the author found that every migration has resulted in land (including community forest) Mouza is headed by a chief called as Headman. In the hilly area alienation, conflict and underlying causes of poverty in the Headman mainly conducts few villages. In the field survey some region. of the respondent had given their opinion if their local leader permit this program they would be adopt social forestry Conflicts between Chittagong hill tracts Regional council program. and Forest Department: Chittagong Hill Tracts Regional Council was established in Rangamati district of Chittagong Hill Tracts after peace agreement with the government. The main

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