A Hundred Years after the Pïkake Princess

Arnold hökülaniHökülani Requilmán • Arnold Hökülani Requilmán • Arnold Hökülani Requilmán

A Hundred Years after the crypt of the Kaläkaua : her mother, Princess Miriam ; and her uncle, King Pïkake Princess Kaläkaua. A few years earlier, American marines had arrogantly smashed the The procession moved slowly up Nu‘uanu Hawaiian crowns against a wall in the base- Avenue and entered the black and gold iron ment of ‘Iolani Palace and stolen their jew- gates of Mauna‘ala—the “fragrant moun- els. Had they not, the royal crowns borne on tain” of past ali‘i, the Royal . The a red velvet pillow would have preceded the most prominent royalists were present in the catafalque. For many Hawaiians, the absence procession, as were the surviving members of the crowns reminded them of Ka‘iulani’s of the Hawaiian Royal Family. This was no words in 1898, after the forced annexation ordinary procession; this was for a princess, a of Hawai‘i to the : person who was supposed to have become a queen one day. Men dressed in black suits They [America] have taken away and waving colorful kähili walked alongside everything from us and it seems there a black catafalque pulled by over 250 men is left but a little, and that little our very also clad in black. Inside the catafalque was life itself. We [] live a koa coffin draped with a red-and-yellow now in such a semi retired way, that feather cloak. Inside the coffin was the body people wonder if we even exist any of the frail 23-year-old princess, the hope more. I wonder too, and to what of the Hawaiian people—Ka‘iulani, Crown purpose? (Seiden 1992:142) Princess of the , now on her way to join other family members in the

198 S E V I H C R A

E T A T S

I ‘ I A W A H

Princess Ka‘iulani

199 A year later, that “very little” of Ka‘iulani Cleghorn, and her uncles Princes was gone. Over 20,000 weeping Hawaiians, Kawananakoa and Kühiö, among others, young and old, lined the sidewalks to watch then sadly sealed the vault with a marble the procession’s movement. They wore slab, her tombstone, and immediately traditional mourning clothes of the time: “Hawai‘i Pono‘ï,” the Hawaiian national the women in white holokü, clutching anthem, was played. At that moment a light handkerchiefs and wiping their tearing eyes; mist fell from the otherwise clear sky. Had the men in black suits with white ribbons things been different, had Ka‘iulani outlived pinned above their left jacket pockets. her aunt the Queen, these very men would Affluent men, white gloves partially tucked have been among the first to officially into their left jacket pocket, seized their top proclaim, “The Queen is dead! Long Live the hats in grief. For this one day, Hawai‘i’s Queen! Queen Ka‘iulani I, by the Grace of people were united beyond race or class for God, Queen of the Hawaiian Islands!” while a single purpose: to pay their final respects “Hawai‘i Pono‘ï” was played for her corona- to their beloved peacock princess. Aside tion. An entirely different occasion. from the periodic strains of crying, chanting, and wailing, all remained silent while the As they sealed the tomb, Archibald Cleghorn funeral march wound through the city. no doubt recalled many memories of his daughter and how she might have been had In step behind the catafalque was another she been given the chance to reign as carriage—an empty black carriage pulled by queen. He, among many others, had two huge white stallions from the royal remained vigilant at Princess Ka‘iulani’s stables and driven by two liveried retainers bedside after she became ill a month earlier. of the Hawaiian Court. This carriage should On the night of her death, he had a have been ridden by Queen Lili‘uokalani; “dream” that he woke up and saw his however, she was in the American capitol of daughter dressed in a white holokü standing Washington D.C., continuing the fight for at the door of her room waving good-bye to the rights of her people. This empty carriage everyone with her large, sad eyes looking not only symbolically represented the about. She then turned to her father, waved Queen, but reminded people of the now to him, and cried out “Papa!” At that very empty throne. With the death of Ka‘iulani, moment, Ka‘iulani’s pet peacocks gave a no other royal family member remained who loud, high-pitched wail, instantly waking was legally approved by the House of Nobles Cleghorn from his “dream,” and he knew to be the next heir. Ka‘iulani would be that his daughter’s mesmerizing brown eyes Hawai‘i’s last Crown Princess, the last heir had closed for the last time. At 2:00 a.m. on of the Kaläkaua Dynasty. 6 March 1899, the Heir Apparent to the Hawaiian Throne died of “inflammatory After the procession ended its reverent rheumatism.” march to Mauna‘ala, palm bearers carried the coffin to the allotted vault next to Almost immediately after the official Ka‘iulani’s mother in the Kaläkaua crypt as a announcement of the passing of Princess heart-rending kanikau (Hawaiian dirge) Ka‘iulani, a renewed sentiment for the commemorating the princess’s life was plight of the Princess and her people, whose chanted. Ka‘iulani’s father, Archibald kingdom had been stolen from them, sprang

200 forth. Newspapers from Sacramento to South” (152). London and Paris carried articles and obituaries about the Hawaiian Crown Who was this person who could invoke such Princess. One of the anti-royalist newspapers, strong emotions? Who was this Princess the Pacific Commercial Advertiser wrote: Ka‘iulani? Since the day she was born on the 16th of October 1875, Princess Ka‘iulani was Everyone admired her attitude. They the pride of her family and her people. The could not do otherwise. Her dignity, her then Princess Lili‘uokalani wrote in her mem- pathetic resignation, her silent sorrow oirs, “Princess Likelike brought boundless joy appealed to all. The natives loved her to the family and the nation by giving birth for her quiet steadfast sympathy with to a daughter. The hopes of all centered on their woe, her uncomplaining this baby, Princess Ka‘iulani” (Seiden endurance of her own. The whites 1992:138). Ka‘iulani’s full name—Victoria admired her for her stately reserve, her Kawëkiu Kalaninuiahilapalapa queenly display of all necessary courtesy Ka‘iulani—bore witness to that hope. Her while holding herself aloof from undue first name, “Victoria” (for the British Queen), intimacy. It was impossible not to love showed the close ties between Hawai‘i and her. (Zambucka 1976:153) the British Empire. It also showed optimism that just as Queen Victoria had brought a Many annexationists, who for the past five second Golden Age to Britons, Ka‘iulani years had tried to spread horrible rumors might bring the same to her own people. about the Hawaiian Royal Family (including After all, her parents were Princess Likelike some about Princess Ka‘iulani herself), had (Kaläkaua’s sister) and Archibald Cleghorn (a to accept the enchantment and sympathy Scotsman popular with Hawaiians), so she the world had for Princess Ka‘iulani. Letters was “hapa,” the blossom of two proud poured into the hands of the white oligarchy cultures, the new Hawai‘i. The name in , accusing them of causing “Lunalilo” (of the Kamehameha Dynasty and Princess Ka‘iulani’s death. Some used meaning “the highest of the highest”) was profanity, while others put forth theories as given to her for yet another reason: Having to the real cause of her death. One particular only ruled for one year by that time, letter written to Sanford Dole, the former Kaläkaua wanted to strengthen his rule by President of the Republic of Hawai‘i, arrived linking his dynasty with the popular kings from Atlanta, Georgia, and contained who had reigned before him. King Lunalilo, 25 signatures expressing the general feeling also called the “Citizen King” or the against the men who had overthrown the “People’s Sovereign,” a man loved by the Hawaiian government. The letter called the people, was to be her example. To further Dole regime “puppets” and denounced the strengthen these ties, the newborn was Republic for “stealing the Princess’ Royal hänaied (adopted) by the wealthy Princess inheritance” and “snatching away the Ruth Ke‘elikölani (whom Ka‘iulani would call Throne she was prepared all her life to occu- “Mama nui”1). Lastly, “Ka‘iulani” meant py,” and referred to the Provisional “the highest in the heavens” or the “sacred Government as “cheap adventurers who royal heights,” for one day she would be the invaded the Hawaiian Islands just to make highest ali‘i of the land, the Queen of money…signed: Princess K’s Friends in the Hawai‘i.

201 Upon hearing of this royal birth, King (peacocks). Princess Ka‘iulani was Archibald Kaläkaua ordered all church bells in Cleghorn’s fourth and last daughter, the Honolulu to toll a welcome to his new three older girls—Helen, Rose, and Annie niece. He then sent out a proclamation (who was closest to Ka‘iulani)—being from giving the new child the title of “Her Royal his first marriage to a Hawaiian woman Highness, Princess Ka‘iulani.” But while the named Elizabeth (Mrantz 1980:6). But proclamation was being circulated and the Ka‘iulani was the only of his children who bells were ringing, the blue expansive sky was a titled princess. In 1885, Gertrude revealed a bright morning star which was Gardinier, Princess Ka‘iulani’s second gov- later covered over by dark rain clouds. A erness, described the princess as “a fragile, hö‘ailona of things to come. spirituelle type, but very vivacious with beautiful large, expressive dark eyes. She Pomp and circumstance early on became a proves affectionate; high spirited, at times part of Ka‘iulani’s normal everyday life. quite wilful, though usually reasonable and “Papa Mö‘ï” and “Mama Mö‘ï”2 (Princess very impulsive and generous” (Zambucka Ka‘iulani’s names for King Kaläkaua and 1976:29). Queen Kapi‘olani) wanted to ensure that the young princess received the proper training The year 1887 proved to be a tragic one for owed to her rank and future promise. In the Kaläkaua Dynasty. The usually very lively 1883, Ka‘iulani attended the first of many Princess Likelike began to withdraw from public ceremonies—her uncle King the public and her family. The slopes of Kaläkaua’s coronation. Princess Ka‘iulani suddenly erupted with lava. wore a light-blue corded silk dress with light Minister of the Interior Walter Murray lace trimmings and light-blue ribbons in her Gibson recalled in his diaries: “The Princess hair, and was followed by two retainers Likelike said to be in danger—refuses food— waving white hand kähili, her personal affected by her native superstition that her symbol (Mrantz 1980:8), while her brown death is required by the spirit of of the eyes charmed the multitude of dignitaries Volcano. The King is angry with his sister on who attended this occasion. She was barely account of her obstinacy in refusing food” seven. (Mrantz 1980:12). On February 2, Princess Likelike called her young daughter into her Much of Princess Ka‘iulani’s time, though, darkened bedroom and whispered to her was spent with her parents at ‘Äinahau, that she had seen the future: Princess their palatial Victorian-style estate in Ka‘iulani would go away from Hawai‘i for a Waikïkï. ‘Äinahau had been given to Princess long time, never marry, and never be Queen. Ka‘iulani by her Mama nui (Seiden The young girl ran out of the room, crying 1992:138). Princess Ruth wanted to give her uncontrollably (Zambucka 1976:33). A few godchild a proper residence and deeded hours later, the red akule fish, a sign of the Ka‘iulani a ten-acre plot to build a house death of an ali’i, appeared at Honolulu and with enough land for Ka‘iulani to play Harbor. Princess Likelike was dead at 37. on. The princess, for her part, made good use of the land when young and had a good In the same year, another kind of volcano many animals around her, including a white erupted. Nineteenth-century Hawaiian pony named “Fairy” and several pet pïkake politics was a constant tide of change and a

202 battle of elements. The Hawaiian Kingdom and more completely. struggled to maintain her independence while most of the world was being carved The King decided that Ka‘iulani was to be out and eaten by the West. Hawai‘i was not educated in England. He wanted to ensure immune to the advances of colonial powers that his niece be given a proper education, nor to those inside the kingdom who a British education. Under the new constitu- wanted ultimate annexation to the United tion, all the acts and proclamations of States of America. A young hot-headed the King required the signature of a attorney named Lorrin Thurston, a descen- government minister. The King’s new head dant of the first Protestant missionaries to minister, Lorrin Thurston, happily agreed to Hawai‘i, intensified his attacks on King sign, since he believed this would keep the Kaläkaua. Many other “Mission Boys” also probable future heir far, far away from began to organize themselves against the Hawai‘i. The proclamation read: “native monarchy.” Kaläkaua’s two strongest supporters, his sister Lili‘uokalani I, Kalakaua, King of the Hawaiian and his wife Kapi‘olani, were in London Islands do hereby give my consent and representing Hawai‘i at the Golden Jubilee approval for my niece Her Royal of Queen Victoria. The King was left vulnera- Highness Princess Victoria Kaiulani, to ble, so that when he began to assert his leave the Hawaiian Kingdom and pro- authority against the leasing of ceed to England on or about the month to the United States, European and of May 1889, in charge of and under the American business men formed militias and care and control of Mrs. Thomas Rain forced him to sign a new constitution at the Walker and be accompanied by Miss point of the bayonet, the “Bayonet Annie Cleghorn…. Her return to the Constitution.” The Crown was left crippled Hawaiian Kingdom to be during the and weak. The majority of the native year of Our Lord, One Thousand and Hawaiian people couldn’t vote in their own Eight Hundred and Ninety. (41) kingdom. The throne from which Ka‘iulani would rule was undergoing severe internal In May of 1889, Princess Ka‘iulani chatted changes. with Robert Louis Stevenson about poetry for the last time. Before leaving, the Scots While the nation was in an uproar over the poet wrote in Ka‘iulani’s autograph book: latest political developments, Ka‘iulani maintained her distance at ‘Äinahau. In Forth from her land to mine she goes, January of 1889, a frail poet arrived in The Island maid, the Island rose. Ka‘iulani’s life—Robert Louis Stevenson. Light of heart and bright of face, During the next five months the Scotsman The daughter of a double race. and the 13-year-old princess often sat under Her Islands here in the Southern sun a banyan tree and discussed poetry, litera- Shall mourn their Kaiulani gone. ture, art, and Europe (Zambucka 1976:37). And I, in her dear banyan’s shade, This was a world radically different from the Look vainly for my little maid. land in which Ka‘iulani had been born and But our Scots Islands far away raised. Yet this was the world that was Shall glitter with unwonted day, engulfing her and her people ever quicker

203 And cast for once their tempest by waving their handkerchiefs good-bye to the To smile in Kaiulani’s eye. tearful, voyaging princess.

Written in April to Kaiulani in the April On June 18, Princess Ka‘iulani arrived in of her age and at within easy London, the largest city in the world in the walk of Kaiulani’s banyan. When she 19th century. She toured famous sites: the comes to my land and her father’s, and Tower of London, the Crystal Palace, the the rain beats upon the window, (as I National Art Gallery, and the British fear it will) let her look at this page; it Museum. The bright-eyed princess wrote let- will be like a weed gathered and ters back home to Papa Mö‘ï and Mama Mö‘ï preserved at home; and she will remem- about her impressions of England. She ber her own Islands, and the shadow of described Sir Walter Raleigh’s cell in the the mighty tree, and she will hear the Tower of London as a “cave” and thought peacocks screaming in the dusk and the about the many other notables who were at wind blowing in the palms and she will one time unfortunate enough to be locked think of her father sitting there alone. away in the tower, including a few British (38–39) monarchs (44). In September, the Princess wrote to Papa Mö‘ï, “I am going to school in Stevenson wrote to his friend, “I wear the the middle of September. The name of the colours of the little Royal Maid…. Oh, Low, School is Great Harrowden Hall in how I love the Polynesians!” (39). But Northamptonshire,” 68 miles north of Ka‘iulani and Stevenson would never London (44). Great Harrowden Hall was a meet again. school for young ladies of class, and was housed in the 15th-century mansion of the During the few weeks preceding her Barons (des) Vaux (45). Princess Ka‘iulani departure, Ka‘iulani had visited dignitaries, would spend the next two years of life being friends, and family to bid farewell. Her plans educated there as a proper Victorian woman were to go by sea from Honolulu to San of distinction. It was also the first school Francisco, then by train to Chicago and New Ka‘iulani attended in her life. York City, and finally by ship to Great Britain. It was a daunting trip for a 13-year- Meanwhile at home, political turmoil rocked old girl who had never known any land the Hawaiian throne. Robert Wilcox and outside of Hawai‘i. some 200 red-shirted Hawaiians attempted to overthrow the Bayonet Constitution and On the 10th of May 1889, Princess Ka‘iulani return more power to the Crown. In a single made her final visit to ‘Iolani Palace, day, an American citizen militia (the very where she hugged Papa Mö‘ï, Mama Mö‘ï, ones who had forced the King to sign the Auntie Lili‘u (her name of affection for Bayonet Constitution) crushed the so-called Lili‘uokalani), and her father good-bye “Wilcox Rebellion of 1889.” A couple of before beginning her long journey to months later, in October, the King wrote a England (42). As the ship sailed away, she letter to Princess Ka‘iulani to “be on guard could hear the last verse of “Hawai‘i Pono‘ï” against certain enemies I do not feel free to being played at the harbor, and see the name in writing” (47). The startled princess countless people gathered at the wharf wrote back to her uncle, “I am quite at a loss

204 to know to whom you refer as ‘not to be nized by the United States ship-of-war relied upon’—I wish you would speak more Mohican by a salute of twenty-one plainly, as I cannot be on my guard unless I guns. (Liliuokalani 1990 [1898]:218) know to whom you allude” (47). Shortly thereafter, on 20 January 1891, the King Two months later, Queen Lili‘uokalani suddenly died of Bright’s Disease while he addressed the 1892 legislative assembly for was in San Francisco. Ka‘iulani wrote to the first time and stated the goal of her Auntie Lili‘u: reign:

I have only just heard the sad news from The decree of Providence and the San Francisco. I cannot tell my feelings Constitution of the Kingdom having just at present, but Auntie, you can called Me to occupy the Throne of think how I feel. I little thought when I , it is my earnest prayer that said good-bye to my dear Uncle nearly Divine assistance may be vouchsafed to two years ago that it would be the last enable Me to discharge the duties of time I should see his dear face. Please the exalted position to the advantage of give my love to Mama Moi (Queen My people and the permanent benefit Kapiolani), and tell her I can fully of Hawaii. sympathize with her. With the consent of the Nobles of the I cannot write any more, but Auntie, Kingdom I have appointed Her Royal you are the only one left of my dear Highness the Princess Victoria Kawekiu Mother’s family, so I can ask you to do Kaiulani Lunalilo Kalaninuiahilapalapa that little thing for me. (47–48) as My successor…

In Honolulu, heralds and newspapers pro- ...[and] I shall firmly endeavor to claimed the news: “The King is Dead! Long preserve the autonomy and absolute Live the Queen!” Auntie Lili‘u was now independence of this Kingdom. “Queen Lili‘uokalani I, by the Grace of God, (Lydecker 1918:180) Queen of the Hawaiian Islands.” After the burial of her late brother, the new queen set The shy 16-year-old princess was now to work organizing her government. After formally “HRH Crown Princess Ka‘iulani appointing a new cabinet, the Queen of Hawai‘i” or “HRH Princess Ka‘iulani of nominated Princess Ka‘iulani as the Crown Hawai‘i, the Heir Apparent.” Ka‘iulani’s Princess, the immediate heir to the Hawaiian ascendancy to the throne seemed secure throne. The Queen recounts: and probable. Yet, while there may have been much cause to celebrate for Ka‘iulani, On the ninth day of March, 1891, letters from home constantly provided bad Princess Victoria Kaiulani, news as men in and around the Court were Kalaninuiahilapalapa Kawekiu i Lunalilo, plotting against the Queen to end the daughter of my sister, Princess Miriam absolute independence of the Kingdom. Kekauluohi Likelike and Hon. A. S. Her aunt wrote to Ka‘iulani: Cleghorn, was duly proclaimed heir apparent, and her nomination recog- You have heard e’er this of the death of

205 your Uncle John [Prince Consort John I have left Great Harrowden Hall for Owen Dominis, the Queen’s husband] good, Mr. Davies has kindly found a from Mrs. Robertson. lady who will look after, and be sort of a mother to me while I am in Brighton. I I could not write at the time to tell you, believe Mrs. Rooke is a thorough lady. for I was shocked…. It seems that we are having a series of sadness in our I shall take lessons in French, German family for it is only seven months since [the two languages of high European my dear Brother died, when my hus- society], music and English, especially band was taken away—not that only grammar and composition. I am but a short time before Uncle John’s anxiously waiting for the time to death the Queen Dowager Kapiolani come when I may see you again. (53) had a stroke of paralysis and is likely to have another. Princess Ka‘iulani inherited the Kaläkaua Dynasty’s love of music. None of the Royal If it is the father’s will in Heaven I must Family members were content to be simply submit for the Bible teaches us “he patrons of music but were also musicians, doeth all things well”. You and Papa are composers, and singers. Ka‘iulani wrote to all that is left to me. her Aunt a month later:

I shall look forward to the time when I am taking lessons in music, singing, lit- you finish your studies with all due satis- erature, history, French and German. I faction to your teachers, and then come have such a nice lady for a singing mis- home and live a life of usefulness to tress. She has taught me such a lot, and your people. My health is pretty good she says that I have a very sweet sopra- considering all that I have had to go no voice—I think I must have inherited through. (Zambucka 1976:51) it from you. I am getting on pretty well with my music, and I am so fond of it. In February of 1892, Princess Ka‘iulani wrote (56) to her aunt about her change in schooling from Great Harrowden Hall to Brighton: Princess Ka‘iulani moved into her new room in Brighton and wrote to her aunt: Thank you so much for your kind letter. It is very good of you to write to me, as I hope that you will not think me imper- I know how very busy you must be with tinent in asking you for one of your State Affairs. photographs. I have not got one of you.

I am so glad to hear that Father is My room is very pretty but I think a few putting up a proper house at Ainahau. photos would improve it. At present I It has always been my ambition to have have only two—one of Mother and one a house in Waikiki worthy of the beauti- of Father. ful garden. On my birthday Mrs. Rooke gave me I hope that you like my photographs. “The Soul’s Awakening”, it is such a

206 beautiful picture. I have always wished Washington to plead for my throne, my to have it, but I have never had enough nation and my flag. Will not the great money. It hangs opposite my bed so American people hear me…? (65) that the first thing I see in the morning is the girl’s lovely face. I received quite a Upon her arrival in New York City the number of presents and such a lot of Princess gave another moving speech to the letters. I spent a very happy day in spite American press who came to meet her on of being such a long way from home. the wharf: (58) Unbidden I stand upon your shores On 30 January 1893, Ka‘iulani received a today where I had thought so soon to shocking telegraph from Mr. Theo Davies, receive a Royal welcome. I come unat- her former guardian: “QUEEN DEPOSED, tended except for the loving hearts that MONARCHY ABROGATED, BREAK NEWS TO come with me over the Winter seas. I PRINCESS” (63). hear that Commissioners from my land have been for many days asking this Immediately, the Princess packed her things great nation to take away my little and told Mr. Davies, who was at the vineyard. They speak no word to me, Hawaiian Embassy in London and about to and leave me to find out as I can from leave for Washington D.C., that she would rumours of the air that they would accompany him home to fight against leave me without a home or a name or annexation. She wrote him: “Perhaps some a nation. day the Hawaiians will say, Kaiulani you could have saved us and you didn’t even Seventy years ago, Christian America try…. I will go with you” (63). A couple of sent over Christian men and women to days later, Princess Ka‘iulani departed give religion and civilisation to Hawaii. England and issued the following statement Today three of the sons of those mis- to the British Press: sionaries are at your capitol, asking you to undo their fathers’ work. Who sent Four years ago, at the request of Mr. them? Who gave them the authority to Thurston, then a Hawaiian Cabinet break the Constitution which they swore Minister, I was sent away to England to to uphold? be educated privately and fitted to the position which by the Constitution of Today, I, a poor weak girl with not one Hawaii I was to inherit. For all these of my people near me and all these years I have patiently and in exile striven statesmen against me, have strength to to fit myself for my return this year to stand up for the rights of my people. my native country. I am now told that Even now I can hear their wail in my Mr. Thurston is in Washington asking heart, and it gives me strength and you [America] to take away my flag and courage and I am strong…strong in the my throne. No one tells me even this faith of God, strong in the knowledge officially. Have I done anything wrong, that I am right, strong in the strength of that this wrong should be done to me seventy million people who in this free and my people? I am coming to land will hear my cry and will refuse to

207 let their flag cover dishonour to mine! established for Ka‘iulani with him as (65) regent. Thurston refused the idea and a republican government was instituted After a successful audience with President instead.] The people all over the Islands Cleveland and other leading American politi- have petitioned [literally] to have me cians in Washington D.C., Ka‘iulani issued a restored and it would make you appear farewell address to the United States before in an awkward light to accept any over- returning to Brighton: tures from any irresponsible party, and the PGs [Provisional Government] are Before I leave the land, I want to thank growing less and less, and I understand all whose kindness have made my visit they will soon drop to pieces as the say- such a happy one. Not only the ing is, for want of funds to carry on the hundreds of hands I have clasped nor Govt. Mr. Spreckels will not help them the kind smiles I have seen, but the or loan them any money and Bishop and written words of sympathy that have Co. [the forerunner of Bank of Hawaii] been sent to me from so many homes, would not loan them any money with- has made me feel that whatever out Mr. Spreckels…. I will write you and happens to me I shall never be a acquaint you of all that transpires, and stranger to you again. It was to all the if you need be will advise you after American people I spoke and they heard consulting your father. (79) me as I knew they would. And now God bless you for it—from the beautiful Ka‘iulani replied a month later on June 15: home where your fair First Lady reigns to the little crippled boy who sent his I have never received any proposals loving letter and prayer [to me]. (72) from anybody to take the Throne. I have not received a word of any sort from In May of 1893, Princess Ka‘iulani received a anyone except my father. I am glad that letter from her aunt: I am able to say that I have not written to anyone about politics. I simply write to assure you that we are well and Papa seemed in good health I have been perfectly miserable during but I think looks a little thin. my past four months. I have looked forward to ‘93 as being the end of my I hear from some parties that your “exile”. I have considered the four years house is looking fine, but Mr. Robertson I have been in England as years of exile. says he has not ever seen it…. Now it seems as though things would never settle and I am simply longing to …I would simply like to add and say see you all—People little know how that should anyone write or propose or hard it is to wait patiently for news make any proposition to you in any way from home…. In the meantime “il fait in regard to taking the Throne, I hope attendre”. (81) you will be guarded in your answer. [As early as January 1893, Sanford Dole Four days later, Ka‘iulani received a letter thought that a regency should be from her father. As usual, the news from

208 home was disturbing: “I have nothing to of the actions of the Provisional Government write that will please you. The PG have as they became more totalitarian. Knowing moved into the Palace which I think is a that the population of Hawai‘i was against shame, but I hope the day is not far distant them, the Provisional Government began when they will have to go out for good— converting churches for their military things look bitter, still we do not know what intelligence. In September 1893, Ka‘iulani the US Govt will do” (82). wrote to her aunt:

Realizing the impeccable impression of How you must hate the sight of the Hawaiians conveyed by Princess Ka‘iulani Central Union Church. What a shame while she was in the American capitol, the that a house of worship should be Provisional Government sought to destroy turned into a spy tower. I suppose it is the reputation of the Queen and her family. wiser for you to remain in Washington The PGs began publishing their newspaper, Place, but how you must long to get The Star, and used that medium to attack away to some other place. If I was in the royal family, Hawaiian nationalists, and your place, I am afraid I should pine even Ka‘iulani herself. At the same time, away and die—I could not stand it—I Lorrin Thurston, editor of the Pacific am so tired of waiting— Commercial Advertiser, publically opposed the restoration of the Hawaiian throne. If By the time this reaches you it will be native Hawaiians were to get back their my birthday. I hope that you will sovereignty, he claimed, they would kick out remember me away from my relations all the haoles (Chapin 1996:102). Moreover, and friends. (84) if America didn’t take over Hawai‘i, another nation would. John Sheldon, a non-native American President sent Hawaiian nationalist and one of the leading special envoy James Blount to Hawai‘i to editors of the opposition paper the investigate the overthrow of the monarchy. Holomua, responded “He [Thurston] Lies! Blount subsequently wrote a 2,000-page and he knows it” and reminded people that report clearing the Queen of wrongdoing his family had lived in the islands for four and urging that the monarchy be restored. generations (102). Sheldon and many other In December 1893, President Cleveland nationalist writers were arrested and fined remarked in a Congressional speech that the for their comments.3 Cleghorn informed his overthrow was “an act of war” (Silva daughter: “The newspapers here are simply 1998:51) against a friendly nation, and he dreadful. The Annexation Club are printing assured the Queen that he would not have the most bitter things about us. I am glad the annexation treaty submitted during his you do not see the Star” (Zambucka term. Queen Lili‘uokalani wrote to her niece 1976:84). In this “bitter” atmosphere, at length about all that had transpired and Princess Ka‘iulani’s correspondence from asked Princess Ka‘iulani to consider either home began to look bleaker and bleaker as marrying Prince David Kawananakoa or a she grew more and more homesick. certain unnamed Japanese prince who was visiting London at the time (Zambucka However, Ka‘iulani managed to keep abreast 1976:89–91). Being a romantic, and ever of all the propaganda being circulated, and conscious of her status as a role model for

209 her people, Princess Ka‘iulani wrote back my stay in Germany I went to Berlin and from London: there I saw the grand Parade before the Emperor and Empress. It was really a It is a very long time since I rec’d your sight worth seeing, there were nearly kind letter. I have often tried to answer twenty thousand soldiers and the it, but have failed. I have thought over Emperor had a staff of 100 officers. what you said in it about my marrying some Prince from Japan. Berlin is a most interesting City, it is much more beautiful than London in Unless it is absolutely necessary, I would regards private houses, squares and much rather not do so. small parks, and all the chief streets are so wide and most beautifully kept. I I could have married an enormously rich visited all the palaces of the Emperors. German Count, but I could not care (93) for him. I feel it would be wrong if I married a man I did not love. I should In January of 1895, a nationalist rebellion be perfectly unhappy, and we should broke out against the Republic of Hawai‘i. not agree and instead of being an The rebellion was crushed in two days by example to the married women of Republican forces who outgunned the today I should become one like them, nationalist forces. The Queen was arrested merely a woman of fashion and most and brought before a military tribunal. The likely a flirt. I hope I am not expressing Republic found her guilty of “misprision of myself too strongly, but I feel I must treason” (branding her a traitor) and fined speak out to you and there must be her $5,000 and five years of hard labor perfect confidence between you and (Liliuokalani 1990 [1898]:289). Instead of me dear Aunt. hard labor though, they decided to imprison her in a corner room of ‘Iolani Palace for I have been looking anxiously every day eight months. The Queen later said, “My in the papers for news from home, but crime was that I knew my people were nothing seems to be happened. I wish conspiring...to throw off the yoke of the things could be properly settled. It is stranger and oppressor” (278). Not being such weary work waiting here not able to correspond with the outside world, knowing what is happening. (92) the musically gifted Queen Lili‘uokalani sought solace during her imprisonment Tired of waiting, Ka‘iulani left for Germany through music. She composed “The Queen’s to get her mind off the state of affairs in Prayer,” one of her most famous hymns, and Hawai‘i. Much like her late uncle when he dedicated it to her niece, Princess Ka‘iulani. visited the country in 1881, Ka‘iulani wrote In it, she asked God to forgive those who glowingly to her aunt: imprisoned her and let her nation be pure. But Princess Ka‘iulani would not get to see I was quite sorry to leave Germany, this hymn until after Lili‘u was released. everyone had been so very kind to me there, and they have sympathized with A friend of Ka‘iulani described her during us so much. During the last month of this time as “animated, capricious, head-

210 strong, yes but her vivacity had a certain exercise. Consequently I am growing quiet sadness. Her eyes were too large above fairly fat. I think I can stand a little more cheeks flushed hectically; but such a pride of flesh on my bones, still I don’t want to bearing, love of companions and heartfelt grow fat, it is so vulgar you know. loyalty of feeling for her native Hawaiians” Another reason I am growing stout, I (Zambucka 1976:94). On one of her trips to have not been able to be up to any of France, she met Nevison William de Courcy my larks. I’ve quite got out of the way (son of the Count de Courcy) whom she of flirting! I don’t believe I could do it nicknamed “Toby” and who would become to save my skin. Now, don’t laugh! her best friend. He was six years her senior and became a big brother to her. Often she I am really feeling very much better, but called him “Father Confessor.” Her letters to have still to be very careful. I was so him reveal another side of Ka‘iulani’s annoyed a few days back…I hate posing personality: as an invalide….

My Dear Toby, …There is some talk of my going over to pay my revered Aunt a visit Very many thanks for yours of the 28th. [Lili‘uokalani was now staying in I also heard from Sib that she had seen Washington, D.C., to continue fighting you—you both say the other was against annexation], but as yet things looking very pale and thin. Mon Ami are extremely undecided. They talk of qu’est ce qu’il-y-a? Surely you’re not Annexation, but whether they will get it ailing! And I trust above all you are not is quite another thing. However, things suffering from mal au cœur. I have been are in a very bad way out there, and I very seedy. Papa was over in town, so am pretty certain that we shall never he consulted the Dr. I have been suffer- have our own back again…. I am really ing from too much worry!!! So I am to rather sorry the way the whole things sleep a great deal etc. Evidently dancing has finished up, much better to have a is not harmful otherwise Papa would republic than to lose our nationality have prevented my going to a dance on altogether…. I am very sorry for my Wednesday. Toby I feel so naughty, I people, as they will hate being taken have such a nice flirtation on pour le over by another nation. (100–101) moment. Don’t be shocked, and leave your lecture until we meet in Menton— In another letter to Toby written in the same it is too good to believe that I shall have year: the pleasure of seeing you soon—won’t we talk! I have such piles to tell you.4 I am really ashamed of myself for having (99) delayed so long in acknowledging your letter. I thank you very much for your Another letter written a few months later on kind wishes on my birthday—I laughed 4 July 1897 states: very much when I thought of my other birthday—what fun we had that night! I have lived on milk for the past two ... One of my young men came out to months, and am not taking very much see me yesterday—I am supposed to be

211 polishing him off—I can’t make up my recalled happier times, and upon leaving mind to do so yet—must have a little Washington, Lili‘uokalani gave Ka‘iulani a more fun as my fling is limited—I intend long letter explaining the dangerous current to get as much amusement this winter political climate: as I possibly can. There is a possibility of my being married in April to a man I Your short visit to me has been very don’t care much for either way—rather pleasant, and we have not ceased to a gloomy outlook—but “noblesse talk of you. I wish you could have stayed oblige”…. Do you blame me if I have a month or two longer at least until the my fling now—better now than question of Annexation was settled. I afterwards. think your presence here would have done some good, but as I knew that you My engagement is a “great secret”— and your father were both anxious to approved of by Mr. Davies and my get home I naturally kept quiet. Father—it is being kept secret for politi- cal reasons. Personally I think it wrong Another reason was I had not the means like this, as it is unfair to the men I meet to detain you which is another and most now—especially if they take any interest important point. During your stay I was in me…. glad to know that your heart and that of your father lay in the right direction I am not feeling at all fit, as I had two that is you are interested in the cause of teeth taken out on my birthday. My jaw your people…. was fearfully cut up trying to remove the bits as they splintered. I have had a …Here is an opportunity for me to let very bad time of it, as you may fancy. I you know something which I feel you hope I shall soon get one of your cheery ought to know—and leave it for your letters, that is if you have nothing else own good judgment to guide you in to do. (102–103) your decision. It has been made known to me that it is the intention of the Whom Ka‘iulani was “secretly engaged” to is members of the Republican Government still unknown, though many believe logically of Hawaii to ask you to take the Throne it was to her cousin Prince Kawananakoa, he of Hawaii in case they failed in their being the only other eligible ali’i. Either way, scheme of Annexation. That you should in her words it was “rather a gloomy out- have nothing to say about the manag- look.” Toby was to keep all of her letters for ing—that shall be theirs still, but you the rest of his life (103). are to be a figurehead only. If you were to accept their proposition there would After eight long years of “exile,” Princess be no change whatever in the situation Ka‘iulani said good-bye to her friends in of the country for the good of the Europe and began to make her journey people or for all classes of men or for home. While on the American East Coast, business advancements. You would only she paid her respects to her aunt in be in Mr. Dole’s place, despised, and as Washington, D.C.—this was their first he is now, in fear of his life. meeting in eight years. Fondly they both

212 You will have few followers who will Throne except with the approval of love you, but it will only be the 2,600 Your Majesty and at the joint request of who are now supporting Dole’s Hawaiians and foreigners. (114) Government and still have over 80,000 [sic] opposing you. It is through their Utilizing her appeal to the American press mismanagement that their Government and to correct some of the racist falsehoods has not been a success. It is for this being spread about the ali‘i by members of reason that knowing their instability the Republic of Hawai‘i, Princess Ka‘iulani they want to annex Hawaii to made good use of her trip back to Honolulu America…. If you decline to accept the through the United States. The American position of Queen which will place you West Coast press was dazzled by the 22-year- more in favour with the people, the old princess. An editorial in the San Francisco Republic of Hawaii will fall through as Examiner, for example, said: even now they can barely maintain themselves, then there will be a call A Barbarian Princess? Not a bit of it. Not from the people for a “plebiscite”,5 even a hemi-semi-demi Barbarian. then I say “accept it” for it is main- Rather the very flower—an exotic—of tained by the love of the people…. civilization. The Princess Kaiulani is a charming, fascinating individual. She has …The people’s wish is paramount with the taste and style of a French woman; me, and what they say I abide by. Now the admirable repose and soft voice of my dear Child, for you are very dear to an English woman. She was gowned for me, I hope you will act wisely for your dinner in a soft, black, high necked own sake and be cautious in signing any frock, with the latest Parisian touches in documents that may present to you, every fold; a bunch of pink roses in her reading over thoroughly and under- belt and a slender gold chain around standing it before hand—for they are her neck, dangling a lorgnette. She is greatest liars, and deceitful in all their tall, of willowy slenderness, erect and undertakings and your young heart is graceful, with a small, pale face, full red too pure to see their wickedness. I mean lips, soft expression, dark eyes, a very the PGs. (113–114) good nose, and a cloud of crimpy black hair knotted high. (111) Mr. Davies, acting as Ka‘iulani’s chaperone, quickly responded to the Queen for the And a writer from the San Francisco Call Princess that: wrote:

I take the liberty of saying that neither She is beautiful. There is no portrait that Mr. Damon or Mr. MacFarlane or any- does justice to her expressive, small, one else has conferred with me in proud face. She is exquisitely slender regard to putting forward claims on and graceful, holds herself like a behalf of Princess Kaiulani to the Princess, like a Hawaiian—and I know of Throne of Hawaii.… I am also certain no simile more descriptive of grace and that under no circumstances would the dignity than this last. Princess Kaiulani have accepted the

213 …Her accent says London; her figure when I first came back. I find everything says New York; her heart says Hawaii. so much changed and more especially But she is more than a beautiful pre- among the rising generation of tender [meaning an heir to a throne] to Hawaiians and half whites. I think it is a an abdicated throne; she has been made great pity as they are trying to ape the a woman of the world by the life she foreigners and they do not succeed. has led. (111) (118)

Finally on 9 November 1897, Ka‘iulani A friend later said, “Kaiulani hid the bitter- arrived back home in Hawai‘i, and she ness in her heart from the public and strove immediately wrote a letter to her aunt: to do what was expected of her” (120). Trying to keep her spirits high, Ka‘iulani I must just send you a few lines to let informed her aunt of what was happening you know of our safe arrival. Since we in Honolulu: got here, we have been so busy, what with receiving and getting the house in Papa and I are going to stay with the order, I am fairly worn out. Parkers [on the Big Island]…and I want to go away before the 4th of July festiv- Last Saturday the Hawaiians came out ities come off. I am sure you would be to see me. There were several hundred, disgusted if you could see the way the and by six o’clock I didn’t know what to town [Honolulu] is decorated for the do with myself, I was so tired. It made American troops. Honolulu is making a me so sad to see so many of the fool of itself, and I only hope we won’t Hawaiians looking so poor—in the old be all ridiculed. (120) days I am sure there were not so many people almost destitute. In another letter Ka‘iulani says that “the people of the Government are not particu- …A great many of the haoles have larly nice to me, excepting Mrs. Damon and called but I am at home for the first Mrs. Dole. I think they are very sorry to see time tomorrow. I dread it as I am so very me here, especially since I give them no nervous. I have asked Mrs. Carter to cause to complain” (120). help me receive.... When she returned to ‘Äinahau, she I eat poi and raw fish as though I had expressed her feelings about what Hawai‘i never left, and I find I have not forgot- was becoming: ten my Hawaiian. (119) Daily, we as a great race are being A few months later, on hearing that the subjected to a great deal of misery, and treaty of annexation was going to fail in the the more I see of the American soldiers U.S. Senate, Ka‘iulani wrote a short note to about town, the more I am unable to her aunt on 5 January 1898: tolerate them, what they stand for and the way we are belittled, it is enough to Thank God Annexation is not a fact. The ruin one’s faith in God. (133) people here are not half so happy as

214 Describing another incident to her aunt: middle on a sofa while Ka‘iulani stood to the left of the Queen, next to Prince Last week some Americans came to the Kawananakoa. Like the other members house and knocked rather violently at being photographed, Princess Ka‘iulani wore the door, and when they stated their a formal black mourning gown adorned sim- cause they wished to know if it would ply with a yellow feather lei. be permissible for the Ex-Princess to have her picture taken with them. Oh, During the following months after annexa- will they ever leave us alone?… We live tion, Ka‘iulani became obsessed with now in such a semi-retired way, that death. Friends describe her moods as being people wonder if we even exist any “morbid.” In the middle of January 1899, more. I too wonder, and to what while on the Big Island, she rode her horse purpose? (133) in a heavy downpour. Her friends called her to get out of the rain, but Ka‘iulani replied, After that event, Princess Ka‘iulani sought “What does it matter? What have I got to every excuse not to return to Honolulu, live for?” (Zambucka 1976:137). often opting instead to stay at the Parker Ranch with her friend Eva Parker and her On the 24th of January, the Honolulu news- cousins Princes Kühiö and Kawananakoa. papers circulated the news that “Princess Kaiulani is quite ill at the Parker home in The year 1898 was one of the most horrible Mana, Hawaii. Governor Cleghorn leaves for and shocking to the royal court. A new Mana on the Kinau today” (142). Ka‘iulani’s presidential administration was elected to health improved slightly, but then began to the White House. Two chief promoters of fail again. The family physician, Dr. Walters, annexation—William McKinley and diagnosed the princess with “inflammatory Theodore Roosevelt—were now in power. rheumatism” with the complication of “ex- In the early summer of 1898, war broke out opthalmic goiter” (142). Cleghorn decided to between the Kingdom of Spain and the take his daughter back to ‘Äinahau, where United States, and Americans went into an on March 5, Ka‘iulani’s breathing became imperialistic frenzy. Then, in July of 1898, irregular. Her friends and family began to the U.S. Congress bypassed its own constitu- gather around her bedside. tion and annexed the Hawaiian Islands by a simple joint resolution, insisting it needed Then, in the early morning of March 6, Her Hawai‘i as a coaling station for ships going Royal Highness Princess Ka‘iulani of Hawai‘i, to war in the Philippines (Silva 1998:65). the Heir Apparent to the Hawaiian Throne, breathed her last and embarked on the final This news affected the Princess deeply, as it leg of her life’s voyage. did many other Hawaiians. The Queen returned to Honolulu to see what she could Though she had lived a short life, she had do for her people. On August 12, the day of witnessed the death of her mother, the the formal transfer of sovereignty, members stripping of power from her uncle, the of the royal court gathered at Washington betrayal of her aunt, and the outright theft Place, closed the windows and took their last of her nation by a country that had pledged photograph together. The Queen sat in the to defend Hawaiian independence. Officially

215 she died of “inflammatory rheumatism,” but and Queen Emma. This was in marked differ- to many she died of heartbreak. ence to the 19th-century Euro-American attitude, for example, where men could Today, a century after Ka‘iulani’s death, legally beat their wives and arranged what may we say about her? More impor- marriages were the norm of especially tantly, what lessons may be drawn from her upper-class ladies. Ka‘iulani wholeheartedly example? In many ways, she was the proto- disliked this Victorian view and vowed never type of modern Hawaiians—multi-ethnic, to simply be a “woman of fashion and most educated abroad, loyal to family, adaptable likely a flirt.” She would not marry a man to her surroundings, though ever homesick she did not love.6 for Hawai‘i. One of the things frequently mentioned Ka‘iulani felt that she belonged to two about Ka‘iulani was her remarkable beauty. worlds. After all she was the child of two Today we have hotels, songs, a line of races. But she managed to feel just as much mu‘umu‘u, a school, a street, portraits at ease playing in the ponds of Waikïkï as displayed in many places around Honolulu commenting on a new exhibit at the Paris (a city, incidentally, she strongly disliked), Musée Des Beaux Arts. Abroad, she wore the and many other items bearing her name. most exquisite gowns, but once home wore Indeed, the name “Ka‘iulani” itself renders colorful mu‘umu‘u. She spoke several the image of beauty, mystique, and enchant- languages; being particularly fluent in ment. Ka‘iulani was many of these things, Hawaiian, English, German, and French. She but far more important to her, she would was very attractive and had many gentlemen have liked to be remembered as a Hawaiian. suitors, though nothing came of any of them When writing about her people, she never other than some flirtations. Compared to expressed being nervous or uncomfortable other women of her age and position, she around them. On the contrary, she ate poi was considerably more progressive. Whereas and raw fish with them and often lamented many European aristocrats regarded how she wished she could do more. Since commoners as somewhere slightly higher in the first week of her arrival back in value than cattle, Ka‘iulani did not. During a Honolulu, she engulfed herself in many time when people of a skin tone darker than charitable and social projects for her people, Europeans were labeled as “heathens” and including with the Hawaiian Relief Society “noble savage” at best, Ka‘iulani dared to and as the vice-president of the Hawai‘i call her people “a great race,” a simple Chapter of the Red Cross (121). She did all phrase, but not a popular European idea and she could for her people. not Victorian at all. Following her return to Hawai‘i in 1897 right In some respects, Ka‘iulani was much like her up till the end of 1898, she entertained aunt, what the West would later call a “fem- many of the men who had overthrown her inist.” One must remember that Ka‘iulani’s government, but this was not because she hänai aunt was Princess Ke‘elikölani, a had accepted or forgiven American rule. strongly traditional woman who reminded Indeed, she was deeply resentful of what the young princess of Hawaiian women lead- had happened and, even more resentful at ers and warriors like Manono, Ka‘ahumanu, the sight of American troops. She was doing

216 all she could to help her people gain as number of times he was tried by the PG. much as they could under the circumstances. When Sheldon was arrested shortly after his The U.S. could easily have classified comment, the Gazette wrote that the editors Hawaiians along with blacks and Native “are enjoying a long-needed term of rest.... Americans insofar as granting them citizen- The editors are passing their vacations in ship with limited voting rights and establishing Prison” (Chapin 1996:103). an apartheid form of government, such as in 4 the American South, as many Republican Since the news of the overthrow, Princess officials wanted. Ka‘iulani was well traveled Ka‘iulani had been suffering various illnesses and was fully aware of government-supported (Zambucka 1976:131). Menton is on the racism. It is much to the credit of the French Riviera, and Ka‘iulani spent her lobbying skills of the Royal Family and the holidays there when her father was in many other Hawaiian leaders that Hawaiians Europe since it was much warmer than were given a special status and a (slightly) England (100). more liberal government than other American colonies, such as the Philippines 5 As noted in Public Law 103-150 (in 1993), and Puerto Rico. Ka‘iulani’s love of Hawai‘i there were no plebiscites or referendums was greater than her hatred of America. taken for the establishment of the Republic or for annexation. The Queen constantly There is much to be learned from Ka‘iulani reminded American political leaders of that and, even a hundred years from now, there fact and urged that a plebiscite be taken to still will be much to be remembered about prove the will of the people, which no doubt her. Perhaps she said it best: “I must have would have been to restore her to the been born under an unlucky star—as I seem throne. to have my whole life planned out for me in such a way that I cannot alter it” (103). But 6 Ka‘iulani’s words on marriage and her we are fortunate that that star appeared at speeches to the American and European all, that we as a nation were able to glimpse press (i.e. “I, a poor weak girl”) echoed its radiance for that one brief moment, a another famous familiar to shining beacon during our people’s blackest Ka‘iulani—Queen Elizabeth I—who had led of nights. England from the status of a third-world nation to a first-world global power. Both Notes women would never marry but, unlike Elizabeth, Ka‘iulani would additionally never 1 Possibly “Mämä nui.” rule as a political monarch, but rather a princess reining in the hearts of her people, 2 Possibly “Päpä Mö‘ï” and “Mämä Mö‘ï.” much like another more contemporary English royal, Diana Princess of Wales. 3 John Sheldon and another editor held the record for the most arrests and incarcera- tions—eight times under the PG/Republic government, the same number of opposition papers for which Sheldon was editor. He was staunchly royalist and prided himself in the

217 References

Chapin, Helen Geracimos. 1996. Shaping History: The Role of Newspapers in Hawai‘i. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

Liliuokalani, Queen. 1990 [1898]. Hawaii’s Story By Hawaii’s Queen. Honolulu: Mutual Publishing.

Lydecker, Robert, comp. 1918. Roster Legislatures of Hawaii 1841–1918. Honolulu: The Hawaiian Gazette.

Mrantz, Maxine. 1980. Hawaii’s Tragic Princess: Kaiulani, The Girl Who Never Got to Rule. Honolulu: Aloha Graphics and Sales.

Seiden, Allan. 1992. Hawai‘i: The Royal Legacy. Honolulu: Mutual Publishing.

Silva, Noenoe. 1998. “Kanaka Maoli Resistance to Annexation.” ‘Öiwi: A Native Hawaiian Journal 1 (Dec.)

Zambucka, Kristin. 1976. Princess Kaiulani: The Last Hope of Hawaii’s Monarchy. Honolulu: Mana Publishing.

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