Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research Vol. 17/(2) 2009: 149-161

FROST DAMAGE OF BUDS ON ONE-YEAR-OLD SHOOTS OF AND TABLE GRAPEVINE CULTIVARS IN CENTRAL POLAND FOLLOWING THE WINTER OF 2008/2009

J erz y Li s ek

Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture Pomologiczna 18, 96-100 Skierniewice, POLAND e-mail: [email protected]

(Received September 14, 2009/Accepted November 9, 2009)

ABSTRACT

Following the winter of 2008/2009, an assessment of frost damage was carried out on the vines of forty-one wine and twenty-five table cultivars grown in central Poland. The minimum winter temperature of –23°C was recorded on 6 January 2009. The best tolerance to low temperatures (no damage to shoots or buds) was shown by the interspecific hybrids ‘Price’, ‘Supaga’ and ‘Zilga’ of the labrus- cana group and hybrid ‘’ originated from V. vinifera and V. riparia. Frost injuries of the other grapevines classed as interspecific hybrids varied from 0.7% of frozen buds (‘’ and ‘Refren’ – hybrids of V. vinifera, V. rupestris, and V. lincecumii) to 99.5% (‘Kodrianka’). ‘’ (13.5% of frozen buds) showed the best tolerance to frost damage from all the V. vinifera cultivars. The buds of the V. vinifera cultivar ‘Favorit’ all froze. Plant parts which were covered with soil and snow were not exposed to significant damage, even in susceptible cultivars.

Key words: buds, grapevine, cultivars, frost, winter injuries

INTRODUCTION al., 1992/93, Sękowski and Myśli- wiec, 1996; Fallahi et al., 2001; Kor- Tolerance to frost damage is an buly, 2002; Kozma, 2002; Kriszten, essential characteristic which deter- 2002; Lisek, 2004; 2007; Kuleba, mines how suitable grapevines are 2005). Frost resistance of plants of for being grown in countries where the genus Vitis is to a large extent the climate is characterized by cold determined by a genetic factor winters (Elfving et al., 1985; Lisek et (Galet, 1988; Alleweldt et al., 1990; J. Lisek

Hemstad and Luby, 1990; Luby, felder’ (Hillebrand et al., 2003; 1991; Reisch and Pratt, 1996). Kaserer and Blahous, 1999; Basler, Average cold resistance of buds 2002; Pospišilová et al., 2005). Hy- wintering on V. vinifera bushes brids originating in Hungary are amounts to –16oC (Nikov et al., characterized by very high (‘Refren’, 1983). Frost-resistance of grapevine ‘Bianca’), high (‘Nero’, Medina’) or cultivars commonly widespread in moderate (‘Palatina’) tolerance to Central Europe is described in Slo- cold (Hajdu and Gabor, 1997; Kor- vak conditions, which are similar to buly, 2002; Kozma, 2002). In Bela- Polish, by Pospišilová (1981). Ac- rus, Ukraine and southern Russia, cording to this author and other re- overwintering buds of East European searchers (Alleweldt et al., 1990; hybrids are able to endure to –30oC Korbuly, 2002), ‘Riesling’ cultivar of (‘Ananasnyj Rannyj’, ‘Zilga’), –25oC V. vinifera proved to be most tolerant (‘Aloszeńkin’, ‘Supaga’), from –21oC to cold, with its buds able to endure to –23oC (‘Arkadia’), and to –22oC drops of temperature even to 22-25oC (‘Kodrianka’) (Łojko and But- below zero. ‘Traminer Rot’ and Gusaim, 1990; Kostrikin, 2002; ‘Zweigelt’ (Moser, 1962) are marked Abuzov, 2009). by a similar tolerance. Pospišilová In the northern states of the USA counts ‘’, ‘’ and and south-eastern Canada (Ontario ‘’ among cultivars with region), interspecific hybrids are good tolerance. Their buds most grown. They were created by cross- often freeze at temperatures from –20oC ing V. vinifera with American spe- to –22oC. Average tolerant cultivars, cies which are more tolerant to win- with buds that freeze at temperatures ter frosts of –25oC than V. vinifera from –18oC to –20oC, are ‘Sylvaner’, (Elfving et al., 1985; Plocher and ‘Mueller Thurgau’ and ‘Scheurebe’. Parke, 2001). According to the Low tolerant variants which can endure authors cited, in France, in the sec- –16oC are, according to Pospišilová, ond half of 19th century and at the ‘Portugieser’ and ‘Sauvignon’. Table beginning of the 20th, highly resistant cultivars tolerant to low temperatures hybrids were created such as are ‘Chaselas Dore’ (also for wine) and ‘Aurore’, ‘Baco Noir’, ‘Marechal ‘Pearl of Csaba’. ‘Favorit’ is more Foch’, ‘Seyval’ and ‘Verdelet’. This susceptible. was done by crossing V. vinifera, From the newer cultivars of V. vini- V. riparia, V. rupestri, and V. lincecumii. fera or interspecific hybrids, which are These exceptionally frost-resistant also considered as V. vinifera, and grapevines are known as French- which are resistant to frost are ‘Caber- American hybrids. Among hybrids net Cortis’, ‘’, ‘’, obtained by crossing V. vinifera with ‘Roesler’, ‘’, ‘Milia’, ‘ V. labrusca, ‘Buffalo’, ‘Reliance’, and Bleu’. The less tolerant are ‘Acolon’, ‘Canadice’ proved very frost resis- ‘Kerner’ and ‘Sieger’, and little toler- tant, and ‘Einset’, ‘Price’ and ‘Festivee’ ance is observed in the case of ‘Dorn- were a little less frost resistant

150 J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(2) 2009: 149-161 Frost damage of grapevine

(Elfving et al., 1985; Reisch et al., three vines, planted at a spacing of 1999; Fallahi et al., 2001). 2.5 × 1 m and trained according to Various methods are used to the “low-head” method. One to three study the resistance of perennial trunks, 20 cm in height, were formed plants to low temperature damage. on the vines. After winter pruning, One such method includes the sur- 6-8 evenly spaced canes, each with vival tests carried out under con- 2-3 buds, were left on the vine (spur trolled conditions (Hołubowicz et al., pruning). In July the shoots were 1982; Quamme, 1991). The scale of pruned above the 10th-12th leaf be- frost damage depends not only on yond the last cluster of . Lat- low temperature but also on tempera- eral branches of the young shoots ture fluctuations and wind. This is were cut back above the first or sec- the reason why evaluation of frost ond leaf counting from the base. In resistance in field conditions is of the season of 2008, a chemical pro- such importance (Plocher and Parke, tection against fungal diseases was 2001). Tolerance of grapevines to the carried out, using agents containing effects of low temperatures is mod- copper, sulphur, mancozeb and difeno- ified by the plant age, health status, conazol. Bushes of those cultivars yielding, and weather conditions which are potentially susceptible to during the vegetative period (Hajdu frost were covered in November with and Gabor, 1997; Wample et al., 1997). 30 cm of soil and uncovered in the The aim of the study was to assess first two weeks of March. the frost tolerance of the buds on one- Frost damage was assessed fol- -year-old woody shoots of standard lowing the weather conditions de- and perspective grape cultivars. These scribed in Table 1. The course of are cultivars recommended for home weather in the summer and autumn gardens, farm tourism as well as com- of 2008 was unfavourable for prop- mercial vineyards providing material erly preparing the vines for winter. for wine production. August was rainy and the average temperature in September was sig- nificantly lower than usual. First MATERIALANDMETHODS frosts causing mass leaf-falling ap- peared relatively late – on the 17th of The assessment of frost damage November. The minimal winter tem- on vines was carried out in the field perature occurred on the 6th of Janu- collection of grapevines located in ary 2009, when there was just a thin the Pomological Orchard of the Insti- layer of snow. tute of Pomology and Floriculture in A collection consisting of 234 Skierniewice, Poland. The test took bushes has been added to annually place on a podsolic soil graded Class since 1992. An evaluation of frost IV, slightly acidic (pH 6.3) and con- resistance was carried out separately taining 1.3% of organic matter. Each for the old, ownrooted vines of the genotypes was represented by planted in the years 1992 -1998,

J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(2) 2009: 149-161 151 J. Lisek

T a b l e 1 . Climatic conditions in Skierniewice in the period July 2008 – April 2009 Air temperature and date it occurred on Average Precipitation monthly air Month monthly temperature Minimum Maximum [mm] [oC] July 2008 7.0oC (03.7) 31.2oC (12.07) 18,6 52,4 August 5.7oC (31.08) 30.5oC (12.08) 18.1 92.2 September 1.9oC (26-27.09) 31.0oC (06.09) 11.9 55.0 October 0.2oC (26.10) 20.5oC (30.10) 9.5 25.8 November –3.5oC (18.11) 16.3oC (01.11) 5.0 20.8 December –8.6oC (29.12) 10.4oC (01.12) 1.1 47.0 January 2009 –23.0oC (06.01) 5.0oC (26.01) –3.1 18.8 February –16.5oC (22.02) 11.1oC (07.02) –1.2 21.0 March –9.1oC (26.03) 12.0oC (31.03) 2.4 38.0 April –4.0oC (20.04) 24.8oC (30.04) 10.0 11.0 and for the young vines grafted on mined. The over-wintering bud was the V. berlandieri x V. riparia root- considered to be dead if both the stocks (SO 4, 5 BB, 125 AA) planted main bud and the replacement buds in the year 2007. underneath were dark brown. Ob- Information on the cultivars, such tained results, expressed as a per- as the skin-colour of the berries and centage of the buds damaged by frost the origin of the cultivars, is given in in relation to the total number of Table 2. Table 2 also contains the buds on a shoot, were analyzed stat- results of the study. Frost damage to istically. The variance analysis the buds that were not covered with method which was applied to the soil or snow during the frosts was values after Bliss’ transformation assessed at the time of cutting back was used. The significance of the the woody shoots. This was done in means was evaluated using Duncan’s the second half of March and at the test at 5% probability level. At the beginning of April. From each of the end of April and the beginning of plots occupied by the cultivars, May, an evaluation of buds wintering 4 samples of cane were taken, each on shoots covered with soil during with 50 buds. Three samples (repli- winter was carried out. cations) came from different vines, RESULTS while the fourth one consisted of the shoots taken in equal parts from the Frost resistance of 66 grapevine three plants being assessed. One- cultivars, expressed by the tolerance -year-old, well matured woody of overwintering buds to low tem- shoots were free from mechanical perature damages, was highly varied damage and disease symptoms. A cut (Tab. 2 and 3). Acquired results were was made across the buds under as- compared in 4 groups separately: old sessment with a knife and the colour bushes of wine cultivars planted in of the incipient shoots was deter- the period 1992-1998, young bushes

152 J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(2) 2009: 149-161 Frost damage of grapevine

T a b l e 2. Frost damage to wine grapevines following the winter of 2008/2009, Skierniewice, Poland Cultivar and colour Origin and country of Frozen buds [%] of berry skin1 breeding2 Planted 1992-1998 Aurore (B) IH (France) 0.7 b* Baco Noir (N) IH (France) 0.0 a Bianca (B) IH (Hungary) 56.5 g (N) IH (France) 11.4 d Medina (N) IH (Hungary) 43.0 f Refren (B) IH (Hungary) 0.7 b Regent (N) IH (Germany) 58.5 g Rondo (N) IH (Amur) (Germany) 56.5 g Seyval (B) IH (France) 19.4 e Sibera (B) IH (Amur) (Germany) 5.4 c Zilga (N) IH (Lab) (Latvia) 0.0 a Planted 2007 Acolon (N) Vin (Germany) 99.9 p (N) IH (Germany) 55.5 f-h Chardonnay (Gm 53) (B) Vin (France – Germany) 66.5 ij Dore (B) Vin (unknown) 60.1 hi Cserszegi Fueszeres (B-R) Vin (Hungary) 37.5 de Dakapo (N) Vin (Germany) 91.6 no (N) Vin (Germany) 40.9 e Dunaj (N) Vin (Slovakia) 91.6 no Johanniter (B) IH (Germany) 33.3 c-e Kerner (B) Vin (Germany) 76.7 k (B) IH (Germany) 49.5 f Milia (B-R) Vin (Slovakia) 61.0 hi Mueller Thurgau (B) Vin (Germany) 99.3 p Nektar (B) Vin (Hungary) 25.5 c (B) IH (Germany) 59.1 g-i Pinot Gris (R) Vin (France) 84.2 lm Pinot Noir (N) Vin (France) 75.1 k Pinot Noir Precoce (N) Vin (France) 63.1 hi Portugieser (N) Vin (Austria) 99.7 p Rathay (N) IH (Austria) 75.5 k Riesling (B) Vin (Germany) 13.5 b Roesler (N) IH (Austria) 30.0 cd Saphira (B) IH (Germany) 5.9 a Sauvignon (B) Vin (France) 94.5 o Scheurebe (B) Vin (Germany) 73.2 jk Sieger (B-R) Vin (Germany) 84.0 lm Solaris (B) IH (Germany) 50.5 fg Sylvaner (B) Vin (Austria) 89.6 mn Traminer Rot (R) Vin (Italy) 65.7 ij Zweigelt (N) Vin (Austria) 80.5 kl

*Means followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at p = 0.05. The averages were compared separately for both planting dates. 1Colour of berry skin: B (blanc) – green-yellow, R – rose, N (noir) – blue-black 2Origin: IH – interspecific hybrid from crossing V. vinifera, V. riparia or V. rupestrisor V. lincecumii, Amur – hybrid with V. amurensis, Lab – hybrid with V. labrusca, Vin – V. vinifera

J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(2) 2009: 149-161 153 J. Lisek

T a b l e 3 . Frost damages to table grapevines following the winter of 2008/2009, Skierniewice, Poland Cultivar and colour Origin and country of Frozen buds of berry skin1 breeding2 [%] Planted 1992-1998 Aloszeńkin (B) Seedling of Vin (Russia) 57.5 g* Ananasnyj Rannyj (B) IH (Lab) (Ukraine) 6.9 b Arkadia (B) IH (Ukraine) 93.2 I Buffalo (N) IH (Lab) (USA) 18.0 c Canadice (R) IH (Lab) (USA) 7.4 b Century (R-N) IH (USA) 45.0 ef Einset (R) IH (Lab) (USA) 27.5 d Festivee (N) IH (Lab) (Canada) 13.5 c Kodrianka (N) IH (Moldova) 99.5 j Nero (N) IH (Hungary) 39.0 e Palatina (B) IH (Hungary) 48.0 f Pearl of Csaba (B) Vin (Hungary) 51.5 fg Price (N) IH (Lab) (USA) 0.0 a Supaga (B) IH (Lab) (Latvia) 0.0 a Reliance (R) IH (Lab) (USA) 18.9 c Topas (B) Vin (Slovakia) 79.0 h Planted 2007 Eszter (N) IH (Hungary) 79.1 b Fanny (B) Vin (Hungary) 98.5 d Favorit (B) Vin (Hungary) 100.0 e Galanth (N) IH (Germany) 92.1 c Ganita (R) IH (Germany) 83.7 b Garant (B) IH (Germany) 17.4 a Lilla (B) Vin (Hungary) 84.6 b (N) IH (Switzerland) 14.4 a Verdelet (B) IH (France) 16.3 a 1, 2, *Explanation, see Table 2 of wine cultivars planted in the along with ‘Sibera’ (5.4%) and ‘Mare- spring of 2007, old vines of table chal Foch’ (11.4%). Considerably more cultivars planted in the years 1992- susceptible to frost damage were buds 1998 and young bushes of table cul- of ‘Seyval’ and ‘Medina’. Most suscep- tivars planted in the spring of 2007. tible in this group were ‘Bianca’, In the group of cultivars for proc- ‘Rondo’ and ‘Regent’ cultivars. essing, whose vines were planted in Within the group of cultivars, 1992-1998, the buds of ‘Baco Noir’ and whose vines were planted in the ‘Zilga’ survived the winter best and no spring of 2007, the highest frost re- frost damage was observed. Vines of sistance was shown by ‘Saphira’, ‘Aurore’ and ‘Refren’ also proved frost with only 5.9% of buds frozen. resistant (under 1% of damaged buds), Among V. vinifera cultivars, the least

154 J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(2) 2009: 149-161 Frost damage of grapevine frost damage was observed in the of ‘Aloszeńkin’, ‘Pearl of Csaba’ and case of ‘Riesling’ (13.5% of buds ‘Topas’ cultivars suffered more than frozen) and ‘Nektar’ (25.5%). Satis- 50% damage. The most susceptible factory and statistically equal was the among the table cultivars assessed in frost resistance of ‘Cserszegi Fuesze- this group were ‘Arkadia’ and res’, ‘Dornfelder’, ‘Johanniter’ and ‘Kodrianka’, with frost damage of ‘Roesler’, which were significantly buds higher than 90%. ahead of ‘Merzling’. Among the Among dessert cultivars whose cultivars where the damage did not vines were planted in the spring of exceed 60%, ‘Cabernet Cortis’, 2007, ‘Muscat Bleu’, ‘Verdelet’ and ’Orion’ and ‘Solaris’ were placed. ‘Garant’ were most tolerant to low More susceptible than those listed so temperatures (less than 20% of fro- far were ‘Chardonnay’ (clone Gm zen buds). Far more susceptible were 53), ‘Chasselas Dore’, ‘Milia’, ‘Pinot the buds of ‘Eszter’, ‘Ganita’ and Noir Precoce’ and ‘Traminer Rot’. ‘Lilla’ which suffered damage of But their damage was not higher than about 80%. More than 90% of buds 70%. Damage not exceeding 81% froze on the bushes of ‘Fanny’ and was recorded in the ‘Kerner’, ‘Pinot ‘Galanth’. All buds froze in the case Noir’, ’Rathay’, ‘Scheurebe’ and of ‘Favorit’ cultivar. ‘Zweigelt’ cultivars. In the next cate- Buds which were covered for the gory of susceptibility, where more than winter with at least 5 cm of soil con- 81% of buds froze, belonged ‘Pinot tinued to develop properly in the Gris’, ‘Sieger’ and ‘Sylvaner’. ‘Da- second half of April even in the case kapo’, ‘Dunaj’ and ‘Sauvignon’ were of those cultivars which are most the cultivars where more than 90% of susceptible to frost damage. the buds did not survive. In the most susceptible group with damages of DISCUSSION 95% and higher were ‘Acolon’, ‘Mueller Thurgau’ and ‘Portugieser’. A moderately mild winter with Table grapevines cultivar planted a minimum temperature of –23oC in the years 1992-1998, where no frost allowed the assessment and compari- damage was observed, were ‘Price’ son of frost resistance in cultivars and ‘Supaga’. Good frost resistance, considered to have an average toler- with damages below 10%, was noted ance to frost damage, including nu- in the case of ‘Anansnyj Rannyj’ and merous genotypes of V. vinifera. In ‘Canadice’. Considerably more buds this group, temperatures falling froze on the bushes of ‘Buffalo’, ‘Fes- below –25oC caused all the winter- tivee’ and ‘Reliance’ cultivars, but still ing buds (or the majority of them) the damage was not higher than 20%. that were not covered with soil, ‘Einset’ and ‘Nero’ turned out to be mulch or snow, to freeze. more susceptible. Frost damage not Our observations concerning exceeding 50% was observed in the frost resistance of buds overwinter- case of ‘Century’ and ‘Palatina’. Vines ing on the vines of the V. vinifera

J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(2) 2009: 149-161 155 J. Lisek grapevine generally coincided with vars (even the most resistant ones) other researchers’ results, but some unless they are covered with soil for differences were observed. Accord- the winter. Research on the frost ing to other authors (Pospišilová, resistance of V. vinifera cultivars and 1981; Alleweldt et al., 1990), among relatively susceptible hybrids may the V. vinifera cultivars, ‘Riesling’ prove helpful to grapevine planters in survived the winter best. In Slovakia western Poland. This research may and Austria, according to Moser prove helpful especially if climate (1962) and Pospišilová (1981), the warming takes on the form of a con- ‘Zweigelt’ cultivar is frost resistant stant process rather than periodic at a similar level as ‘Reisling’. In anomalies. The winters in western Skierniewice, Poland, however, the Poland are milder than in the central buds of the ‘Zweigelt’ froze to a and eastern parts of the country. Until considerable degree and the size of the 1950s, in the south-western part damage was even larger than in the of Poland (Zielona Góra area), there case of cultivars considered to have existed large, commercial plantations average susceptibility (such as of highly frost resistant V. vinifera ‘Scheurebe’) or as being susceptible cultivars. The bushes were tradition- (‘Dornfleder’). The new Slovakian ally covered during winter-time to cultivar ‘Milia’ showed similar resist- prevent the high risk of frost damage ance as the standard ‘Traminer Rot’, which could occur even in this area much the same as in Slovakia (Kuleba, 2005). (Pospišilová et al., 2002). Among the Taking into consideration cli- table cultivars of V. vinifera, ‘Pearl matic realities and costs of running of Csaba’ and ‘Chasselas Dore’ vineyards covered during winter, proved more tolerant to cold than growing the interspecific hybrids ‘Topas’ and ‘Favorit’, as in Slovakia would be an interesting perspective (Pospišilová, 1981; Pospišilová et al., in Poland. Frost resistance of hybrids 2005). is highly varied which results from Examining the frost resistance of their diverse origins and genetic V. vinifera bushes, it should be re- background (Galet, 1988; Hemstad membered that it is planted in large and Luby, 1990; Luby, 1991).Ac- commercial vineyards in areas where cording to research conducted previ- winter temperatures below –25oC are ously in Skierniewice, Poland and by considered abnormal weather condi- other authors in Poland (Sękowski tions. Meanwhile, such drops of and Myśliwiec, 1996; Lisek, 2004; temperature in Central Poland are 2007) and abroad (Plocher and quite common. Looking only at the Parke, 2001; Elfving et al., 1985), the last couple of years, in January 2003 group of hybrids most resistant to temperature reached –25.4oC and in low temperatures are those which January 2006 –31.6oC. The risk of originated in France. They were cre- plants freezing in central Poland is ated by crossing V. vinifera, V. ri- too high to recommend those culti- paria, V. rupestris and V. lincecumii.

156 J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(2) 2009: 149-161 Frost damage of grapevine

Very good resistance was also shown ever, did not demonstrate such resist- by some hybrids obtained by cross- ance as it did in the north-western ing V. vinifera and V. labrusca (like part of the USA where it survived for example ‘Zilga’). This was con- frosts of –34oC (Fallahi et al., 2001). firmed by other results acquired in Among the Hungarian hybrids, Belarus, Latvia, the northern states of according to previous data, the most the USA (Łojko and But-Gusaim, frost resistant proved to be the culti- 1990; Plocher and Parke, 2001) and var ‘Refren’ (Hajdu and Gabor, previous observations in Skierniewice, 1997). The cultivars ‘Medina’ and Poland. In Skierniewice in the case of ‘Palatina’ (Korbuly, 2002; Kozma, this cultivar, no frost damage was 2002) were more susceptible. The noted at the temperature of –31.6oC high resistance of ‘Bianca’ (Kozma, in January 2006 (Lisek, 2007). After 2002) was not confirmed, as it suf- the 2008/2009 winter, the buds of the fered more damage than ‘Medina’. ‘Supaga’ cultivar also did not suffer After the 2008/2009 winter, results any frost damage but it should be similar to those previously acquired noted that the scale of damage will in research done in Skierniewice, Po- increase at drops of temperature be- land, concerning the cultivar ‘Bianca’, low –25oC(Łojko and But-Gusaim, were obtained (Lisek, 2004; 2007). 1990; Lisek, 2004; 2007). The Interspecific hybrids ‘Regent’, ‘Ananasnyj Rannyj’ cultivar turned ‘Rondo’ and ‘Roesler’ proved to out to be well-resistant, though not as have a higher resistance to frost than well-resistant as in the Ukraine most V. vinifera cultivars as was (Abuzov, 2009). During a moder- found in Germany and Slovakia ately cold winter, no damage was (Hillebrand et al., 2003; Pospišilová observed in the case of the ‘Price’ et al., 2005). The cultivar ‘Roesler’ cultivar. This confirms previous data was observed to be more frost resis- on its good frost resistance and abil- tant than ‘Rathay’, as was the case in ity to survive well even at drops of Austria (Keserer and Blahous, 1999). temperature below –30oC (Lisek, However, it is disputable whether the 2007). It is interesting though, that in ‘Regent’ and ‘Rondo’ cultivars Canada ‘Price’ is considered aver- commonly found in Poland would be age-tolerant to frost (Elfving et al., able to winter well or regularly 1985). In the light of the discussed without being covered during winters research, other V. labrusca hybrids in Central Poland. Buds of inter- should be found tolerant, for instance specific hybrids ‘Arkadia’ and ‘Kor- ‘Canadice’, ‘Reliance’, ‘Buffalo’, dianka’ were more susceptible to ‘Einset’ and ‘Festivee’. Data from frost than many of the V. vinifera Poland, Canada and the USA cultivars which stands in contradic- (Elfving et al., 1985; Sękowski and tion to data from the Ukraine and Myśliwiec, 1996; Reisch et al., 1999; Russia. Data from the Ukraine and Lisek, 2004; 2007) confirm this. The Russia show that those cultivars win- vines of the cultivar ‘Reliance’, how- ter well in temperatures similar to the

J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(2) 2009: 149-161 157 J. Lisek ones recorded in January of 2009 in which causes excoriose, could have Poland (Kostrikin, 2002; Abuzov, influenced bud freezing in those cul- 2009). tivars which are relatively suscep- Frost resistance depends not only tible to this pathogen, despite being on genetic factors but also on the age considered as frost resistant, e.g. of plants, their health, good or poor ‘Bianca’ or ‘Marechal Foch’. The and climatic course of the varied fertility of vines, which is season preceding the overwintering. a genetic trait, may have some sig- The sum of active temperatures nificance in frost resistance. On the (STA) in the year 2008 in Skiernie- average from 1.5 to 3.0 kg of grapes wice, Poland, came to 2519oC which were gathered from the vines planted did not differ from the long-standing in the time period from 1992-1998. average of the years 1981-2000. It The most fertile proved to be vines was, however, less than in warm of the cultivars ‘Aloszeńkin’, ‘Reli- years. For instance, in 2003 STA ance’, ‘Rondo’, ‘Regent’ and ‘Fes- exceeded 2700oC and in 2009 tivee’. The vines of cultivars planted 2900 oC. Taking into consideration in the spring of 2007 produced 0.5- the rainy August and cold September 1.5 kg of grapes the next year, with of 2008, it is possible that cultivars the exception of cultivars ‘Muscat with early ripening fruits (the end of Bleu’ and ‘Solaris’ which gave about August and the beginning of Sep- 2.5-3.0 kg of fruits. tember) such as ‘Aloszeńkin’, ‘Pearl Less than 4% of the buds froze of Csaba’ and ‘Pinot Noir Precoce’ on the vines of the frost resistant were better prepared for winter. cultivar ‘Marechal Foch’, when the Pospišilová (1981) reports that temperature went down to –31.6oC in young, average yielding and fungal- January 2006 (Lisek, 2007). After -free vines of the cultivar ‘Scheurebe’ the temperature of –23oC recorded in are more resistant to frost damage January 2009, 11.4% of the buds than the old, well yielding ones. In- froze. This demonstrates the possibil- fection by the fungus Unicunula ity of far-reaching differences in frost negator drastically decreases the resistance of cultivars in Poland be- frost resistance of the cultivar ‘Char- tween seasons. It also shows that donnay’ in Canada (Elfving et al. further systematic study is needed, in 1985). The health status of plants in the face of climatic changes, mount- Skierniewice was good and the scope ing interest in grapevine-growing in of occurrence of the main fungal Poland, and popularization of new diseases: , powdery cultivars. mildew and excoriose was minimum. In order to widen the use of the Henceforth it is hard to decide obtained results (Tab. 2 and 3), it can whether health is an important cause be assumed that grapevine cultivars of differences in frost resistance. which had wintering buds even after Although it is possible that infection being exposed to temperature –23oC, by the pathogen Phomopsis viticola, and which suffered damaged in 50% or

158 J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(2) 2009: 149-161 Frost damage of grapevine less of the cases, are prospective and Basler P. 2002. Ungespritzte einheimische can be recommended for production in Tafeltrauben. Schweiz. Z. OBST- Polish climatic conditions. WEINBAU 138(7): 169-170. Elfving D.C., Dale A., Fisher K.H., Teh- rani G. 1985. Fruit cultivars. Publica- CONCLUSIONS tion 430. Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Ontario, 82 p. 1. Among V. vinifera genotypes, Fallahi E., Fallahi B., Chun I.J. 2001. overwintering buds on the vines Adaptation, maturity and fruit quality of the cultivar ‘Riesling’ showed of table grapes in the intermountain the highest frost resistance. West region of USA. SMALL 2. Frost resistance to winter damage FRUITS REV. 1(4): 29-42. of interspecific hybrids was Galet P. 1988. Cépages et vignobles de France, Tome I. Les vignes highly varied. The group most nd resistant to cold includes some Américaines. 2 . ed. Déhan, hybrids which originated as Montpellier, 660 p. Hajdu E., Gabor G. 1997. Winter toler- a result of crossing V. vinifera ance of grape varieties in the winter with V. labrusca (‘Zilga’, ‘Price’, 1995/1996. HORT. SCI. 29(1-2): 43-47. ‘Supaga’); V. riparia, V. rupestris, Hemstad P.R., Luby J.J. 1990. Evalua- and V. lincecumii (‘Aurore’, tion and utilization of as ‘Baco Noir’, Marechal Foch’, a source of genes for extreme cold ‘Saphira’) and V. amurensis hardiness. In: Proc. 5th Int. Symp. On (‘Sibera’). Buds of hybrids Grape Breeding, 12-16 September ‘Arkadia’ and ‘Kodrianka’ were 1989. St. Martin/Pfalz, Germany. Vitis more susceptible to frost damage special issue, p. 29. Hillebrand W., Lott H., Pfaff F. 2003. than the most resistant among the Taschenbuch der Rebsorten. 13 Auf- V. vinifera cultivars. lage. Fachverlag Dr. Fraund GmbH, 3. Frost resistance of ‘Rondo’ and Mainz, 386 p. ‘Regent’, which are the most Hołubowicz T., Cummins J.N., Forsline common wine cultivars in Po- P.L., 1982. Response of Malus clones land, was good compared to most to programmed low-temperature V. vinifera cultivars but not suffi- stresses in late winter. J. AM. SOC. cient in the conditions of cold HORT. SCI. 107: 492-496. winters which occur in central Kaserer H., Blahous D. 1999. Pilztolerante Poland every couple of years. Rotwein-Neuzuchtungen aus Klos- terneuburg Roesler, Rathay and REFERENCES Seifert. DER DEUTSCHE WEINBAU 13: 28-30. Abuzov. M. 2009. Atlas sieviernovo vino- Korbuly J. 2002. Invaluable traits of grada. KFH Pitomnik, Smoleńsk. 165 p. Vitis amurensis (Rupr.) for grapevine Alleweldt G., Spiegel-Roy P., Reisch resistance breeding. INT. J. HORT. B.I., 1990. Grapes (Vitis). In: Moore SCI. 8(1): 51-56. J.R., Ballington J.R. jr. (eds), Genetic Kostrikin I.A. 2002. Ustojcziwyje sorta resources of temperate fruit and nut vinograda genofonda SNG. Rostov- crops. ACTA HORT. 290: 291-337. -Odessa-Zaporoże, 55 p.

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Kozma P. jr. 2002. Resistant grape varieties Spravocznik po łozarstvo. Ch. Da- originating from Franco-American nov, Plovdiv, 279 p. hybrids in Hungary. INT. J. HORT. Plocher T.A., Parke R.J. 2001. Northern SCI. 8(1): 47-50. Winework. Eau Claire Printing Co., Kriszten Gy. 2002. Vitis interspecific Minnesota, 178 p. hybrids in grape production. INT. J. Quamme H.A. 1991. Application of HORT. SCI. 8(1): 57-59. thermal analysis to breeding fruit Kuleba M. 2005. Ampelografia Zielonej crops for increased cold hardiness. Góry. Wyd. Pro Libris. Zielona Góra, HORT. SCI. 26: 513-517. 340 p. Pospišilová D. 1981. Ampelografia Lisek J. 2004. Winter hardiness of thirty CSSR. Priroda, Bratislava, 347 p. grape cultivar buds (Vitis sp.) under Pospišilová D., Sekera D., Ruman T. conditions of central Poland. ZESZ. 2005. Ampelografia Slovenska. 1 vyd. PROBL. POST. NAUK ROLN. 497: Modra VSSVVM, 368 p. 405-410. Reisch B.I., Pratt C. 1996. Fruit Breed- Lisek J. 2007. Frost damage of grape- ing. In: Janick J., Moore J.N. (eds), vines in Poland following the winter Vol. II: Vine and Small Fruits Crops. of 2005/2006. FOLIA HORTIC. 19 Chapt. 4, Grapes. John Wiley & (2): 69-78. Sons, Inc, , pp. 297-366. Lisek J., Smolarz K., Kostusiak A., Reisch B.I., Peterson D.V., Howell- Szpunar J. 1992/93. Productive value Martens M. 1999. var- of seven grape cultivars. PR. INST. ieties for cool climates. Cornell Coop- SAD. Ser. A 31: 99-107. erative Ext. Public. Inform. Bull. 234. Luby J.J. 1991. Breeding cold-hardy Sękowski B., Myśliwiec R. 1996. 101 fruit crops in Minnesota. HORT- odmian winorośli do uprawy w Polsce. SCIENCE 26: 505-512. Wyd. Nauk. PWN, Warszawa, 263 p. Łojko R.E., But-Gusaim A.W. 1990. Wample R.L., Wolf T.K., Henick-Kling Sorta vinograda w Biełorusii. Bieło- T. (ed.), Harkness E.M. 1997. Prac- russkij Nauczno-Issledovatelskij In- tical considerations that impact vine stitut, Mińsk, 64 p. cold hardiness. Proc. 4th Inter. Symp. Moser L. 1962. Der Rebschnitt muss der Cool Climate Viticulture and Enol- Sorte angepasst werden. DER ogy, Rochester, New York, 16-20 WINZER 18 (3): 38-40. July 1996, II: 23-38 Nikov M., Jonev S., Czołakov T., Male- nin I., Todorov I., Monov I. 1983.

160 J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(2) 2009: 149-161 Frost damage of grapevine

USZKODZENIA MROZOWE PĄKÓW PO ZIMIE 2008/2009 NA KRZEWACH WINIARSKICH I DESEROWYCH ODMIAN WINOROŚLI W CENTRALNEJ POLSCE

Jerzy Lisek

STRESZCZENIE

Po zimie 2008/2009 oceniano uszkodzenia mrozowe na krzewach 41 winiarskich i 25 deserowych odmian winorośli uprawianych w warunkach centralnej Polski. Mi- nimalnątemperaturęzimowąwynoszącą–23,0oC zanotowano 6 stycznia 2009 roku. Najlepszątolerancjęna działanie niskiej temperatury (brak uszkodzeńpędów i pąków zimujących) wykazały krzewy mieszańców międzygatunkowych: ‘Price’, ‘Supaga’ i ‘Zilga’ hodowanych przez krzyżowanie V. vinifera i V. labrusca oraz ‘Baco Noir’ uzyskanego przez krzyżowanie V. vinifera i V. riparia. Odsetek przemarzniętych pąków na krzewach innych odmian klasyfikowanych jako mieszańce międzygatun- kowe wynosiłod 0,7% (‘Aurora’, ‘Refren’ – krzyżówki V. vinifera, V. rupestris, V. lincecumii) do 99,5% (‘Kodrianka’). Spośród odmian winorośli właściwej (V. vinife- ra) najmniejsząpodatnośćna uszkodzenia mrozowe wykazał‘Riesling’ (13,5% przemarzniętych pąków). Na krzewach odmiany ‘Favorit’, należącej równieżdo V. vinifera przemarzły wszystkie pąki. Części krzewów okryte glebąlub śniegiem nie doznały widocznych uszkodzeńmrozowych, nawet u najbardziej wrażliwych na mróz odmian.

Słowa kluczowe: pąki, winorośl, odmiany, mróz, uszkodzenia mrozowe

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