Harashim The Quarterly Newsletter of the Australian & New Zealand Masonic Research Council

ISSN 1328-2735 Issue 5 January 1998

About Harashim Harashim is a quarterly newsletter published Clan MacLeod— by the Australian and New Zealand Masonic Research Council (PO Box 332, Williamstown, Victoria 3016) and two copies are issued free to each of its Affiliate and Associate members in the Australian connection January, April, July and October each year. Copyright and reprinting by Tony Pope Copyright is vested in ANZMRC and the author of any article appearing in Harashim. As an author, Wallace McLeod is an editor’s delight, providing manuscripts Affiliates and Associates are encouraged to reprint the entire newsletter (at their own expense) promptly, on computer disk and hard copy, and responding quickly and good- and circulate it to their own members, including humouredly to editorial queries. Thus I was able to do some further research on a their correspondence circles (if any) and to supply minor point that arose from the paper on Robert Burns, which eventually became copies to public and Masonic libraries within their chapter 13 of The Quest for Light. jurisdictions. Individual items from any issue may be In the manuscript, Bro McLeod wrote: reprinted by Associates and Affiliates, provided: In a sense we are all exiles from our fathers’ land. My people came from another shore beyond the Atlantic to the New World in 1839, without a word of English— • The item is reprinted in full; banished, it seems, by their own chief, who hoped to find fewer cares and greater • The name of the author and the source of the profit in raising sheep. Four years later, by a sort of tragic retribution, this same chief article are included; and had to sell his patrimony to a wealthy stranger; and then in 1846 he exiled himself to • A copy of the publication containing the Nalang, South Australia. reprint is sent to the editor. Anyone else wishing to reprint material from Where, and what, is Nalang, I wondered: Macleod (c 1806–1860), 13th of Raasay. Harashim must first obtain permission from the copyright holders via the editor. a town, past or present, or a sheep or John had three younger brothers: James cattle station? With a little help from my (1813–1844), Loudoun Hastings (1820– Contents friends, I found out and gradually pieced 1868), and Francis Hector George (1824– Affiliate and Associate members are encouraged together a fascinating story, the after 1867). Instead of going to Canada, to contribute material for the newsletter, including: Australian connection. these three migrated to South Australia in 1839–1840 and took up land in the infant • Their lecture programmes for the year; Clan MacLeod colony. James settled in what was to • Any requests from their members for In the 13th century, Leod, son of King become McLaren Vale, on property he information on a research topic; Olaf the Black, acquired the islands of called ‘Rona”, after a small island off • Research papers of more than local interest Harris, Lewis, and part of Skye, off the Raasay. Loudoun took up land near that merit wider publication. bleak west coast of Scotland. His sons Wellington, on Lake Alexandrina, and The newsletter will also include news and reports from ANZMRC, book reviews, extracts from Tormod and Torquil were the founders of Francis (generally known as Frank) chose other publications and a readers’ letters column. the two main branches of the clan, property at McLaren Flat. If the source of an item is not identified, it is Tormod inheriting Harris and Skye, and by the editor. Opinions expressed are those of the Torquil gaining Lewis. Later, a cadet Nalang author of the article, and should not be attributed to the Council. branch of the MacLeods of Lewis In August 1845, after the death of James, Material submitted for publication must be acquired the island of Raasay, between Loudoun and several other Scottish clearly typed or printed (in black, not grey!) or on Skye and the mainland. The chiefly migrants explored south and southeast of a computer disk (3.5 inch, IBM-formatted) and family of the MacLeods of Lewis was Wellington, crossing what is now known posted to the editor, Tony Pope, PO Box 124, Murrayville, Victoria 3512. wiped out in the early 1600s, and the as the Ninety Mile Desert, and located a Clear illustrations, diagrams and photgraphic chieftain of the cadet branch at Raasay strip of good land just west of the prints suitable for scanning are welcome, and inherited the title of Chief of Clan Victorian border, around what is now most computer graphic (IBM) formats are Torquil. Bordertown. They divided the land acceptable. Photos of contributors (preferably not in regalia) would be useful. The Chief who banished Wallace between them, into three properties, for Issue 5 McLeod’s ancestors in 1839 was John (Continuedpage on page 1 6) to the riddle, which I am eager to know. If, however, the word were to be rosh, it would have a meaning because rosh in Hebrew is head or principal and so the meaning could be the masters or the master masons. Assuming this speculation is somewhere on the right lines! Sincerely and fraternally Manfred Hermer Victoria, BC, Canada

Dear Brother Editor, lodge meeting. These features mark it as [Bro Hermer was born in South Africa. When Bro Mel Moyle says, in effect, that extraordinary: it was not a regular He was foundation Master of Lyceum there were masons’ marks on the meeting. It was in fact a masonic trial of Lodge of Research 8682 EC, our South pyramids of Egypt and the temples of the lodge’s presiding officer—who was African associate member of ANZMRC, Mexico and Peru circa 2500 BC absent. Auchinleck may have been there and was in partnership with Bro Rodney (Harashim, October 1997) he is wrong on ‘at Schaw’s invitation, or as counsel for Grosskopff, Secretary of Lyceum.] two counts: prosecution or defence’. There is ‘no real justification for claiming him as a • First, there were no temples in Mexico Dear Tony, member of the Lodge’. David or Peru c 2500 BC—or, if there were, You question my interpretation of the Stevenson, The First Freemasons no one but Mel has ever found them. Hebrew word ‘Harashim’. (Aberdeen, 1988, pp 24–25) disagrees, • Second, the marks in the Great The Hebrew dictionary defines it as ‘a but I still find Harry Carr’s arguments warrior skillful to destroy’. Surely this is Pyramid were painted, not incised—as persuasive. were some of the stones at the base of not the intention of your publication. But I thank Bro Mel Moyle for Perhaps you are using the plural form the SE corner of the Haram wall in persisting in the quest for light. Jerusalem when excavated by Bro ‘Charashiym’, defined as: Sincerely, Charles Warren—and there is no clear a valley of craftsmen (graver, evidence as to their purpose. Wallace McLeod artificer, carver), relating to a valley As I said in my paper, ‘The mason near Lydda, a few miles east of mark’ (AMRC Proceedings 1992, p 32; E E E E E Joppa (the Palestine Joppa) founded Masonic Research in South Australia, by Joab of Othniel’s family. vol I, p 29), ‘As historical researchers, we Dear Bro Editor, Sincerely, would be unwise to read too much into I received a copy of HARASHIM from Mel Moyle this particular link across the miles and the Secretary of the local Lodge of the millenia’. Education and Research and was E E E E E Sorry, Bro Moyle. Bro McLeod is interested in the name of the publication right. You are not breaking icons, just and your invitation to speculate on its Dear Brother Pope, tilting at windmills. origin. . . . first of all let me address your concern Fraternal regards, I am led to think that the language is Hebrew, because the ha in Hebrew about the name of your publication. You Kennion Brindal stands for the and im at the end is the can put your mind at rest. The name suffix to indicate the plural case. This ‘Harashim’ is perfectly suited for your E E E E E leaves for solution the word rash, the publication. I hope I shall provide meaning of which is poor man. sufficient proof to satisfy any doubting Dear Brother Editor, On the face of it this cannot be the Thomas among your readers. The word Harashim is the plural of I am grateful to Brother Mel Moyle for correct answer to the problem as it would appear meaningless, UNLESS Harash, which means Craftsman, Artisan. attempting to set me straight in two For example, in Jeremiah 10:3 - ‘they cut matters. Actually, with regard to one of there is some other word associated with rash which is subject to translation a tree out of the forest and a craftsman them, twenty-four years ago I would have shapes it with his chisel.’ The word agreed with him, and in fact I had written in another, possibly masonic, sense as for example apprentice, or humble ‘craftsman’ in this verse is Harash in the that the Laird of Auchinleck in 1600 was Hebrew original. ‘the earliest certain example of a non- servant or some such. In either case, its employment as the title of a newsletter Harash meaning craftsman in general, operative mason’. But Harry Carr finally it is often used in combination with other taught me the truth, in his commentary on of the type you are publishing still does not make sense. I thought, however, that words, to specify which kind of craftsman The Minutes of the Lodge of Edinburgh, is intended. Mary’s Chapel, No 1, 1598–1738 (QCA I would submit my finding anyway, and hope that you will continue to send the For instance, Harash-Even-Kir is a 13, 1962, pp 50–51). craftsman specialized in stone building The meeting of 8 June 1600 was held publication to our secretary so that we can follow up on your news which, as (Stonemason). This expression appears in in the palace of Holyroodhouse, probably 2 Samuel 5:11 and has particular under the presidency of , always in these cases, is an interesting reflection on life in a far off land, and at relevance to our case: ‘Now Hiram king Warden-General and Master of Works to of Tyre sent messengers to David, along the King—the only time he attended a the same time will provide the solution page 2 Harashim with cedar logs and carpenters and stonemasons (Harashei-Even-Kir)’. The carpenters in the same verse are This ’n’ that . . . by Tony Pope Harashei-Etz (Craftsmen in wood). In modern Hebrew, from the name Harash were derived the words Haroshet (Manufacture), Beit-Haroshet (Factory), As Bro Norman Leeper, Master of (No, that doesn’t make six! California etc. Southern California , & Hawaii is one ). Generally speaking, many problems of remarked in a recent newsletter, ‘The The Grand Lodge of misinterpretation of Hebrew words are biggest problem with a newsletter is Massachusetts has responded to an due to the different transliterations used. that the printer’s deadline is usually overture by Tasmania, by petitioning Unfortunately, the ‘scientific’ before the event giving rise to the for recognition. A copy of the letter is transliteration used by linguists is so news’. How true! So here are some of reproduced on page 5. Victoria has complicated and ugly that nobody uses it the Masonic news items of recent received a petition from the Prince Hall in daily life. This leads to many months—on their way to becoming Grand Lodge of Connecticut, and it is difficulties, because the letter ‘H’, for history—and a few comments and highly likely that all Australian Grand example, can be used to represent either talking points. Lodges have received, or will shortly ‘Heh’ (as in Ha-Boneh) or ‘Het’ (as in receive, similar letters from Connecticut Hanuka, or – in our case – Harash). New Grand Lodges and Massachusetts. Things are Finally, among the many combinations Latest in the series of Grand Lodges beginning to move. in which the word Harash is used, only sponsored by the In the meantime, Victoria has joined one has a negative meaning: Harash- of France (GLNF) is that of the the majority, in determining to admit all Mashhit, which means ‘craftsman in Malagasay Republic, better known to Prince Hall visitors (subject to the usual destruction and demolition’. This, of old Africa-hands as the island of tests), even though formal recognition course, in no way detracts from the many Madagascar. has not been exchanged. This leaves other uses of the word Craftsman And on 1 November 1997 the Grand South Australia as the odd man out, the (Harash). Lodges of Scotland and England were only Australian Grand Lodge that To conclude, the name Harashim midwives at the birth of a new refuses to waive protocol on this issue. (Craftsmen) is perfectly suitable for a Canadian Grand Lodge, that of The Internet Masonic publication. If I may make a Newfoundland and Labrador. The new suggestion, I would perhaps include in Grand Lodge has moved swiftly Illinois Lodge of Research has your logo the original Hebrew word. I am towards the 21st century, with an email appointed an Internet Information enclosing on a separate sheet of paper the address ([email protected]) and Officer, Bro Martin Smith, (at word Harashim printed in several fonts, an Internet Home Page [email protected]). Now that’s so you can scan it and insert it in your (http://www.newcomm.net/masonic/). an idea worth considering by Australian logo, if you agree to my suggestion. For an explanation of this esoterica, see and New Zealand research groups. The . . . the article ‘The Internet for the Un- SA Lodge of research has appointed its Initiated’ in this issue. SW, Dr Richard Num, to a similar With warm fraternal greetings, position—Internet coordinator Leon Zeldis Prince Hall recognition ([email protected]). Alaska and Oregon have recognised the Which other members have Internet Editor Haboneh Hahofshi Prince Hall Grand Lodges with which connections? they share territory. This is a welcome Bro Ken Brindal has a few Response: surprise in both cases. Some years ago, comments on the Internet, in his guest Our thanks to Bro Zeldis for providing the GM of Alaska polled his members column on page 11. What do readers the definitive interpretation of Harashim, to gain their opinions on recognition; so think of the idea of putting our to Bro Moyle for breathing life into this few answered that the GM came to the publications ‘on the net’? column, and to the other brethren for conclusion recognition was not an issue The so-called ‘Information super- their contributions. and not worth bothering about. In the highway’ has brought a change in the There were technical problems in case of Oregon, the GM made two dissemination of information as radical using the samples of Harashim in Hebrew points: first, his Grand Lodge had no as the introduction of moveable type. It script supplied by Bro Zeldis, but the idea colour-bar and did have African- seems to be posing censorship is good and we’ll keep trying. American members; and second, problems, reflected in the concerns of Incoming mail is the only way the recognition of the Prince Hall Grand some Grand Lodges, as expressed, for editor can be certain that a publication is Lodge of Oregon by his neighbour, example, in a short article in the being read, and that continued effort is Idaho (because a Prince Hall lodge in November 1996 issue of the worthwhile. So keep the letters coming. Idaho was chartered from Oregon) was Pennsylvania Freemason, reprinted on Let’s have some more lively discussion. an invasion of sovereignty. Oregon page 12. Even brickbats are better than silence. withdrew recognition from Idaho. That, too, has been restored. Editor England has now recognised five Prince Hall Grand Lodges: Connecticut, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and California & Hawaii.

Issue 5 page 3 New research centre in Italy letter to ANZMRC

page 4 Harashim Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Massachusetts letter seeking recognition in Australia

Issue 5 page 5 The township of Bordertown (which is migrated to Australia. It is not clear when Clan MacLeod actually 20 kilometres inside the border) he came to Nalang, but he died and was was surveyed in 1852, when a half-way buried there in 1860. I would suggest that stop was established by Inspector it was after mid-1852 that John, and Frank, (Continued from page 1) Alexander Tolmer for the escorts came to live at Nalang, because of an event which they obtained ‘occupation licences’ conveying gold from the Victorian at that time which is recounted without in 1846. Loudoun MacLeod secured 117 goldfields to Adelaide. The Nalang mention of any Macleod but Loudoun. square miles of sheep-grazing land, and homestead is located about 5 km south of This is an anecdote from the Adelaide called the property Nalang. Later, he the town. Stock and Station Journal of 22 December developed a taste for city life, and moved As Wallace mentions in his paper, in 1926, by Rodney Cockburn: his brother Frank in as manager. 1846 the chief, John MacLeod, also On the night of July 9, 1852,

Sheep-runs in Hundreds of Wirrega and Tatiara, showing location of Nalang homestead John MacLeod’s grave, 1997, with Nalang homestead in the background

Loudoun Macleod was aroused from far from the homestead. His grave is still where the hereditary chiefs of Raasay still his sleep by cries of distress from the there; the tombstone has fallen and broken, reside. Loudoun died in 1868, in a city— wurley of his native servant Jenny but has been reconstructed in a horizontal but I was unable to determine for certain [sic], who had served him faithfully position over the grave and set in concrete. whether in Melbourne or Adelaide. for six years. He found that the It reads: Nalang passed through several hands, occupants of the wurley had been assailed by ten Glenelg River blacks, IN MEMORY OF with much of the lands being resumed by who had murdered Jemmy and a 10- JOHN MACLEOD ESQ the government, but in the early 1900s it year old boy, and had endeavoured to OF RASAY AND was purchased by the ancestors of the carry off the former’s lubra. There CHIEF OF THE CLAN TORQUILE present owners, Bill and Jenny Hunt, who were ten spears in Jemmy’s body. WHO DIED JUNE 6 1860 have recovered most of the original land, MacLeod immediately dispatched a AGED 55 YEARS. and who live in and care for the heritage- messenger to the Scotts’ station, and listed homestead, built by the MacLeods in got into touch with the gold escort. The property had passed out of the 1857. Bill and Jenny were gracious hosts Next morning MacLeod, John and possession of the MacLeods by 1870. to my wife and I when we called there to Charles Scott, John Binnie, a police After the death of his wife in 1867, Frank check out the Australian connection. corporal and two native trackers set MacLeod took his children to Tasmania, out after the offenders, and after 35 miles on horseback, came up with five of them on Henry Jones’s Binnum run. The blacks tauntingly challenged the whites to fight, and a spirited encounter with guns and spears ensued. One spear passed through Macleod’s hat, and another denuded the bark of a tree where the

Scotts were posted. Later three of the natives stood their trial in the Supreme Court, and were sentenced to death – Pot Pouch, alias Teapot, Ballycrack, and Crackingyounger. John MacLeod was buried at Nalang, not Nalang (Continued on page 7) homestead page 6 Harashim Reprinted from Victoria, November 1997, pp 8–10. The Internet for the Un-Initiated

by Barry Minster

can create a video and audio link, which the price of a local telephone call, dial up What does all this computer jargon will allow you to see and talk with friends and connect via a service provider to a mean? across the world. distant computer. Why do we need to know that there As its name implies, the Internet links As with all businesses or services, it is are over 50,000 references to individuals and organisations through a a good policy to shop around for the best Freemasonry available to the Internet series of connections or links. Just as you price and service. enquirer? Where do you go to find out need a phone to make a phone call, Internet Service Providers range from to connect to the Internet you need some fully commercial services like Ozemail, without being confused by technical BigPond and CompuServe with average terms and gobbledygook? costs of $6 per hour through to cheaper WWW has become a familiar acronym commercial Internet Service Providers and in today’s language but the mere mention community-minded User Groups. of the World Wide Web can cause eyes to glaze over and grown men and women to Internet /Intranet run for cover. In addition to the Internet, you may have heard the term Intranet. Essentially the What is the Web? major difference is that it enables medium Once the province of the academic and and large corporations to send documents, the military establishment, the ability to pictures and messages internally within communicate via telephone lines and their organisation. It is like an internal computer modems has moved into our intercom for computers. However, these schools, offices and homes. The VWBro Barry Minster, UGLVic same organisations can, if they wish, link extraordinary growth of the Internet—an into the Internet. internationally available public information network—is largely due to basics: an Internet-accessible computer, a What are some of the Internet’s the development of the World Wide Web modem, a phone line and an Internet benefits? (www) in the 1990s. No longer pages of Service Provider (ISP)—a sort of • Open twenty four hours a day boring text and complex instructions, the telephone company for the Internet. • Relatively inexpensive as a research web enables the computer novice to Once having chosen your service tool access quickly and retrieve information as provider—and there are many of them— • Offers an extremely wide variety of well as send typewritten messages to other you will then be able to access publicly subjects and interest groups catering users through the intuitive point and click available information and your personal to everyone’s taste user interface, the browser. Moreover, if electronic mail. This is all channelled • Is instantaneous with access and you are particularly knowledgeable you through the Web Server, housed on the response Internet Service Provider’s computer. However, this mailman requires a Searching the Net mailbox, your computer. For the Web, the The World Wide Web consists of a large Clan MacLeod mailbox is called a web client or browser. numbers of computers located across the This software is housed and runs on your globe offering generally free and unlimited desktop or laptop computer. The most access to the data or information contained (Continued from page 6) common browsers are Netscape and within, to any individual or organisation. Acknowledgments Microsoft Explorer. However, these However, any library or resource is only as useful as its index. For the Internet— I am indebted to Wallace McLeod, browsers also link into many specialised this almost limitless library—the index is George Woolmer, an unnamed member of browsers and extend your ability to made of numerous search engines. the SA Lands Dept, the librarian at explore the net. These search programs quiz databases Bordertown public library, and Bill & Despite the differences in computer to provide you with an index of available Jenny Hunt, for information supplied, as systems and manufacturers, it is web sites containing data closely well as the authors of numerous books heartening to note that this is not a associated to your inquiry. For example, and other publications, including: Alick problem. In fact, a Web server created by you may decide to type in the word Morrison, The MacLeods: The Genealogy one company can serve documents to an ‘Freemasons’. In response, you will of a Clan (1990); Neil Grant, Scottish opposition’s browser. Thankfully, this is receive a list of possible sites and a clans & tartans (1987); and Alan Jones, because the Internet is based on an summary of their contents. Once you have Tatiara: the first 140 years, 1845–1985. internationally agreed set of open standards. chosen a site to visit, you merely use the By using a modem in conjunction with left button on your mouse to connect with a personal computer, an individual can, for (Continued on page 10)

Issue 5 page 7 From the Internet, via the South Australian Lodge of Research bi-monthly Gleanings, Issue 41, July 1997

Information on Judaism for Masonic writers by Bro Roger M Firestone

I have found that many Masonic writers, to attempt to pronounce the Name. Where Should the Talmud be placed on the altar whether for the print media or for online the Name occurs in printed Hebrew, a for Jewish candidates? comments to mailing lists or Usenet substitute word is used. That word is The Talmud is a book of legal newsgroups are not always aware of ‘Adonai,’ as mentioned above. To remind interpretation. It also teaches a great deal aspects of Jewish practice and custom that the reader that YHVH is to be pronounced about Jewish thinking and religious belief. might impact Freemasonry. ‘Adonai,’ the vowels for ‘Adonai’ are But it is not Holy Scripture. The works of This document is an attempt to provide written below the letters YHVH. It is this St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas a small amount of enlightenment about that has led to the rendering of the Name as bear a similar relationship to the Bible for such matters, information that is not ‘Jehovah,’ through other vowel shifts (note Christians, but those works are not readily available from the usual online the ‘J’ replacing the ‘Y’ as discussed). Scripture, either. sources. I will be writing from the What is the Jewish holy book called? Do Jews wear a head covering in Lodge? perspective of a Reform Jew, raised in the We call it the Bible. Another surprise! This issue has been taken up by a number ‘classical’ tradition; this means that there That, of course, is the English term. The of Grand Lodges. Masonic practice is not are other customs, some of which I know Hebrew word is Tanach (sometimes also uniform. Judaism adopted the eastern and will mention, and others of which may rendered Tanakh). ‘Tanach’ is an acronym, practice of covering the head during prayer be overlooked. constructed from the three sections of the as a sign of respect, while in western Bible, Torah (the Law), Nevi’im (the countries the head is bared for exactly the What name do Jews use to refer to God? Prophets), and Kesuvim [Ketuvim] (the same reason. In lodge, there is a particular ‘God.’ Surprised? We also say Writings or Hagiographa). In the modern restriction on head covering, of course; ‘Lord.’ (Very observant Jews, who are rendering, these constitute 39 books, some Grand Lodges have decided that a quite concerned about the possibility of although the division into two books of kipah (yarmulke, skull cap) is not a hat in taking the Name in vain, will write ‘G-d’ Samuel, Kings, etc. is an artifact which the Masonic sense, but an element of or ‘L-rd’ in all but explicitly religious postdates the construction of the Jewish wearing apparel. (The Ancient and volumes.) Those terms are used when scriptural canon. Accepted adopts this opinion praying or speaking in English; the of the Scottish Rite caps, and they are not equivalent usage in Hebrew is ‘El/Elohenu/ Is the Jewish holy book different from the removed during, e.g., a salute to the flag.) Elohim’ (depending on context) and Old Testament? But this matter is still in flux around the ‘Adonai.’ Yes and no. Yes, it uses a different US and the world. ordering of the books from that common in Isn’t there another name (beginning Christian versions of the Bible. No, the Why do Jews use funny dates? with ‘Y’)? content is not significantly different, The expressions AD and BC have a Yes, there is the Ineffable Name. It is except for certain particular passages that specifically Christian meaning. Jews use spelled with the four Hebrew letters yodh, were given a Christian interpretation in CE and BCE respectively, as their he, vov, he. In English these letters are translation. Jews prefer not to use the term synonyms, meaning Common Era and YHVH. This name is never pronounced by ‘Old Testament,’ though. We think that our Before Common Era. Jews also have their Jews in worship nor for any other purpose Scriptures are as current as when they were own calendar, reckoning from the except etymological inquiry into the origin written (or given to Moses on Mt. Sinai, if supposed date of the Creation of the of the Name. one is a traditionalist). In writing about World. In that calendar, 1996 is split Christians have often been taught that Jewish practice and Scripture, we prefer to between 5756 and 5757. The year number Jews worship God by a name related to use the terms ‘Hebrew Scriptures’ (or changes in the fall, and is a holy day this which has a ‘w’ in it, rather than a ‘v.’ ‘Jewish Scriptures’) and ‘Christian known as Rosh Ha-Shanah (or the Head of This is a consequence of the domination of Scriptures.’ the Year). The Ancient and Accepted the field of theological inquiry by Germans Scottish Rite uses the Jewish calendar for for most of the last two hundred years. The Should the Torah be placed on the altar its reckoning. ‘w’ in German is pronounced like a ‘v’ in for a Jewish candidate? The standard Masonic calendar (Anno English (or a vov in Hebrew). The The Torah is only one part of the Jewish Lucis, or AL) also reckons from the Germans also would write a ‘j’ where the Bible. Placing just the Torah on the altar Creation, but it assumes a slightly different Hebrew yodh (or English ‘y’) occurs, would be the equivalent for Christians of date, 240 years earlier than the Jewish leading to the representation ‘JHWH’ at placing only the Four Gospels on the altar, calendar. times, and other variations. But no version without the epistles, Revelation, etc. The of these Names with vowels are ever used books of the Prophets and the Writings Do Jews have a different idea about the by Jews in worship, either. play an important role in Jewish worship Pharisees from Christians? It is a Jewish tradition that the actual and in the understanding of the Jewish law. Yes. Modern Judaism is Pharisaic in pronunciation of the Name is a secret The Torah is the most important section of character, but Jews do not use the word as forever lost with the destruction of the the Bible, and is particularly venerated, but a synonym for ‘hypocrite.’ It is probable Temple, and it is considered most improper it is not the whole of Scripture. (Continued on page 9) page 8 Harashim (Continued from page 8) What is the Order of the Maccabees? Hebrew Scriptures—little can be found in that this latter meaning arose in the conflict The Order of the Maccabees was created as the words of Jesus that were not already between those who chose to follow Jesus an alternative for non-Christians in the taught by Moses and the Prophets, after all. and Paul and those who remained in the to the Commandery of Knights And it teaches that evil and tyranny are mainstream of the Jewish faith; by that Templar. It was founded in New York always lurking in the world, as symbolized time, the Pharisees dominated Jewish State and still exists there, but attempts to by the crucifixion, ready to seize an thinking and practice, and it seemed better spread it more widely have yet to succeed. opportunity to snuff out the light of to denounce Pharisaism as a deviation from It is open to Royal Arch Masons of all freedom and morality. Jewish thought, rather than to denounce the faiths. The pagan Romans murdered many Jews themselves, since the early Christians great teachers of morality, only one of Isn’t the Knight Rose Croix in the sought to convert the Jews. The message whom became the center of a new religion. Scottish Rite a Christian Degree? was, ‘You are being misled by the The 18th degree could as easily have It is proper to say that the 17th, 18th, 26th, Pharisees, who are no good anyway; we taught its lessons with the story of Rabbi and 27th degrees are inspired by Christian want you Jews to join us.’ Akiba, who was flayed alive by the history and thought, just as others are The Pharisees and the Saduccees were Romans for the crime of teaching the based on Jewish history and thought, or on the primary competitors for primacy in Torah to his students and who continued to other times and places. To call them Jewish thought and religious practice, pray until the breath left his body. The Christian Degrees, though is to violate an although there were other groups, such as story of Jesus was used because it obligation that used to be required of the Essenes, also offering different ideas. continued the history of the degrees within candidates at that point in their progress The Saduccees were the party of the the Scriptures familiar to most of the through the Scottish Rite, in which it is priestly class and held the position that Masons who would be taking the Scottish imposed on the candidates not to declare only the written Law was binding in force. Rite degrees. The stories of Akiba and the that any degree belongs to Masons of a The Pharisees were more broadly based rest of the ten Rabbis who were martyred particular religion. I assented to that; I and held to the validity of the oral Law, as by the Romans would be less familiar to don’t know what became of that obligation well as the written Law. A more important most Christian Masons and post-date the in more recent years. distinction was that the Pharisees held that Bible for Jewish Masons, but would be I think it is inconsistent with Masonic one did not have to belong to the priestly entirely consonant with the objectives of religious toleration to insist on a particular class in order to fulfil the commandments the Rose Croix Degrees. religious interpretation of any part of and worship God properly. It is this latter Masonry. The 18th Degree, Knight Rose difference that is of the most importance in If you can think of questions to be added, Croix or Knight of the Pelican, teaches us the development of Judaism in its form for email me at [email protected] and the Scottish Rite lesson that tyrants (e.g., the last couple of millennia. (There is a I will do my best to see that more is Rome) are always ready to extinguish the notable similarity between this conflict and included here. Masonic light that teaches morality and that of the Reformation, fifteen centuries good deeds (as represented in that degree later.) by Jesus of Nazareth). The 18th Degree The Pharisees were also organized as a does not teach the divinity of Jesus. (Nor fraternity; they greeted one another as does it deny that divinity; no part of ‘Chaver’ (‘comrade’ or ‘brother’ as Masonry either promulgates or denies the Masons might render it) and required a Christian religion—or any religion.) It new recruit to be vouched for by three teaches the divine nature of his message, other members. There is no record of rites which differs hardly at all from that of the of initiation, however.

Masons who write of the Pharisees should be careful in their use of the term, Two items from the Newsletter, Spring 1993 since it has such a different connotation to individuals in the Fraternity. MASONIC EXAMPLE TO THE CHURCH leadership of the Church of England. The Can a Jewish Mason join the Knights Church has much to learn from Sir, — Freemasonry is not a religion and Templar (Commandery)? Freemasonry. in no way interferes with the beliefs, or In most cases, probably not in good moral or social duties of its members. ANTHONY HAMMOND CHRISTIAN, conscience. The Commandery petition in That said, the craft does challenge the The Vicarage, Pevensey BN24 5LD. most jurisdictions requires a declaration of Church in one important respect, for it belief in the Christian religion. However, From the Church Times, February 1992 engenders a spirit of brotherhood that is in some jurisdictions, the petition requires sadly lacking in so many congregations that the signer declare that he will ‘defend and assemblies of churchmen, both lay ——— the Christian religion.’ As this is not quite and ordained. the same as being a Christian, some non- The General Synod, as a legislative TORQUEMADA’S LAW Christians have been able to take the assembly of the Church of England, more recently promulgated as Commandery orders in those jurisdictions. would do well to remind itself that the THE FUNDAMENTALIST’S PHILOSOPHY Another point, of course, is whether non- established Church has a special role in OR Christians would be entirely comfortable in this country to minister to all men. THE EVANGELICAL’S JUSTIFICATION participating in an organization, such as the Freemasonry, true to its spirit of “When you are right, you have a moral Commandery, that was dedicated to a brotherhood, has always been generous duty to impose your will on anybody who religion different from theirs. Even under to the Church. It is a pity that its disagrees with you.” the conditions mentioned, there are very generosity is no longer matched by the few Jewish Knights Templar. From The Book of Laws Issue 5 page 9 The Internet for the Un-Initiated

(Continued from page 7) software (program) makers and the vice i the remote computer. A few moments later Internet service providers who charge fees and you will be at the home page of an to their members. organisation with a range of menu options Chatting and emailing local, interstate NO, THERE HASN’T BEEN A PALACE allowing you to select further areas to and overseas brothers is part of the fun. REVOLUTION, and Murray Yaxley has not interrogate. These days it is not unusual for me to been deposed. I’m just standing in for him A typical example of this is our own receive five emails from around the world again. Don’t worry; this is probably the last Freemasons Hospital web site home page. each day. The ease of communicating in chance I’ll get to bend your ear before the conference in October, and I’m going to raise Freemasons Hospital this manner and the speed of the technology certainly beats snail mail a few more talking points for Harashim, our located at two sites own lodges, and ultimately the conference. 166 Clarendon St (surface or airmail). Documents created in I’ve been picking up the occasional whisper East Melbourne usual word processors can be attached to & here and rumour there that we are not all happy 320 Victoria Parade these emails along with pictures and even little vegemites, as far as ANZMRC and its East Melbourne sound files. In addition, the email is a activities are concerned. So let’s have it out in We aspire to the highest quality patient care through secure path for communicating sensitive the open. the team effort of our dedicated and friendly staff. documents. This is really the The aims of the Council, as amended at the We proudly meet the health care needs of the communication path of the future, except Perth conference, are: community and we strive to remain . . .’ To promote Masonic research and education ‘The More Caring Alternative’ it’s here now! within Freemasonry on an inter-jurisdictional For further information What will you need? basis. [email protected] To act as a liaison body between its affiliated All Contents Copyright 1997 To gain access to the Internet, you will Masonic research lodges and chapters. Site Index need access to the following pieces of To organise any research lodge conference which You will notice that there are phrases equipment: its affiliates may sanction. which are underlined. These allow you to • Personal Computer—486 or Pentium, To organise and coordinate any national tour by a enter the additional pages of the site by (check with Mac user) Masonic speaker as its affiliates may require. • Modem—14.4 k/bytes per second To publish the proceedings of its conferences, and merely selecting or clicking on them, any Masonic research publication its committee without typing out the list. minimum. (26.6 or 33.3 k/bytes may approve. There will also be words, which are preferable to speed up download time) The first question to be determined is whether underlined and contain the symbol @, for • Service provider we agree with the aims. If we don’t agree, then example as in the following: • Telephone line (not dedicated to let’s discuss what changes should be made in [email protected]. These are direct computer) the framework. If we agree with the aims, the next question is whether we are implementing links to an email address and allow you to • Printer (optional) them in the best possible way. Again, send a written message to the email If you do not own any or all of the above discussion is essential. And if you have some addressee, in this case myself. Simply use or do not know anyone who has a other problem with the Council, don’t keep it to the left button on your mouse and an email computer and modem, contact your local yourself, share it with the rest of us. form will appear, allowing you to type text library as most are linked to the Internet. Let’s review our achievements through the in and send a message to the recipient. The Council. Since its formation in 1992, we’ve message will arrive at the receiver’s held conferences in Melbourne, Sydney and Perth, providing an opportunity for researchers computer almost instantly; however the in all jurisdictions to meet and exchange ideas; receiver will only receive the email when We’re Online! inaugurating and presenting the Kellerman he or she logs on to their server the next Lectures at those three venues, and publishing time. Surf the Net and find the Masonic Centre those 17 lectures—some of them world class— One on the many marketing mysteries Administration Home Page on in our biennial Transactions. We have of the Internet is to work out a way to http://www.freemasonsvic.net.au sponsored and organised lecture tours by world- make money from it. So far, the only Magazine submissions can be mailed to renowned scholars: Cyril Batham, Neville [email protected] Cryer and Wallace McLeod, and published people really making money are the collections of their papers in book form, in addition to the book derived from John Hamill’s tour which was organised by Kent Henderson prior to the formation of the Forthcoming articles: Council. And a year ago we began our quarterly Situational Masonry, by Jim Tresner newsletter, Harashim. ♦ I would suggest that all of these activities ♦ The letter ‘G’, by Brent Morris provide benefits to the member groups and to individual Masons, on several levels, and in ♦ The Silent Service, by A K Fuss proportion to what we choose to contribute. In ♦ Preparing a Masonic research paper, by George Woolmer other words, we reap what we sow. Attending a conference gives us the chance to broaden our ♦ Review of Is it true what they say about Freemasonry, 2nd edn, and horizons, gain fresh insights and make new Prince Hall Masonic Directory, 5th edn. friends. The Kellerman Lectures not only provide recognition of excellence (if deserved), More needed, including ‘Thumbnail sketches’ of our affiliate and

page 10 Harashim President’s Corner

beyond one’s own small circle, but also Lodge. My guess is that Harashim is encourage researchers to provide a paper longer receiving very little onward circulation in and deeper than those usually presented in our Australia, or we would have been getting lodges. The lecture tours extend the benefits bouquets and brickbats by now, whereas all beyond the individual member groups to the we get is silence. It is too early to tell if it is whole of the Craft in our jurisdictions—if we do circulating in New Zealand, and it seems it right, and if our brethren choose to accept that our South African associate missed out what is offered. And all our activities, but on the early issues. However, we also send a particularly our publications, tell Masonic copy to the National Library (as we must), researchers beyond our shores that we exist and copies to our past international speakers, to that some of our work is worthy of their ANZMRC representatives, and to anyone attention. Ego-tripping? Not entirely. It pays to whose work has been published or reprinted interfere with sales. We could still sell them advertise. If you don’t believe me, ask your in Harashim. Those few copies that go by advertising on Internet. We have sold Grand Lodge. The better a research group’s overseas do seem to be getting passed around 150 copies of The Quest for Light reputation, the easier it is to get worthwhile new around, and requests are coming in for a this way. But before we put anything on recruits. Believe me; I’ve been on the other end regular supply. We need to decide a policy Internet, we ought to have the consent of the of the stick. Whatever the merit of its output, on outside subscription and exchange authors. So for future publications, perhaps and its reputation interstate and overseas, the agreements. we should make it clear that material is South Australian Lodge of Research has been Walter F Meier Lodge of Research accepted for publication on the basis that it virtually unknown and ignored in its own (Seattle, Washington), through its Secretary, may also be published on Internet unless the jurisdiction for many years, with consequent Bob J Jensen, is interested in a subscription, author specifies otherwise. And for past low membership and iffy finances. And, of as is Manfred Hermer, formerly of South issues, we’ll just have to ask authors course, if we are known and respected overseas, Africa and now living on the Pacific side of individually. A motion on this for the we increase the potential market for our Canada. Fitzgerald Ramsay, editor of the conference agenda would be helpful. product, and reduce our per-unit costs. Sentinel, official publication of the Prince It could be a bonus for us that Robert OK. So where are we doing it wrong? Hall , would like Gilbert, editor of Ars Quatuor Coronatorum, Where, and how, can we improve? Well, I have to exchange publications. The Rev Dr may be coming to Australia under his own one suggestion. It is unfair to leave the Council Forrest D Haggard, DD, 33º, PGM (Kansas), steam in 1998. We could save a few dollars, to guess how many copies of a book will be past president of the Philalethes Society and compared with our usual outlay, if we needed by the member groups. That requires President of the Scottish Rite Research arrange a tour of Oz and NZ for him. But we one person (presumably our Secretary) to make Society (the fastest-growing research body should not let it interfere with our regular around 20 guesses—one per member group as a in the world), is interested in an exchange of schedule of conferences in the even years likely retailer—before the order is given to the all publications between ANZMRC and and tours in the odd, because once we lose printer. It would be fairer for each member SRRS. And now we have a request from a the sequence, we may never recover. And group to make one guess and place its order in newly-formed Italian academic group, there would be no time to prepare a book for advance, and less costly for the rest of us if a Centro di Ricerche Storiche sulla Libera- publication to coincide with the tour. I particular member guesses wrong. Then no one Muratoria, under the presidency of Prof suggest that if he comes, we treat it simply gets more copies than they ordered, and the Augusto Comba, ‘former’ SGW of the as a bonus, like Neville Cryer’s self-funded Council is not left with a large number of , with distinguished visit in 1990. So we should still be giving unsold books. What do you reckon? Masons (of various jurisdictions that do not thought to selecting visiting lecturers for And while we’re on the subject of printing, recognise each other) on the committee, 1999 and 2001. we could all have been a bit better off if the together with ‘friendly’ non-Masons such as Finally, a comment on tradition, the Council had been able to pay in advance for the Fr José Ferrer Benimeli, SJ. These deserve constitution and common sense. Nowhere in printing of The Quest for Light—up to $3.50 per thought between now and October, then a the constitution does it say that the President copy better off. That is the difference in quotes clear direction to our Secretary and Editor. of the Council must be from the jurisdiction between the printer who wanted cash up front Another aspect of publication also calls which is hosting the next conference. Nor and the one who was prepared to be paid in for discussion. As everyone knows, I can get does it say that the President cannot be instalments after publication. If only we had the into enough strife without trying to elected for a second term. And we have not cash! Or, if only we could have got a bank loan, understand computers. But there are plenty been going long enough to claim that either we could have saved part of the difference of clever people who do understand, even requirement is ‘traditional’. So what I am between the quotes. It is worth considering some Masons, and there’s a lot of Masonic suggesting, as a matter of common sense, is ways and means for next time. stuff out there ‘on the net’, some of it good, that if we have a good one, we do our best to Are we making best use of Harashim? Two some bad and some of it a disaster. And I’m keep him for more than two years. If a copies of each issue go to the secretary of each told there are quite a few anti-Masons certain person wants me to change my mind, of our member groups—one copy for filing, and chipping in, too. Whether we consent to it or it will cost him—shall we say a couple of one for distribution where, when and how the not, some of our stuff will appear there well-aged bottles of Holmoak cabernet affiliate or associate chooses. Ideally, we hope sooner or later, and we won’t be able to stop sauvignon, to share with my brother- that each recipient will photocopy the issue and it. The question is, do we want to put it there Muscatels at morning smoko, at the send entire copies to all its members (including ourselves, properly proof-read, under our conference. See you there! cc members, if any) and to other useful places own banner? If so, when? For example, we and people, such as editors of Masonic could make Harashim available as soon as publications, Masonic and public libraries, and we publish it in hard copy, but delay release whoever might be interested in it at Grand of our books for, say, two years, so as not to Kennion Brindal

Issue 5 page 11 From the Pennsylvania Freemason, ANZMRC Directory changes November 1996, p 8 Hawkes Bay Research Lodge 305 NZC The Ahiman Rezon Addresses Brian Paget, Secretary: phone/fax 06 843 1995 Information on the Internet email [email protected] Surfing the Internet is a technological Newcastle Masonic Study Circle, NSW pastime toward the twenty-first century. Philip Carter, Secretary: change of address to 42 Waratah St, Kahibah, NSW 2290 Today, it is the place where one can learn (phone not changed). more about almost anything. There are Grand Lodges that have South Australian Lodge of Research 216 SAC home pages and have placed information Change of Secretary: WBro Graham Murray, JP, PGSwdB, Kellerman Lecturer about the fraternity on the ‘Web’. There PO Box 3, Marden, SA 5070 also are lodges and individual Masons phone 08 8289 2487 placing and exchanging information Internet coordinator: Bro Dr Richard Num, SW: [email protected] about the Fraternity; but those who do so Toowoomba Lodge of Instruction, Qld in Pennsylvania need to abide by Change of Secretary: WBro Robert Murphy, PSGD recognized rules and regulations. 15 Skoien St, Toowoomba, Qld 4350 In Article 17.5 of the Ahiman Rezon it phone 076 355119 (H) is stated: No Lodge or Brother is permitted to It is with deep regret that we note the death of the previous Secretary of this Affiliate, print or publish or cause to be printed or RWBro Ken Zimmerle. published, the whole or any part of the Victorian Lodge of Research 218 VC proceedings of any Lodge or the Grand Lodge, nor shall any Brother publish Graeme Love, CC Secretary: change of address to PO Box 2380, any work, or discourse, relative to Ringwood North, Vic 3134 Freemasonry, without previously new phone 03 9282 7575 (W) obtaining the consent of the Grand Master . . .’ Waikato Lodge of Research 445 NZC The Grand Master recognizes that there Warwick Roberts, Secretary: email [email protected] are many fine pieces of information being Western Australian Lodge of Research 277 WAC developed for use on the Internet. He David Wray, Secretary: new phone 08 9401 6017 said, ‘We should take advantage of the modern medium, but we must remember • For the information of members, the Secretary of the Research Lodge of Taranaki there are those who publish incorrect 323 NZC is: R A Young, PO Box 8135, New Plymouth, New Zealand. information and we do not want that to happen. I also must remind the brethren that any thing that is to be published, whether in print or electronically, requires An enquiry and response, on the Internet, picked up by Kent Henderson: the approval of the Grand Master. If rules Question: his ablutions (cleansing himself), which he and regulations are not followed, the Attending rehearsal tonight for our would do by going to the mosque, on the offender is subject to the laws of the Thursday meeting when we will initiate a way to the lodge. To circumnavigate that Grand Lodge.’ candidate of the Muslim Faith, the requirement the Koran nowadays is held Grand Master Weisser has discussed question arose of where we should place over the candidates head by another the interest of Grand Lodge in facilitating the newly acquired copy of the Koran in Muslim brother who has cleansed himself. Freemasons’ ability to communicate and relation to our normal VSL. The proposal Now this raises the problem as to where be informed through the benefits of at present is to put it on top with the S&C the candidate places his right hand! Here modern technology. He indicated that still on the larger original underneath. Is the lodges differ. My personal opinion is Grand Lodge is considering the formation this normal practice and are there any that his right hand should be on a students’ of a square club for those Freemasons other points to watch out for? Koran, which can be handled by anyone. interested in using a web site. I believe this is the first time in our I have spoken to a Muslim recently on 227-year history that this question has the matter and I now have an opinion that arisen. Our chaplain has donated the copy the Koran can be handled as long as a of the Koran for future use. This is in person is ‘clean’, meaning that he is Arabic; should we open it in any particular cleanly dressed and has washed his hands. place? In my Lodge we hold the Koran over Frank Jessopp the candidate’s head and obviously the words of the obligation will change to Answer: ‘hereby and hereunder’. It is our custom in Malaysia that the Holy Fraternally, Koran be wrapped in cloth and not opened M Vijendran during the obligation. The Koran is Worshipful Master, Klang Lodge 3369 EC definitely not placed on the VSL/S&C. (working in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) Many years ago we had an opinion

From . . . the word, newsletter of the Society of from an Ustaz, that the Koran cannot be Editors (SA), June 1993 handled until the candidate has performed page 12 Harashim Harashim The Quarterly Newsletter of the Australian & New Zealand Masonic Research Council

ISSN 1328-2735 Issue 6 April 1998

TWO DOWN, 313 TO GO! Prince Hall barriers falling in Australasia

South Australia has joined Tasmania in recognising the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut. As before, it was Connecticut, the older Grand Lodge, which took the initiative. Formal recognition was confirmed by South Australia by letter dated 9 July 1997, signed by Grand Secretary Noel Fairweather, extending fraternal good wishes from Grand Master John Stone. Surprisingly, no announcement was made in South Australia. Recognition was revealed by chance, in the course of email correspondence between a Past Grand Master of the Prince Hall Grand Lodge and the editor of Harashim. Confirmation was obtained from Acting Grand Secretary Harry Nagle in March 1998, some nine months after the

Victoria is still considering a similar Australia and Venezuela. initiative from Connecticut, and Most Australasian Grand Lodges are In this issue . . . Queensland is contemplating an prepared to waive protocol to the Features: exchange of rcognition with five extent that Prince Hall Masons are President’s Corner ...... 3 Prince Hall Grand Lodges, those permitted as visitors to our lodges, This ’n’ That...... 5 recognised by the United Grand Lodge regardless of whether recognition has Thumbnail Sketch...... 9 of England: Massachusetts, been formalised with Prince Hall About Harashim ...... 11 Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Grand Lodges. However, this takes no Articles: California & Hawaii. So far, 17 Prince account of whether Prince Hall Masons The Letter ‘G’...... 2 Hall Grand Lodges have been are permitted by their own Grand Situational Masonry...... 4 recognised by at least one Lodges to visit under these Preparing a Masonic Research Paper... 6 ‘mainstream’ Grand Lodge. Some have circumstances (informal enquiries by Miscellaneous: achieved multiple recognitions, with the editor of Harashim reveal that Canadian Letters...... 5 Lecture Programmes 1998...... 12 Connecticut easily holding the record. some Prince Hall Grand Lodges would Stop Press ...... 12 The Prince Hall Grand Lodge of permit this, and others would not). Nor Connecticut is recognised by the does it extend the other benefits of following ‘mainstream’ Grand Lodges formal recognition. And the next . . . (in order of occurrence, between 1989 There are 45 Grand Lodges of Book & Periodical Reviews: and 1997): Prince Hall Affiliation and seven Is it true what they say about Connecticut, Nebraska, Minnesota, Grand Lodges in Australasia. Thus 315 Freemasonry? Prince Hall Masonic Directory New Brunswick, Quebec, Washington, exchanges of recognition are necessary The Ashlar magazine Idaho, Manitoba, Vermont, to formalise fraternal relations between Transactions, Masters’ & Past Saskatchewan, Maine, Nova Scotia, the Australasian Grand Lodges and our Masters’ Lodge #130 NZC, vol 21 British Columbia, England, Ireland, segregated brethren of the Prince Hall Transactions, Lyceum Lodge of Germany, Tasmania, New Hampshire, Fraternity. Research #8682 EC, vol 13. Massachusetts, Netherlands, South Two down, 313 to go! Issue 6 page 1 This article was first published in The Plumbline, the quarterly newsletter of the Scottish Rite Research Society, in September 1992, and reprinted in the Scottish Rite Journal, August 1997. It is reprinted here with grateful acknowledgement to publishers and author. The Letter ‘G’ by S Brent Morris

Anti-Masons often distort the detractors. meaning of Masonic symbols, in The record shows that otherwise Dr S Brent Morris is a math- particular the letter ‘G’. respected Masonic scholars of the middle ematician with the US federal This past week I went to a book store in to late 1800s, such as , government and has taught at Duke a nearby shopping center to pick up a copy , and their followers, had ideas and Johns Hopkins Universities. He of the New Oxford Annotated Bible I had about the origins of Masonry that are is a Fellow of the Philalethes ordered for a Bible class. The shop was a discredited today. No one, in fact, knows Society; editor of Heredom, the ‘Christian bookstore’, and I browsed a bit where our gentle Craft began, but Pike and annual transactions of the Scottish to see what books they might have on Mackey were strong proponents of the Rite Research Society; former book Freemasonry. I didn’t expect much theory Masonry was descended from the review editor of the Scottish Rite positive, but I was dismayed at the Ancient Mysteries and various forms of Journal; currently the only viciously deceitful material that was being pagan worship. While their ideas were American full member of Quatuor purveyed in the name of Truth. fashionable in Masonic circles a century Coronati Lodge; and has written I have no problem with someone who ago, no serious Masonic student takes many scholarly articles on the honestly disagrees with me. There is a seriously these parts of their writings. Craft, as well as the intriguing wide diversity of opinion among Christians Henry W Coil, 33°, is often quoted by cryptanalysis The Folger on many topics, including divorce, anti-Masons as an expert, but only when Manuscript. He is the author of baptism, gambling, and the nature of the they think his ideas support their Masonic Philanthropies, A sacraments, to name just a few. The preconceived notions about Masonry. They Tradition of Caring, and debates on these subjects have been heated conveniently overlook Coil’s Masonic Cornerstones of Freedom: A and may never be settled on this earth. Encyclopedia when it contradicts their Masonic Tradition, and co-author If someone says his understanding of twisted fancies, as it does in the case of the of Is It True What They Say About Christian duty prevents him from Ancient Mysteries: Freemasonry, to be reviewed in the unconditionally rejoicing when his From about 1779, [the Ancient next issue of Harashim. neighbor worships God, then I can Mysteries] came more and more understand why he would not want to be a into prominence. It was a fertile Mason. When someone states, however, field and there was scarcely the as the Gothic Constitutions, the that he cannot be a Mason because we are possibility of disputing anything minutes of lodges in the pre- phallic worshipers and the letter G stands at all that was said within its Grand Lodge era, and the for ‘generative force’, I become angry. limits . . . [T]he theme spread like Constitutions of the premier Such an allegation is a lie and a deliberate wildfire . . . Mackey and Pike Grand Lodge, they ignored, but distortion of Masonic symbols. embraced it avidly, and the followed irresponsible writers The symbolism of the letter G is as latter’s Morals and Dogma is who were teaching doctrines simple as it is straightforward—it is an largely given over to Ancient neither then nor since approved or elementary play on words and has the dual Paganism. Mackey, in Masonic adopted by any Grand Lodge of meanings of geometry and God. Prichard’s Ritualist (1867) and Symbolism of symbolic Freemasonry. (pp 460– 1730 Masonry Dissected, one of the Freemasonry (1869) carried it not 461) exposures of early Masonic ritual, captures only to an absurd degree, but to Albert Mackey, quoted so religiously by the symbolism perfectly in two questions an extent which can hardly be less our foes, repudiated the idea of Masonic from the Fellowcraft Degree: than revolting to a Christian . . . descent from the Ancient Mysteries in his Q. What doth G denote? In order properly to interpret (1906). His last A. One that’s greater than you. Mackey and Pike on Paganism, writings can hardly be called support for Q. Who is greater than I, that am a one must understand that both of his earlier theories, and hence are ignored Free and Accepted Mason, the them entered the Fraternity in the by those looking for lurid accusations: Master of a Lodge? 1840s, when the fabulous type of It has been a favorite theory with A. The Grand Architect and Contriver Masonic literature was at its several German, French, and of the Universe or He that was height and both walked British scholars to trace the origin taken up to the top of the Pinnacle unsuspectingly into the circle of of Freemasonry to the Mysteries of the Holy Temple. magism, paganism, and occultism of Pagans, while others, Prichard certainly had no intent of before they were properly repudiating the idea that the helping the Fraternity with his exposé, but seasoned in the history or doctrine modern association should have even he didn’t stoop to the disgusting of the Craft. Those things that sprung from them, still find perversions spread by our modern were indisputably Masonic, such analogies so remarkable between page 2 Harashim the two systems as to lead them to suppose that the Mysteries were an offshoot from the pure Masonry of the Patriarchs. President’s Corner In my opinion there is not the slightest foundation in As I take up my pen to contribute to historical evidence to support Harashim, I am conscious of the thought- either theory, although I provoking contributions of vice-president admit the existence of many Ken Brindal during my absence. I thank analogies between the two him for his efforts. systems, which can, however, I can only speculate on what criteria he be easily explained without has in mind for the identification of a ‘good admitting any connection in president’. (I am writing this in the second the way of origin and descent week of the Constitutional Convention!) between them. (p 185) Should we have one who: Is modern Freemasonry a • is popularly elected lineal and uninterrupted • has the gift of eloquence successor of the ancient • provides good contributions to Mysteries, the succession Harashim being transmitted through the • presides over a successful conference Mithraic initiation which • sets goals that everyone understands the advantages of constructing strategic existed in the 5th and 6th • minds his own business and lets the plans in all manner of business and centuries; or is the fact of the Secretary run the organisation. community organisations. analogies between the two I am sure that you will be able to add to my The strategic plan usually has two systems to be attributed to the list of possible criteria! elements: a vision of the future, and a coincidence of a natural mission statement that expresses what process of human thought, I am concerned that many brethren in should be done to secure what is in the common to all minds and the lodges know little about lodges of vision. These statements vary a lot in showing its development in research. It is not sufficient for members of their quality and in their realism. There symbolic forms? research lodges to engage in esoteric is always a good chance of them leading For myself, I can only investigations and produce learned papers. to progress and real achievement if they arrive at what I think is a We must contribute to the Masonic are followed up with sound action plans logical conclusion; that if education of our brethren. That will have and thoughtful marketing plans. both the Mysteries and the added benefit of providing Freemasonry have taught the opportunities to secure new members for same lessons by the same If you believe that Freemasonry has the research lodges. method of instruction, this a future, then you will give these Having some expertise in the methods has arisen not from a matters some thought. The Masonic of research, we ought to hold ourselves succession of organizations, magazines The Square and ready to assist those lodges that genuinely each one a link of a long Freemasonry Today both provide wish to review their own health and plan chain of historical sequences examples of Masonic research, by our for the future. We should be able to help leading directly to another, English brethren, presented in an them separate fact from fiction, to until Hiram is simply interesting form. Both magazines are distinguish between verifiable observations substituted for Osiris, but worth reading. and blind prejudice, to help them find a rather from those usual and way forward. natural coincidences of Come to Launceston in October If members of research lodges have ‘a human thought which are to and talk of these and other matters of way with words’, they ought to be able to be found in every age and assist lodges to produce viable plans for the among all peoples. (p. 197) future. In recent years we have learned of The real test of Masonic acceptance Murray Yaxley of the Ancient Mystery theories of Mackey and Pike is to study the writings of serious Masonic historians from the authentic school, not those group today believes the tall tales of remains a focus of criticism of the from the romantic period. The Mackey and Pike—not the Grand Lodges, Craft among anti-Masons, the article publications of Quatuor Coronati not the Scottish Rite, but the anti-Masons. remains relevant today and worthy of Lodge No 2076, the American Lodge Our enemies are so anxious to believe the reprinting. of Research, the Texas Lodge of worst about us, they rush to embrace Research, the Ohio Chapter of hypotheses long since abandoned, if ever Research, and others, show that these widely accepted. Whether they are absurd theories have been politely incompetent as historians or simply facile ignored. They have died the quiet liars is for others to decide. death they deserved. The pathetic irony is that only one Since the significance of the letter G Issue 6 page 3 This article is reprinted from the Scottish Rite Journal, September 1997, with grateful acknowledgement to publisher and author. Situational Masonry by Jim Tresner

The term situational Masonry was used by memorized them and can repeat them back my Brother, Jack Tresner, 32°, KCCH, the to me. The conversations tend to crash other day, and the words have remained when I say, ‘Now, what does that really with me. mean, how do you apply that in daily life?’ He was speaking of a Mason we both There are important exceptions, of know, a Brother who seems to be able to course. One of my good friends, a put on and take off his Masonry at will. It’s knowledgeable Mason and a Past Grand not that I expect a Mason to manage to live Master, tells of the day, early in his consistently by the precepts of the Scottish Masonic career, when he took the 14°. Up Rite (I fail at least 10 times a day myself), until that time, he had taken the name of but I do expect a Mason to be bothered by God in vain frequently, sometimes several his own failures. times in a single sentence. He determined It isn’t a new problem. Albert Pike to change that so that he could sit through wrote in Morals and Dogma: the 14° without a feeling of shame. It took A man may be a good sort of man him a year and a half of hard work, but he in general, and yet a very bad man made it. in particular; good in the Lodge Perhaps the greatest challenge to and bad in the world; good in situational Masonry comes in the 31°. public, and bad in his family; There Pike, wily old fox that he could be, good at home, and bad on a sneaks in some questions for the candidate journey to a strange city. Many a in the guise of a play set in ancient Egypt. James T Tresner II is Director of the man earnestly desires to be a good Only gradually do you realize that the Masonic Leadership Institute and Mason. He says so, and is sincere. warm feeling you’re experiencing is your Editor of the Oklahoma Mason. He But if you require him to resist a own heart’s blood flowing from the is book review editor and a frequent certain passion, to sacrifice a wounds Pike is opening and salting. contributor to the Scottish Rite certain indulgence, to control his Rephrased into modern vernacular, some Journal, a writer for the Oklahoma appetite at a particular feast, or to of the questions would read: Scottish Rite Mason and a video keep his temper in a dispute, you Have you felt smug and superior when script consultant for the National will find that he does not wish to some famous person was caught doing Masonic Renewal Committee. be a good Mason, in that something wrong? He is also a member of the particular case; or, wishing, is not Have you bought something and paid Scottish Rite Research Society, a able to resist his worse impulses. far less than the fair price for it because contributor to Is It True What They (p 151) you knew the person was strapped for cash Say About Freemasonry, for review Pike would not have claimed perfection for and had to sell? in the next issue, author of Albert himself—he fought a duel, after all, and ♦ Have you talked about people behind Pike, The Man Beyond the fully understood the temptations to anger, their backs? Monument, reviewed in issue 3 of to passion, and to doing the easy thing. ♦ Have you treated someone or thought Harashim, and a member of the Perfection is a goal, not a reality. about someone with contempt because steering committee of the Masonic The issue is whether or not we strive for he had less money than you, or Information Center, which was the goal. because his clothes were torn and founded by the late John I’ve recently been heavily involved in dirty, or because you didn’t like the Masonic education, teaching courses in way he looked, or because he ‘talked advantage for yourself? Masonry to new and some long-time funny’? ♦ Have you stirred up trouble between Master Masons. It is a deeply rewarding ♦ Have you sneered at people for their two people? experience, and I have been strongly actions or habits, while having a ♦ Have you ‘put down’ another person’s impressed with two things. different bad habit or doing other bad race, or religion, or family? First, there is, in many new as well as things yourself? ♦ Have you treated someone with experienced Masons, a strong desire ♦ Have you given to charity when you special respect, or wanted others to amounting to a passion to know more can do so ‘at a distance’, but crossed a think of you as his friend, just because about Masonry, this in spite of the street to avoid a bag lady? he had money? ‘conventional wisdom’ that ‘Masons aren’t ♦ Have you helped someone get elected ♦ Have you bought things (clothing, for interested in learning about the Fraternity to an office whether in Lodge or in example) because they were less and its teachings’. government, not because he was the expensive than others, even if you had My second impression is that a very best person for the job but because you reason to suspect that the low price large percent do not understand even their thought you could get a political was because they were made by obligations, in spite of the fact that they page 4 Harashim exploited workers? ♦ Have you refused to help a Brother Mason when you could help him? This ’n’ that . . . by Tony Pope My hats, Masonic and otherwise, are off to you if you can honestly answer ‘no’ to all those questions. The South Australian and Victorian the full list of Kellerman Lecturers for I can’t. The only credit I can claim is Lodges of Research have each recently the Launceston conference may be that when I do those things, a little lost a valued researcher. generally available, but at the moment I Masonic voice whispers in my ear It is with deep regret that we report know of only three: (actually, more often, a little Masonic the death from cancer on 6 March of Harvey Love, Secretary of WHJ boot kicks me in the seat of the trousers) Roy Thompson, who was Master of the Meyers Memorial Lodge of Research and says, ‘Now what did you promise?’ South Australian Lodge of Research in (Cairns), will complete the set from Pike makes the point continually in 1986, and its assistant editor for the Queensland; each of the four research Morals and Dogma that Masonry is past ten years. Roy was an experienced bodies in that jurisdiction will have worthless unless it makes a real change in indexer, a consultant to the Macquarie provided a lecturer in turn. His subject men and unless that change is manifested Dictionary, and a thoughtful contributor is ‘Bronze Castings of King Solomon’. in their actions in the world. But we have to debate in lodge and in print. Ron Cook is the Victorian choice; the responsibility for making that change Readers will be saddened also to the title of his paper has yet to be in ourselves. Masonry helps. It points out learn of the death from cancer in announced. On past form we can expect the path. It shows us, through ritual and February of Mel Moyle, who played an something erudite on Australian drama, the results of thoughtfulness and important part in the production of John Masonic history. thoughtlessness. It allows us to group Hamill’s book, Masonic Perspectives, George Woolmer, research co- with men who are also trying to make and enlivened the Readers’ Letters ordinator for the South Australian right choices and live by a higher column of Harashim. Mel was Master Lodge of Research (and Grand standard. Freemasonry may well be the of the Victorian Lodge of Research in Librarian), is about to reveal what has only men’s ‘support group’ for ethics in 1991 and participated in the formation only been hinted in past papers, the the world. But still, the change is up to us. of the Australian Masonic Research Woolmer theory of the origins of It is a series of choices. If the famous Council. He was also a member of Freemasonry. dictum of Captain Kirk from Star Trek is Holden Research Circle. correct and civilization begins when a Kellerman Lecturers Gnosis man says ‘I will not kill today’, By the time this issue is off the press, The summer 1997 edition of the Freemasonry begins when a man says ‘I California-based magazine Gnosis, a will not hate today’ or ‘I will not tell any ‘journal of the western inner traditions’, racial jokes today’ or ‘I will not pass on a was devoted entirely to Freemasonry, rumor today’. no less than seven meaty articles. It is As long as men are imperfect, still available as a back issue (#44) for Masonry will be situational to some US$7 plus postage, from PO Box degree. But, situation by situation, we 14217, San Francisco, CA 94114-0217. can decide to act and think like If you can’t afford a personal copy, Masons; and situation by situation, we persuade your librarian that it would be can become better. That is the most— a valuable addition. and the least—we can do. `

Mel Moyle

are those who provided interesting book, The Hiram Key. On the other side of Canadian Letters background material that was relevant to the same page was an educational article Here are two letters from Canada, my papers. there is no way I can hope to by him on ‘The sprig of acacia’. Obviously published in the December 1997 issue of repay you, but it seems appropriate to he is as active a teacher and beneficial the Tasmanian Mason. express my gratitude. influence as ever. The Grand Master’s Order of Honour Wallace McLeod, Grand Historian, From Ontario: doubtless recognises Bro Yaxley’s qualities Grand Lodge of Canada. My seven-week lecture tour, sponsored by as exemplary and worhty of emulation. But the Australian and New Zealand Masonic neither Tasmania nor the jurisdictions of Research Council, is now history. From Prince Edward Island: Australasia for which he is Co-ordinator of It was followed by a very pleasant Fraternal relations, are alone in receiving In Prince Edward Island, Canada’s smallest the benefits of his Masonic labour. Around interlude when my wife Elizabeth was able Province and one of the smaller Masonic to come south and join me for a ten-day the Masonic world, we are all the better for jurisdictions (16 lodges), I read in the having him as a brother. bus tour of New Zealand. Tasmanian Mason of the conferral of your There are many happy memories of my Thank you Tasmania. Thank you Grand Master’s Order of Honour on Brother Yaxley. time in the Antipodes and many debts that I RWBro Murray Yaxley, PGDM. owe to those who were so kind to me. In the same issue I read Bro Yaxley’s George I H Mason, Among the foremost of those benefactors collection of reviews of the controversial GDOC, GLPIE, MQCCC, MPS.

Issue 6 page 5 This paper was first published in Masonic Research in South Australia, volume 2 (1996), and is copyright by the author; reproduced here by kind permission of the author and publisher. It should be pointed out that some things advocated by the author in relation to academic publications will not necessarily meet with the approval of editors of Masonic publications; nevertheless, because of the subject matter and the significance of the article, the format advocated by the author is largely followed here, even though it may conflict with the ‘house’ stylesheet.

PREPARING A MASONIC RESEARCH PAPER by George Woolmer

Introduction liberty, equality and fraternity, and hence therefore, need to work from evidence. A structured approach in the preparation of democracy, the innate messages of the They need a case. They need to research. a Masonic research paper—is it worth the Masonic movement, have been and are It must always be borne in mind that, in effort? being denied them. this context, what one writes becomes Yes. Almost every Mason who is Freemasonry is still the only worldwide public property. Therefore it must not only deciding if this paper is worth reading has, voluntary organisation concerned with the be clear and understandable, it must also regarding Freemasonry, probably one overall improvement of the individual. be as truthful as one can achieve. thought to the fore. Its good. That’s its value. That’s its mission. It is a This raises the point that when dealing What is it, anyway, that makes task far from finished. with any multifaceted subject or issue there Freemasonry worth worrying about? That, I think, is the fundamental reason will not be one ‘correct’ answer. There will I think that Freemasonry was for a person to deliver good Masonic be one for each facet, with overall established in an age of appalling darkness research papers. In the immediate sense, ‘correctness’ decreasing as the number of as a force to help liberate humankind. To Masonic research will help overcome facets increases. help bring about a decent life for all. To in-house blind spots, misapprehension and What the seeker-after-truth needs to do help improve society. uncertain policy. Never underestimate the is easily said but hard to achieve: to study Independently minded thinkers in those power of the pen. But, overall, they will detail but to see the whole. And vice versa. brutal times must have concluded that the help strengthen the movement. Then he must fathom the reality. only way to overcome ignorance and An enlightened Freemasonry will, in Of pivotal import to the sincere totalitarianism was to hand to the masses turn, be better placed to reach into those researcher/distributor of knowledge are the light of knowledge. To hand it to each places still dark. many taken-for-granted statements given individual, to shift him or her from The individual researcher, of course, in out by generations of conventional dependence to independence. And not just return for his work receives basic rewards. ‘experts’. It is almost always conveniently literacy and ‘scientific facts’, but a code to The personal ones include the thrill of forgotten that breakthroughs are often live by; one intrinsically of the highest exploring the unknown and the mastering made at the expense of orthodoxy. The ethic. The brotherhood of man. of topics by synthesising various elements. orthodox almost always bitterly resist the The only way to gain new knowledge is But the major benefit comes from knowing new; it challenges the very roots of their by research. In those times, when almost that he is helping to advance the great ownership of authority. The challenger is everyone was illiterate, the Church and its Masonic movement. often a single person, and has to be vassal kings banned research, often under enormously resourceful even to get his the pain of death. But nevertheless the Reality material heard, especially in the in-house Enlightenment, aided by Freemasons—as The researcher enters the realm of the situation. individuals, not lodges—dawned. unknown and therefore the realm of Here are two examples of questionable The ‘abiding characteristics of the potential change, conflict and controversy. statements with which everybody is Craft’, wrote the Masonic researcher He enters the ‘real’ world. The real world deluged: Daynes (16), are ‘knowledge, truth and includes that of the turmoils of religion, • Freemasonry is a child of the light’. politics and in-house conflict. English, and certainly not the Scots. Today the Masonic researcher almost The movement, wisely, forbids the • Freemasonry has no connection always looks inward. Here, perhaps, is a discussion of religion and politics in the with, and certainly does not unfold clue as to why present Masonic Masonic scene. In-house conflict, also, is from, Knight Templary. organisations are faltering. Self inspection, thought by some to be ‘unmasonic’. Many I think that the researcher has to read of course, can bring benefits. A better Masonic writers, however, think that they widely, particularly of new works, and understanding of the movement must be may not enter into these regions at all. But certainly outside of the Masonic club of one factor in its resurgence. Masonic if they are not examined—in the historical writers. Of course one cannot challenge all, decisions based on anything but authentic perspective, for example—then the but at the same time one does not have to knowledge are always disastrous. But that movement ends up with flawed be a slave to, dare I say, political/historical decision-making must include the wider information. What will have been learned? ‘correctness’. world. Mistaken routes will again be charted. The The careful researcher enters at this For the humanist there is a much more result is predictable. point. As he is producing a factual and— forceful, more pressing reason: the Progress always springs from the few. within the bounds he has set—a truthful majority of the world’s people still live in As for in-house conflict, it is not document, he must approach it in the same ignorance, poverty and fear. They live uncommon for members of the majority to manner. A quality product stems from a under dictators. A liberal education, accuse the critics of disloyalty. Critics, page 6 Harashim quality effort. If he is concerned about his unpublished records. Like the academic paper and its effects, particularly in the WBro George Woolmer, OAM, is a researcher he is looking for material to wider view, he will treat it with attention Past Master of the South Australian fulfil his aim, or evidence to test his and care. The results will be worth the Lodge of Research, currently its theory—or just rabbiting away—but in a effort. research co-ordinator, and Grand manner which may also see him tearing his Librarian. He has a few other raincoat or receiving the odd nasty look. Beginnings postnominals, academic and Masonic. The field researcher, of course, often uses I concluded that the problem faced in Try these for size: already published material, but as a preparing this paper could be formulated FNHSSA, RDA, DipT(Sec), BA, BEd, secondary source only. by the question: ‘How best could the GradDipEd, StudAbEd, GradDip(DistEd), GradDip(EdAdmin), GradDip features of a strong Masonic research (CurricDev), MEd, DipMEd. The research paper framework paper be presented?’ The problem so The layout or framework of an effective encapsulated provided the aim: to explain research paper has, over generations of the features of a strong Masonic research The essay is by far the commonest form trial and error, been evolved into a useful paper. of Masonic academic writing, and can be and tight form. There are many variations, This decided, the paper’s sub-aims routinely seen in the form of papers of course, but given here (Appendix A) is could then be established: to explore in produced by Grand Lodge lecturers. The the core of a common and straightforward turn types of papers, the research paper’s result is generally used for mass teaching. approach. framework and the Masonic research But the essay may be given a more The layout of a research paper in outline paper. Foci here would include immediately vital focus, for example to consists, for the first part, of preliminaries components, topics, content, sources of supply information for the upgrading of the and introduction. Then follows the main information and methodology. Further, organisation. body, composed of findings, analysis, under method or practicalities, an Research papers are scarce. Something conclusions and recommendations. Lastly examination would be made of timing, that should be produced by all Masonic come the bibliography and appendix. note-making and note-organising. Writing thinkers, they are often mainly associated To expand: the paper begins with a title, would include English, composition and with research lodges; but even here the which grows out of the paper’s aim. The drafts. A production section would essay vies with the research paper. preliminaries follow, including a statement complete the work. The Masonic thesis is rare. Anyone with of the problem or question to be answered. To gain the information needed to the ability, means, academic qualifications The reason for this problem needing prepare the paper I did several things. As a and motive can attempt one, but such attention may be given—this is the work’s former teacher in an area that included people appear to be exceptionally thin—if rationale. Then follows the paper’s aim— social research, together with its recording not entirely absent—on the Masonic the question put in positive form. Sub- by both report and paper, I reviewed some ground. aims, which sort the aim into workable of my notes and thoughts. I also drew on All Masonic research writers need to parts, follow. experience gained from undertaking nine produce their papers at the academic level. An introduction (not a preface, or blurb, tertiary awards. I then returned to The research lodge’s singular which may or may not be used; if so, right university manuals on how to prepare responsibility lays with the production of at the beginning) comes next. Here are papers at that level. I drew upon my research papers. It is with these that this placed definitions, any background experience as a published compiler and paper is concerned. information the author might feel writer of text books and histories and, Research papers fall into two main compelled to give, and the research method finally, my Masonic reading and writing groups: book research or the armchair used. experience. research paper, and the practical or non- The paper early supplies definitions so book or fieldwork research paper. These that that there is a better chance of Research papers inquiry papers seek to produce sufficient agreement on the meanings of various key All writing can be classified to be of four evidence to prove the researcher’s terms used. Definitions applying to the types (McCall: 6): exposition or argument, or point, to his peers. From them present paper include: explanation, argument, description, and might flow anything from the rewriting of • A Masonic paper is any paper or narrative or story telling. The academic an historical benchmark to the remodelling dissertation dealing with a Masonic writer’s approach (Clanchy & Ballard: 70) of Masonic government. subject. differs from all others in that it is Of Masonic research papers, the • A Masonic academic paper is a paper analytical, objective, intellectual and armchair type is the one almost always that presents some matter, such as a rational. This is in contrast to approaches produced. The material or evidence is point of view or conclusion, in a that are impressionistic, subjective, drawn from the books and papers of others, manner which makes it potentially emotional or polemical. The academic but the pieces are linked in a new way to acceptable to the scholar or scientist. tone, also, is serious, impersonal and produce an original result. The work • A Masonic essay is an academic paper formal, rather than conversational, personal throws new light on an old subject, or leads that does not present new information or colloquial. to a new conclusion, perhaps overthrowing but reworks old. It can serve all the The Masonic academic author can a point or position previously regarded as usual functions of writing: for example, produce three core types of paper or fact. explaining, teaching or arguing. discourse: the essay, the research paper and The Masonic fieldwork research paper, • A Masonic research paper is an the thesis. The essay reworks old material. infrequently encountered, sees its author academic paper that presents new The research paper presents the results of venturing into the world. He makes notes, information, together with the methods original research. The thesis puts forward asks questions, surveys, samples, talks to and evidence used. an exceptionally sound case for a particular people, takes photographs, makes proposition or theory. measurements and burrows into (Continued on page 8)

Issue 6 page 7 precise and limited question, complete The methodology or method, or Preparing a Masonic with question mark. For a South Australian methods, used in the research should now example consider: ‘Did the types of regalia be touched upon. With non-earth-shaking research paper worn by Grand Lodge officers in the South Masonic academic book research, little if Australian Craft from 1884 to 1994 remain any mention is usually needed. This scene (Continued from page 7) the same?’. changes, however, if the author wishes to Necessary in any serious paper, all the This enunciation excludes all other produce a high level paper, particularly if it above parts are but preparatory matters crafts found in Australia in general, and is going to be controversial. A practical leading to the primary or basic South Australia in particular, with its Irish, research project needs to note the various information, or main body. The first part of Women’s and Co-Masonic crafts, all with approaches used: questionnaires, this, called the findings, relate what the headquarters overseas. It looks at a certain interviews, on-the-spot observations, research found. This is followed by an time period. It is an answerable question. examination of letter files, and so on. analysis, where the findings are examined. From this problem statement the There is always a major method, and there Flowing logically from the analysis are the researcher’s aim is derived automatically. are often two or more minor ones. All must conclusions. The main body’s end may In this case it is: ‘To find if the types of be mentioned. They explain how the find recommendations. Whether or not regalia worn by Grand Lodge officers in findings were gained, casting the they are included depends on the audience the South Australian Craft from 1884 to conclusions in a more positive light and for which the paper is designed; a 1994 remained the same.’ The aim giving the paper more authority. committee, for example, may wish to cast expresses a single idea. It takes the form of The findings merely set out the primary its own. A short summary may follow, a single sentence, with no ‘ands’, and it results of research, the raw data. They are together with a suitable ending for the begins with the word ‘To’. divided into natural sections, one for each work. No matter at which point a paper Having nailed down the aim, sub-aims sub-aim. If there are, for example, four finishes, an ending paragraph must be are established. Some will be obvious and sub-aims, then there will be a four-section used. others may emerge during the finding. These sections are placed in the After its ending, the research paper has investigation. Some may drop out. Each, as order of the sub-aims. Upon the experience a bibliography and appendix. usual, takes the form of a single sentence, and evidence gained in the investigation, a and begins ‘To find . . . ’. sub-aim or two might now be added or The substance of the Masonic research A set of sub-aims for the above, for deleted. Any raw statistics, depictions, and paper example, might be: Experience strongly shows that a paper’s (1) ‘To find the types of regalia worn by title should be to the point. It needs serving Grand Lodge officers from succinctly to describe what the paper is 1884 to 1994.’ about, rather than being ‘smart’ in some (2) ‘To find the types of regalia worn by way. It may, also, have a more detailed or past serving Grand Lodge officers explanatory subtitle. from 1884 to 1994.’ The subject matter, issue or topic (3) ‘To find the types of regalia worn by addressed by a Masonic research paper can past conferred rank Grand Lodge arise from the whole range of humankind’s officers from 1884 to 1994.’ inquiry. It will, of course, be from—or and perhaps— reflect—a Masonic perspective. It may (4) ‘To find the limit of Grand Lodge range from the purely theoretical to the tolerance of Grand Lodge to regalia so on, are placed in the findings. totally practical; for example, from the differences from 1884 to 1994.’ Having assembled the results, analysis number of symbols in the second degree to By this stage a number of key words can now take place. If, however, the work whether the moving of lodges into a few have been invoked. Unfortunately, what stops here, the paper is an account or short centralised complexes would bring an each means to one person may be different report. Such reports are handed on for overall, long term, good or bad result. The to what it means to another. Definitions, others to analyse. The author of a Masonic paper can indulge a personal curiosity or it therefore, are vital. Here, for example, research paper, however, usually can be a response to an urgent call for consider the terms ‘type’, ‘regalia’, ‘South analyses—and feels mightily compelled to. down-to-earth help. It answers a problem. Australian Craft’, ‘Grand Lodge officer’, The analysis is that component of the No matter what the problem may be, ‘Past Grand Lodge officer’, and ‘conferred paper where findings are worked on. The however, it must be clearly stated, defined rank Grand Lodge officer’. assembled information is broken down. and limited as an aim. The aim, it has been The author may now wish to supply The order of analysis follows the order of found from centuries of scientific writing, some general or background information. findings. Each finding must receive is best evolved by first precisely stating This is anything that does not fit anywhere attention. Numbers are usually converted what the problem is. What is the researcher else. He may wish, for example, to discuss, to percentages. Tables, graphs and the like setting out to solve? This is the foundation after noting that this is a diversion from the may be needed. No matter what else, this is upon which the whole inquiry is built: all aim, the history of regalia in general in where the discussion takes place. Critical inquiries can and should be reduced to South Australia. Or he may wish to examination occurs. Pros and cons are what is called a ‘problem’. It is no use if become more theoretical, and mention weighed. Evaluations are made. Trends are someone produces a paper only to find that hypotheses, or guesses, at the major noted. it wanders, and that its conclusion does not conclusion, or why he chose the topic, or And so the ability to draw conclusions match the problem, the lack of knowledge, problems which arose in its research— is attained. The writing from now on that triggered it. anything. Whatever may be brought in includes no new information, no new So: a problem should be articulated. It here, however, has to be in extremely brief workings, and no new discussion and no always takes the form of a one-sentence, form. new points—it is entirely focussed on

page 8 Harashim answering the aim and sub-aims. As with the foregoing sections, the conclusions follow the sub-aims, one by one. The aim’s determination is at hand. Each sub- aim is answered with one conclusion. Each conclusion is rendered by one sentence. The basic conclusion, the answer to the main aim, is now apparent. Written in 3— one sentence, it answers the work’s problem. LYCEUM LODGE OF RESEARCH Triumph marks its writing. The researcher may or may not go on BY ROD GROSSKOPFF to make recommendations. If he does, then they must relate directly to the problem which generated the paper. Lyceum Lodge of Research #8628 EC, in the Education More particularly, they must relate to the District of Transvaal, was consecrated in We have taken it upon ourselves to run regular problem’s context and to the particular November 1975. About a year previously some workshops. The one which has taken off audience at which the paper is aimed. If brethren from three lodges in the District got incredibly well is ‘Master in the making’. Once together to produce a play—a period Masonic a month we hold a workshop for those brethren there is a tight problem statement—and working, in costume, the first staged in South who are wardens and masters-elect; we meet in hence aim—then the context will need Africa. The cast had so much fun that they our library, an extremely comfortable room with little attention. The audience, however, is decided to form a lodge which would devote its some 4500 books, and we teach them how to another matter. Differing audiences activities to matters other than normal Masonic build a better lodge. We have found that when require differing recommendations. The ritual. At about the same time, the District the Master is good, the lodge is good. We give a author may wish to produce varieties of instituted ‘An enquiry into Masonry in the small introductory talk, hand out some literature Transvaal’, its practices, its short comings, its and then basically debate how to build a better his paper for various audiences strengths and its failings, which revealed the lodge, which as anyone who has been in (Teitelbaum: 5). Planners, for example, necessity for a research lodge and a need for a Freemasonry for some time will know, is just will need relatively little in the way of greater educational input. common sense. Not only do these brethren learn recommendations regarding ceremony. With these two factors, hard on the heels of from one another, but they start to form Each conclusion must produce at least one another, Lyceum became that Lodge of associations and visit one another, and thereby one recommendation; it will probably Research, to focus on research, entertainment, build up their lodges jointly. One of these produce several. Each recommendation is Masonic education and as a service to the masters was so enthusiastic, he produced 12 District. candidates in his year and allowed some of the rendered in a single sentence. other Masters who are not fairing so well, to do No matter at which point the author Research Our research is very much in line with other the various workings in their lodges on behalf of stops, he may wish to include a summary. research lodges. We present original papers of his lodge. An ending paragraph of some description research, which we publish in transactions. We Service to the District must be present. This will be in an upbeat meet 6 times a year, one meeting of which is our We produce a quarterly newsletter for the tone. annual installation meeting. Almost all our District. We also provide lecturers at lodge The writing is now finished, but the meetings are in the first degree; on one or two meetings, and hold open days at lodges where paper is not. A bibliography is essential. occasions we restrict attendance, for the whole wives and friends are welcome; we show the All the documents, texts, people and or part of the meeting, to Master Masons. Our enjoyment that can be derived from papers vary on all sorts of topics, ranging from Freemasonry, and hopefully we dispel those other materials consulted are listed. The esoteric (which I don’t always understand), stupid myths about goats and black magic etc. researcher will prepare two lists: firstly, historical and the other orders in Masonry. the primary sources inquired into, then Profile of the Lodge Entertainment Our Lodge is comparatively small, with a the secondary sources. The primary In line with our beginnings, we present a play or maximum of 50 members. Only Master Masons sources are the original, unpublished costume working at least once in every two are invited to join and then only after they have ones: documents, people, etc, consulted. years. Most of these are presentations of period presented a paper in the lodge. At our October The secondary lists names of all the pub- Masonic workings; we have done a number of meeting we have 3 mini-lectures, which gives a lished works referred to. With the field first degrees, some we have written ourselves, brother the opportunity of getting into research some quite unusual—we did a Russian working, by presenting a 10-minute paper. We have work paper, the primary bibliography most of which we took from War and Peace— will exceed the secondary. Each is listed approximately 100 brethren in our and we’ve done a period Royal Arch. We have correspondence circle, this entitles them to in alphabetical order, with the usual also produced a play on the forming of our receive a copy of the transactions as well as a sequence of notation being: surname, District. We have even produced two musical summons to the meetings. They are in fact initial, title, publisher, city and date. evenings for ladies nights. members of the lodge, but cannot take office or Last comes the appendix. Placed here Our festive boards are quite special; we have vote. We keep a beady eye on the cc members are all relevant documents, materials, developed a number of traditions, we sing grace and the regularity of their attendance, and invite and the loyal toast, and a song to Entered names of people consulted, clippings and them to present a mini-lecture in the October Apprentices. We present each Entered meeting, if they look likely customers. so on, referred to in the text, the detail of Apprentice who visits our lodge with a firing Although small, we get more than 70% of the which is thought to be important. glass with the lodge’s crest. We have a fairly members at each meeting. They are drawn from all Anything not referred to is omitted— slap-up meal by South African standards, walks of life. We have two Supreme Court judges unless it is now seen to be a valuable usually three course for which we charge about (both Past Masters), two architects and soon there will addition, in which case insert a reference A$10, which is more than most other South be a third, three or four accountants, a couple of to it in the text. The appended material is African Lodges; I would guess at least half of computer technologists, some bankers and a spread of * them do not charge at all. We go through the business men. And we have a full member of Quatuor labelled, top right, by capital letters: whole gambit of taking wine, etc. We have only Coronati Lodge, Douglas Vieler. (Continued on page 10) one visitor respond to the visitors’ toast.

Issue 6 page 9 The topic once chosen, list the reasons familiar to the unfamiliar (Westland: 97). Preparing a Masonic for doing so and the purpose to which the He has to determine what is generally results will be directed. This will help known, and go from there to the unknown. research paper clarify and sharpen thinking on the topic. Clear steps along the way should be It can be argued that, because the Craft mapped for the reader. Concrete—real— (Continued from page 9) is experiencing a time of great need, a examples should be used, rather than Appendix A, Appendix B, etc. Each must be large proportion of research time should be abstractions. noted in the text: for example, see put to pragmatic purpose. How can the In almost all cases, the research paper Appendix C. movement be helped? should not be written in the first person The presentation or final appearance of Ten examples: (I, myself). In particular, personal emotion the paper will include in-text references to should be excluded. An impersonal text is • Ways in which the local constitution sources. These are placed within the text not only the academic way, it is the most Freemasonry could be improved. (insert references), at the foot of the page effective. It needs to be worded for (foot references), or at the end (end • The reasons why organisations like publication; if it is also to be read, then the references). The latter two are referred to Freemasonry wither or flourish. author can, with ease, ad lib the text to the by placing small numbers in the text. Insert • The proportion of ‘upper class’ men/ personal mode. references usually give the author and page leaders in local state Freemasonry, per The paper needs to be exact and precise number, while the end reference is decade, from the local ‘beginning’ to in both main points and detail. All the key extended to name of book and date of the present (and lessons to be drawn). ideas and key terms (Turabian: 5) must be publication. The insert reference is the • The division of local state covered. Pretentiousness cannot be present. modern way, as it is both direct and easy. Freemasonry into ‘successful’ and All that is commonly known (Gondin & Footnotes can also be used, which expand ‘non-successful’ periods (and lessons Mammen: 61) should be eliminated. on some detail or point; these succinct to be drawn). Anything which is not to the point must be pieces can also be placed at the end, removed ruthlessly. Alternative points of • The real aims or functions which have becoming endnotes. view which may be encountered have to be been adopted by, or thrust upon, local The paper’s length, also, is a crucial taken seriously. If they stand under test, state Freemasonry since ‘the factor. There can be the complete, then the researcher must adjust his thinking beginning’ to the present. all-encompassing paper, a condensed and modify his work accordingly. No version for limited-time reading, or an • Should the organisation be mainly exaggerated claims or sweeping assertions outline-only precis. giving to, or rewarding, its members, should be made. All unusual statements Manuals on the preparation of cogent or should it be mainly taking or must be qualified. Caution must scholarly texts can be found in educational pressuring, for example for money for accompany the drawing of any conclusion. charity (to improve ‘community or university bookshops. No serious The paper is referenced throughout; it is image’)? Masonic writer should be without one next a rare non-referenced paper that can be to his dictionary and thesaurus. • Why do men join (and leave) taken seriously. Freemasonry? The Masonic topic • In Victoria—the effect of selling local Getting information A research topic may be obtained by halls, coupled with the introduction of It is possible to produce even a seminal commission or choice. Avoid the mistake ‘centres’. paper using no sources; it might, for of choosing something ‘hard’ because it • In SA—the effects of the Masonic example, stem from a sudden flash of might make a big impression. It is better to Foundation upon SA Freemasonry. insight. Almost all research papers, stay, at least at first, within special interest • In NSW—the effect of Chapter taking however, draw upon sources. Researchers and knowledge fields. over Orders such as the Mark. need to read widely, and not only in their Topics can range from the purely But behind this practical search lies a immediate field; the greater their sweep, academic, no apparent practical deeper one, a theoretical one. The quest for the greater their insight. Skim reading application, to the totally pragmatic. the reason for Freemasonry’s existence. (O’Mara, et al: 24) can be an aid. Material It is here argued that, although perhaps The quest for Freemasonry’s soul. What is which appears to be of interest can be rewarding to the self, a humdrum topic its Aim? What are its Landmarks? The true noted, articles photocopied and clippings such as ‘Masonic Aprons’ (or ‘The Senior Masonic researcher must always be collected. An ideas file can be established. Deacon’, or ‘The Ashlars’) should not be exploring both theory and practice. Both It is to the Masonic researcher’s at the limit of a Masonic paper writer’s, need to be grappled with. We need to know advantage to have some knowledge of and particularly a researcher’s, ambition. who we are before we can know what to what is in the libraries, including those of Such pieces, of course, might well add do. the universities. He should, of course, have something to Masonic knowledge—but in Content a good working knowledge of the contents well known and possibly low-priority of the local Grand Lodge’s library. In Having decided upon the topic of the areas. Rather, it is argued that if someone particular some familiarity with the research essay, the content of such papers is going to spend considerable time on transactions or proceedings of research may be looked at. First, the researcher research, it should be at the cutting edge. lodges and study groups seems a must; see must, as noted, develop his aim exactly. He Look at the—why not the local?— Appendix B. must know what he wants to say. If he movement’s needs. Start at the real Texts parading disputable statements does not clarify these for himself his paper boundaries of published knowledge. Plan which are poorly substantiated need to be will be a mess. Then he begins to work out to move firmly into the unknown—the treated with great caution. The researcher the topic’s main parts and features, to infinite, exciting unknown. Compare a needs to scrutinise all texts as best he can; ensure that each is covered. space walk to adding another stitch to the here, prior involvement in the field is an An author must always work from the well known quilt. advantage; but should never stand in the page 10 Harashim way of opening new gates. is important—with its source and date. much chagrin later. Material which might But the researcher goes beyond the The physical aspect of noting is also be appended—the appendix—should be realm of the published. He enters the realm important. Notes can be made on notepaper collected or compiled as it is met. of interviewing, surveying, document- in the order in which the information is The investigation is over. The paper can searching and all the rest. He will find out secured, or sectioning can occur; say one be produced. what non-library records and materials page for detail A, another for detail B, and reside at the state Masonic Centre. so on. Another sectioning method is to Getting it all together It is of fundamental importance that make each note on a separate note card. Note organisation is the first step. There records are kept of all investigations, When noting both primary documents are ways of notemaking which allow their dealings and findings. These should be and published texts there are a number of easy separation in due course. The familiar filed or shelved in some manner, not steps which, if taken, will make life easier one is to use small cards, each for a shoved in a box that is relegated to the later. In the case of texts always record the different detail. When the paper is being shed. These files enable a relevant paper’s author’s name, the publisher, the city and composed, the cards can be shuffled about authenticity to stand against criticism. In the date; and directly onto each notation. in any way desired. the wider sense, the researcher is building Separate each note which somehow varies The present writer’s method, which his own, specialist or otherwise, reference from the rest, either by using cards or seems to be straightforward but unique, is bank. leaving blank lines on the notepaper. to make notes on ordinary pad paper, When someone else’s work is quarried, Always write in the margin the page leaving a line between each set. When the this must be made clearly known, both in number from which the note was obtained, paper is ready to be assembled (written), the text and in the bibliography. If this is next to every note—even if the same slips of paper bearing all the headings and not done, then stealing has occurred. At the number is repeatedly used on the same note subheadings are arranged in gapped order same time, deception is being practiced— page. If this is not done, then should the on a table. A sheet of notes—author colour the writer is allowing others to think that note be later used the writer has to, coded down the margin—is then cut up. the unreferenced material is his own work. frustratingly, return to the source. Each now separated note slip is placed in The complete paper of another person must When interviewing, phoning included, its appropriate position. If the original never be taken and passed off as one’s always record the interviewee’s name, notes are wanted intact then photocopies own; this is plagiarism at its worst and is, address and the date. are dissected. of course, despicable. Getting the notation correct is of prime After note slip distribution has importance. It should be a condensation, proceeded for some time, new subheadings Methods paraphrase or quotation. If a quotation is may be seen to be needed, or some The method by which research plans are made, always add quotation marks— different sequential order seem better. Such turned into reality is the researcher’s otherwise later it will not be certain if the improvements to the paper come easily decision, but it will include several basic piece is a quotation or not. It must also be because the whole of its content is being elements. certain that all within the quotation marks worked on at the one time and the whole Timing, perhaps, is the chief. Generally is an exact copy. layout can be seen at a glance. the time spent in preparation of a paper The bibliography—in full—should be When the assembling is done, a sheet of (Anderson: 10) on defining the problem made as notating proceeds; this will save A4 paper is slipped beneath each set and and collecting information is 60%, getting out the first draft 20%, and revising and refining 20%. About Harashim Above all, the paper’s deadline must be Harashim is a quarterly newsletter published by the Australian and New Zealand Masonic Research Council (PO Box 332, Williamstown, Victoria 3016) and two copies are issued free to confirmed. Then, even if it is a year or two each of its Affiliate and Associate members in January, April, July and October each year. away, how can the time from the decision to research to the deadline best be used? Copyright and reprinting • Their lecture programmes for the year; A written task schedule, check list and Copyright is vested in ANZMRC and the author of any article appearing in Harashim. • Any requests from their members for timetable should be made immediately. Affiliates and Associates are encouraged to information on a research topic; The availability of sources must be reprint the entire newsletter (at their own Research papers of more than local interest expense) and circulate it to their own members, • established as soon as is possible. It is no that merit wider publication. good lamenting, for example, that letters including their correspondence circles (if any) and to supply copies to public and Masonic The newsletter will also include news and reports have not been answered or that a prime libraries within their jurisdictions. from ANZMRC, book reviews, extracts from informant is away on holiday. All major Individual items from any issue may be other publications and a readers’ letters column. reprinted by Associates and Affiliates, provided: If the source of an item is not identified, it is calls upon the researcher’s time should be by the editor. Opinions expressed are those of the accounted for in the timetable. Times when • The item is reprinted in full; author of the article, and should not be attributed to the Council. work can be done should be identified. As The name of the author and the source of the • Material submitted for publication must be a result, the researcher’s mind can be put at article are included; and rest by the setting of project stages and clearly typed or printed (in black, not grey!) or on • A copy of the publication containing the a computer disk (3.5 inch, IBM-formatted) and their due dates. reprint is sent to the editor. posted to the editor, Tony Pope, PO Box 124, Note making is critical; it is from notes Anyone else wishing to reprint material from Murrayville, Victoria 3512. that the paper will proceed. The methods of Harashim must first obtain permission from the Clear illustrations, diagrams and copyright holders via the editor. photographic prints suitable for scanning are noting include writing, audio-taping and welcome, and most computer graphic (IBM) visual recording. Note making should Contents formats are acceptable. Photos of contributors begin from the instant the paper is decided Affiliate and Associate members are encouraged (preferably not in regalia) would be useful. upon. Thoughts should be jotted down at to contribute material for the newsletter, Any item over 500 words must be on disk once. When information is obtained it including: and accompanied by printout. Contributors who should be noted at once, together—and this (Continued on page 12) Issue 6 page 11 house language (jargon) is used as little as Now is an excellent time to start. Preparing a Masonic possible. If necessary, supply definitions. Plain words—but also the most apt Bibliography and Appendixes have been research paper (Westland: 116)—are the best. Words held over to next issue, for lack of space. chosen can range from the simple to the novel; but be careful with the latter. Where Bibliography (Continued from page 11) possible, expressions should be concrete ANDERSON, Jonathan: Thesis and the slips stapled to it. The sheets and visual. Assignment Writing, John Wiley, numbered, writing can commence with Spelling, finally, should be current. Brisbane 1984. confidence. English offers a range of varieties. The BROMBY, Robin: Writing for Profit in American, simpler than the old English, Australia, Simon & Schuster, Writing will no doubt be ever increasingly Brookvale 1989. Writing is a breeze. All the thought and favoured; for example color instead of CLANCHY, John & BALLAD, Brigid: Essay effort put in now pays off. The writing is colour, program instead of programme and Writing for Students, Longman but a formality. It will be an enjoyment. catalog instead of catalogue. Australian Cheshire, Melbourne 1981. The framework is in place. The card English is now faltering towards a toehold. DAYNES, Gilbert: The Untrodden Paths of shuffling/note placing has been done. The We prefer ‘-ise’ to ‘-ize’. The word Masonic Research, The Masonic whole thing is spelt out to go. The paper is processor, of course, offers the advantage Record, London, 1924. there. The author, with complete of spelling checks, often in variants. GONDIN, W & MAMMEN, E: The Art of confidence, can now translate his record Speaking Made Simple, Allen, into written English. Production London 1980. For flexibility it is recommended that Keyboarding now occurs. Revision and MCCALL, J: How to Write Themes and the initial setting down be in longhand. improvement accompany it. If the Essays, Monarch, New York The English used, of course, must fit the advantage of a word processor is being 1966. need. The past tense is used in research taken, read and re-read the text on the O’MARA, P et al: How to Study Better, papers (Anderson: 6), particularly for the screen, improving all the while. Reed, Sydney 1976. methodology and findings, which deal with Drafts are essential. The first enables Style Manual for Authors, Editors and things past; the rest is in the tense the whole to be examined at one time. Printers, 5th ed, Aus Com Pub appropriate. In writing, the passive voice, Adjustments and corrections will certainly Service, Canberra 1994. where the subject is being acted upon follow. The style will be evaluated. An TEITELBAUM, Harry: How to Write a rather than acting, is often viewed as independent reader can supply unthought- feeble. Scholarly writing, however, uses it of input. to record the past, for economy in wordage The author, at a deeper level, will now and to help establish an impersonal tone. determine if the paper works. Has it his STOP PRESS Nevertheless the paper should enjoy an intended, clear and strong running thread? overall positive frame. Its composer should Are all points connected? Is any section strive for ‘vigour of thought and under- or over-worked? Is it (Clanchy: 74) England recognises expression’ (McCall: 129). It should glow sufficiently convincing? with originality, strength and character; It will be. These are questions a non-set- more Grand Lodges and why not elegance? up writer has to approach. The prepared— English is a marvellous language. and that’s as above—writer has already The United Grand Lodge of England has Arrayed in enumerable modes, from seen to it all. extended recognition to eight more colloquial to received, from the Queen’s to You’ve done it. It cannot fail. Prince Hall Grand Lodges (Colorado, the gutter, from the popular to the Refinements can now be brought in. Illinois, Minnesota, Nebraska, New academic, its richness in words and styles Ensure that the opening grabs. Ensure that Mexico, Oregon, Washington and enables the easy conveyance of any idea. the closing will be remembered—and bring Wisconsin) and to the Grand Lodge of While the research paper needs a scholarly action. Russia and the National Grand Lodge of tone, this is no more than standard English, The process is complete. Madagascar. adjusted as suggested. Technical or in- The paper will be superb. Lecture Programmes, 1998

Barron Barnett Lodge of Installed Masters #146 UGLQ South Australian Lodge of Research #216 21 Jan ‘It’s all their fault’ D J Jones & Ken Wells 20 Feb ‘Working Tools of the First Degree’ Jack Kelly 18 Mar ‘Freemasonry in Malaysia’ Sam Ponnampalam 17 Apr ‘Geometrical Alphabets’ Illustrated John Priede 20 May ‘If you’re pulling on the oars, you’re not rocking the 19 June ‘Freemasonry —Are We Losing the Plot?’ Alan Hills boat’ W Hardgrave ‘Who Was He?’ John Balikoff 15 July ‘Who has the key . . . ?’ J Hughes 21 Aug ‘Silent Fire and the Fellow Craft’s Clap’ Tony Pope 16 Sep title unknown Peter Kemp 16 Oct Inaugural address WM 18 Nov Installation 18 Dec Short Talk Competition lecturettes winners

page 12 Harashim Harashim The Quarterly Newsletter of the Australian & New Zealand Masonic Research Council

ISSN 1328-2735 Issue 7 July 1998

About Harashim Harashim is a quarterly newsletter published by the Australian and New Zealand Masonic Research Council (PO Box 332, Williamstown, QC TO MEET IN US Victoria 3016) and two copies are issued free to each of its Affiliate and Associate members in January, April, July and October each year. Copyright and reprinting Plans for International Masonic Copyright is vested in ANZMRC and the author of any article appearing in Harashim. Affiliates and Associates are encouraged to Research Association reprint the entire newsletter (at their own expense) and circulate it to their own members, including The Master, Wardens, Secretary and other officers and members their correspondence circles (if any) and to supply copies to public and Masonic libraries within their of Quatuor Coronati Lodge 2076 EC will travel to the United jurisdictions. States this month (July) as guests of the Civil War Lodge of Individual items from any issue may be reprinted by Associates and Affiliates, provided: Research 1865 GLVa, for a meeting at the George Washington • The item is reprinted in full; Masonic National Memorial in Alexandria, Virginia, on Saturday • The name of the author and the source of the article are included; and This will provide a unique opportunity for member of QC, because Bro Hamill has American and Canadian researchers to ‘other Masonic duties’). This will be • A copy of the publication containing the reprint is sent to the editor. experience a QC-style meeting. It has followed by the traditional ‘no holds Anyone else wishing to reprint material from been widely advertised in North America barred’ QC-style comments, and an Harashim must first obtain permission from the and over the Internet, causing English-style festive board. copyright holders via the editor. considerable interest; advance bookings In addition to the advertised program, Contents have been taken over the past three plans will be revealed for the formation of Affiliate and Associate members are encouraged months, with priority being given to an International Masonic Research to contribute material for the newsletter, members of the Quatuor Coronati Association. A full report of this will be including: Correspondence Circle and of the Civil provided by Bro Bessel, via the editor of • Their lecture programmes for the year; War Lodge of Research. The George Harashim, for transmission to the • Any requests from their members for Washington Masonic National Memorial Australian and New Zealand Masonic information on a research topic; Association and the Masonic Leadership Research Council at the Conference at • Research papers of more than local interest Center have cooperated in providing Launceston in October. that merit wider publication. suitable accommodation. The newsletter will also include news and reports The meeting will be opened at 10 am from ANZMRC, book reviews, extracts from by the Civil War Lodge of Research, other publications and a readers’ letters column. If the source of an item is not identified, it is using Virginia ritual, and the Master In this issue . . . by the editor. Opinions expressed are those of the (WBro Paul M Bessel) will present a author of the article, and should not be attributed paper, ‘Civil War political and ∗ US recognition of French Grand to the Council. philosophical issues from a Masonic Lodges in the 1900s, Material submitted for publication must be by Paul M Bessell clearly typed or printed (in black, not grey!) or on perspective’. a computer disk (3.5 inch, IBM-formatted) and After discussion, and lunch, the lodge ∗ Preparing a Masonic research posted to the editor, Tony Pope, PO Box 124, will re-open, using English ritual worked paper (conclusion), Murrayville, Victoria 3512. by the Master (WBro Yasha Beresiner) Clear illustrations, diagrams and photographic by George Woolmer prints suitable for scanning are welcome, and most and officers of Quatuor Coronati Lodge, computer graphic (IBM) formats are acceptable. for the presentation of a paper, ‘Anglo- ∗ This ’n’ that, Photos of contributors (preferably not in regalia) American Masonic relations’ by WBro by Tony Pope would be useful. John Hamill (to be read by another IssueAny item 7 over 500 words must be on disk and page 1 lodge, and the Treasurer and Secretary are also from the Massachusetts jurisdiction, but the Senior Warden is always the This ’n’ that . . . by Tony Pope current Grand Master of Pennsylvania and the Junior Warden is the Grand Master of New York. Membership of the lodge is Death of a Kellerman Lecturer open to all Prince Hall Masons, and the It is with profound regret that we record latest information is at least one overseas the death of WBro Lt Col (R) Brian new Grand Master of Alberta is a Past Mason (from France) has been made an W Palmer, ED, RFD, BEcon, AFAIM, JP, Grand Master of Minnesota. honorary member. 1994 Kellerman Lecturer for Queensland. Brian was a soldier who became a Prince Hall recognition update farmer, then returned to the army to serve Prince Hall Lodge of Research in the Australian Army Training Team in Confirmation has been obtained also that In 1943 the Prince Hall Lodge of Research Viet Nam and subsequently retired with the in 1997 the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of of New York began work under rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Then he Connecticut exchanged recognition with dispensation. Sadly, it was never granted a obtained a degree in economics and set up three, not two, Australian Grand Lodges, charter, and expired within two years. It in business in Townsville, but was obliged namely Victoria as well as Tasmania and produced a single booklet of annual to retire owing to ill health. However, he South Australia. As far as can be transactions, called PHLORONY, an remained active in veteran affairs and as a ascertained, recognition has not yet been acronym of the lodge’s name, and copies swimming coach. finalised between the Prince Hall Grand are rare in Australia. Now, more than 50 Bro Palmer was a Past Master of Alma Lodge of Massachusetts and any years on, moves are afoot to resurrect the Mater Lodge #193 QC and President of the Australian Grand Lodge. lodge, probably under the same name. W H Green Memorial Masonic Study Two more acts of recognition in the US There are no other research lodges extant Circle. He was active in the Royal Arch, have been confirmed since the last issue of in the Prince Hall fraternity, the void being Secret Monitor, Knights Templar and Harashim, between the mainstream and filled by the Phylaxis Society. A&AR (Rose Croix), and until recently Prince Hall Grand Lodges of Illinois and was editor of the NQ Newsletter. At the Indiana. Thus 27 of the 51 mainstream US 1994 Conference of AMRC (as it then Grand Lodges have recognised one or Internet round-up was), in addition to presenting the more of the 46 Prince Hall Grand Lodges, The Internet is a marvellous research tool Kellerman Lecture for Queensland, ‘Our a clear majority. and a place to pick up a great deal of useful Purpose’, Bro Palmer videotaped all the With a change of Grand Masters in New information. Two valuable aids to research lectures and subsequently made them York last May, there is a possibility of are CD-ROMs of 50 years of issues of the available on video cassettes. favourable moves in that jurisdiction. But Philalethes magazine, and the major works His most significant and enduring even without official recognition, visitors of Bernard Jones (Freemasons’ Guide and contribution to Masonic research and to the Finger Lakes Chapter of the Compendium, and Freemasons’ Guide to education was the brilliant ‘supermarket’ Philalethes Society are likely to encounter the Royal Arch). The Philalethes CD is concept of an education course tailored to Prince Hall visitors from Eureka Lodge available now from the Philalethes Society individual requirements. He pioneered a #36, which meets at Rochester and has a for US$100, including postage and correspondence course in three main standing invitation to visit the Chapter. packaging; , sections corresponding to the three . The degrees, with separate modules in each, African Lodge revived Bernard Jones CD can be ordered now, and whereby the student could select which should be available in August, from the subjects to study in each degree. The Historically, the following note is ‘old hat’, Lintel Trust for system was first tried in the North but the information has only become US$29.95 plus postage and packaging; Queensland District, and then adopted by generally available with the creation of an further information from Barry Mason the United Grand Lodge of Queensland. Internet website by the Prince Hall Grand . Bro Palmer gave publication rights within Lodge of Massachusetts. Readers will recall that African Lodge #459 was ‚‚ Queensland to his Grand Lodge, but Three of our brethren have enquiries on the retained world copyright. The promotion of warranted by the Grand Lodge of England in 1784, renumbered #370 in 1792, and Internet, for which readers of Harashim this system will be a fitting memorial to may have an answer. him. dropped from the list of lodges in 1814; that it continued to work alone, then • Bro Dr Richard Num formed Grand African Lodge in 1827 and , of the South New Prince Hall Grand Lodge remained at work until the formation of the Australian Lodge of Research, writes: Until recently, the Prince Hall Grand National Compact Grand Lodge, which Last November I visited England. During Lodge of Minnesota had three lodges in the my travels I visited Stow-on-the-Wold warranted the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of near Gloucester, in the Cotswolds, Canadian Province of Alberta. In June last Massachusetts in 1847. African Lodge then arriving at night. In an antique dealer’s year, these lodges formed the Prince Hall ceased to exist, its members being divided on the ancient Fosseway I discovered a Grand Lodge of Alberta, with the blessing between three new lodges, Union #1, large chair, splendidly re-upholstered in of the parent Grand Lodge. Confirmation Celestial #2 and Rising Sun #3, all of scarlet, with a tall back over 6 feet high. of this event has been difficult to achieve, which are still active today. Clearly visible on the back were a until the Conference of Prince Hall Grand Well, African Lodge #459 was revived mason's square, a plumb, a mallet and a Masters in May this year, when Minnesota by proclamation in 1984, as a trowel. A pillar was on either side of the made the announcement and 42 Prince Hall commemorative lodge. The reigning Grand back, that on the sitter’s right being surmounted by a gilded sun (in his Grand Lodges extended recognition. The Master is automatically Master of the page 2 Harashim splendour—showing a face, and Those who subscribe to the UKMASON-LIST preaching to the choir. irradiated), while that on the left side was of the Internet will have already seen the During our first meeting this year, the Members surmounted by a gilded crescent moon. I present made a group decision: our Educational following report from Bro David Jones Program will now consist of OUR MEMBERS could hardly wait until the shop opened : the following morning. The dealer had no doing the RESEARCHING, PREPARING, and Brethren All, PRESENTING on a topic of MASONIC interest. details of the origin of the chair which Saturday 23 May saw the third AGM of And who are the Members who are going to do she thought dated from around 1740. I the Goose & Gridiron Society. It was so? ALL OF THE MEMBERS PRESENT AT was most disappointed to learn that the held in Ye Old London Pub in Ludgate THAT MEETING agreed that THEY would do a price of this most desirable item was Hill under the Chairmanship of David presentation. And we also agreed that each of 28,000 Pounds Sterling (about A$70,000) our candidates would understand that they are Peabody (who has written an article on it, and my visions of taking it back to expected to do the same for each Degree. (We including photography, in the current Australia collapsed! had about 20% turn-out that night-a good turn issue of Freemasonry Today). We are I later discovered an illustration on page out for us. now 133 strong. 67 of Bro Colin Dyer’s history of the After discussing for a while, we held two votes. The G&G is dedicated to researching the English Grand Stewards’ Lodge (The One was: do we want to Lodge to go with this historic links between freemasonry and program. The second was a show of hands for Grand Stewards and their Lodge, pubs/ale houses/coffee shops. The who wants to present a Topic of their own. The London, 1985), showing a portrait of original G&G was the ale house where Brother who counted the votes later told me that Anthony Ten Broeke as Master of the UGLoE came into being in 1717. The both Caledonian Lodge (1770–71) sitting in a City of London has a Blue Plaque ready votes were unanimous!) tall-backed chair with pillars either side to go in place on Juxton House, right by We are modeling our system after something old. similarly surmounted by sun and moon We are, each of us, considering that we are the front of St Paul’s Cathedral, once (an interesting conjunction of lights!). going to work in the Masonic quarry. That we will various local building works are This was not, however, the same chair as each shape and fashion with our skills and completed. that I discovered in the dealer’s shop. talents a Piece to present for inspection. That Can I urge brethren to take photographs each of our Apprentices and our Fellows will Other illustrations of portraits in this NOW of any local pubs which might present a Piece to show their progress. That book show pillars surmounted by globes. once have been home to lodges before each of us Master Masons will present our I wonder whether anyone else has seen a they are either demolished or refurbished own . . . Master's Piece. Masonic chair having pillars with sun out of all recognition. And that's what we're calling our program, our and moon? To join the G&G costs just £12 and for Master's Piece! • Bro Neil Wynnes Morse that you also receive an elegant necktie So, see what I meant? That's actually a pretty of OLD educational system, isn't it? But it's new to bearing the G&G motif. Our Secretary is us! Canberra Lodge of Research and Peter Locke, 19 Oakfield Avenue, Now, we're not a group of historians or scholars Instruction asks: Kenton, Harrow, Middlesex HA3 8TH. or philosophers. We're just regular guys. We're I notice in the Lodge Manual for South David Jones, P.Pr.G.Supt.Wks, not going to end up being inaugurated as a Australia that the QCCC jewel is Downshire Lodge No 594, UGLoE group into the Blue Friars. We're not going to ‘unapproved’. Can you tell me why? write the works of Masonic import that are (4.5.6 refers) studied for the next hundred years. We might not Master’s Piece at Duluth be doing exotic subjects. You distinguished • Bro Steve Burgoyne members of the Philalethes may find our topics , Junior Duluth Lodge #480 is simply a degree- uninteresting. But we, each of us, will find them Warden of Lyceum Lodge of Research, working lodge in Georgia but, with the interesting. We, each of us, will be trying to make reports: appointment of a member of the ourselves and our Brothers into better-informed I have received a request from WBro Masons. Philalethes Society as its ‘lodge director of You'll be hearing more about this process as it Jean de Ryckman de Betz of Gabarone education’ a year ago, it is no longer an goes on, (like it or not). In fact, I've got another Lodge #8781 EC (District of Transvaal) ordinary lodge. The director, Bro Joe post coming that asks for some research advice. which is located in Gabarone, the capital Keyes, tells the story: But I just wanted you Members of the Philalethes of Botswana. He is looking for Society to know what one little Lodge is doing. information about a jewel and I can do no From: Joe Keyes I'm just so proud of those Brothers at Duluth better than paste his description of it. To: Philalethes List 480!! I’ve come across a jewel, hallmarked Date: Wed, 3 Jun 1998 16:49:09 Fraternally and Sincerely, plain silver, very heavy (probably half a Subject: PSOC: Master's Piece at Duluth 480 Joe Keyes pound or more) seven-pointed star, F&AM GA USA PM Duluth 480 F&AM Duluth GA USA two concentric circles touching the Hello Brethren! Director of Masonic Education-1998 base of the fingers of the star, in A few months ago I made mention that we were between these two circles the words in hoping to set up Duluth 480 with a completely French ‘Vaincre ou mourir’, meaning NEW educational program. Or maybe a ‘to vanquish or to die’. Within the completely OLD educational program. Well, the Masonic World Guide smaller circle a skull and crossbones. process is pretty well started, and I wanted to Most readers will be aware that a new book The jewel is very simple yet extremely share it with you all. is in the pipeline, to replace the beautiful, While the "educational" part of our Lodge Allegedly it is late seventeenth century, meetings had been about the same since I was magnificent but ageing Masonic World Masonic, the only piece of silver raised in '84. There was an occasional talk by a Guide, and that yours truly has teamed up Masonic jewellery known in Southern Grand Guy or District Grand Guy, the occasional with author Kent Henderson to do the job. Africa for that period, and even one of open meeting to have the local town historian The new book will be quite a bit larger the twelve founder jewels of Lodge lady talk to us, city council got invited to dinner Goede Hoop (Cape Town). sometimes, etc, etc, etc. (And yes, I admit, this than the old one, with new or resuscitated I am sceptical, certainly cautious and continued to occur during the beginning of my Grand Lodges in Europe and Africa, and want to cross-check (I intend to watch as Lodge director of education). with a change of criterion for inclusion, purchase it if it is genuine) Probably At least last year the WM had regularly which gives equal treatment (where the Templar, but I’m not one of them, so I scheduled Masonic educational programs. don’t know. Unfortunately, all but one consisted of me information is obtainable) for all the Grand Any Ideas ?? talking. That was good for me, because I learned Lodges of the Inter-American Masonic ten times more about whatever topic than I had Confederation (CMI) and all the Grand time to present. But then you guys in this Goose & Gridiron Society audience know how that works — this is continued on page 11 Issue 7 page 3 An earlier draft of this paper is available on the Internet at . The version reprinted here is from volume V of Heredom, the annual transactions of the Scottish Rite Research Society, by kind permission of the author, WBro Paul M Bessel, WM of the Civil War Lodge of Research #1865 (), and the Society.

US RECOGNITION OF FRENCH GRAND LODGES IN THE 1900S

Introduction misleading at best, and in some respects break their ties with the GOF fifty years Nothing seems to cause as much dispute completely inaccurate. The major issue to earlier. among American Freemasons as the be explored in this article is recognition of Grand Lodges in the United States subject of recognition and regularity (with the GLF and the GOF by U.S. grand withdrew their recognitions of the GOF the possible exception of race and lodges in the 1900s, long after the GOF after 1868, when the GOF recognized a Freemasonry).1 Yet Masons need more changed its rules about religious Masonic group called the ‘Supreme facts to understand this subject. The requirements. How did United States grand Council of the A. and A.S. Rite of the State purpose of this article is to attempt to lodges justify these actions, in view of the of Louisiana’, which was not recognized provide some of these facts about the comments made by some about the lack of by the Grand Lodge of Louisiana. The recognition of French grand lodges by the ‘regularity’ of the GOF and GLF, both in Louisiana Grand Master called this a United States grand lodges in the 1900s, the past and today? ‘strange perversion’ by the GOF. The and to suggest questions for further Grand Lodge of Louisiana considered this thought and research. U.S. recognition of the GLF and the an invasion of its territory, withdrew its There are many Grand Lodges in GOF in the 1900s recognition of the GOF, and called on France.2 According to the 1996 edition of It will probably surprise most American other grand lodges to do the same.13 It is Coil's Masonic Encyclopedia, the largest is Masons to find out that during the 1900s very significant, when we remember the the Grand Orient of France (GOF) with the GLF was recognized, or mutual time period of this action, that the GOF about 27,000 members. The second largest, visitations by members were approved, by decree and report, as printed in the with about 22,000 members, is the Grand twenty-three—almost half—of all United Louisiana Proceedings, states that one of Lodge of France (GLF), which Coil’s says States grand lodges.10 Since the GOF is the reasons the GOF recognized this is the ‘fastest growing grand lodge in said to be totally outside the pale of ‘Supreme Council . . . of Louisiana’ is France . . . its membership has doubled in Freemasonry and ‘flagrantly irregular’11 because that group allowed the initiation of size over the last ten years and the rate of since the 1870s, it is even more surprising men ‘without regard to nationality, race or growth itself is rapidly increasing.’3 The to find that twelve—more than a quarter— color’. The GOF report mentioned ‘civil third largest is the National Grand Lodge of United States grand lodges recognized and political equality . . . between the of France (GLNF), which has about 13,000 or approved mutual visitations by members white and colored races’, opposition to members, and is the only French body with the GOF during the twentieth century. slavery, and the necessity of its abolition.14 currently recognized by American grand Tables showing which United States grand ‘The split of French Masonry with that of lodges.4 All three claim an honorable lodges were in each of these categories are America actually came in 1869 when the Masonic history and say they are active included at the end of this paper. Grand Orient [GOF] passed a resolution and important in today’s Masonic world.5 that neither color, race, nor religion should Some claim that the GLF and the GOF Recognition of both the GLF and GOF disqualify a man for initiation.’15 are irregular and clandestine,6 alleging they Both the GLF and the GOF were fully Since Louisiana had caused other do not have the Bible on lodge altars; do recognized by eight grand lodges, starting United States grand lodges to sever their not require candidates to express a belief in at the time of World War I. This could relations with the GOF in 1868, it was God; have women members or visitors; have been the result of the War and the especially significant that the Grand Lodge engage in political activities; and do not desire to support our French allies, as that of Louisiana enthusiastically recognized use Masonic ritual. Some say that even if is mentioned in a July 20, 1917, letter from the GLF and re-recognized the GOF on the GLF and GOF may claim these things four GLF officials to United States grand February 5, 1918.16 7 are not true, they are not being truthful, lodges which was written ‘to extend to The adoption of the resolutions restoring and if they have rules such as requiring your Grand Lodge an invitation to enter fraternal relations with the Grand Orient lodges to have the Bible on lodge altars, into official relations with us and to cement of France and recognizing the Grand they do not enforce them adequately.8 It is those relations by an exchange of Lodge of France was followed by an widely believed by American Masons that representatives.’12 However, many outburst of applause, the national colors in 1877 the GOF abandoned the ‘regular’ American grand lodges considered and of the United States and France being Masonic requirements concerning the displayed, one on each side of the station rejected recognition, and many that granted of the Grand Master, and national airs of Great Architect of the Universe and Bibles recognition did so only after detailed study each of the countries pealed forth from on altars, that American grand lodges and careful consideration. It is clear that the Cathedral organ.17 withdrew their recognition of the GOF, and grand lodge in the United States made that in 1913 some French Masons saw the thoughtful and serious decisions on this Other grand lodges that followed the error of the ways of the GOF, and of the subject. Grand Lodge of Louisiana in recognizing GLF, and, in a ‘miracle’, they broke away the GLF and re-recognizing the GOF were Appropriately, Louisiana led American 18 to form the GLNF, which today is the only grand lodges in recognizing the GLF and New jersey (April 17, 1918), Rhode acceptable grand lodge in France.9 re-recognizing the GOF. Louisiana had Island (May 20, 1918), and said the United The facts show that this description is caused the other American grand lodges to Grand Lodge of England and other grand page 4 Harashim lodges also recognized the GLF,19 and recognizing the GLF, but not the GOF, As this review shows, there were many Iowa (June 12, 1918), which said the were Minnesota (January 21–22, 1919), U.S. grand lodges that recognized or Masonry of the GLF is ‘legitimate and and Utah (January 22, 1919). Utah first allowed intervisitations with the GLF and regular. Iowa’s Grand Master’s address in considered, and then printed, an extensive the GOF, or with just the GLF, long after 1918 contains detailed information about survey of what other American grand the GOF eliminated required references to French Masonry, well worth reading to lodges had done, and why.37 God in its ritual and to the use of the Bible understand this subject better.20 The Grand While all the recognitions mentioned so by all its lodges. Some of these Lodges of Nevada (June 12, 1918),21 far took place in the World War I era, the recognitions, of the GLF in particular, Alabama,22 Arkansas,23 and North Dakota Grand Lodge of Wisconsin recognized the lasted for many decades. This raises some (June 17, 1919)24 also recognized both the GLF on June 9, 1958.38 questions. GLF and the GOF. The specifically found that the GLF is Intervisitations with the GLF but not the Regular, Irregular, Clandestine, and a ‘regular, legitimate and independent GOF Recognized governing body of symbolic masonry’,25 Another group of United States grand First, there are questions about definitions. and the Grand Lodge of North Dakota lodges approved intervisitations of What is regular versus irregular? What recognized the GLF and GOF ‘by a large members with the GLF, but not the GOF: does clandestine mean, and who does the majority’ after a discussion that was Florida (January 15, 1918),39 Georgia recognizing? described as ‘interesting and spirited’.26 (May 1, 1918),40 and Indiana (May 28, Coil’s Masonic Encyclopedia defines a 1918).41 regular lodge as one that has been legally Intervisitations with both the GLF and Some of the grand lodges that constituted and conforms to the laws of a GOF eventually recognized the GLF and GOF, ‘recognized’ grand lodge. Every grand Grand Lodges from four states approved or just the GLF, initially approved lodge is recognized by some grand lodges, intervisitations between their jurisdictions intervisitations with one or both of them. so does this mean every lodge that and both the GLF and the GOF: New York For example, the Grand Lodge of Utah complies with the rules of any grand lodge (September 10, 1917),27 Kentucky approved intervisitations January 15, 1918, is ‘regular’? Almost every attempt to find a (October 16, 1917),28 Colorado (May 1, and then recognized the GLF and GOF a clear definition of a ‘regular’ lodge or 1918), which printed a very good report year later, and Rhode Island’s grand lodge grand lodge leads to such complexity that about this subject,29 and Wyoming allowed visitations with both French grand the word confuses rather than clarifies (September 11, 1918).30 bodies November 19, 1917, and recognized discussions. them May 20, 1918.42 ‘Regular’ might mean a grand lodge Recognition of the GLF but not the GOF follows the ancient landmarks of The GLF, but not the GOF, was Other Grand Lodge positions on the Freemasonry, the ones said to be additionally recognized by eight United GLF and GOF unchangeable. But what are those ancient States grand lodges, starting with the Some other American grand lodges took landmarks? Every grand lodge has a (December 4, positions that are of interest. The Grand different answer. Some list dozens of 1917),31 and the Grand Lodge of the Lodge of Connecticut considered the issue landmarks (Kentucky has 54, Nevada 39, District of Columbia. The District of recognition of the GLF and the GOF and Minnesota 26, Connecticut 19), some list recognized the GLF on December 19, adopted a motion on February 6, 1918, just a few (Vermont has seven), and some 1917, without a single dissenting vote, saying that if those two bodies would do not have any list but say that Masons saying it is sovereign and no more require the Bible on the altars of their should observe the landmarks without connected with the GOF (which the lodges and their candidates to believe in saying what they are (sometimes adding District of Columbia and some other Grand God, a special meeting would be held of that they are unchangeable, while at the Lodges felt should not be recognized) than the Connecticut grand lodge to consider, same time considering and sometimes Grand Lodges in the United States are with and likely grant, recognition.43 The Grand adopting changes in them).55 In some each other.32 Lodges of Maine44 and Montana45 looked grand lodges it is simply unclear, even to In 1918 the GLF was recognized by the into this subject carefully, producing Grand Secretaries, what the policy of that Grand Lodges of South Dakota (June 11, reports, often with majority and minority grand lodge is concerning the ancient 1918),33 Oregon (June 14, 1918),34 and views, indicating that these issues received landmarks.56 If there is no agreement on California (October 9, 1918). The Grand careful attention but did not result in what are the ancient landmarks of Lodge of California said the GLF changes in their policies. Freemasonry, and if ‘regular’ means grand ‘recognizes the existence of God, requires Other grand lodges that considered their lodges that follow the landmarks, there the “Book of the Law” upon its altars, relationships with the GLF and GOF, cannot be universal, or even close to prohibits religious and political without changing them were Arizona,46 universal, agreement on what constitutes discussions, and exercises jurisdiction over Massachusetts,47 North Carolina,48 regular Masonry. It is up to each Grand only the three degrees of Symbolic Tennessee,49 Washington,50 Nebraska,51 Lodge, or each Freemason individually. Masonry.’35 California also pointed out Oklahoma,52 and Vermont.53 The Grand Coil’s Masonic Encyclopedia defines that in Latin countries each Grand Body is Lodge of Virginia rejected recognition or ‘clandestine’ as a body that does not hold a sovereign and supreme not throughout the intervisitation of members with the GLF on charter from a superior body having power territory it occupies, but over its February 12, 1918, based on an obvious to grant it, but makes it clear that this word subordinate lodges and their members; mistake. Their Proceedings contain a letter is often misleading and certainly unclear.57 American grand lodges have no more right which the Virginia Committee on Foreign The Freemasons’ Guide and Compendium to demand that they use exclusive Correspondence said showed that the GLF says a clandestine lodge is one that has not territoriality than they can demand we claimed to be an integral part of the GOF, been properly warranted or chartered by accept concurrent jurisdiction.36 but the letter clearly did not include any any grand lodge.58 Thus, a lodge could be Other states that followed in such claim.54 (Continued on page 6)

Issue 7 page 5 The Grand Orient of France has not abolished the masonic formula, ‘To the US RECOGNITION OF FRENCH GRAND LODGES IN THE 1900S glory of the Great Architect of the continued from page 5 Universe’, as you appear to believe, still less have they made profession of atheism. In their general assembly of September, 1877, they purely and simply regular in its workings, but clandestine candidates to express a belief in God, they proclaimed absolute liberty of conscience because it was not chartered properly. Or, can do that, just as other GOF lodges can as a right belonging to every man, and it could be irregular because in someone’s have different policies. Americans are not out of respect for this liberty they eyes it does not follow ‘proper’ Masonic used to this, as our grand lodges make expunged from their Constitution a practices, although it is not clandestine almost all the important rules for each dogmatic formula, which seemed to a because it was properly chartered by a lodge, but this is not the universal Masonic great majority of the members to be in grand lodge, even if it is a grand lodge that practice. In England, for example, each contradiction with liberty of conscience. a particular other grand lodge does not lodge decides what ritual to use, while In modifying an article of its statutes the recognize. American lodges must strictly follow every Grand Orient of France by no means There are no clear rules that allow word in the ritual set forth by their grand intended to make profession of either atheism or materialism, as would seem to anyone to decide which grand lodges are lodge. be understood. No alteration has been regular or irregular, or clandestine, and use The GOF and some other grand lodges made either in the principles or the of these words simply confuses reasonable say its attitude toward the Bible and practice of Masonry; French Masonry discussions. Each grand lodge makes its religion is more in keeping with remains what it has always been—a own decisions about which grand lodges it Anderson’s 1723 Constitutions of the Free- fraternal and tolerant brotherhood. will recognize, based on various Masons than that of grand lodges in According to the Grand Lodge of considerations. The only useful terms are England and the United States today. The Alabama Committee on Foreign ‘grand lodges that are recognized by a great principle of Freemasonry in the 1700s Correspondence, the inclusion of the Bible particular grand lodge at a particular time’ was that it allowed men much greater in Masonic lodges was an innovation in the and those which are not. freedom of conscience than most body of Freemasonry, and we are often told institutions had until that time, and this that no such innovations are permissible. GLF and GOF Rules about the Bible included tolerance of all religious attitudes 61 Moreover, in Masonic lodges the Bible is and Belief in God within Masonry. It was not until 1760 used as a symbol, Masons are not required The GLF says it has a strict requirement (forty-three years after the premier grand to believe its teachings, and some other that the Bible must be open at all its lodge lodge was formed) that the Grand Lodge of book may be substituted for it. Therefore, meetings, that all candidates must express a England changed its rules to require the ‘the removal of the Bible and replacing it belief in God, and that they adhere to the Bible on lodge altars (until then with some other symbol of Truth may other landmarks generally recognized by Anderson’s Constitutions was acceptable), 59 surely be done without altering the American grand lodges. Their and originally candidates were not asked to essential character of the Fraternity. The Constitutions begin with a Declaration of express a belief in God (‘the laws and ritual Grand Orient did not, therefore, place itself Principles which states in its first Articles, of the original grand lodge in 1723 outside the Masonic pale by substituting ‘(1) The Grand Lodge of France works to required no more of its initiates on the for it the Book of Masonic Law.’67 the Glory of the Grand Architect of the subject of religion than that they should be In any event, no matter what one feels Universe; (2) In conformity with the good men and true, men of honor and 62 about the GOF’s position on this, the tradition of the Craft, Three Great Lights honesty, obeying the moral law’). A GLF’s policy is different from the GOF’s. are placed on the Altar of the Lodges: The California grand lodge committee said the The GLF follows the same rules as Square, the Compass and the Volume of inclusion of the Bible in Masonry, ‘as dear American grand lodges concerning the the Sacred Law.’ This Declaration of as this alleged landmark is to the hearts of Bible and candidates’ required statement of Principles also appears on the standard American Masons’, was an ‘innovation in belief in God. application form, so all petitioners are the body of Masonry’.63 The GOF went aware of it. The GLF requires that each of along with this ‘innovation’ in 1849, but Female Members and Visitors its lodge meetings begin with the reading changed back to the original language in GLF Constitution, Article 1, says, of a verse from the Bible. The ‘Declaration 1877, after France had undergone several ‘Freemasonry is an initiatic order of Lausanne’ of the GLF says, ‘The savage foreign and civil wars, with French consisting of men . . .’ The GLF does not Freemason reveres God under the name of religious leaders often siding with the 64 permit women to become members of their the Grand Architect of the Universe. oppressors. lodges, or to visit. In France, and in many Whatever religion he may profess, the Grand Lodges in England and America other countries (including the United Freemason practices the most complete were upset by the GOF action in 1877, but States), there are some lodges performing tolerance towards others who have other the post-1877 GOF rules were the same as 60 Masonic ritual and promoting Masonic convictions.’ the pre-1849 rules, and English and philosophy that are exclusively for men, The GOF is different. They say they American grand lodges had recognized the 65 some exclusively for women, and some have a different view of the power of a GOF in the earlier period. The GOF was that have both men and women as grand lodge than United States grand surprised that the English and American members.68 The GLF and GOF do not have lodges do, and some grand lodges agree grand lodges were so very upset with them women as members or visitors in their with the GOF on this point. The GOF view for merely returning to their earlier lodges, because women in France can find is that each lodge should make its own language, which had been acceptable to the other grand lodges that will accept them. decisions and not have their grand lodge English and Americans. The Grand Some also point out that in the United set all policies. If a GOF lodge wants to Secretary of the GOF wrote to an English 66 States it is acceptable, even encouraged, for have the Bible on its altar and require brother: men and women to meet together in the page 6 Harashim Order of the Eastern Star, and ask how this recognition as well as specific suggestions feel is of minor importance. Finally, our is different from men and women meeting about whether grand lodges in North belief is that the main object of together in Masonic lodges. Even Albert America should or should not recognize recognition is to extend the right hand of Pike attempted to create a female branch of each foreign grand lodge.74 The fellowship to ALL legitimate Masons without being hidebound by Freemasonry in the United States.69 Also, Commission’s definition of the doctrine of technicalities. [original emphasis] if some American Masons are fearful that exclusive territorial jurisdiction is different women might attempt to bring pressure or from what most Masons think it is:75 The doctrine of exclusive territorial jurisdiction does not prevent any grand start lawsuits to force Masonic lodges to There can be no question about Exclusive lodge from recognizing more than one accept women (and this is a reasonable fear Jurisdiction. It is a basic principle that a in view of court decisions)70 one way to Grand Lodge must be autonomous and grand lodge in any state or country. Any deflect this pressure is to have recognized have sole and undisputed authority over grand lodge that wants to recognize both branches of Masonry for men only, for its constituent Lodges. This cannot be the GLF and the GLNF could rely on a women only, and for men and women shared with any other Masonic council or good deal of Masonic precedent for its jointly, so everyone would have a choice power. But the question of exclusive actions. territorial jurisdiction is not so clear cut. and none could be said to be left out. In some European and Latin American Conclusion countries, a geographical or politically The subject of recognition of foreign grand The Doctrine of Exclusive Territorial self-contained unit may be served by two Jurisdiction or more Grand Lodges. If these Grand lodges is much more complicated that most The doctrine of exclusive territorial Lodges and hence their constituent Masons think at first. There is no clear jurisdiction is often misunderstood. First, Lodges are working in amity, and both definition of which ones are regular, only in the United States is it mentioned as are worthy of recognition in all other irregular, or clandestine, and the use of a rule. Other grand lodges take it for respects, this joint occupation of a these terms can lead to personal country, state or political subdivision granted that there are places where they vituperation and useless fighting among should not bar them from recognition. Freemasons. Rather than claiming that will recognize more than one, sometimes [Author’s emphasis added] many grand lodges in a territory.71 Even in some grand lodges are irregular or the United States, grand lodges today and In other words, exclusive territorial clandestine, which only raises questions in the past recognized more than one grand jurisdiction means that all the lodges under and arguments about what those terms lodge having jurisdiction in a geographic a grand lodge give their loyalty only to that mean to different people, and whether they area, such as in Alaska, where the Grand grand lodge. There can be several grand are insulting, the only thing that can or Lodges of Alaska and Washington both lodges in a single country, all with many should be said about the relation between have lodges, and in the twenty-five states lodges under them, each giving its loyalty grand lodges is that certain ones are (as of July 1997) where grand lodges today to only one of the grand lodges, and the recognized, as of now, by my grand lodge recognize Prince Hall grand lodges that doctrine of exclusive territorial jurisdiction (or yours, or someone else’s). have their own lodges in the same states.72 is not violated, according to the Every grand lodge in the United States Stewart W. Miner, Past Grand Master of Commission. The Commission did add, ‘If has its own standards for recognition Virginia and currently Grand Secretary of these Grand Lodges and hence their (written or unwritten, strictly followed or the Grand Lodge of the District of constituent Lodges are working in not so strictly, unchangeable or often Columbia and Secretary of the Conference amity . . .’ and neither the GLF nor the changed), and each has its own list of GOF and the GLNF are in amity. Still, that which grand lodges it recognizes, and these of Grand Secretaries of North America, 79 made the following observations about the did not stop many United States grand lists change every year. Some American doctrine of exclusive territorial lodges from recognizing both the GLF and grand lodges have withdrawn recognition jurisdiction:73 the GLNF at the same time for several of other United States grand lodges, for decades. In 1960, the Grand Lodges of various reasons. Louisiana withdrew (a) that the Doctrine, as originally Alabama, California, District of Columbia, recognition from Connecticut in 1989,80 conceived, no longer exists; (b) that the historic application of the Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, and Oregon in 1991 took away its Vermont, and Wisconsin still recognized recognition of Idaho in a bitter dispute.81 Doctrine, especially in the 19th century, 76 has been selective; both the GLF and the GLNF. Many of The GLF and the GOF should be dealt (c) that inconsistent applications of the these grand lodges recognized the GLNF with separately. The GOF does not require Doctrine have encouraged challenge; and after they had already recognized the GLF, (but allows) use of the Bible in its lodges, (d) that when it has seemed prudent, yet today some claim it is not possible to and does not require its candidates to say American grand lodges modified their recognize the GLF since the GLNF is they believe in God. They, and some interpretations of the Doctrine to satisfy already recognized. Why was this Masonic writers and American grand challenges at hand. permissible one way a short time ago, but This process, I believe, is irreversible, lodges in the past, have said this is in and despite the attempts by a few grand not the other way now? ‘It is evident . . . conformity with original Masonic lodges to stem the tide by punitive action, that “exclusive jurisdiction” no longer Constitutions and with the original their efforts will fail, in the long run, and means that all lodges within a defined fundamental Masonic principles before change will unquestionably prevail. territory must belong to the same grand innovations were introduced, and some 77 What does this doctrine really say? The lodge. U.S. grand lodges in the past have Past Grand Master N. Dean Rowe of recognized the GOF. most influential American group dealing 78 with this subject is the Commission on Vermont said: The GLF requires the Bible on its Information for Recognition of the We should yield to many of the customs lodges’ altars, requires candidates to Conference of Grand Masters of Masons in and usages of the country where each express a belief in God, and has males only North America. The Commission has [Grand Lodge] is located. We base our in its lodge meetings. The Commission on decisions on legitimacy rather than existed since 1952, making Information for Recognition said: ‘There injecting our own theories of ‘exclusive recommendations on standards for (Continued on page 8) jurisdiction’ into the picture, which we Issue 7 page 7 and its librarian, Joan Kleinknecht, for their US RECOGNITION OF FRENCH GRAND LODGES IN THE 1900S assistance in the research for this article. continued from page 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY BEDE, Elbert. The Landmarks of Freemasonry. New York: Macoy Publishing and Masonic Supply Company, 1954. can be no question as to the regularity of on all subjects to help us make reasonable BERNHEIM, Alain. “A Brief History of French both of these Grand Lodges in France conclusions. The purpose of this paper has Freemasonry” The Plumbline, Spring/Summer [GLNF and GLF], apart from the been to provide more facts and to suggest 1997, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 1. regrettable circumstance of the relations of more areas for thought and research. BRODSKY, Michel. “The Regular Freemason: A Short the Grand Lodge with the Grand Orient of A study of grand lodge Proceedings History of Masonic Regularity”, Ars Quatuor Coronatorum, vol. 106 (1993), p. 103. France.’82 shows that American grand lodges initially BROWN, Walter Lee. Life of Albert Pike. 4 vols. The relationship between the GLF and withdrew their recognition of French Unpublished MS. Washington, D.C.: Supreme the GOF was the reason given for Masonry in the 1800s because of a Council, 33°, S.J. withdrawal of recognition of the GLF, on jurisdictional dispute, not because of a later BURRIN, Philippe. France Under the Germans: the recommendation of the Commission on change in the GOF’s policy concerning the Collaboration and Compromise. New York: Information for recognition, by the nine place of religion in Freemasonry. About The New Press, 1996. U.S. grand lodges that recognized the GLF fifty years later, a large number of U.S. COIL, Henry Wilson, et al. Coil’s Masonic Encyclopedia. Rev. ed. Revised by Allen E. until the 1960s, when the GLF and the grand lodges recognized the GLF, and a Roberts. Richmond, Va.: Macoy Publishing and GOF were said to have agreed to exchange significant number also the GOF, long Masonic Supply Company, 1996. some limited information, such as the after the GOF had changed its policy on Commission on Information for Recognition of the names of rejected candidates.83 But neither religion, and the American grand lodges Conference of Grand Masters of Masons in the Commission nor any of the grand made detailed studies and were fully aware North America. Grand Lodge Recognition: A Symposium on the Conditions of Grand Lodge lodges list as a requirement for recognition of the policies of the French bodies they Recognition. New York: Macoy Publishing and that a grand lodge not be in communication were recognizing. Many U.S. grand lodges Masonic Supply Company, 1956. with another grand lodge that is not continued to recognize the GLF, and some Conference of Grand Masters of Masons in North recognized. If that were the case, since the GOF, from the 1920s through the America. “Reports of the Commission on every grand lodge in the world has a 1960s, while those French bodies had Information for Recognition.” Annual reports, for the years cited in this article. different list of recognized grand lodges, policies and ritual that are the same as the DENSLOW, Ray V. Regular, Irregular and no grand lodge could recognize any other. ones they have today. Clandestine Grand Lodges: A Study in Foreign Unless the reason is that the GOF is so The GLF ritual includes references to Recognitions. Washington, D.C.: Masonic much worse than any other grand lodge, the Great Architect of the Universe, Service Association, 1956. and is outside the pale,84 that merely requires its candidates to express a belief in –––. Freemasonry in the Eastern Hemisphere. talking or having anything to do with them a Supreme Being, requires the Bible on its [Missouri]: The author, 1954. is cause to de-recognize a grand lodge. lodge altars, and even starts its meetings DUNCAN, Robert L. Reluctant General: The Life and Times of Albert Pike. New York: E.P. Dutton & That raises additional questions. with readings from the Bible. The GOF, on Co., Inc., 1961. Hitler and the Nazis had a particular the other hand, allows each of its lodges to GRANSTEIN, Nat [Assist. G.M., GLNF]. Speech hatred of Freemasonry and they attempted establish its own rules, and historically its delivered at the Conference of Grand Secretaries to wipe it out during the 1930s and 1940s. position is probably closer to the original in North America, February 20, 1996." When the Nazis conquered France they Masonic practices (and less of an HAFFNER, Christopher. Regularity of Origin: A Study imprisoned Masons in concentration innovation) that those used today in many of Masonic Precedents. Hong Kong: Paul Chater Lodge of Installed Masters No. 5391, camps, not stopping to ask or care whether other lodges. Neither the GLF nor the GOF E.C. and Lodge Cosmopolitan No. 428, S.C., 85 they were with the GOF, GLF, or GLNF. permits women members. And the doctrine 1986. The Nazis arranged large well-attended of exclusive territorial jurisdiction does not HAMILTON, Charles G. “Freemasonry, A Prisoner of exhibits to whip up antimasonic feelings prevent, and never has prevented, grand War: Part V, Freemasonry in France”, The New which were already strong and deep among lodges, even in the United States, from Age, March 1949. the French people.86 After the War some recognizing more than one grand lodge in a JACOB, Margaret C. Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry and Politics in Eighteenth- French Masons considered it reasonable to particular territory. Many U.S. grand Century Europe. New York and Oxford: Oxford talk to and be cordial with those in the lodges recognized the GLF first, and later Univ. Press, 1991. GOF, in view of their common persecution recognized the GLNF while continuing to JONES, Bernard E. Freemasons’ Guide and under the Nazis, while other Masons recognize the GLF. Compendium. New York: Macoy Publishing considered it improper to have anything to It would be useful if more Masons and Masonic Supply Company, 1950. do with the GOF even under these explored these areas of research and gave MACKEY, Albert G. Mackey’s Revised Encyclopedia of Freemasonry. 3 vols. Rev. and enlrg. Revised circumstances. It is very difficult for more thought about the important subjects by Robert I. Clegg, with supp. vol. by H.L. anyone who did not suffer this of who should be recognized and the Haywood. New York: Macoy Publishing and unimaginable persecution to say who is closely related subject of who should be Masonic Supply Co., Inc., 1946. right.87 considered a Freemason. Masonic Service Association. Ancient Landmarks of Freemasonry: As Adopted, Followed or * * * Undecided by the Fifty Grand Lodges of the Acknowledgments United States. 6th ed. Silver Spring, Md.: Discussion of grand lodge recognition is Grateful acknowledgment is given to the Masonic Service Association, Sept. 1983. George Washington Masonic National often emotional because it defines what MORRIS, S. Brent. “Landmarks and Liabilities”, The Freemasonry is and ought to be. Since Memorial in Alexandria, Virginia, and its Philalethes, June 1991, pp. 8-10. Executive Secretary–Treasurer, Donald Freemasonry encourages all Masons to PARKER, William E. “French Freemasonry, 1913, and M. Robey, for the use of its excellent library, learn, and explore all ideas, we should be the Future”, The Philalethes, June 1996, pp. 57- and to the Supreme Council, Scottish Rite, 59, 67. enthusiastic about finding out more facts Southern Jurisdiction, , Pantagraph Printing & Stationery Co. List of page 8 Harashim Lodges—Masonic. Bloomington, IL.: 14. Louisiana Proceedings 1869, pp. 76, 78. Proceedings 1917, p. 566; and California Pantagraph Printing & Stationery Co., annual. 15. Ray V. Denslow, Freemasonry in the Eastern Proceedings 1919, pp. 40, 99, 117. POUND, Roscoe. Masonic Addresses and Writings of Hemisphere, p. 170. 36. California Proceedings 1918, p. 174. Also see Roscoe Pound. New York: Macoy Publishing 16. See The Builder magazine, June 1919, pp. 153– The Builder magazine, June 1919, p. 153. and Masonic Supply Co., 1953. 158, for an excellent article on this subject. 37. Utah Proceedings 1919, pp. 43–44, 54. ROY, Thomas S., ed. Information for Recognition: 17. Louisiana Proceedings 1918, pp. 140, l06–110. 38. See Wisconsin Proceedings 1966, pp. 46–47. Reports on Grand Lodges in Other Lands. Ed. Also see Louisiana Proceedings 1917, pp. 148– Thomas S. Roy. New York: Macoy Publishing 39. Florida Proceedings 1918, pp. 121–122. Also 149; and Louisiana Proceedings 1919, pp. 19– see The Builder magazine, June 1919, p. 154. and Masonic Supply Company, 1958. 20. –––. Recognition Lists of World Grand Lodges. 1960. 40. Georgia Proceedings 1918, pp. 27–46, 18. New Jersey Proceedings 1918, pp. 62–64, 144– especially p. 39. Also see Georgia Proceedings 145. Also see The Builder magazine, June 1919, 1917, pp. 75–76; and Georgia Proceedings ENDNOTES p. 153. 1919, pp. 90–100. 1. Friendly discussions about ‘regularity’, who is 19. Rhode Island Proceedings 1918, pp. 26–27, 52, 41. Indiana Proceedings 1918, pp. 167–168. Also ‘clandestine’, who is entitled to be called a l06–109. see The Builder magazine, June 1919, p. 154. ‘Mason’, etc., usually degenerate into angry 20. Iowa Proceedings 1918, pp. 22–34, 127–129. 42. Utah Proceedings 1918, pp. 59–66, 85; Rhode exchanges on the Compuserve Masonry Forum, 21. Nevada Proceedings 1918, pp. 52, 58, 71–72. Island Proceedings 1918, pp. 26–27; and The the Philalathes ‘listserv’, and other places where Also see Nevada Proceedings 1919, p. 65. Builder magazine, June 1919, p. 154. Masons discuss issues using their computers. 22. Alabama Proceedings 1918, pp. 89–105. Also 43. Connecticut Proceedings 1918, pp. 81–85, l09. 2. An Internet ‘web page’ at http://www. franc- see Alabama Proceedings 1917, pp. 85–86, The GLF then and now said in the GLF, ‘All maconnerie.org/acacia/loges.html lists eleven Alabama Proceedings 1965, p. 78. Masonic work is therefore done ‘Obédiences & Fraternelles’ in France: FDH— I.T.N.O.T.G.A.O.T.U. [in the name of the Great Fedération du Droit Humain; GLFF—Grande 23. Arkansas Proceedings 1919, pp. 68–73. Also see Arkansas Proceedings 1918, pp. 87–90. Architect of the Universe]. All initiates are Loge Féminine de France; GLF—Grande Loge required to express their faith or trust.’ de France; GLMF—Grande Loge Mixte de 24. North Dakota Proceedings 1919, pp. 256–257, Oklahoma Proceedings, 1914, p. 65. France; GLMU—Grande Loge Mixte 281–282 (where it was reported the GLF and Universelle; GLNF—Grande Loge Nationale de GOF had already been recognized by the Grand 44. Maine Proceedings 1919, pp. 244–255. Also see France; GLTSO—Grande Loge Traditionnelle Lodges of N.J., Iowa, Calif., Minn.; the GLF Maine Proceedings 1918, pp. 40–42. et Symbolique Opéra; GODF—Grand Orient de had been recognized by Tex., D.C., S.D., Nev., 45. Montana Proceedings 1918, p. 98; Montana France; LNF—Loge Nationale Française; Oreg., R.I.; visitation was permitted by Fla., Proceedings 1920, pp. 80–81; and Montana OITAR—Ordre Initiatique et Traditionnelle de Ga., Ind, N.Y., Ky., Ala., Utah, Colo., Wy.; Proceedings 1921, pp. 141–142. l’Art Royal; RAPMM—Rite Ancien et Primitif recognition was refused by Mo., Conn., Va., 46. Arizona Proceedings 1918, p. 303. de Memphis-Misraïm. In many countries there Wisc.; under consideration by Mass., Ark, N.C., are several grand lodges operating at the same Tenn., Okla., Maine, Nebr., Wash., Vt., Idaho, 47. Massachusetts Proceedings 1918, pp. 108–109. time and in the same territory, such as France, Ill.; no action by Del., Miss., Ohio, W.V., Md., 48. North Carolina Proceedings 1918, pp. 30–31, Germany, Mexico, and Brazil. The American S.C., Penn., Ariz., Kans., N.H., Mich., N.M., and North Carolina Proceedings 1919, p. 74. concept of saying there can only be one Mont.), and 290–292. Also see North Dakota 49. Tennessee Proceedings 1918, pp. 91, 190–191; recognized grand lodge in a geographical area, Proceedings 1918, pp. 80–81. Tennessee Proceedings 1919, p. 91; Tennessee known as exclusive territorial jurisdiction, is 25. Alabama Proceedings 1918, pp. 89–105. Proceedings 1920, p. 72; and Tennessee discussed later in this article. 26. North Dakota Proceedings 1919, pp. 256–257, Proceedings 1921, p. 89. 3. Henry Wilson Coil, et al., Coil’s Masonic 281–282. 50. Washington Proceedings 1918, pp. 213–216, Encyclopedia, p. 268. 27. New York Proceedings 1918, pp. 26–27, 268. 241–247; and Washington Proceedings 1919, 4. Coil’s Masonic Encyclopedia, p. 268. Also see pp. 422, 449–452, 480. William Parker, ‘French Freemasonry, 1913, 28. Kentucky Proceedings 1917, p. 88. Also see The Builder magazine, June 1919, pp. 153–155, 51. Nebraska Proceedings 1919, pp. 230–233; and and the Future’, The Philalethes, June 1996, p. Nebraska Proceedings 1921, pp. 619–620. 57. where it was reported that as of that date the GLF and GOF had both been recognized by La., 52. Oklahoma Proceedings 1919, pp. 63–66, and 5. Also see Alain Bernheim, ‘A Brief History of N.J., Ia., Calif., Minn., Utah; the GLF had been Correspondence p. 2. French Freemasonry.’ recognized by Tex., D.C., S.D., Nev., Oreg., 53. Vermont Proceedings 1919, pp. 4–27. 6. See, for example, ‘French Freemasonry, 1913, R.I.; intervisitations with the GLF and GOF had and the Future’, p. 67, and a speech by Nat been permitted by N.Y., Ky., Ala., Colo., N.D., 54. Virginia Proceedings 1918, pp. 56–57. The Granstein at the Conference of Grand Wyo.; intervisitations with the GLF had been Virginia Committee on Foreign Correspondence Secretaries of North America, February 20, permitted by Fla., Ga., and Ind.; any measure of printed a July 12, 1917, letter from the GLF 1996. recognition of the GLF or GOF had been extending an invitation to enter into official relations, and described the letter as saying the 7. Report of the Commission on Information for rejected by Mo., Conn., Va, Wisc.; action on this subject was postponed by Mass., Ark., N.C., GLF is an ‘integral part’ of the GOF. What the Recognition, in Conference of Grand Masters of letter actually says, as printed in the Virginia Masons in North America 1965, pp. 40–41. Tenn., Okla., Maine, Nebr., Wash., Vt., Idaho, Ill; and the subject was not mentioned, or hardly Proceedings, is ‘As an integral part of the 8. See, for example, California Proceedings 1962, so, in Del., Miss., Ohio, W.V., Md., S.C., Pa., A.&A.S.C .... ‘Of course, the A.&A.S.C. was p. 208. Ariz., Kans., N.H., Mich., N.M., Mont. Review and is not the same as the GOF, but the Virginia 9. ‘French Freemasonry, 1913, and the Future’. of Proceedings reveals some different Committee said it was. 10. This and other statements may not be precisely interpretations of actions in some states. 55. In 1953 the Vermont grand lodge rescinded its accurate because a) even the best Masonic 29. Colorado Proceedings 1918, pp. 70–71, 1919, earlier adoption of Albert Mackey’s somewhat libraries are often missing some volumes of pp. 91–101. Also see Colorado Proceedings discredited list of twenty-five ancient grand lodge Proceedings; and b) Masonic 1919, pp. 91–101; and Colorado Proceedings landmarks, and instead adopted a short list of Proceedings are sometimes unclear in 1920, p. 90. seven. See Ancient Landmarks of Freemasonry, p. 38; and S. Brent Morris, ‘Landmarks and describing exactly what was agreed to at grand 30. See The Builder magazine, June 1919, p. 154. lodge meetings. Every effort has been made by Liabilities’. the author to be as precise as possible. 31. Texas Proceedings 1917, pp. 20–21, 171, 228– 56. MSA, Ancient Landmarks of Freemasonry. Also 229. Also see Texas Proceedings 1918, pp. 14– see Elbert Bede, Landmarks of Freemasonry, 11. See Conference of Grand Masters of Masons in 15. North America 1965, report of the Commission and Roscoe Pound, Masonic Addresses and on Information for Recognition, p. 41; and 32. District of Colurnbia Proceedings 1917, pp. 82– Writings of Roscoe Pound. Conference of Grand Masters of Masons in 83, 100–102, 334. Also see District of Columbia 57. Coil’s Masonic Encyclopedia, p. 132. ‘... North America 1957, p. 62. Proceedings 1953, pp. 48–50. Also see Iowa recognition among Grand Lodges is almost Proceedings 1918, p. 30. 12. Reprinted in The Builder magazine, Jan. 1919, chaotic, except within the English-speaking p. 15, and in several grand lodges’ Proceedings. 33. South Dakota Proceedings 1918, p. 196. Also circle, where it is often merely illogical or see The Builder magazine, June 1919, pp. 153– inexplicable.’ 13. Louisiana Proceedings 1869, pp. 15–16, 76–80, 154. 145–146. Further discussion and analysis can be 58. Bernard E. Jones, Freemasons’ Guide and found in Iowa Proceedings 1928, p. 22–34; and 34. Oregon Proceedings 1918, pp. 36–37. Compendium, p. 347. Also see Coil’s Masonic The Builder magazine, Jan. 1929, p. 13. 35. California Proceedings 1918, pp. 159–179, Encyclopedia, pp. 132–133; and Mackey’s especially p. 169. Also see California (Continued on page 10) Issue 7 page 9 maintain lodges in geographical areas where other, recognized grand lodges US RECOGNITION OF FRENCH GRAND LODGES IN THE 1900S exist. continued from page 9 72. As of July 1997, recognition of Prince Hall Grand Lodges has been adopted by the Grand Lodges of 1) Connecticut, 2) Nebraska, 3) Washington, 4) Wisconsin, Revised Encyclopedia of Freemasonry, vol. l, England, Belgium, France, and other countries, 5) Colorado, 6) Minnesota, 7) North pp. 208–209. there are grand lodges with large memberships Dakota, 8) Idaho, 9) Massachusetts, l0) 59. See Information for Recognition, pp. 101–102. that are for women only. Female-only lodges are Vermont; 11) South Dakota; 12) also developing in the United States. 60. Alabama grand lodge committee report on Wyoming, 13) California, 14) Ohio, 15) French Masonry, The Builder magazine, March 69. Pike wrote a Rite of Adoption for women Hawaii, 16) Kansas, 17) New Mexico, 18) 1919, p. 80. Masons, and he conferred the degrees on his Maine, 19) New Hampshire, 20) Arizona, close female friend and platonic lover, the 21) Utah, 22) Alaska, 23) Michigan, 24) 61. See Margaret Jacob, Living the Enlightenment, sculptress Vinnie Ream. See Robert L. Duncan, Pennsylvania, 25) Oregon; also by p. 55. Reluctant General: The Life and Times of Albert Canadian grand lodges in 1) British 62. See The Builder magazine, March 1919, pp. 82– Pike; and Walter Lee Brown, Life of Albert Columbia, 2) Manitoba, 3) New 83. Pike. Also see Mackey’s Revised Encyclopedia Brunswick, 4) Nova Scotia, 5) Prince 63. Quoted in The Builder magazine, Jan. 1919, p. of Freemasonry, vol. 1, p. 32. Edward Island, 6) Quebec, 7) Alberta; and 17. 70. See ‘State Power and Discrimination by Private by grand lodges in 1) France, GLF’, 2) England, 3) Ireland, 4) Netherlands, 5) 64. See Iowa Proceedings 1918, pp. 25–29. Clubs: First Amendment Protection for Nonexpressive Associations’, 104 Harvard Law Belgium, 6) Australia, Queensland, 7) 65. See The Builder magazine, Jan. 1919, pp. 13– Review p. 1835 (1991), and court cases dealing Germany. For further details, see the 15. with New York private mens’ clubs at 487 US Prince Hall Recognition information 66. ‘California’s Recognition of French Masonry;’ Reports p. 1 (1988), Rotary Clubs at 481 US website at http://www.geocities.com/ in The Builder magazine, Jan. 1919, p. 14. Reports p. 537 (1987), Jaycees at 468 US Athens/1799/pha.html. 67. Alabama grand lodge Committee on Foreign Reports p. 609 (1984), Princeton eating club at 73. Stewart W. Miner, ‘The American Correspondence report, quoted in The Builder 120 NJ Reporter p. 73 (1990), Moose at 407 US Doctrine: A Concept Under Siege’, 1992 magazine, March 1919, p. 82. Reports p. 163 (1972), and Elks at 382 F. Supp. Transactions of the Virginia Research p. 1182 (Conn 1974). Lodge No. 1777, pp. 11–25 (paper 68. Lodges of men and women together are referred delivered at that lodge on March 28, to as Co-Masonry, and descend from the Droit 71. The List of Lodges—Masonic, published each year, shows that the United Grand 1992). Stewart Miner described at least Humain of France. In the United States there are thirteen instances when American grand two different grand lodges of Co-Masonry, Lodge of England and others, including Massachusetts and Washington state, lodges ignored the doctrine of exclusive which in 1997 are engaged in a legal dispute. In territorial jurisdiction. 74. Grand Lodge Recognition, pp. ix–xiii. U.S. Grand Lodges that approved intervisitation with or recognized the GLF and/or GOF during the 1900s 75. Conference of Grand Masters of North America, 1975, Report of the Commission on Information for Recognition, p. 142. GRAND ACTION DATE REFERENCE 76. See Recognition Lists of World Grand Alabama recog. GLF & GOF 4 Dec 1918 1918 Proceedings, pp 89–105 Lodges, pp. 2–59. Also see Conference of Grand Masters of North America, 1957, Arkansas recog. GLF & GOF 19 Nov 1919 1919 Proceedings, pp 68–73 p. 60. California recog. GLF 9 Oct 1918 1918 Proceedings, pp 159–179 77. Christopher Haffner, Regularity of Origin, p. 79. Colorado intervisit GLF & GOF 1 May 1918 1918 Proceedings, pp 70–71 78. Conference of Grand Masters of Masons in North America 1961, pp. 43–44. Dist. of Col. recog. GLF 19 Dec 1917 1917 Proceedings, pp 82–83, 100–102, 334 79. The List of Lodges—Masonic Florida intervisit GLF 15 Jan 1918 1918 Proceedings, pp 121–122 attempts to indicate which grand lodges are recognized by each grand lodge, but that book Georgia intervisit GLF 1 May 1918 1918 Proceedings, pp 27–46 does not list all that are recognized by some United States grand lodges. For example, the Indiana intervisit GLF 29 May 1918 1918 Proceedings, pp 167–168 Grand Lodge of Paraguay is recognized by Iowa recog. GLF & GOF 12 June 1918 1918 Proceedings, pp 22–34 twenty-two United States grand lodges and is listed in that publication, but the Grand Lodge Kentucky intervisit GLF & GOF 17 Oct 1917 1917 Proceedings, p 88 of Nicaragua, which is recognized by thirty-six is inexplicably not in that publication. The Louisiana recog. GLF & GOF 5 Feb 1918 1918 Proceedings, pp 106–110, 140 Masonic Service Association publishes an annual chart, which is produced for MSA by Minnesota recog. GLF 21 Jan 1919 1919 Proceedings, pp 46–49 Donald M. Robey, Executive Secretary– Treasurer of the George Washington Masonic Nevada recog. GLF 12 June 1918 1918 Proceedings, pp 52, 58, 71–72, 81–82 National Memorial, which provides more recog. GOF 12 June 1919 1919 Proceedings, p 65 information than the annual List of Lodges— Masonic. Robey’s chart is so complicated that New Jersey recog. GLF & GOF 17 Apr 1918 1918 Proceedings, pp 62–66, 144–145 he has to use computer software designed for New York intervisit GLF & GOF 10 Sept 1917 1918 Proceedings, pp 26–27, 268 engineers to produce it, demonstrating again the complicated nature of recognition among North Dakota recog. GLF & GOF 17 June 1919 1919 Proceedings, pp 290–291, 256, 281 Masonic grand lodges. 80. ‘The American Doctrine’, p. 22. Oregon recog. GLF 14 June 1918 1918 Proceedings, pp 36–37 81. ‘The American Doctrine’, p. 24. Rhode Island recog. GLF & GOF 20 May 1918 1918 Proceedings, pp 26–27, 52, 106–109 82. Information for Recognition, p. 105. South Dakota recog. GLF 11 June 1918 1918 Proceedings, p 196 83. See report of the Commission on Information for Recognition, in Conference of Texas recog. GLF 4 Dec 1917 1917 Proceedings, pp 20–21, 171 Grand Masters of Masons in North America 1965, pp. 39–41; District of Columbia Utah recog. GLF 22 Jan 1919 1919 Proceedings, pp 43–44, 54 Proceedings 1965, pp. 41–42; District of Columbia Proceedings 1966, pp. 15–17; Wisconsin recog. GLF 9 June 1958 1966 Proceedings, pp 46–47 Louisiana Proceedings 1967, pp. 99–100, 152; Wisconsin Proceedings 1966, p. 116. Wyoming intervisit GLF & GOF 11 Sept 1918 1918 Proceedings, pp 262–263, 240–241 page 10 Harashim 84. See report of the Commission on Information for Recognition, in Conference of Grand Masters of Masons in North America 1965, p. This ’n’ that . . . continued from page 3 41. 85. See the speech delivered by Bro. Charles Riandey, Grand Chancellor of the GLF, at the Lodges of Prince Hall Affiliation. selected not only for their merit but also Conference of Grand Masters of Masons in Consequently, we decided to do it in two for their potential to spark discussion— North America 1955, pp. 124–127. Also, volumes, with the general section and the with disappointing results. It would be Freemasonry in the Eastern Hemisphere, pp. whole of the Americas in volume one. And as well to consider whether there 174–178; and ‘Freemasonry, A Prisoner of War: Part V, Freemasonry in France;’ in The we’ve been flat out on volume one for the should be a change of direction in the New Age magazine, March 1949, p. 149. past nine months. Unless Murphy’s Law selection of papers, and/or other 86. The Germans boasted that they made the intervenes quite drastically, volume one contents of the newsletter. But I await French ‘see that the freemasons and the Jews will be on sale in good time for the the opportunity to borrow the response were responsible for the misfortunes of their ANZMRC Conference, and volume two is of Bro Wallace McLeod to complaints country and that its recovery could only be achieved by eliminating them.’ More than scheduled for next year. about the contents of the Philalethes 1,000,000 French visited these antimasonic magazine, which goes something like exhibits. ‘The subject of freemasonry was this: ‘Yes, I see your point. Send me a more popular than that of antisemitism or even The future of Harashim anticommunism .... ‘In 1940, the Catholic paper of the sort you think should be bishop of Nancy, France, expressed ‘particular Harashim will need to be discussed at the published instead!’ gratitude to the German authorities for Conference in October, for several • At the last Conference, it was agreed eliminating freemasonry.’ Philippe Burrin, reasons: France Under the Germans (New York: The that affiliates and associates would send New Press, 1996), pp. 293, 296, 219. As early • By now, editorial comment and the editor a copy of their publications, as 1935 some French politicians formed an reprinted research papers ought to be a with a view to gleaning news items and organization that declared, ‘The hour has come very small percentage of the contents of articles or papers of general interest to when Free Masonry must be struck down. A struggle to the death has been begun against it this newsletter—but the readers’ letters, readers of Harashim. The only and the national forces must now fight without articles (including book reviews, publications regularly forwarded for truce or respite.’ Charles G. Hamilton, ‘thumbnail histories’, etc), photos and these purposes are those of three of the ‘Freemasonry, A Prisoner of War: Part V, original research papers are just not four Queensland affiliates (Townsville Freemasonry in France;’ The New Age, Mar. 1949, p. 149. being submitted. The editor cannot is the odd man out), the Tasmanian 87. See Information for Recognition, p. 105. continue to fill the newsletter himself; Mason, and those to which I subscribe his time would be better spent on as a member (Victoria, South Australia, editing and improving presentation, and and the Phylaxis Society), plus an on other responsibilities. Each issue is occasional copy of New Zealand taking at least six working days. transactions and last year’s Annual • Very probably, the poor reader- Transactions of Lyceum Lodge of response is because of poor circulation. Research. It does suggest that some The Council publishes 50 or 60 copies members either are not interested in of each issue, and sends two copies to contributing news and views, or have each affiliate or associate. The intention (probably correctly) assessed that is that these copies should be duplicated Harashim is not reaching its targeted and circulated within the sphere of readership. Which brings us full circle. influence of each affiliate or associate. Those few who get to read these words In most cases, this is not being done. might consider discussing the issues with Only a handful of people get to read their brethren before attending the Harashim in each jurisdiction, too few Conference, in order to provide a to sustain a chain-reaction, and too few significant contribution at the Conference. to justify the time spent on its production. • On the other hand, a few copies have found their way to persons and organisations outside the Council’s normal sphere of influence, and some of these are keen to become subscribers. If Harashim is to continue, we should consider the feasibility of an overseas subscription list. • Council may also consider whether part or all of each issue of Harashim should

be made available on the Internet. Bro Unfortunately, the book reviews Dr Richard Num, of South Australia, must be held over, for lack of has offered to provide web pages for space. ANZMRC; he is webmaster for the Who will provide a ‘Thumbnail Comments on this paper are South Australian Lodge of Research sketch’ of an associate or affiliate welcome, but responses over 500 website. of ANZMRC for the next issue? words must be submitted on Deadline for copy is 31 August. computer disk as well as hard • Most of the research papers printed or re-printed in Harashim have been Issue 7 page 11

Conclusion of a paper published in Masonic Research in South Australia, volume 2 (1996), copyright by the author; reproduced here by kind permission of the author and publisher. PREPARING A MASONIC RESEARCH PAPER by George Woolmer

Bibliography Appendix B ANDERSON, Jonathan: Thesis and Assignment Writing, John Wiley, Brisbane 1984. TRANSACTIONS AND SIMILAR IN THE SA GRAND LODGE LIBRARY BROMBY, Robin: Writing for Profit in Australia, Simon & Schuster, Brookvale 1989. Outline Only CLANCHY, John & BALLAD, Brigid: Essay Writing for Students, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne A Bird’s Eye View of Freemasonry, The Masters’ and Wardens’ Assn of SA, Adelaide. 1981. Ars Quatuor Coronatorum, Trans, Quatuor Coronati Lodge 2076 EC, London. DAYNES, Gilbert: The Untrodden Paths of Collected Lectures, A & H Fraternity of RA Masons of SA. Masonic Research, The Masonic Record, Collected Lectures, GL of Mark Master Masons of SA. London, 1924. Collected Masonic Lectures, Panel of Authorised Lecturers, Grand Lodge of SA. GONDIN, W & MAMMEN, E: The Art of Speaking Collected Lectures, UGL of MMM of Vic. Made Simple, Allen, London 1980. Gleanings, SA Lodge of Research 216 SAC. MCCALL, J: How to Write Themes and Essays, Holden Research Circle, Camberwell, Vic. Monarch, New York 1966. Leichhardt Lodge of Research 225 SAC, Darwin. O’MARA, P et al: How to Study Better, Reed, Masonic Research in South Australia, SA Lodge of Research 216, Adelaide. Sydney 1976. Masonic Square, Lewis Masonic, London. Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers, News Bulletin, SA Lodge of Research 216 SAC. 5th ed, Aus Com Pub Service, Canberra PHLORONY, Trans, Prince Hall Lodge of Research of New York. 1994. Proceedings, Hobart Lodge of Research 62 TC. TEITELBAUM, Harry: How to Write a Thesis, Proceedings, The Dormer Masonic Study Circle, London. McMillan, New York 1989. Proceedings, Launceston Lodge of Research 69 TC. TURABIAN, K: A Manual for Writers, Uni of Propaedia, SA Lodge of Research 216 SAC. Chicago Press, Chicago 1987. Review of Year’s Work, The Masters’ and Wardens’ Assn of SA, Adelaide. WESTLAND, Peter: Public Speaking, St Paul’s The Lectern, The WHJ Mayers Memorial Lodge of Research 50H, UGLQ. House, London 1971. The Masonic Record, London. The Master Moon, The Masonic Service Assn of USA, Washington DC. Thoughts for the Enquiring Mason, Victorian Lodge of Research 218 UGLV. Appendix A Transactions, Installed Masters’ Association, Leads, Eng. Transactions, WA Lodge of Research 277 WAC. Transactions, Manchester Assn for Masonic Research, Manchester, Eng. THE MASONIC RESEARCH PAPER Transactions, Master’s Past Masters’ Lodge 130 NZC. FRAMEWORK Transactions, Phoenix Lodge 30 GLNF, Paris. Transactions, SA Lodge of Research 216 SAC. A Suggested Outline Transactions, Sydney Lodge of Research 290 UGLNSW. Transactions, Texas Lodge of Research AF & AM, Waco, Tx. A TITLE Transactions, The Dormer Masonic Study Circle, London. B PRELIMINARIES Transactions, Hobart Lodge of Research 62 TC. Transactions, Lodge of Research 2429 EC, Leicester, Eng. 1 Problem Statement Transactions, The Masonic Study Society, London. 2 Rationale Transactions, The Research Lodge of Otago 161 NZC. 3 Aim Statement Transactions, United Masters Lodge 167 NZC. 4 Sub-Aims Statements Travaux de la Loge Nationale de Recherches Villard de Honnecourt, GLNF, Paris. York Rite Trestle Board, ‘The York Rite Bodies in Mexico’, Mexico City. C INTRODUCTION 1 Definitions Recommendation: Each research body publish lists of similar sources known to it. 2 Background Information 3 Methodology D MAIN BODY 1 Findings 2 Analysis WBro George Woolmer, OAM, is a Past Master of the South 3 Conclusions Australian Lodge of Research, currently its research co-ordinator, and 4 Recommendations Grand Librarian, and Kellerman Lecturer-designate. He has a few E SUMMARY–ENDING other postnominals, academic and Masonic. Try these for size: FNHSSA, RDA, DipT(Sec), BA, BEd, GradDipEd, StudAbEd, F BIBLIOGRAPHY GradDip(DistEd), GradDip(EdAdmin), GradDip(CurricDev), MEd, DipMEd. G APPENDIX

page 12 Harashim Harashim The Quarterly Newsletter of the Australian & New Zealand Masonic Research Council

ISSN 1328-2735 Issue 8 Last of 1998

About Harashim Editorial comment Harashim is a quarterly newsletter published by the Australian and New Zealand Masonic Research Council (PO Box 332, Williamstown, Victoria 3016) and two copies are issued free to Retrospect . . . each of its Affiliate and Associate members in January, April, July and October each year. Copyright and reprinting Copyright is vested in ANZMRC and the author of any article and Prospect appearing in Harashim. Affiliates and Associates are encouraged to reprint the entire With this issue, Harashim is two years old—no great age, but an newsletter (at their own expense) and circulate it to their own opportunity for review. This newsletter has suffered a few problems, members, including their correspondence circles (if any) and to supply copies to public and Masonic libraries within their examples of Murphy’s Law, and has not always been well-supported by jurisdictions. contributors, but generally seems to have met with approval, to the extent Individual items from any issue may be reprinted by that the Council has decided to make it available to individual subscribers. Associates and Affiliates, provided: Issue 8 is late, and reduced in size, mainly because the editor has been • The item is reprinted in full; over-committed this year, and for this an apology is offered. The • The name of the author and the source of the article are temptation to skip an issue and start afresh in the new year was firmly included; and rejected; better late and small than not at all! The main reason for over- • A copy of the publication containing the reprint is sent to the commitment was the time taken to learn new skills, both in upgrading editor. computer hardware and software, and in exploring the Internet as a Anyone else wishing to reprint material from Harashim must first research tool. The purpose of these activities was to collaborate with our tireless Secretary, Kent Henderson, in completing the research, writing, Authors submitting original work for publication in Harashim after 31 December 1998 are assumed to grant permission for editing, printing and publication of volume one of Freemasonry their work to be published also on ANZMRC’s Internet Universal. website, unless otherwise specified. Publication of this opus was not the end of the matter; marketing of this volume and research for volume two are ongoing commitments, but, if the Affiliates and Associates support Harashim with contributions from their obtain permission from the copyright holders via the editor. members, it should be possible to meet all deadlines next year. Contents There was delay, also, in the production of the ANZMRC Proceedings Affiliate and Associate members are encouraged to contribute material for the newsletter, including: 1998, and for the same reason, but our Secretary performed a last-minute miracle and had it printed in time for the Conference. This publication has • Their lecture programmes for the year; its shortcomings on the technical side (hopefully, only fellow wordsmiths • Any requests from their members for information on a research will notice them), but the contents are well up to the standard set by topic; previous Kellerman Lecturers. A second printing is being arranged, to • Research papers of more than local interest that merit wider meet demand, and this will provide an opportunity to rectify the publication. Murphy’s-Law blunder of the printer. The newsletter will also include news and reports from ANZMRC, book reviews, extracts from other publications and a readers’ The editor was obliged to be absent from the conference, in order to letters column. meet other deadlines, but has learned that the comments on the Kellerman If the source of an item is not identified, it is by the editor. Lectures were audio-taped for later publication. If transcriptions are Opinions expressed are those of the author of the article, and supplied (preferably in electronically-stored format and hard copy), they should not be attributed to the Council. Material submitted for publication must be clearly typed or will certainly be published in future issues of Harashim. But those who printed (in black, not grey!) or on a computer disk (3.5 inch, IBM- were able to be present, and those who later read the Proceedings, may formatted) and posted to the editor, Tony Pope, PO Box 124, also wish to submit considered comments. These also will be published, Murrayville, Victoria 3512, or attached to email sent to subject to space and necessary editing. Then, too, the articles by Bros Paul . Items over 500 words must be submitted both as hard copy and in computer-readable form. Bessel (issue 7) and Michael Segall (this issue) may well provoke Clear illustrations, diagrams and photographic prints suitable comment. for scanning are welcome, and most computer graphic (IBM) Issueformats 8are acceptable. Photos of contributors (preferably not in (Continuedpage on page 1 8)

President’s Corner

ANZMRC PRESIDENT’S REPORT 1996–98

The major achievement of the Council opportunities appropriately, then the during this period has been its expansion to Craft in general could benefit. But if include both the Australian and the New there is to be a positive outcome, those Zealand bodies that are working in the field who are especially interested in Masonic of Masonic research. The Launceston knowledge and its dissemination will Conference of the Council will clearly have to be visible and pro-active. I demonstrate that this union is bearing fruit. suspect that this approach might be alien I have had the opportunity to read the to many of our members, but I believe report prepared by our Secretary, Kent that they must be convinced of the need with a lot of potential for assisting Henderson. As we have come to expect, he to become part of the public face of Freemasonry in general. has touched on all of our activities. I Freemasonry. I strongly urge the I am pleased to be able to place on endorse his remarks concerning the lecture research lodges and study circles to give record the indebtedness of the Council tour by RWBro Wallace McLeod and also careful consideration to what their roles to the Secretary, the Treasurer and the the quarterly newsletter, Harashim, which might be in assisting Grand Lodges to Editor. They have managed the affairs has been splendidly prepared by our Editor. steer a path into the next century. The of the Council in a splendid manner. I believe this to be a significant point in alternative is to become part of history The lecture tour in particular impacts on the evolution of Freemasonry. On the one rather than to influence it in a the whole Craft and I am sure that the hand, Craft lodges have every reason to be meaningful way. efforts of these three brethren are concerned about their dwindling At the meeting of Grand Masters, appreciated much more widely than membership. On the other hand, modern Grand Secretaries and other they realise. communications now provide Freemasons representatives of Grand Lodges held in with new opportunities to engage in Rome last November, it was evident that Masonic research and to advance their Masonic research has a very firm place Masonic knowledge. More and more in the European Craft lodges. Our brethren are availing themselves of the European brethren saw the ANZMRC advantages of email and the Internet. and the cooperative spirit that it Murray Yaxley If Grand Lodges grasp these symbolised as a very significant body

being developed, which will allow members of all Associates and Affiliates of the Council to confer and This ’n’ that . . . by Tony Pope correspond on the Internet.

Conference tour by an Australian or New Zealand Prince Hall recognition The fourth ANZMRC Conference was researcher is mooted. England has recognised the Prince Hall opened at Launceston by Tasmania’s • President Murray Yaxley (Tas), , and the Grand Deputy Grand Master, RWBro Alan Treasurer Graham Stead (Qld), Lodge of the Philippines has exchanged Swinton, QPM. A full report of the Secretary Kent Henderson (Vic), and recognition with the Prince Hall Grand Conference will be given in the next issue Asst Secretary Andy Walker (NSW) Lodge of Washington. In July the Grand of Harashim, but here are the highlights: were all re-elected to office. Guy Lodge of Hawaii voted to recognise the • The next conference will be in Palliser (NZ) and Arthur Hartley (WA) Prince Hall Grand Lodges of Arizona, Brisbane, not Townsville, in 2000, with were elected vice presidents, and Connecticut, Colorado, Oregon and Ken Wells (1992 Kellerman Lecturer Richard Num (SA) will take on the Pennsylvania, but I’ve only been able to and Past Vice President) as convener. position of Information Officer, with confirm that the Prince Hall Grand Lodge The sequence for subsequent responsibility for establishing an of Connecticut has reciprocated, thus far. conferences is expected to be Adelaide Internet presence for the Council. The In October the Grand Lodge of Rhode in 2002, and New Zealand in 2004. ANZMRC website will include Island voted to recognise the Prince Hall • Lecture tours by international scholars individual home pages for each of the Grand Lodges of Connecticut, have been changed from alternate years Associates, in addition to administrative Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, but there to every four years, with the next tour and research information from the has not been time for a response from these scheduled to coincide with the Brisbane Council and its publications. Keith Grand Lodges. conference, and Yasha Beresiner is Hepburn, who convened the Launceston Grand Lodges of two southern states have conference, is assisting Richard Num in recognition motions on their books for their tipped as the visiting lecturer. In the forthcoming Annual Communications, North Carolina conference year when no international compiling a list of email addresses, and scholar is scheduled (eg 2002, 2006), a a closed mailing list for ANZMRC is (Continued on page 8)

page 2 Harashim Research paper

This article has been specially commissioned for Harashim, as a sequel to Paul M Bessel’s paper, ‘US Recognition of French Grand Lodges in the 1900s’, in Issue 7. Michaël L Segall is a member and Past Master of the Lodge of Research John Scot Erigena (la Loge de Récherche Jean Scot Érigène, Nº 1000), under the Grand Lodge of France. FRENCH MASONRY, A GENERAL OUTLINE

by Michaël L Segall

The English-speaking Masonic world 3) Be constituted of men only, working in and followed by a disciplined debate, knows surprisingly little about French tiled lodges to the Glory of the Grand where questions are asked, additional Masonry. Some authors, quite unaware of Architect of the Universe, seen as a information brought, and different its rich variety, think that France has only Supreme Being or (in A&ASR interpretations of the topic proposed. They one or two Grand Lodges (when the real terminology) Creator Principle. are then published in the Transactions of number is closer to 15) or confuse radically 4) Work in the presence on the Altar of the the lodge—a method which causes French different Grand Lodges such as the Grand Square, Compass and the open VSL, lodges to be the equivalent of lodges of Orient of France and the Grand Lodge of generally the Bible. research elsewhere, though lodges of France. Finally some think that minor and 5) Have candidates apply of their own free research also exist as such, for more time- very recent Grand Lodges somehow will and accord and only take into consuming and more difficult represent historical French Masonry. consideration for acceptance their undertakings. The presentation and defence It might thus be useful for the readers of human qualities, with no distinction of of an original paper in lodge is also a Harashim to have a description of French social status, wealth, faith, religion or requirement for promotion to each Masonry as viewed by a contemporary race. successive degree. and, hopefully, reasonably well informed 6) Strictly prohibit religious and political True, there are many in French Mason. The core of this article is a discussions in lodge. France, but there are just as many in the major extension and update of the one 7) Be totally independent of any other United States or the United Kingdom, written some years ago for Coil’s Masonic local or foreign Masonic body—and of where they are simply ignored. Some of Encyclopedia and published in its latest any system of degrees allegedly these bodies are regular, some irregular. edition. Some paragraphs were also superior to the MM degree. Some are ‘recognized’, some are not. The inspired by the excellent lecture on French 8) Be totally independent of any Church, same is true of Europe in general. The Masonry given in March 1996 by Brother religion or religious movement. French pay very little attention to being Andre Kesteloot of Washington, DC. 9) Be totally independent of any political recognized or not by a French or foreign It is clear that a detailed history of system or party. Masonic body, and mostly think of their French Masonry would be incredibly Clearly there is no connection between diversity as of an advantage. A man or a complex and intricate, just like French and regularity—which, as the etymology of its woman has the right to join the type of continental European Masonry itself, and name indicates, means respect for certain Masonic body of choice, male for the would require at least a book, possibly rules—and recognition, which is just the former, female for the latter, or co-Masonic more, not just an article. To make this text political decision of two Masonic bodies to for both, in accordance with their fit the confines of a publication such as have mutual Masonic relations. A Grand philosophical, spiritual—or even Harashim, many details were passed over Lodge’s acceptance of the decision, political—views. Therefore French Masons or simplified here, without, it is hoped, whether positive or negative, of another consider that the more Masonic bodies detracting from the informative value and Grand Lodge about its own regularity there are, the better it is. Consequently, reliability of the whole. would be an inadmissible renunciation of another uncommon aspect of French the independence mentioned in point (7) Masonry is that members of the various above and effectively result in its Grand Lodges get very well along, often Regularity irregularity. meet socially or get involved in various One of the first questions people raise on common projects, charitable and other, the subject concerns the regularity of even if for various reasons they cannot sit Masonry in France. The French, and the French practices together in lodge. majority of continental Masons, have a French Masonry is however very different definition of regularity which is very from its English-speaking counterparts in similar to the one used by English- quite a few areas. In a country where heavy Historical aspects speaking Masonry. To be regular, a taxes support most hospitals and other It would be impossible to even begin to Masonic body must at least: charitable activities, involvement with understand modern French Masonry 1) Conform itself to the Old Charges and charities is unnecessary beyond what every without first considering some of its be created from at least three lodges, Brother does on his own. The main activity historical aspects, so this is what we will coming from a regular Grand Lodge and of French Masonry is philosophical, moral, do for the next few paragraphs. working a traditional ritual. historical, symbolic and spiritual; even French Masonry, at least Grand Lodge 2) Exclusively comprise the successively occasionally educational. Members are Masonry, started with Philip, Duke of awarded degrees of EA, FC and MM, required to prepare at least once a year an Wharton. In 1722 the Duke of Wharton the Hiramic legend being the basis of original paper in one of these areas. Most was elected Grand Master of the Grand the latter. papers are read in lodge, time permitting, continued(Continued on pageon page 11 4) Issue 8 page 3 (Continued from page 3) Royalist and the Republican. It is certain Joseph, another of his brothers, in 1805. Lodge of London and Westminster, that while individual Masons were deeply Empress Josephine, Napoleon’s first wife, founded in 1717 and later called Grand involved in the events, Masonry as such was a member of a Lodge of Adoption, a Lodge of England. A few years later he played a minimal role. As to the motto, it type of lodge composed of male and was forced into exile to France together was invented by the French Revolution and female Masons which later strongly with Charles Radcliffe, another Mason— only adopted by French Masonry in 1849, inspired Brother Robert Morris when he and illegitimate grandson to Charles II sixty years after the events. created the Order of the Eastern Star. Stuart—by the political turmoil in With the turmoil of the French The Grand Orient was actually run, not England. In 1726 they create a Masonic Revolution and its aftermath, the First by the two brothers of Napoleon, but by a lodge in Paris, Saint Thomas, with J Hector Republic, the Convention, the man named Cambacérès, a close associate Maclean, an exiled Scottish head of clan revolutionary wars, the Terror, the of the Emperor, who was given the mission Maclean, Dominic Hagerty, an Irishman, Directory, the Consulate, France changed of reuniting all Masonic bodies in France and a number of other exiled Stuartists. A its political system every few years and under a single body, the Grand Orient. But second lodge, Saint Thomas au Louis Cambacérès failed, and resigned in 1814. d’Argent, favourable to London, Anderson Against Napoleon’s wishes, a few and Desaguliers, is thought to have been additional Masonic bodies were born, created in 1729 and met in the tavern Au particularly the rite of Misraim, introduced Louis d’Argent in Saint Germain des Près. between 1810 and 1813 from Italy by the The lack of historical documents makes it three Bedarrida brothers, and, in 1815, the difficult to ascertain whether these two rite of Memphis, created at Montauban. lodges were not actually one and the same The two merged in 1899 into the Grand (and some historians think they were) but Lodge of the Ancient Primitive Rite of with a name extension due to the change of Memphis–Misraim. venue. A fourth (or third) one, l’Anglaise, Napoleon’s Empire came to an end in was created the same year in Bordeaux. 1815, at Waterloo, and it is interesting to These lodges constituted the first Grand realize that most if not all of the generals Lodge in France, apparently called by who fought there, be they British like many ‘The English Grand Lodge of Wellington, Prussian like Blücher or France’, with James Maclean, a Scot, as French like Grouchy, Ney and Cambronne, Grand Master, and Moore, an Irishman, as were Masons. A majority of French Grand Secretary. In 1738 this Grand military officers were Masons, and after Lodge, by then under the Duke of Antin as that incredibly bloody battle, French Grand Master and apparently tired of Masonry was truly decimated. English tutelage, declares itself Michaël Segall There were no major changes in French independent under the name of ‘Grand Masonry during the first and the second photo by Brother Barbara Lodge of France’. In 1742, barely four Restoration (1814–1830), separated by years later, the premier Grand Lodge of Masonry sufferred a lot. It split, went Napoleon’s ‘Hundred Days’, King Louis- France already had 200 lodges, of which underground, parts of it disappeared and Philippe’s reign (1830–1848), the Second 22 were in Paris, and started attracting the other parts coalesced. Two main currents Republic of 1848 and until the Second greatest and the best. survived: that of the Grand Orient and that Empire, that of Napoleon III (1852–1870). However, 25 years later, in 1767, King of the Grand Lodge of France, the latter Among a multitude of minor Masonic Louis XV became involved in ruinous inseparably intertwined, first with the Rite bodies, the still universally recognized wars, mainly with England. The French of Perfection, ancestor of the A&ASR, Grand Orient of France on one hand, and economy was in shambles. Masonry was later with the Ancient and Accepted the independent A&ASR Supreme Council regarded with suspicion because of its Scottish Rite itself. perpetuating, under various names, the English origin and ties with London. A law Napoleon, First Consul since 1800, Grand Lodge of France, slowly restored was passed, suspending Masonic activities proclaimed himself Emperor in 1804. That their forces and membership. For the same in France, but in 1771 the Grand Lodge same year the Supreme Council of France reasons as his illustrious uncle, and in an was authorized to meet again. A secession was constituted, the second in the world attempt to rally Masonry to his cause, in 1773 gave birth to the Grand Orient of after the Supreme Council of the USA, Napoleon III also tried to reunite divided France, which we shall see later in more Southern Jurisdiction, created in 1802. French Masonry under the Grand Orient. detail, with the Duke of Chartres as Grand It is extremely improbable that In 1862 he named Field-Marshal Magnan, Master. Napoleon ever was a Mason. If he was, no a non-Mason initiated for the purpose from Much has been said about the alleged evidence survives. However he soon Entered Apprentice to 33rd in one day, participation of French Masonry in the realized the influence of Masonry on the Grand Master of the Grand Orient of French Revolution. Many of its members intellectual, spiritual and political life in France. Magnan tried to do as ordered, but still proudly claim that the inspiration of France and had all his family and generals the Sovereign Grand Commander of the the French Revolution was Masonic, and join our gentle Craft. His aims were selfish Supreme Council of France, Viennet, an that the motto ‘Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité’ and political, and he had no interest illustrious member of the French was borrowed by the French Revolution whatsoever in any of the moral, intellectual Academy, strongly resisted, and convinced from French Masonry. While some of the or spiritual aspects or teachings of Napoleon III to leave things as they were. best minds of the day were Masons, as for Freemasonry. He was offered the Grand The disastrous war of 1870, basically instance Montesquieu, Lavoisier, Mastership and refused. In 1804 he named caused by a misunderstanding between Condorcet, Mirabeau, Voltaire, Lafayette, his brother Louis as Grand Master of the Napoleon III and Bismarck, was lost by there were Masons in both camps, the Grand Orient, only to replace him with France. Paris was occupied. The Emperor

page 4 Harashim was made prisoner. The Third Republic Council of France officially recognized the continental European country. Before was born. The savage days of the Grand Lodge of France as a wholly going into details about the various French Commune in 1871 (which again saw independent body. Masonic bodies, it may be useful to explain Brethren fighting each other on both sides the difference between the two of the barricades) was followed by an At the very end of the 19th century and membership figures given for each. There extraordinary industrial, intellectual, at the beginning of the 20th, a few are two ways of calculating membership: scientific, financial and commercial additional Masonic bodies were born, one, the precise method, adds up the development. France was rich. The end of irregular according to the definition above. number of members on the general roster. the 19th century brought about the triumph Such was, in 1893, the International Co- The other adds up the memberships of the of ‘positivism’, dear to Auguste Comte, Masonic Order of the Human Right (Ordre individual lodges and is, for better or Jules Ferry, Littré and Claude Bernard, Maçonnique Mixte International du Droit worse, the universally accepted one. Since with its emphasis on explaining how things Humain, D.H.), admitting both men and in France it is common for Masons to be run, and a total disregard for the ‘why’s women; Memphis–Misraim, created in members of multiple lodges, with the and the origin of things. French Masonry second method each member is counted as thus embraced what could be referred to as RWB Michael L Segall, 33° SGIG, often as he has lodges, which allows Grand ‘liberal’ causes: feminism, the is co-author (with Dr A Buisine) of Lodges to claim bigger and more emancipation of slaves, social Freemasonry. An Overview of the Craft impressive figures. in France (published 1996, in French), responsibility, social reform and pacifism. and author of the following books To keep this article to a manageable Many French Masons of the end of the (again, titles translated from the size, the three major Masonic bodies in 19th century could be described as either French): The Symbolism of the three France will be presented in more detail, the radical, utopian, democratic, egalitarian, or Craft Degrees (1982); Freemasonry in ones with fewer than 12,000 members in socialist. Things that could not be proven Eastern Europe (1985); A Dictionary of lesser detail and the ones with scientifically, such as the existence of God, Hebrew terms and other terms of memberships below 2000 not at all. The were summarily declared bogus, while foreign or unknown origin in the main French Masonic bodies thus are, by scientific progress practically became the Scottish Rite (1988, reprinted 1992, decreasing size: 1996, 1998). Another book, An new God. International Vocabulary of The fact that, during the tormented Freemasonry, is in preparation. years just before, during and since the As suggested in a review of the The Grand Orient (or Grand East) of Revolution, the Catholic Church had been 1996 edition of Coil’s Masonic France (Grand Orient de France, GO, (or at least had been perceived as) Encyclopedia (Harashim, July 1997), GOF or GOdF) has about 27,000 actual perpetually siding with the tyrants, was not Bro Segall is the author of the 12-page (35,000 claimed) members in 650 lodges, unrelated to the situation. A wave of anti- entry on Masonry in France. He has with an average of 54 members per lodge. religious and particularly anti-clerical written hundreds of Masonic papers Very involved in social, political, and some emotion swept France. In 1877 and under and lectures, chapters in various charitable activities, it is politically left- the intense pressure of its members, the Masonic books, and magazine articles, leaning and closely associated with the and is co-editor of Points de Vue Grand Orient of France declared optional Initiatiques, the research magazine of French political left. Since 1877 most and left to the discretion of the individual the Grand Lodge of France, and of lodges of the GO have abandoned the Bible lodges any mention of the Grand Architect Cahiers de Jean Scot Érigène, the as well as any reference to the Grand of the Universe and the presence of the transactions of the Lodge of Research Architect of the Universe. Recently, a Bible. It thus becomes the epitome of John Scot Erigena #1000, GLdF. number of its lodges have started admitting irregularity in the eyes of most other women. For all these reasons, the GO is Masons in France and elsewhere. A little quite irregular according to the accepted known and very interesting detail is that by definition and has very few international doing this, the Grand Orient was doing ties. The GO works a variety of rites, the nothing revolutionary or scandalous but 1899 through the merger of the rites of two main ones being the French Rite and a only reverting to its pre–1849 practice, Memphis and of Misraim; and in 1913 the largely modified ‘blue’ (or Craft) Ancient which no one had any quarrel with at the Grande Loge Nationale Indépendante et and Accepted Scottish Rite (A&ASR). The time! Réguliere pour la France et les Colonies subjects of papers and debates in lodge are Unhappy with the situation, part of the (Independent and Regular National Grand mainly problems of society, ecology, blue lodges under the Supreme Council of Lodge for France and the Colonies, or human rights, the condition of the working France, heirs and continuators of the GLNIRFC), created by the United Grand class, public health, AIDS and so on. The premier Grand Lodge of France, first Lodge of England and which was to members of the Grand Orient are created the Grande Loge Symbolique become, after World War II, the GLNF extremely vocal in public life and politics Ecossaise (Scottish Symbolic Grand (Grande Loge Nationale Française). and have been known to participate in full Lodge, 12 February 1880). In 1890 the The present situation regalia in political and anti-religious street Grande Loge Symbolique Ecossaise There are currently about 100,000 Masons demonstrations. They take the weighty became the Grande Loge Symbolique de of all kinds in France, 0.17% of the responsibility, deplored by all other French France (Symbolic Grand Lodge of population, percentage-wise far less than Masons, of projecting worldwide an France). In 1894 the lodges which had either in the United States or the United atheistic, left-leaning, politicking, stayed with the Supreme Council of France Kingdom. While the reason behind the wheeling-dealing image of French were granted independence by the latter smaller number of members can be found Masonry as a whole. under the recovered name of Grand Lodge in the much stricter conditions of Nevertheless the Grand Orient, created of France. The Symbolic Grand Lodge of admission and a long history of in 1773 by a group of lodges seceding from France and the Grand Lodge of France persecution, France nevertheless has the the Grand Lodge of France, has been for a merge in 1897. In 1904, the Supreme largest number of Masons of any (Continued on page 6)

Issue 8 page 5 (Continued from page 5) War II. Loge de France of 1895 and on to this very very long time the only generally Historians have multiple choices day. recognized body in France, even though it concerning the birth of the Grand Lodge. The Grand Lodge of France has the only started to mention the Grand Some consider it born with the creation of additional distinction of being the first Architect of the Universe and to have the Saint Thomas Lodge, in 1726, by Charles Masonic body to have recognized Prince Bible in lodge in 1849. But the situation Radcliffe and the Duke of Wharton. Other Hall Masonry, as early as 1952—with the was apparently not so unusual at the time historians consider that it began in 1732, exception, for a very brief period a century and no one seemed to object. When it with the creation of the Grande Loge ago, of the Grand Lodge of Washington. abandoned again the GAOTU and the Anglaise de France, or in 1734 with the This recognition of Prince Hall Masonry Bible in 1877, its de-recognition took a actual start of the latter’s operation, or in might, or might not, have played a role in long time. Its members were still admitted 1738 with the rejection of the English subsequent de-recognition. As a matter of in English lodges as long as ten years later, supervision and the choice of a new name, fact, the GL of France was de-recognized on condition that their ‘Masonic Passport’ . The personal in 1964–65 by US Masonry and some of still used the old stationery (of which the preference of this author is the year 1734, its followers, when the Grand Master GO seemed to have a large supply), and because a Grand Lodge cannot regularly signed, for reasons which were more which bore the formula ‘TTGOTGAOTU’, originate from only one or two lodges and personal than Masonic, a short-lived ‘To the Glory of the Grand Architect of the because the Grande Loge Anglaise de administrative treaty with the Grand Universe’. France, although created in 1732, only Orient. Even more unusual, many US Grand started working in 1734. We could have It would seem that some people were Lodges re-recognised the GO after the selected 1738 as well, the date when the waiting for the occasion, and it is possible First World War and maintained this latter changed its name to Grande Loge de that political reasons and particularly the recognition for many years, probably for France. Finally a few authors, some with a extreme hostility to NATO and SHAPE, sentimental reasons as allies in war, vested interest in presenting the GLF as shown by then president de Gaulle, also although there was no question about its relatively recent, put forward the year had to do with it. Some American Masons irregularity. Which again goes to show that 1894, when the Supreme Council of France even went as far as to swear that the Grand regularity and recognition are very of 1804 abandoned control of its Craft Lodge had discontinued in its lodges the different things. The outstanding American lodges and the GLF became a Grand Bible and any reference to the Grand Masonic researcher and historian, Paul Lodge working the ‘blue’ or Craft degrees Architect, and that it had started to admit Bessel, has published a remarkable article only. women, which was and remains patently on this subject, titled ‘US recognition of However, there is no objective reason false. It is also interesting to note that the French Grand Lodges in the 1900s’, in the for placing its creation there, and the GL denunciation of the treaty with the Grand 1996 issue (volume 5) of Heredom, the was certainly not created in 1895. The only Orient shortly thereafter, and the return of Transactions of the Scottish Rite Research thing which happened then was the the Grand Lodge to the exact situation it Society of Washington, DC, [and reprinted separation of the Grand Lodge of France had at the time it was recognised, did not with permission in issue 7 of Harashim] from the Supreme Council of France, cause it to be recognised again, even 34 which should be required reading for which had controlled Scottish Rite lodges years later. However this doesn’t prevent it anyone interested in the history of French even when they were forced for a few from maintaining excellent—if discreet— Masonry. years, by Napoleon III, to merge with the relations with many non-English-speaking Grand Orient. As the evidence for it Grand Lodges in Europe and elsewhere, Grande Loge de France increases—and it does every year—the particularly in Latin America and Africa. The Grand Lodge of France (Grande Loge Grand Lodge of France is correct in its de France, GL, GLF or GLdF) currently claim of antiquity. Of course, there have Grande Loge Nationale Française has about 25,000 members (33,000 been splits, a few name changes, some The National Grand Lodge of France claimed) in 630 lodges, with an average of arguments, as usual in the history of (Grande Loge Nationale Française, 52 members per lodge. Regular, and Masonry—but nothing that has not GLNF) has about 16,000 members (25,000 representative of the oldest and most happened in the history of other Grand claimed) and also claims nearly 1100 regular Masonic tradition, it has existed in Lodges, such as the United Grand Lodge lodges, which would seem to indicate a its current form for 100 years, and in other of England. And a good continuity can be very unlikely average of only 23 members guises for more than two centuries. The seen from the Grande Loge de France of per lodge. The disparity is said to be due to GL works the traditional Ancient and 1738, through its being suspended by the the fact that the GLNF has the highest rate Accepted Scottish Rite Craft degrees in Police for four years, between 1767 and of multiple memberships in France, and virtually all of its lodges, but for a handful 1771, through the Grande Loge de France that many lodges seem to exist on paper working other rites. With no political (also called ‘de Clermont’) of 1771, past with the same members but meet very tendencies or affiliation, the GL sets very the secession of the Grand Orient in 1773, seldom. The forerunner of the GLNF was high intellectual standards for its work, through the ‘Très Respectable Grande initially created in 1913 by the United which is mainly philosophical, symbolic, Loge de France’ which worked with Grand Lodge of England out of only two moral and spiritual. It is not currently vigour until 1799, date of the government- lodges, Le Centre des Amis and the recognized by English-speaking Masonry imposed union with the Grand Orient, ‘English Lodge’ No 204 of Bordeaux (the but has wide international ties with many through the independence of the Scottish latter resuscitated for the occasion). Both regular —both recognized and Rite and the creation of the Supreme were coming from a Grand Orient of unrecognized—Masonic bodies. The Council of France in 1804/5, through the France which had already been irregular fastest-growing Grand Lodge in France Grande Loge Centrale de France of 1822, for 36 years. Both were working an among a generally growing Masonry, its the Grande Loge Symbolique Écossaise of irregular form of the Rectified Scottish membership has been, on the average, 1880 and the Grande Loge Symbolique de Rite (Rite Écossais Rectifié or RER) and doubling every twelve years since World France of 1890, ending with the Grande broke away from the GO on 5 December

page 6 Harashim RWBro Michael Segall is widely travelled, 1939, the GLNIRFC had less than 900 so on, even if some of its lodges are very and has been Foreign Policy Advisor to six members in 34 lodges. Of these, 24 lodges esoterically, theosophically and even Grand Masters over the past 15 years, were mostly or entirely English in occultist-inclined. The DH has about and the Grand Lodge of France’s Grand membership and only ten had more French 11,000 members (13,000 claimed) in Representative to North America since than English members. Even today, many France, two thirds of them women and one 1992. He is an honorary member of two of its members and Grand Officers are third men, in about 250 lodges, with an Prince Hall lodges, African Lodge #459 English or American. This is why the average of 52 members per lodge. (Massachusetts) and Fraternité des regularity, and national representative- Caraïbes #10 (Caribbean), and a member, honorary member, or ness, of the GLNIRFC and of the GLNF, Grande Loge Féminine de France correspondence circle member of many are often questioned and why they are The Feminine Grand Lodge of France lodges of research, worldwide. often considered a branch of English- (Grande Loge Féminine de France, GLFF) He is a member of the Scottish Rite speaking Masonry in France, rather than a accepts only women candidates. Its Research Society (SJ, USA), a member of French Masonic body. filiation comes from a very ancient French the American Masonic Museum and The GLNIRFC became the GLNF in women’s Masonry, working a very Library Association (MLMA) and a Life 1948. In 1958 most of its French minority interesting and symbolically rich ritual Member of the Philalethes Society. He seceded to create a new body, the GLNF– founded the Grand Lodge of France’s called the Rite of Adoption, which traces Internet website, , Opera (later the GLTSO), and the GLNF its roots as far back as 1744 and probably and is an active participant on Masonic only acquired a majority of French earlier. This Adoption Masonry went Internet facilities, including the members in 1964, when 800 French through a long decline and had practically Philalethes Society’s PSOC mailing list. brethren joined it after seceding from the disappeared by the end of the 19th century. He has been awarded the Chevalier GLdF when the latter was de-recognised. The current GLFF is issued from the Ramsay Award of the Philalethes The GLNF is currently the only Grand Lodges of Adoption (ancestors of the Society’s Cornerstone Computer Chapter Lodge in France recognized by English- Order of the Eastern Star) revived at the as ‘the Brother having most contributed speaking Masonry and works a multitude to bringing together and reconciling end of the 19th century by the Grand Masons worldwide by means of the of rituals, among them the RER and the Lodge of France for the wives, widows, computer networks’. French Rite inherited from the Grand mothers, daughters and sisters of its Bro Segall is also the creator and Orient, and the Craft A&ASR inherited brethren. In 1945 the GL of France gave organiser of the ‘Summer Meetings’ of from the GL. Politically, it is moderately these Lodges of Adoption their freedom the Grand Lodge of France, nine weekly right-leaning. Working methods and and helped them federate into the meetings held in July and August each lecture subjects are extremely similar to Women’s Masonic Union of France year, while the Grand Lodge is in summer those of the GL, because of the influx of (Union Maçonnique Féminine de France recess, and featuring the best French Masonic lecturers, to allow French GL members in 1964. At present, serious or UMFF). The UMFF still worked the Masons from the provinces and foreign problems and internal dissensions, often Rite of Adoption, but without a male Masons touring in Paris to attend a echoed by the press, are causing a marked membership or presence and without any Masonic meeting during their stay. decline in the GLNF. kinship required with male Masons. Attendance at each meeting ranges In 1952, the UMFF changed its name between 100 and 400. Copies of the Ordre Maçonnique Mixte International into GLFF, Grande Loge Féminine de lectures are subsequently available on du Droit Humain France, abandoned the Rite of Adoption the Grand Lodge’s website. Not The International Co-Masonic Order of the (except for one lodge) and adopted a surprisingly, Bro Segall has been awarded the Grand Medal of the Grand Lodge of Human Right (Ordre Maçonnique Mixte version of the blue (Craft) Ancient and France for outstanding Masonic International du Droit Humain, DH) Accepted Scottish Rite (A&ASR) worked achievement. accepts both men and women. Created in by a majority of French Masons. Whether 1893, it is quite widespread outside France, it was a wise choice for women to work a mainly in Europe and notably in England, male ritual remains to be seen. Despite the and is the only Masonic body extant that is massive help received from the GL at the not a state or national Grand Lodge but a time of its creation, the GLFF reproaches worldwide organization under one the Grand Lodge for its refusal to accept centralised governing body located in women visitors, and has preferential ties 1913, after hesitations which had lasted for Paris. The DH works a highly (and with the Grand Orient, which does accept three years. The two lodges became the recently—1948) modified version of the them as visitors. Under the influence of the Independent and Regular (!) National Craft A&ASR and, like the GO, gives its latter it has become relatively left-leaning. Grand Lodge for France and its Colonies lodges the right to individually decide It also has in common with the GO the or GLNIRFC (Grande Loge Nationale whether to work to the Glory of the subjects of its lectures and discussions in Indépendante et Réguliere pour la France GAOTU or not. Most lodges don’t. The lodge, plus typically feminine interspersed et les Colonies). Lord Ampthill, Pro Grand same is true of the Bible. For all these with truly Masonic, esoteric and symbolic Master of the United Grand Lodge of reasons, the DH is irregular by the topics. England at the time, announced and generally accepted definition and has very Currently the GLFF has about 12,000 recognized it, rather tactlessly, on few international ties, except with lodges members and 300 lodges, with an average 3 December 1913, two days before it was of the same Federation which it has itself of 40 members per lodge. Since few Sisters created! Until long after World War II, the created. In France, it has very close ties are members of multiple lodges, the actual great majority of its members were English with the Grand Orient and, just like the and claimed memberships are close. In nationals, often military affiliated with the GO, its papers and debates in lodge are principle, individual lodges have the right English and American forces on the mainly about problems of society, ecology, to decide whether to have the Bible and continent. human rights, the condition of the working work to the Glory of TGAOTU, but very At the beginning of World War II, in class, problems of public health, AIDS and (Continued on page 8)

Issue 8 page 7 (Continued from page 7) The present status of mutual recognition accept each other as we are, with the few do. among the French Grand Lodges is a imperfections that we all have, with our simple matter, since it is not necessary to peculiarities and particularisms, our Grande Loge Symbolique et recognize an organisation in order to visit customs and our traditions, however Traditionnelle Opéra it. The notion of recognition, as practised unusual and even outlandish they might The Traditional and Symbolic Grand by the English-speaking Masonic world, seem to the other side. Lodge Opera (Grande Loge Symbolique et does not exist in France and nothing is said Traditionnelle Opéra or GLTSO), formerly in our Obligations about visiting. No one Grande Loge Nationale Française Opéra really recognizes anyone officially, and the (because of the proximity of its main Grand Lodge of France in particular building to the Paris Opera House), is recognizes no other Masonic body in commonly called ‘GL Opéra’. It was France. When high-ranking brothers from created in 1958 by a secession of one Masonic body officially visit another, practically all the French members of the it might imply that one recognizes the GLNF. These members, while in other, but there is no elaborate paper- agreement with the principles of regularity signing. High-ranking brethren from a and with traditional Masonic teachings, regular body will, of course, only visit resented ‘the rigid and intransigent attitude regular bodies officially, but they too may of the GLNF, as well as its blind visit any other Masonic body as simple submission to the United Grand Lodge of Master Masons. England’. The GLTSO mostly works the Rectified Scottish Rite. Currently, the GL Opéra has about 2500 members in some 55 Conclusion lodges, with an average of 45 members per A final point that may be important if one lodge. Multiple membership is not is to understand European continental customary in the GLTSO, and thus actual Masonry in general and French Masonry in Retrospect . . . and Prospect and claimed membership figures are very particular, is that most US-type and close to each other. English-type Grand Lodges in Europe are (Continued from page 1) small, recent, and resented by local So, issues 9 (January) and 10 (April) will be open Others Masons as a sort of intruders. As an for comments on all of the above. The deadline will be There are half a dozen other Masonic 1 March 1999. Then issues 11 (July) and 12 (October) indication, the only Grand Lodge in France will be open to the authors for response (deadline bodies with memberships ranging between recognized by English-speaking Masonry, 1 September 1999). In all cases, contributions should 100 and 1000, only one of them regular, the GLNF, represents only 16% of French be clearly typed, and items over 500 words must be the National French Lodge (Loge Masonry. In Belgium, recognized Masonry supplied also either on computer disk or as a file Nationale Française or LNF), another attached to email. represents about 900 brethren. The decline Other material is required for future issues: secession from the GLNF, for reasons that currently affects English-speaking Thumbnail sketches of Associates and Affiliates (only similar to those of the GLTSO. It would be Masonry also hits most of its one is to hand, Hawke’s Bay Research Lodge; more far beyond the purpose of this brief representatives on the continent, while needed); book reviews by persons other than the editor description of French Masonry to go into (who has half a dozen, half written!); research papers indigenous Masonry is in a period of (none in store); and, above all, Readers’ Letters—the further detail about the other smaller accelerated development. only reliable indication that a publication is reaching bodies. French and European Masons have paid its intended readership, and the best measure of an immense toll to persecution since whether it is meeting their needs. Visiting in France mediaeval times, but notably during the All this of course affects the matter of 20th century, and particularly the Second This ’n’ that . . . World War, when tens of thousands of visits. The attitude of French Grand (Continued from page 2) Lodges concerning visits to other bodies is brethren were killed by the Nazis and the and Texas. Both motions are expected to be opposed. the same, with the notable exception of the Communists. At the time, their persecutors Grand Master Tom Gregory has been campaigning GLNF. The French, and Europeans in never asked them whether they were vigorously in North Carolina, pressing for recognition regular or not, recognised or not. They of the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of North Carolina. He general, consider that a Master Mason is has met bitter opposition, and even faces impeachment implicitly mature enough to visit any fought and fell as brethren. Consequently before his own Grand Lodge for belonging to a meeting of any organization without being they do not view at all kindly the claims of ‘clandestine organisation’—the Phylaxis Society! The ‘tainted’ in any way, as long as the visited a few overseas Grand Lodges, who were word is that the outgoing Grand Master of the Prince never in danger, never persecuted, and Hall Grand Lodge of North Carolina was not keen on body admits him in lodge. Therefore recognition, but his replacement would welcome it. In French Masons go and visit anyone they know very little about them, to act as self- Texas the motion is unlikely to succeed; the proposers wish, anywhere, including of course appointed judges of their regularity and do not appear to have conferred with the Prince Hall women’s lodges. Only brethren holding Masonic quality. This doesn’t prevent their Grand Lodge of Texas, the latter being unaware of the viewing their overseas brothers with motion until too late to give official indication of high office refrain from visiting irregular interest in it. bodies, as their presence there might fraternal affection, faithful to the universal principles of brotherly love, relief and World Research Association implicate their Obedience as a whole. Of Arising from the joint meeting with QC in July (see course, regular French Grand Lodges only truth, and receive them with open arms, as issue 7), Paul Bessel, WM of Virginia’s Civil War receive men in their lodges and make sure, many Australian and other English- Research Lodge #1865, has posted tentative plans on speaking brethren can attest. the Internet for an International Masonic Research on an individual basis, that each visitor Association, and Kent Henderson and others have conforms to their standards. The regular For the sake of worldwide Masonry, responded to them. As things firm up, they will be Grand Lodges also firmly advise against it might be high time to implement the reported in Harashim. visiting those small and few fringe groups Fraternity and Universality we talk so which are truly suspect of shady activities. much—and do so little—about. To page 8 Harashim