NASA Chat: Geminids Meteor Shower: 'Up All Night'
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Major Meteor Showers Throughout the Year
Major Meteor Showers Throughout the Year Courtesy of The Catawba Valley Astronomy Club - www.catawbasky.org Information taken from http://www.amsmeteors.org/showers.html The meteor showers discussed below recur each year; in some cases they have been recognized for hundreds of years. The name of the shower in most cases indicates the constellation from which the meteors appear. Sporadic meteors are those random meteors not associated with a particular shower; they are the random detritus left over from the creation of the solar system or are old dispersed debris not recognizable today as shower meteors. For meteor observers, those located in the northern hemisphere have a distinct advantage as shower activity is stronger there than that seen by observers located south of the equator. The reason for this is that most of the major showers have meteors that strike the Earth in areas located far above the equator. As seen from the northern hemisphere these meteors would appear to rain down from high in the sky in all directions. The year begins with the intense but brief Quadrantid maximum (January 3/4). Its brevity combined with typically poor winter weather hampers observation. January overall has good meteor rates restricted to the last third of the night. Rates to 20/hour can be obtained. A large number of radiants spread along the ecliptic from Cancer to Virgo. This activity diminishes somewhat in February with the same areas active. Late-night rates are fair in the first half of March, but become poor rather suddenly after mid-March. The very poor rates, seldom reaching 10/hour, continue into early June. -
Geminid Meteor Shower Activity Should Increase
EPSC Abstracts Vol. 12, EPSC2018-397, 2018 European Planetary Science Congress 2018 EEuropeaPn PlanetarSy Science CCongress c Author(s) 2018 Geminid meteor shower activity should increase Galina O. Ryabova (1), Jurgen Rendtel (2) (1) Research Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics of Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation ([email protected]), (2) Leibniz-Institut fur Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Germany Abstract 2. Model Mathematical modelling has shown that activity of We used one a model with meteoroids of the ‘visual’ the Geminid meteor shower should rise with time, mass of 0.02 g from [6] and extended it until 2025 and that was confirmed by analysis of visual January 1. The model consists of 30 000 meteoroids observations 1985–2017. generated around starting epoch JD 1720165.2248 (perihelion passage) using, as we mentioned, the cometary scenario of ejection. For details of the 1. Introduction model, method, and references, see [6]. The Geminid meteor shower is an annual major shower with the maximum activity on December 14. Why activity should increase? The answer is clear In 2017, asteroid (3200) Phaethon, recognised parent from Fig. 1. Phaethon’s node and the mean orbit of body of the stream, had a close encounter with the the stream (i.e. the densest part of the stream) Earth on December 16. When the Earth passes closer gradually approach the Earth’s orbit. So the Geminid to a parent body orbit of a meteoroid stream, an shower activity should increase slowly. Why we increased activity of the shower is expected. We should not expect an outburst? Because the Geminid elaborated the model to see, if it is the case, and stream had no replenishment after the initial made a comparison with visual and video catastrophic generation [2, 6]. -
Assessing Risk from Dangerous Meteoroids in Main Meteor Showers Andrey Murtazov
Proceedings of the IMC, Mistelbach, 2015 155 Assessing risk from dangerous meteoroids in main meteor showers Andrey Murtazov Astronomical observatory, Ryazan State University, Ryazan, Russia [email protected] The risk from dangerous meteoroids in main meteor showers is calculated. The showers were: Quadrantids–2014; Eta Aquariids–2013, Perseids–2014 and Geminids–2014. The computed results for the risks during the shower periods of activity and near the maximum are provided. 1 Introduction The activity periods of these showers (IMO) are: Quadrantids–2014; 1d; Eta Aquariids–2013; 10d, Bright meteors are of serious hazard for space vehicles. Perseids–2014; 14d and Geminids–2014; 4d. A lot of attention has been recently paid to meteor Our calculations have shown that the average collisions N investigations in the context of the different types of of dangerous meteoroids for these showers in their hazards caused by comparatively small meteoroids. activity periods are: Furthermore, the investigation of risk distribution related Quadrantids–2014: N = (2.6 ± 0.5)10-2 km-2; to collisions of meteoroids over 1 mm in diameter with Eta Aquariids–2013: N = (2.8)10-1 km-2; space vehicles is quite important for the long-term Perseids–2014: N = (8.4 ± 0.8)10-2 km-2; forecast regarding the development of space research and Geminids–2014: N = (4.8 ± 0.8)10-2 km-2. circumterrestrial ecology problems (Beech, et al., 1997; Wiegert, Vaubaillon, 2009). Consequently, the average value of collision risk was: Considered hazardous are the meteoroids that create -2 -1 Quadrantids–2014: R = 0.03 km day ; meteors brighter than magnitude 0. -
The Solar System
5 The Solar System R. Lynne Jones, Steven R. Chesley, Paul A. Abell, Michael E. Brown, Josef Durech,ˇ Yanga R. Fern´andez,Alan W. Harris, Matt J. Holman, Zeljkoˇ Ivezi´c,R. Jedicke, Mikko Kaasalainen, Nathan A. Kaib, Zoran Kneˇzevi´c,Andrea Milani, Alex Parker, Stephen T. Ridgway, David E. Trilling, Bojan Vrˇsnak LSST will provide huge advances in our knowledge of millions of astronomical objects “close to home’”– the small bodies in our Solar System. Previous studies of these small bodies have led to dramatic changes in our understanding of the process of planet formation and evolution, and the relationship between our Solar System and other systems. Beyond providing asteroid targets for space missions or igniting popular interest in observing a new comet or learning about a new distant icy dwarf planet, these small bodies also serve as large populations of “test particles,” recording the dynamical history of the giant planets, revealing the nature of the Solar System impactor population over time, and illustrating the size distributions of planetesimals, which were the building blocks of planets. In this chapter, a brief introduction to the different populations of small bodies in the Solar System (§ 5.1) is followed by a summary of the number of objects of each population that LSST is expected to find (§ 5.2). Some of the Solar System science that LSST will address is presented through the rest of the chapter, starting with the insights into planetary formation and evolution gained through the small body population orbital distributions (§ 5.3). The effects of collisional evolution in the Main Belt and Kuiper Belt are discussed in the next two sections, along with the implications for the determination of the size distribution in the Main Belt (§ 5.4) and possibilities for identifying wide binaries and understanding the environment in the early outer Solar System in § 5.5. -
Meteoroid Stream Formation Due to the Extraction of Space Resources from Asteroids
Meteoroid Stream Formation Due to the Extraction of Space Resources from Asteroids Logan Fladeland(1), Aaron C. Boley(2), and Michael Byers(3) (1) UBC, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 6224 Agricultural Rd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 (Canada), [email protected] (2) UBC, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 6224 Agricultural Rd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 (Canada), [email protected] (3) UBC, Department of Political Science, 1866 Main Mall C425, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 (Canada), [email protected] ABSTRACT Asteroid mining is not necessarily a distant prospect. Building on the earlier mission Hayabusa, two spacecraft (Hayabusa2 and OSIRIS-REx) have recently rendezvoused with near-Earth asteroids and will return samples to Earth. While there is significant science motivation for these missions, there are also resource interests. Space agencies and commercial entities are particularly interested in ices and water-bearing minerals that could be used to produce rocket fuel in deep space. The internationally coordinated roadmaps of major space agencies depend on utilizing the natural resources of such celestial bodies. Several companies have already created plans for intercepting and extracting water and minerals from near-Earth objects, as even a small asteroid could have high economic worth. The low surface gravity of asteroids could make the release of mining waste and the subsequent formation of debris streams a consequence of asteroid mining. Proposed strategies that would contain material during extraction could be inefficient or could still require the purposeful jettison of mining waste to avoid the need to manage unwanted mass. Since all early mining targets are expected to be near-Earth asteroids due to their orbital accessibility, these streams could be Earth-crossing and create risks for Earth and lunar satellite populations, as well as humans and equipment on the lunar surface. -
Meteor Showers' Activity and Forecasting
Meteoroids 2007 – Barcelona, June 11-15 About the cover: The recent fall of the Villalbeto de la Peña meteorite on January 4, 2004 (Spain) is one of the best documented in history for which atmospheric and orbital trajectory, strewn field area, and recovery circumstances have been described in detail. Photometric and seismic measurements together with radioisotopic analysis of several recovered specimens suggest an original mass of about 760 kg. About fifty specimens were recovered from a strewn field of nearly 100 km2. Villalbeto de la Peña is a moderately shocked (S4) equilibrated ordinary chondrite (L6) with a cosmic-ray-exposure age of 48±5 Ma. The chemistry and mineralogy of this genuine meteorite has been characterized in detail by bulk chemical analysis, electron microprobe, electron microscopy, magnetism, porosimetry, X-ray diffraction, infrared, Raman, and 57Mössbauer spectroscopies. The picture of the fireball was taken by M.M. Ruiz and was awarded by the contest organized by the Spanish Fireball Network (SPMN) for the best photograph of the event. The Moon is also visible for comparison. The picture of the meteorite was taken as it was found by the SPMN recovery team few days after the fall. 2 Meteoroids 2007 – Barcelona, June 11-15 FINAL PROGRAM Monday, June 11 Auditorium conference room 9h00-9h50 Reception 9h50-10h00 Opening event Session 1: Observational Techniques and Meteor Detection Programs Morning session Session chairs: J. Borovicka and W. Edwards 10h00-10h30 Pavel Spurny (Ondrejov Observatory, Czech Republic) et al. “Fireball observations in Central Europe and Western Australia – instruments, methods and results” (invited) 10h30-10h45 Josep M. -
USBC Approved Bowling Balls
USBC Approved Bowling Balls (See rulebook, Chapter VII, "USBC Equipment Specifications" for any balls manufactured prior to January 1991.) ** Bowling balls manufactured only under 13 pounds. 5/17/2011 Brand Ball Name Date Approved 900 Global Awakening Jul-08 900 Global BAM Aug-07 900 Global Bank Jun-10 900 Global Bank Pearl Jan-11 900 Global Bounty Oct-08 900 Global Bounty Hunter Jun-09 900 Global Bounty Hunter Black Jan-10 900 Global Bounty Hunter Black/Purple Feb-10 900 Global Bounty Hunter Pearl Oct-09 900 Global Break Out Dec-09 900 Global Break Pearl Jan-08 900 Global Break Point Feb-09 900 Global Break Point Pearl Jun-09 900 Global Creature Aug-07 900 Global Creature Pearl Feb-08 900 Global Day Break Jun-09 900 Global DVA Open Aug-07 900 Global Earth Ball Aug-07 900 Global Favorite May-10 900 Global Head Hunter Jul-09 900 Global Hook Dark Blue/Light Blue Feb-11 900 Global Hook Purple/Orange Pearl Feb-11 900 Global Hook Red/Yellow Solid Feb-11 900 Global Integral Break Black Nov-10 900 Global Integral Break Rose/Orange Nov-10 900 Global Integral Break Rose/Silver Nov-10 900 Global Link Jul-08 900 Global Link Black/Red Feb-09 900 Global Link Purple/Blue Pearl Dec-08 900 Global Link Rose/White Feb-09 900 Global Longshot Jul-10 900 Global Lunatic Jun-09 900 Global Mach One Blackberry Pearl Sep-10 900 Global Mach One Rose/Purple Pearl Sep-10 900 Global Maniac Oct-08 900 Global Mark Roth Ball Jan-10 900 Global Missing Link Black/Red Jul-10 900 Global Missing Link Blackberry/Silver Jul-10 900 Global Missing Link Blue/White Jul-10 900 Global -
The Leonid Meteor Shower: Historical Visual Observations
Icarus 138, 287–308 (1999) Article ID icar.1998.6074, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on The Leonid Meteor Shower: Historical Visual Observations P. Brown Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada E-mail: [email protected] Received July 20, 1998; revised December 10, 1998 of past showers, independent of the many secondary accounts The original visual accounts of the Leonids from 1799 to 1997 which appear in the literature, in an effort to better understand are examined and the times and magnitude of peak activity are the stream’s past activity, its formation, and as a way to predict established for 32 Leonid returns during this two-century interval. what may happen in the years from 1999 onwards. In addition, Previous secondary accounts of many of these returns are shown this revised set of historical Leonid data provides a set of obser- to differ from the information contained in the original accounts vations reduced in a common manner, which any model of the due to misinterpretations, typographical errors, and unsupported stream must be able to explain and to which others can easily assumptions. The strongest Leonid storms are shown to follow a examine and apply their own corrections. Gaussian activity profile and to occur after the perihelion passage In this work, we examine in detail available original records and nodal longitude of 55P/Tempel–Tuttle. The relationship be- tween the Gaussian width of the strongest returns and their peak of the Leonids for modern returns of the shower (here defined activity is established, and the particle density/stream width rela- to be post-1799). -
17. a Working List of Meteor Streams
PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED. 17. A Working List of Meteor Streams ALLAN F. COOK Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Cambridge, Massachusetts HIS WORKING LIST which starts on the next is convinced do exist. It is perhaps still too corn- page has been compiled from the following prehensive in that there arc six streams with sources: activity near the threshold of detection by pho- tography not related to any known comet and (1) A selection by myself (Cook, 1973) from not sho_m to be active for as long as a decade. a list by Lindblad (1971a), which he found Unless activity can be confirmed in earlier or from a computer search among 2401 orbits of later years or unless an associated comet ap- meteors photographed by the Harvard Super- pears, these streams should probably be dropped Sehmidt cameras in New Mexico (McCrosky and from a later version of this list. The author will Posen, 1961) be much more receptive to suggestions for dele- (2) Five additional radiants found by tions from this list than he will be to suggestions McCrosky and Posen (1959) by a visual search for additions I;o it. Clear evidence that the thresh- among the radiants and velocities of the same old for visual detection of a stream has been 2401 meteors passed (as in the case of the June Lyrids) should (3) A further visual search among these qualify it for permanent inclusion. radiants and velocities by Cook, Lindblad, A comment on the matching sets of orbits is Marsden, McCrosky, and Posen (1973) in order. It is the directions of perihelion that (4) A computer search -
Meteor- Scatter
Catch a Falling Star A beginner’s guide to meteor-scatter communication— just in time for “stormy” weather! By Kirk Kleinschmidt, NT0Z Newcomers to Amateur Radio usually have a few misconceptions about VHF propagation. The worst—which is often “propagated” by more experienced hams who should know better—suggests that VHF signals travel exclusively along line-of-sight paths and peter out after about 30 miles. That’s far from true, but if your VHF operation is limited to 2-meter FM it’s somehow practical, especially if you’re using a hand-held radio and a rubber ducky antenna. Once you cross the “30-mile barrier,” however, there are many exciting and interesting ways to propagate your VHF signal hundreds or even thousands of kilometers. Articles in the ARRL Operating Manual and QST detail E- and F-layer skip, tropospheric ducting and transequatorial field-aligned irregularities, moon-bounce, auroral propagation and others. These modes aren’t always casual. That is, many require robust stations, high power and more than a little patience. Meteor- scatter work—bouncing radio signals off the ionized trails produced by meteors burning through the ionosphere—doesn’t require an extraordinary station, but some patience is usually necessary unless you know exactly when conditions may be favorable! That’s precisely the case with the November Leonids meteor showers for the next few years. (Meteor showers are named for the constellations from which they seem to appear. Meteors produced during the recurring November 17 shower seem to “pour” from the constellation Leo.) As an added bonus, on one or more of those November days the short-duration, high-intensity Leonids have the potential to produce the best meteor-scatter propagation since November 1966 (and a spectacular light show if you’re on the night side of the planet!). -
7 X 11 Long.P65
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85349-1 - Meteor Showers and their Parent Comets Peter Jenniskens Index More information Index a – semimajor axis 58 twin shower 440 A – albedo 111, 586 fragmentation index 444 A1 – radial nongravitational force 15 meteoroid density 444 A2 – transverse, in plane, nongravitational force 15 potential parent bodies 448–453 A3 – transverse, out of plane, nongravitational a-Centaurids 347–348 force 15 1980 outburst 348 A2 – effect 239 a-Circinids (1977) 198 ablation 595 predictions 617 ablation coefficient 595 a-Lyncids (1971) 198 carbonaceous chondrite 521 predictions 617 cometary matter 521 a-Monocerotids 183 ordinary chondrite 521 1925 outburst 183 absolute magnitude 592 1935 outburst 183 accretion 86 1985 outburst 183 hierarchical 86 1995 peak rate 188 activity comets, decrease with distance from Sun 1995 activity profile 188 Halley-type comets 100 activity 186 Jupiter-family comets 100 w 186 activity curve meteor shower 236, 567 dust trail width 188 air density at meteor layer 43 lack of sodium 190 airborne astronomy 161 meteoroid density 190 1899 Leonids 161 orbital period 188 1933 Leonids 162 predictions 617 1946 Draconids 165 upper mass cut-off 188 1972 Draconids 167 a-Pyxidids (1979) 199 1976 Quadrantids 167 predictions 617 1998 Leonids 221–227 a-Scorpiids 511 1999 Leonids 233–236 a-Virginids 503 2000 Leonids 240 particle density 503 2001 Leonids 244 amorphous water ice 22 2002 Leonids 248 Andromedids 153–155, 380–384 airglow 45 1872 storm 380–384 albedo (A) 16, 586 1885 storm 380–384 comet 16 1899 -
19. Near-Earth Objects Chelyabinsk Meteor: 2013 ~0.5 Megaton Airburst ~1500 People Injured
Astronomy 241: Foundations of Astrophysics I 19. Near-Earth Objects Chelyabinsk Meteor: 2013 ~0.5 megaton airburst ~1500 people injured (C) Don Davis Asteroids 101 — B612 Foundation Great Daylight Fireball: 1972 Earthgrazer: The Great Daylight Fireball of 1972 Tunguska Meteor: 1908 Asteroid or comet: D ~ 40 m ~10 megaton airburst ~40 km destruction radius The Tunguska Impact Tunguska: The Largest Recent Impact Event Barringer Crater: ~50 ky BP M-type asteroid: D ~ 50 m ~10 megaton impact 1.2 km crater diameter Meteor Crater — Wikipedia Chicxulub Crater: ~65 My BP Asteroid: D ~ 10 km 180 km crater diameter Chicxulub Crater— Wikipedia Comets and Meteor Showers Comets shed dust and debris which slowly spread out as they move along the comet’s orbit. If the Earth encounters one of these trails, we get a Breakup of a Comet meteor shower. Meteor Stream Perseid Meteor Shower Raining Perseids Major Meteor Showers Forty Thousand Meteor Origins Across the Sky Known Potentially-Hazardous Objects Near-Earth object — Wikipedia Near-Earth object — Wikipedia Origin of Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) ! WHAM Mars Some fragments wind up on orbits which are resonant with Jupiter. Their orbits grow more elliptical, finally entering the inner solar system. Wikipedia: Asteroid belt Asteroid Families Many asteroids are members of families; they have similar orbits and compositions (indicated by colors). Asteroid Belt Populations Inner belt asteroids (left) and families (right). Origin of Key Stages in the Evolution of the Asteroid Vesta Processed Family Members Crust Surface Magnesium-Sliicate Lavas Meteorites Mantle (Olivine) Iron-Nickle Core Stony Irons? As smaller bodies in the early Solar System Heavier elements sink to the Occasional impacts with other bodies fall together, the asteroid agglomerates.