DOCSLIB.ORG

Imf Policy Responses to Covid-19

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Imf Policy Responses to Covid-19 IMF POLICY RESPONSES TO COVID-19 This policy tracker summarizes the key economic responses governments are taking to limit the human and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The tracker includes 193 economies. Last updated May 22, 2020. NOTE: The tracker focuses on discretionary actions and might not fully reflect the policies taken by countries in response to COVID-19, such as automatic insurance mechanisms and existing social safety nets which differ across countries in their breadth and scope. The information included is not meant for comparison across members as responses vary depending on the nature of the shock and country-specific circumstances. Adding up the different measures—tax and spending, loans and guarantees, monetary instruments, and foreign exchange operations—might not provide an accurate estimate of the aggregate policy support. The tracker includes information that is publicly available or provided by the authorities to country teams and does not represent views of the IMF on the measures listed. A BACK TO TOP Afghanistan, Islamic Republic of Background. As of May 21, Afghanistan had reported 8,676 COVID-19 cases with 193 deaths and 938 recoveries. Since the first case was confirmed on February 24, the number of Afghan migrants returning daily from neighboring countries has been in the thousands, well in excess of the COVID-19 testing capacity. The actual infection rate is therefore likely higher than reported. On March 18, the government tightened containment measures, including screening at ports of entry, quarantine for infected people, and closure of public places for gathering. On March 28, it introduced in most of the country strict lockdown measures, which were subsequently extended twice and will now be in place until May 24. Daily movements have been restricted to those deemed essential. The government also released over 5,300 prisoners to reduce the risk of mass infections in penitentiaries. The pandemic has hit hard the economy as trade and transportation have been disrupted and domestic activity slowed sharply, upending the livelihood of thousands of Afghan families. Border closures and panic-buying led to a temporary spike in prices of some foodstuffs, which abated after private wholesalers boosted supply at the government’s request. On May 17, Pakistan re-opened its Torkham and Chaman borders points with Afghanistan. 1 Key Policy Responses as of May 21, 2020 FISCAL The Government’s Emergency Committee for COVID-19 Prevention meets every two days to assess the situation and initiate relevant actions. The government initially allocated Af 8 billion (0.5 percent of GDP) for emergency pandemic response, of which Af 1.9 billion (0.1 percent of GDP) for urgent health needs, such as i) establishing testing labs, including at border crossings; ii) setting up special wards to boost hospitalization and care capacity; and iii) procuring the most critical medical supplies. Since then, the government has developed two macroeconomic scenarios with distinct assumptions regarding the depth and duration of the pandemic. It has identified non- essential spending that can be curtailed to create space for pandemic-related spending, including social relief package for the affected households and measures to prevent permanent damage to the Afghan economy. Draft budget amendments recently submitted to parliament would allocate about Af 21 billion (1.4 percent of GDP) for a short-term employment program, processing and storage facilities for agriculture commodities that producers have been unable to export, building industrial parks, purchases of additional hospital beds, and bread distribution to the vulnerable households. Overall, the authorities plan to spend about 2 percent of GDP for critical pandemic-related spending during the year, with about one third directed to health. With the support of the World Bank, other development partners, and humanitarian agencies, the authorities are developing a social relief package—through cash transfers and, if impractical, in kind—to support food security among socially vulnerable households. On April 29, the government started providing free bread to about 2.5 million needy and poor people in Kabul, and plan to extend to other cities. To ease tax compliance, the government extended filing deadlines on March 20 for individual and business taxpayers. MONETARY AND MACRO-FINANCIAL The authorities increased the frequency of Financial Stability Committee meetings, enhanced the monitoring of early signs of liquidity stress, and reviewed banks’ business continuity plans. Da Afghanistan Bank (DAB) has suspended administrative penalties and fees, postponed the IFRS-9 implementation to June 2021, and froze loan classifications at the pre-pandemic cutoff of end-February. EXCHANGE RATE AND BALANCE OF PAYMENTS DAB remains focused on price stability and is committed to exchange rate flexibility, limiting its foreign interventions to preventing excessive volatility. DAB has engaged money-service providers, who play a systemic role in financial intermediation, including in foreign currency, to ensure uninterrupted services. BACK TO TOP 2 Albania Background. As of May 21, Albania has 969 confirmed cases (of which only 167 are active cases), and 31 deaths. As new cases continue to drop, the country is preparing to open its borders by the end of May, after virtually shutting them since mid-March, bar for trade and repatriation flights. Preparation for the forthcoming tourist season have started, with government preparing safety and hygiene protocols. Albania is still under the state of natural catastrophe until June 23rd, which enables the government to use extended powers. Since detecting its first case on March 8th, due to its proximity and close links to Italy, Albania adopted some of the toughest restrictive measures in Europe. The parliament adopted on April 18th amendments to the penal code, legislating harsh punishments for those breeching the lockdown or quarantine. In a sign of solidarity with its neighbor and main trading partner, Albania has sent teams of doctors and nurses to help fight against the COVID-19 pandemic in north Italy, one of the worst hit areas in the world. Small businesses, individuals affected by the pandemic measures and students will be able to hold off on rent payments for April and May according to a normative act. Reopening of the economy. On May 18th, Albania opened almost all businesses, including bars and restaurants for outside sitting alone. Large gatherings and sporting activities are still banned, but training in open areas has started. Gradual reopening measures have started since mid-April based on the reopening strategy prepared by the Ministry of Health, which factor in new number of cases, hospitalization and patients needing intensive care. Most of the country is now a low risk “green area” where no restrictions apply, Movement between green and red areas is restricted. Schools resumed on May 18th only for graduating high school students that sit university admission exams, while some universities will resume staggered classes in the summer to ensure fewer students per class. Courts have resumed work as April 27th. Public transport remains closed, but taxis have resumed. Key Policy Responses as of May 21, 2020 FISCAL The government has adopted two support packages for people and businesses affected by the COVID-19 pandemic of a combined size of Lek 45 billion (2.8 percent of GDP) consisting of budget spending, sovereign guarantees and tax deferrals. The first package adopted on March 19th through a normative act had support measures of Lek 23bn (1.4 percent of GDP) through a combination of spending reallocations, spending increases and sovereign guarantees to support affected businesses. The key measures are: (i) additional funding for health sector in the amount of Lek 3.5 billion (ii) Lek 6.5bn for the support of small businesses/self-employed that are forced to close activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic by paying them minimum salaries (up to two in the case of family businesses with unpaid family members), doubling of the unemployment benefits and social assistance layouts. (iii) Lek 2bn of defense spending reallocated toward humanitarian relief for the most vulnerable, (iv) Lek 11bn (0.6 percent of GDP) sovereign guarantee fund for companies to access overdrafts in the banking system to pay wages for their employees 3 for up to 3 months with an interest rate capped at 2.85 percent for a maturity of up to 2 years. The government will bear the interest costs. Starting in April, cabinet ministers and lawmakers will receive half of their salaries for the next three months with the savings going to the Anti-Covid 19 social support fund. The second package adopted on April 15th includes (i) Lek 7bn (0.4 percent of GDP) fund to pay for a one-off transfer of Lk40,000 to employees of small businesses affected by the pandemic not covered in the first package, employees of large businesses laid off due to the pandemic, and employees in the tourism sector; (ii) a sovereign guarantee of Lek 15 billion (0.9 percent of GDP) to provide loans for working capital for all private companies that were tax-compliant and solvent before the pandemic. The government will guarantee 60% of the loans, and interest are capped at 5%. The government has also adopted tax deferral measures allowing all companies (except banks, telecommunication, public enterprises and companies in the chain of supply of essential goods) to defer payment of profit tax until after September. Tourism, active processing and call centers – as well as small businesses with turnover of Lk14m or less – can defer payments of profit tax to next year. MONETARY AND MACRO-FINANCIAL To address the liquidity bottlenecks of companies and individuals, the Bank of Albania announced a temporary change on the provisioning requirements , effective from March 12th to May 31st, enabling clients to ask banks and other financial institutions to defer loan installments without penalties.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Based on Articles 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 and Article 35 Paragraph 1 Sub-Paragraph 1.1 of the Law No. 03 / L-209 on Central Bank
    Based on Articles 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 and Article 35 paragraph 1 sub-paragraph 1.1 of the Law no. 03 / L-209 on Central Bank of the Republic of Kosovo (Official Gazette of the Republic of Kosovo, Law no. 03 / L-209, OG no. 77/2010, August 16, 2010), UNMIK Regulation no. 1999/4 on the currency permitted to be used in Kosovo (Official Gazette of UNMIK Regulation UNMIK / REG / 1999/4, 2 September 1999), UNMIK Administrative Regulation no. 2001/24 Amending UNMIK Administrative Direction no. 1999/2 on the implementation of the Regulation no. 1999/4 to allow the use of foreign currency in Kosovo (Official Gazette of UNMIK, UNMIK Administrative Direction / DIR. / 2001/24, 21 December 2001), the Board of the Central Bank of the Republic of Kosovo in its meeting held on March 31. 2016 approved: REGULATION ON CASH OPERTATIONS CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 1 Purpose The purpose of this regulation is to establish regulatory standards for professional fulfilment of tasks of financial institutions in the area of cash operations. By means of this regulation are sets out the rules and procedures of treatment and withdrawal from circulation of euro banknotes and coins and other currencies suspected to be counterfeit, the criteria for substituting damaged euro banknotes and coins, the minimum standards for checking eligibility and resetting in circulation of banknotes and euro currencies and the standards for packaging euro banknotes and coins for deposit at the Central Bank of Kosovo. Article 2 Scope Subject to the scope of this regulation are the Central Bank of Kosovo - CBK, banks, branches of foreign banks and other financial institutions licensed to carry out banking and / or financial activities in the Republic of Kosovo.
    [Show full text]
  • Policymaking Through a Panic Mark M
    Policymaking Through a Panic Mark M. Zandi November 3, 2008 anic has gripped the global In an effort to restart money and attract the private capital ultimately financial system, pushing the credit markets, the Federal Reserve has needed to bolster the financial system. Pglobal economy into recession. vastly expanded its role. The central In practice, the auctions may not go as The U.S., Europe, Canada and Japan are bank can now lend to whomever and well given the complexity of the assets contracting, while emerging economies buy whatever it deems necessary, to be purchased, but if so then the costs from Brazil to China that had been essentially without limit. The Fed has involved in trying will also be small. growing rapidly are now weakening. also engineered an unprecedented A much larger and comprehensive The proximate cause of the global crisis coordinated interest rate cut with other foreclosure mitigation plan will almost is the collapse of the U.S. housing market, central banks, more than doubled certainly be needed. Millions of and the resulting surge in mortgage loan the size of its balance sheet to pump homeowners owe more than their home defaults. Hundreds of billions of dollars in liquidity into the financial system, and is worth, and unemployment is rising losses on these mortgages have undermined is buying commercial paper and other quickly; foreclosures, already at record the financial institutions that originated and money-market instruments directly from high levels, are sure to mount. The Hope invested in them, including some of the issuers and money-market funds.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document Goes to the Board
    Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No. 66877-XK INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION AND MULTILATERAL INVESTMENT GUARANTEE AGENCY Public Disclosure Authorized COUNTRY PARTNERSHIP STRATEGY FOR THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO FOR THE PERIOD FY12–FY15 May 1, 2012 Public Disclosure Authorized South East Europe Country Unit Europe and Central Asia Europe and Central Asia International Finance Corporation This document is being made publicly available prior to the Board consideration. This does not imply Public Disclosure Authorized a presumed outcome. This document may be updated following Board consideration and the updated document will be made publicly available in accordance with the Bank’s Policy on Access to Information. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective April 16, 2012) Currency Unit = Euro (€) €1.00=US$1.30 SDR 1.00=US$1.54 GOVERNMENT’S FISCAL YEAR January 1 – December 31 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AAA Analytical and advisory activities ARDP Agriculture and Rural Development Plan BEEPS Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey CBK Central Bank of the Republic of Kosovo CEFTA Central European Free Trade Agreement CEM Country Economic Memorandum CPS Country Partnership Strategy DPO Development Policy Operation EC European Commission ECA Europe and Central Asia Region EIB European Investment Bank EPAP European Partnership Action Plan ESW Economic and sector work EU European Union EULEX EU Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo EUSR EU Special Representative
    [Show full text]
  • Central Bank Liquidity Tools and Perspectives on Regulatory Reform ECONOMIC POLICY REVIEW
    Federal Reserve Bank of New York August 2010 August Economic Volume 16 Number 1 16 Number Volume Policy Review Special Issue: Central Bank Liquidity Tools and Perspectives on Regulatory Reform ECONOMIC POLICY REVIEW EDITOR Kenneth D. Garbade COEDITORS Meta Brown Marco Del Negro Jan Groen Stavros Peristiani Asani Sarkar EDITORIAL STAF F Valerie LaPorte Mike De Mott Michelle Bailer Karen Carter PRODUCTION STAFF Carol Perlmutter David Rosenberg Jane Urry The Economic Policy Review is published by the Research and Statistics Group of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Articles undergo a comprehensive refereeing process prior to their acceptance in the Review. The views expressed are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System. www.newyorkfed.org/research EDITOR’S NOTE The papers in this special volume of the Economic Policy Review all focus on the theme of a 2009 conference on central bank liquidity tools organized by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York: the evaluation of central bank programs implemented to address funding shortages in the markets. Indeed, readers interested in detailed summaries of the conference papers and their discussions will find the overview by Matthew Denes and his coauthors very informative. Two of the papers presented at the conference are included in this volume: the studies by Stephen G. Cecchetti and Piti Disyatat and by Erhan Artuç and Selva Demiralp. Both papers examine the past actions of central banks in the financial crisis. Cecchetti and Disyatat consider the implications that recent financial developments may have for the fundamental nature of central banks’ lender-of-last-resort function and whether the traditional tools at policymakers’ disposal remain effective in the face of modern liquidity crises.
    [Show full text]
  • Kosovo Political Economy Analysis Final Report
    KOSOVO POLITICAL ECONOMY ANALYSIS FINAL REPORT DECEMBER 26, 2017 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Management Systems International, A Tetra Tech Company. KOSOVO POLITICAL ECONOMY ANALYSIS FINAL REPORT December 26, 2017 IDIQ No. AID-167-I-17-00002 Award No: AID-167-TO-17-00009 Prepared by Management Systems International (MSI), A Tetra Tech Company 200 12th St South, Suite 1200 Arlington, VA, USA 22202 DISCLAIMER This report is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the Management Systems International and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. CONTENTS Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................... ii Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 6 II. Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 7 A. Foundational Factors ........................................................................................................................................... 7 B. Rules
    [Show full text]
  • Liquidity and Systemic Risk
    EMBARGOED until April 18, 2008, 8:30 AM Eastern Time or upon delivery Liquidity and Systemic Risk Eric S. Rosengren President & Chief Executive Officer Federal Reserve Bank of Boston 2008 Credit Markets Symposium "The Changing Business of Banking" Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Charlotte, North Carolina April 18, 2008 It is a pleasure to be with you today. I want to thank the Richmond Federal Reserve Bank and President Lacker for inviting me to speak on an issue that central bankers have been spending significant time thinking about since last July – liquidity and systemic risk.1 President Lacker and I are seated next to each other at each meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee, and since the August FOMC meeting our introductory ritual has been to compare notes on the latest anomaly occurring in financial markets, and the newest acronym or product-name to come to the fore, as formerly niche areas of the 1 EMBARGOED until April 18, 2008, 8:30 AM Eastern Time or upon delivery financial markets get their 15 minutes of either fame or infamy. From CDOs and SIVs to auction rate securities and conduits, they clearly have a big impact on the cost and availability of funds for consumers, businesses and governmental entities. Today I am going to focus on the role of signaling – and specifically, reluctance to provide a signal that might indicate weakness – which seems to have played a significant role in the behavior of many financial market participants of late. I’ll also say a bit about ways the Federal Reserve has tried to help address the problem, and share some of my own views on what the Fed’s role can and should be in the future, informed by my background in both economic research and bank supervision.
    [Show full text]
  • Investment in Kosovo 2017 | 41
    Investment in Kosovo 2017 | 41 Investment in Kosovo 2017 KPMG in Kosovo kpmg.com/al © 2017 KPMG Albania Shpk Kosovo Branch, a branch of KPMG Albania Shpk, an Albanian limited liability company and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. Investment in Kosovo Edition 2017 Investment in Kosovo 2017 | 3 Preface Investment in Kosovo is one of a series of booklets published by KPMG member firms to provide information to those considering investing or doing business internationally. Every care has been taken to ensure that the information presented in this publication is correct and reflects the situation as of March 2017 unless otherwise stated. Its purpose is to provide general guidelines on investment and business in Kosovo. As the economic situation in the country continues to undergo changes, further advice should be sought before making any specific decisions. For further information on matters discussed in this publication, please contact Heris Jani, Managing Director. KPMG Albania Shpk Kosovo Branch 6 Pashko Vasa Str. 10 000 Pristina Kosovo Tel: +381 38 246 771 Fax: +381 38 246 772 kpmg.com/al © 2017 KPMG Albania Shpk Kosovo Branch, a branch of KPMG Albania Shpk, an Albanian limited liability company and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. 4 | Investment in Kosovo 2017 Contents
    [Show full text]
  • BIS Working Papers No 851 Central Bank Swaps Then and Now: Swaps and Dollar Liquidity in the 1960S
    BIS Working Papers No 851 Central bank swaps then and now: swaps and dollar liquidity in the 1960s by Robert N McCauley and Catherine R Schenk Monetary and Economic Department April 2020 JEL classification: E52, E58, F33, G15. Keywords: central bank swaps; international lender of last resort, central bank cooperation; eurodollar market; financial crises; Federal Reserve; Bank for International Settlements. BIS Working Papers are written by members of the Monetary and Economic Department of the Bank for International Settlements, and from time to time by other economists, and are published by the Bank. The papers are on subjects of topical interest and are technical in character. The views expressed in them are those of their authors and not necessarily the views of the BIS. This publication is available on the BIS website (www.bis.org). © Bank for International Settlements 2020. All rights reserved. Brief excerpts may be reproduced or translated provided the source is stated. ISSN 1020-0959 (print) ISSN 1682-7678 (online) Central bank swaps then and now: swaps and dollar liquidity in the 1960s Robert N McCauley and Catherine R Schenk1 Abstract: This paper explores the record of central bank swaps to draw out four themes. First, this recent device of central bank cooperation had a sustained pre-history from 1962-1998, surviving the transition from fixed to floating exchange rates. Second, Federal Reserve swap facilities have generally formed a part of a wider network of central bank swap lines. Third, we take issue with the view of swaps as previously used only to manage exchange rates and only more recently to manage offshore funding liquidity and yields.
    [Show full text]
  • Reinvigorating Credit Growth in Central, Eastern, and Southern European Economies
    Haverford College Haverford Scholarship Faculty Publications Economics 2015 Reinvigorating Credit Growth in Central, Eastern, and Southern European Economies Bosjan Jazbec Cristopher Towe Marco Pinon Biswajit Banerjee Haverford College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.haverford.edu/economics_facpubs Repository Citation Bostjan Jazbec, Christopher M. Towe, Marco Pinon, and Biswajit Banerjee, Eds. Reinvigorating Credit Growth in Central, Eastern, and Southern European Economies: Proceedings of a Conference Jointly Organized by the Bank of Slovenia and the International Monetary Fund. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, Publication Services, 2015. This Conference Proceeding is brought to you for free and open access by the Economics at Haverford Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Haverford Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. In Central, Eastern, and Southern European Economies In Central,Eastern,andSouthernEuropean Reinvigorating CreditGrowth REINVIGORATING CREDIT GROWTH In Central, Eastern, and Southern European Economies Edited by Boštjan Jazbec, Christopher M. Towe, Marco Piñón, and Biswajit Banerjee Marco Piñón, and Biswajit Banerjee Marco Piñón,andBiswajit ChristopherM.Towe, Edited byBoštjanJazbec, Reinvigorating Credit Growth Proceedings of a conference jointly organized In Central, Eastern, and Southern European Economies RCGMCMEA by the Bank of Slovenia and the International Monetary Fund
    [Show full text]
  • 78-Management Response (English)
    MANAGEMENT RESPONSE TO REQUEST FOR INSPECTION PANEL REVIEW OF THE KOSOVO POWER PROJECT (PROPOSED) Management has reviewed the Request for Inspection of the Kosovo Power Project (pro- posed), received by the Inspection Panel on March 29, 2012 and registered on April 12, 2012 (RQ12/01). Management has prepared the following response. May 21, 2012 CONTENTS Abbreviations and Acronyms ......................................................................................... iv Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... v I. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 II. The Request .............................................................................................................. 1 III. Project Background ................................................................................................. 2 IV. Management’s Response ......................................................................................... 5 Map Map 1. IBRD No. 39302 Boxes Box 1. Emergency Evacuation of an At-Risk Part of Hade Village in 2004/05 Annexes Annex 1. Claims and Responses Annex 2. Selected List of Meetings with Civil Society Organizations Regarding Ko- sovo’s Energy Sector Annex 3 List of Publicly Available Documents Regarding the Proposed Kosovo Power Project Annex 4. Country Partnership Strategy for the Republic of Kosovo FY12-15 Annex 5. Comprehensive Water Sector Assessment Annex
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    The World Bank Kosovo Financial Sector Strengthening Project (P165147) Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Combined Project Information Documents / Integrated Safeguards Datasheet (PID/ISDS) Appraisal Stage | Date Prepared/Updated: 07-Apr-2019 | Report No: PIDISDSA24654 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Feb 11, 2019 Page 1 of 20 The World Bank Kosovo Financial Sector Strengthening Project (P165147) BASIC INFORMATION OPS_TABLE_BASIC_DATA A. Basic Project Data Country Project ID Project Name Parent Project ID (if any) Kosovo P165147 Kosovo Financial Sector Strengthening Project Region Estimated Appraisal Date Estimated Board Date Practice Area (Lead) EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA 27-Mar-2019 14-May-2019 Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Financing Instrument Borrower(s) Implementing Agency Investment Project Financing Ministry of Finance Kosovo Credit Guarantee Fund, Central Bank of Kosovo Proposed Development Objective(s) The objective of the Project is to improve access to finance for Micro, Small and Medium Size Enterprises by strengthening the financial and technical capacity of the Kosovo Credit Guarantee Fund. Components Enhancing the Credit Guarantee Framework Project Implementation and Institutional Strengthening of KCGF PROJECT FINANCING DATA (US$, Millions) SUMMARY-NewFin1 Total Project Cost 25.00 Total Financing 25.00 of which IBRD/IDA 25.00 Financing Gap 0.00 DETAILS-NewFinEnh1 World Bank Group Financing International Development Association (IDA) 25.00 IDA Credit 25.00 Feb 11, 2019 Page 2 of 20 The World Bank Kosovo Financial Sector Strengthening Project (P165147) Environmental Assessment Category F-Financial Intermediary Assessment Decision The review did authorize the team to appraise and negotiate B. Introduction and Context Country Context 1. Kosovo has unique set of challenges and opportunities as one of Europe’s poorest countries and the youngest country in the continent.
    [Show full text]
  • Baseline Report
    “Boosting Adult System Education In Agriculture” AGRI BASE Erasmus+ KA2 Strategic Partnerships Baseline report SYSTEM OF ADULT EDUCATION AND TRAINING in the Field of Agriculture 2016 SYSTEM OF ADULT EDUCATION AND TRAINING in the Field of Agriculture AGRI BASE This document was created within the Erasmus+ project "Boosting Adult System Education In Agriculture" AgriBase Ref. No. 2015-1-MK01-KA204-002857 O1 leading institution:University of East Sarajevo, BH AgriBase participating institutions: OCULL „Vanco Prke“-R Macedonia, University of East Sarajevo-BH,University of Foggia-Italy, Polytechnic University of Cartagena-Spain, NGO Webin- R Serbia, College Iliria-Kosovo, University 1 Dec.1918 Alba Iulia- Romania, Technical University of Varna- Bulgaria, Estonian University of Life Sciences-Estonia, Cukurova University- Turkey Contributors: Dimitrova M, Mitasev G, Petrov T, Kulina M, Vukojevic D, Radovic M, Stasi A, Conte A, Beneduce L, Amodio ML, Acosta JA, Martinez S, Gomez- Lopez LD, Zornoza R, Stojanovic M, Reci A, Levente G, Iordacescu D, Drumeva M, Yankov P, Laikoja K, Tamm M, Cetin M Editor: Grujica Vico English lecture: Marijana Dimitrova CIP - Каталогизација во публикација Национална и универзитетска библиотека "Св. Климент Охридски", Скопје 37:63(062) COMPARATIVE baseline report on adult education in agriculture / [editor Grujica Vico]. - Stip : NI National library "Goce Delčev", 2016. - 231 стр. : илустр. ; 21 см Текст на повеќе јазици ISBN 978-608-242-026-4 а) Едукација на возрасни - Земјоделство - Зборници COBISS.MK-ID 101019402
    [Show full text]