Cryptanalysis of SPEED
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The Design of Rijndael: AES - the Advanced Encryption Standard/Joan Daemen, Vincent Rijmen
Joan Daernen · Vincent Rijrnen Theof Design Rijndael AES - The Advanced Encryption Standard With 48 Figures and 17 Tables Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Springer TnL-1Jn Joan Daemen Foreword Proton World International (PWI) Zweefvliegtuigstraat 10 1130 Brussels, Belgium Vincent Rijmen Cryptomathic NV Lei Sa 3000 Leuven, Belgium Rijndael was the surprise winner of the contest for the new Advanced En cryption Standard (AES) for the United States. This contest was organized and run by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) be ginning in January 1997; Rij ndael was announced as the winner in October 2000. It was the "surprise winner" because many observers (and even some participants) expressed scepticism that the U.S. government would adopt as Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data an encryption standard any algorithm that was not designed by U.S. citizens. Daemen, Joan, 1965- Yet NIST ran an open, international, selection process that should serve The design of Rijndael: AES - The Advanced Encryption Standard/Joan Daemen, Vincent Rijmen. as model for other standards organizations. For example, NIST held their p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1999 AES meeting in Rome, Italy. The five finalist algorithms were designed ISBN 3540425802 (alk. paper) . .. by teams from all over the world. 1. Computer security - Passwords. 2. Data encryption (Computer sCIence) I. RIJmen, In the end, the elegance, efficiency, security, and principled design of Vincent, 1970- II. Title Rijndael won the day for its two Belgian designers, Joan Daemen and Vincent QA76.9.A25 D32 2001 Rijmen, over the competing finalist designs from RSA, IBl\!I, Counterpane 2001049851 005.8-dc21 Systems, and an English/Israeli/Danish team. -
A Quantitative Study of Advanced Encryption Standard Performance
United States Military Academy USMA Digital Commons West Point ETD 12-2018 A Quantitative Study of Advanced Encryption Standard Performance as it Relates to Cryptographic Attack Feasibility Daniel Hawthorne United States Military Academy, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usmalibrary.org/faculty_etd Part of the Information Security Commons Recommended Citation Hawthorne, Daniel, "A Quantitative Study of Advanced Encryption Standard Performance as it Relates to Cryptographic Attack Feasibility" (2018). West Point ETD. 9. https://digitalcommons.usmalibrary.org/faculty_etd/9 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by USMA Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in West Point ETD by an authorized administrator of USMA Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD PERFORMANCE AS IT RELATES TO CRYPTOGRAPHIC ATTACK FEASIBILITY A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Computer Science By Daniel Stephen Hawthorne Colorado Technical University December, 2018 Committee Dr. Richard Livingood, Ph.D., Chair Dr. Kelly Hughes, DCS, Committee Member Dr. James O. Webb, Ph.D., Committee Member December 17, 2018 © Daniel Stephen Hawthorne, 2018 1 Abstract The advanced encryption standard (AES) is the premier symmetric key cryptosystem in use today. Given its prevalence, the security provided by AES is of utmost importance. Technology is advancing at an incredible rate, in both capability and popularity, much faster than its rate of advancement in the late 1990s when AES was selected as the replacement standard for DES. Although the literature surrounding AES is robust, most studies fall into either theoretical or practical yet infeasible. -
Related-Key Cryptanalysis of 3-WAY, Biham-DES,CAST, DES-X, Newdes, RC2, and TEA
Related-Key Cryptanalysis of 3-WAY, Biham-DES,CAST, DES-X, NewDES, RC2, and TEA John Kelsey Bruce Schneier David Wagner Counterpane Systems U.C. Berkeley kelsey,schneier @counterpane.com [email protected] f g Abstract. We present new related-key attacks on the block ciphers 3- WAY, Biham-DES, CAST, DES-X, NewDES, RC2, and TEA. Differen- tial related-key attacks allow both keys and plaintexts to be chosen with specific differences [KSW96]. Our attacks build on the original work, showing how to adapt the general attack to deal with the difficulties of the individual algorithms. We also give specific design principles to protect against these attacks. 1 Introduction Related-key cryptanalysis assumes that the attacker learns the encryption of certain plaintexts not only under the original (unknown) key K, but also under some derived keys K0 = f(K). In a chosen-related-key attack, the attacker specifies how the key is to be changed; known-related-key attacks are those where the key difference is known, but cannot be chosen by the attacker. We emphasize that the attacker knows or chooses the relationship between keys, not the actual key values. These techniques have been developed in [Knu93b, Bih94, KSW96]. Related-key cryptanalysis is a practical attack on key-exchange protocols that do not guarantee key-integrity|an attacker may be able to flip bits in the key without knowing the key|and key-update protocols that update keys using a known function: e.g., K, K + 1, K + 2, etc. Related-key attacks were also used against rotor machines: operators sometimes set rotors incorrectly. -
A Low-Latency Block Cipher for Pervasive Computing Applications Extended Abstract?
PRINCE { A Low-latency Block Cipher for Pervasive Computing Applications Extended Abstract? Julia Borghoff1??, Anne Canteaut1;2???, Tim G¨uneysu3, Elif Bilge Kavun3, Miroslav Knezevic4, Lars R. Knudsen1, Gregor Leander1y, Ventzislav Nikov4, Christof Paar3, Christian Rechberger1, Peter Rombouts4, Søren S. Thomsen1, and Tolga Yal¸cın3 1 Technical University of Denmark 2 INRIA, Paris-Rocquencourt, France 3 Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany 4 NXP Semiconductors, Leuven, Belgium Abstract. This paper presents a block cipher that is optimized with respect to latency when implemented in hardware. Such ciphers are de- sirable for many future pervasive applications with real-time security needs. Our cipher, named PRINCE, allows encryption of data within one clock cycle with a very competitive chip area compared to known solutions. The fully unrolled fashion in which such algorithms need to be implemented calls for innovative design choices. The number of rounds must be moderate and rounds must have short delays in hardware. At the same time, the traditional need that a cipher has to be iterative with very similar round functions disappears, an observation that increases the design space for the algorithm. An important further requirement is that realizing decryption and encryption results in minimum additional costs. PRINCE is designed in such a way that the overhead for decryp- tion on top of encryption is negligible. More precisely for our cipher it holds that decryption for one key corresponds to encryption with a re- lated key. This property we refer to as α-reflection is of independent interest and we prove its soundness against generic attacks. 1 Introduction The area of lightweight cryptography, i.e., ciphers with particularly low imple- mentation costs, has drawn considerable attention over the last years. -
Development of the Advanced Encryption Standard
Volume 126, Article No. 126024 (2021) https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.126.024 Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Development of the Advanced Encryption Standard Miles E. Smid Formerly: Computer Security Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA [email protected] Strong cryptographic algorithms are essential for the protection of stored and transmitted data throughout the world. This publication discusses the development of Federal Information Processing Standards Publication (FIPS) 197, which specifies a cryptographic algorithm known as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). The AES was the result of a cooperative multiyear effort involving the U.S. government, industry, and the academic community. Several difficult problems that had to be resolved during the standard’s development are discussed, and the eventual solutions are presented. The author writes from his viewpoint as former leader of the Security Technology Group and later as acting director of the Computer Security Division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, where he was responsible for the AES development. Key words: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES); consensus process; cryptography; Data Encryption Standard (DES); security requirements, SKIPJACK. Accepted: June 18, 2021 Published: August 16, 2021; Current Version: August 23, 2021 This article was sponsored by James Foti, Computer Security Division, Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The views expressed represent those of the author and not necessarily those of NIST. https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.126.024 1. Introduction In the late 1990s, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was about to decide if it was going to specify a new cryptographic algorithm standard for the protection of U.S. -
Cryptanalysis of a Reduced Version of the Block Cipher E2
Cryptanalysis of a Reduced Version of the Block Cipher E2 Mitsuru Matsui and Toshio Tokita Information Technology R&D Center Mitsubishi Electric Corporation 5-1-1, Ofuna, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247, Japan [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. This paper deals with truncated differential cryptanalysis of the 128-bit block cipher E2, which is an AES candidate designed and submitted by NTT. Our analysis is based on byte characteristics, where a difference of two bytes is simply encoded into one bit information “0” (the same) or “1” (not the same). Since E2 is a strongly byte-oriented algorithm, this bytewise treatment of characteristics greatly simplifies a description of its probabilistic behavior and noticeably enables us an analysis independent of the structure of its (unique) lookup table. As a result, we show a non-trivial seven round byte characteristic, which leads to a possible attack of E2 reduced to eight rounds without IT and FT by a chosen plaintext scenario. We also show that by a minor modification of the byte order of output of the round function — which does not reduce the complexity of the algorithm nor violates its design criteria at all —, a non-trivial nine round byte characteristic can be established, which results in a possible attack of the modified E2 reduced to ten rounds without IT and FT, and reduced to nine rounds with IT and FT. Our analysis does not have a serious impact on the full E2, since it has twelve rounds with IT and FT; however, our results show that the security level of the modified version against differential cryptanalysis is lower than the designers’ estimation. -
In How Many Ways Can You Write Rijndael?
In How Many Ways Can You Write Rijndael? Elad Barkan and Eli Biham Computer Science Department, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, {barkan,biham}@cs.technion.ac.il, http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/˜biham/, http://tx.technion.ac.il/˜barkan/ Abstract. In this paper we ask the question what happens if we re- place all the constants in Rijndael, including the replacement of the ir- reducible polynomial, the coefficients of the MixColumn operation, the affine transformation in the S box, etc. We show that such replacements can create new dual ciphers, which are equivalent to the original in all aspects. We present several such dual ciphers of Rijndael, such as the square of Rijndael, and dual ciphers with the irreducible polynomial re- placed by primitive polynomials. We also describe another family of dual ciphers consisting of the logarithms of Rijndael. We then discuss self-dual ciphers, and extend our results to other ciphers. 1 Introduction Recently, the cipher Rijndael [8] was selected as the Advanced Encryption Stan- dard (AES) [17]. This cipher operates over the algebraic Galois field GF (28). The motivation for this is computational efficiency, as GF (28) elements can be rep- resented by bytes, which can be very efficiently processed by modern computers, unlike bit-level operations that are usually more expensive in computer power. The drawback is that the algebraic structure inherited by the GF (28) operations may be susceptible to algebraic relations, such as the relations in [9,19]. Alge- braic structures may be used to develop cryptographic attacks that exploit the algebraic weakness of the cipher. -
Looking at the NIST Lightweight Candidates from a Masking Point-Of-View
Looking at the NIST Lightweight Candidates from a Masking Point-of-View Lauren De Meyer imec - COSIC, KU Leuven, Belgium [email protected] Abstract. Cryptographic primitives have been designed to be secure against mathe- matical attacks in a black-box model. Such primitives can be implemented in a way that they are also secure against physical attacks, in a grey-box model. One of the most popular techniques for this purpose is masking. The increased security always comes with a high price tag in terms of implementation cost. In this work, we look at how the traditional design principles of symmetric primitives can be at odds with the optimization of the implementations and how they can evolve to be more suitable for embedded systems. In particular, we take a comparative look at the round 2 candidates of the NIST lightweight competition and their implementation properties in the world of masking. Keywords: DPA · Masking · NIST · lightweight · competition · side-channel · symmetric · S-box 1 Introduction In the Internet of Things, cryptographic calculations are increasingly deployed in highly constrained environments. As a result, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has initiated a standardization effort for lightweight cryptography.1 Apart from security against mathematical attacks (i.e. cryptanalysis), cryptographic implementations nowadays are required to provide security against physical attacks such as side-channel analysis (SCA) as well. Especially lightweight devices are likely to be among the targets that an adversary may have physical access to. As a result, NIST considers the ability to provide side-channel resistance at low cost an important evaluation criterion. -
A Proposed SAFER Plus Security Algorithm Using Fast Walsh Hadamard Transform for Bluetooth Technology D.Sharmila 1, R.Neelaveni 2
International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN), Vol 1, No 2, November 2009 A Proposed SAFER Plus Security algorithm using Fast Walsh Hadamard transform for Bluetooth Technology D.Sharmila 1, R.Neelaveni 2 1(Research Scholar), Associate Professor, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam. Tamil Nadu-638401. [email protected] 2 Asst.Prof. PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore.Tamil Nadu -638401. [email protected] ABSTRACT realtime two-way voice transfer providing data rates up to 3 Mb/s. It operates at 2.4 GHz frequency in the free ISM-band (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) using frequency hopping In this paper, a modified SAFER plus algorithm is [18]. Bluetooth can be used to connect almost any kind of presented. Additionally, a comparison with various device to another device. Typical range of Bluetooth communication varies from 10 to 100 meters indoors. security algorithms like pipelined AES, Triple DES, Bluetooth technology and associated devices are susceptible Elliptic curve Diffie Hellman and the existing SAFER plus to general wireless networking threats, such as denial of service attacks, eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks, are done. Performance of the algorithms is evaluated message modification, and resource misappropriation. They based on the data throughput, frequency and security are also threatened by more specific Bluetooth-related attacks that target known vulnerabilities in Bluetooth level. The results show that the modified SAFER plus implementations and specifications. Attacks against algorithm has enhanced security compared to the existing improperly secured Bluetooth implementations can provide attackers with unauthorized access to sensitive information algorithms. and unauthorized usage of Bluetooth devices and other Key words : Secure And Fast Encryption Routine, Triple Data systems or networks to which the devices are connected. -
PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Radboud Repository PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/181653 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2018-04-11 and may be subject to change. Shorter Linear Straight-Line Programs for MDS Matrices Yet another XOR Count Paper Thorsten Kranz1, Gregor Leander1, Ko Stoffelen2, Friedrich Wiemer1 1 Horst Görtz Institute for IT Security, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany {thorsten.kranz,gregor.leander,friedrich.wiemer}@rub.de 2 Digital Security Group, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [email protected] Abstract. Recently a lot of attention is paid to the search for efficiently implementable MDS matrices for lightweight symmetric primitives. Most previous work concentrated on locally optimizing the multiplication with single matrix elements. Separate from this line of work, several heuristics were developed to find shortest linear straight- line programs. Solving this problem actually corresponds to globally optimizing multiplications by matrices. In this work we combine those, so far largely independent lines of work. As a result, we achieve implementations of known, locally optimized, and new MDS matrices that significantly outperform all implementations from the literature. Interestingly, almost all previous locally optimized constructions behave very similar with respect to the globally optimized implementation. As a side effect, our work reveals the so far best implementation of the Aes Mix- Columns operation with respect to the number of XOR operations needed. -
Safer Than You Think! Revising the Transit Safety Narrative 1 September 2021
www.vtpi.org [email protected] 250-508-5150 Safer Than You Think! Revising the Transit Safety Narrative 1 September 2021 Todd Litman Victoria Transport Policy Institute Abstract Public transportation is overall a relatively safe (low crash risk) and secure (low crime risk) mode of transport. Transit travel has about a tenth the traffic casualty (death or injury) rate as automobile travel, and transit-oriented neighborhood residents have about a fifth the per capita crash casualty rate as in automobile-oriented areas. Transit also tends to have lower overall crime rates than automobile travel, and many transit service improvements can further increase security by improving surveillance and economic opportunities for at-risk populations. Despite its relative safety and security, many people consider public transit dangerous, and so are reluctant to use it or support service expansions in their communities. Various factors contribute to this excessive fear, including the nature of public transit travel, heavy media coverage of transit- related crashes and crimes, and conventional traffic safety messages which emphasize danger rather than safety. Transit agencies can help create a new safety narrative by better measuring and communicating transit’s overall safety and security impacts, and providing better guidance concerning how users and communities can enhance transit safety and security. A summary version of this report was published as, “A New Transit Safety Narrative” Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2014, pp.121-142; at www.nctr.usf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/JPT17.4_Litman.pdf. It was also published as, The Hidden Traffic Safety Solution: Public Transportation, American Public Transportation Association (www.apta.com); at www.apta.com/mediacenter/pressreleases/2016/Pages/Hidden-Traffic-Safety-Solution.aspx Todd Litman 2013-2021 You are welcome and encouraged to copy, distribute, share and excerpt this document and its ideas, provided the author is given attribution. -
The Whirlpool Secure Hash Function
Cryptologia, 30:55–67, 2006 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0161-1194 print DOI: 10.1080/01611190500380090 The Whirlpool Secure Hash Function WILLIAM STALLINGS Abstract In this paper, we describe Whirlpool, which is a block-cipher-based secure hash function. Whirlpool produces a hash code of 512 bits for an input message of maximum length less than 2256 bits. The underlying block cipher, based on the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), takes a 512-bit key and oper- ates on 512-bit blocks of plaintext. Whirlpool has been endorsed by NESSIE (New European Schemes for Signatures, Integrity, and Encryption), which is a European Union-sponsored effort to put forward a portfolio of strong crypto- graphic primitives of various types. Keywords advanced encryption standard, block cipher, hash function, sym- metric cipher, Whirlpool Introduction In this paper, we examine the hash function Whirlpool [1]. Whirlpool was developed by Vincent Rijmen, a Belgian who is co-inventor of Rijndael, adopted as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES); and by Paulo Barreto, a Brazilian crypto- grapher. Whirlpool is one of only two hash functions endorsed by NESSIE (New European Schemes for Signatures, Integrity, and Encryption) [13].1 The NESSIE project is a European Union-sponsored effort to put forward a portfolio of strong cryptographic primitives of various types, including block ciphers, symmetric ciphers, hash functions, and message authentication codes. Background An essential element of most digital signature and message authentication schemes is a hash function. A hash function accepts a variable-size message M as input and pro- duces a fixed-size hash code HðMÞ, sometimes called a message digest, as output.