•'HI* : ./. A SURVEY OF R ACE* RELATIONS: 1953-54 ' :-:^V ( '" r ' •' '-r-i-.-r.. ,'•'! OF E RELATIONC S IN SOUTH AFRICA 195 195— 3 4

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MURIEL HORRELL

TECHNICAL OFFICER SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUT F RACO E E RELATIONS

SOUTH AFRICAN INST..UT F RACEO E RELATIONS

P.O. BOX 97 1954 JOHANNESBURG

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I A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1953-54 1 I POLICIES AND ATTITUDES Durin e perioth g d surveyed^ )e Europea th mos f o t n political organizations have been endeavouring to clarify their policies or strivin o re-defint g e their aims, whil e majoth e r Non-European organizations have been engage n plannini d g their e tacticth r fo s future. National Party* In face of the fear which most while South Africans have of ultimate "black domination," the National Party's apartheid policy, electorao whict d hle l succes n 1948i s , secure increasen a d d majority in 1953e broaTh . d outline f thio s s polic d previouslha y y been defined, and these were largely translated into law during the first five years of the present Government's regime; but the practical and detailed implication f thio s s policy hav n mani e y instances been clarified only in recent months. It was inevitable, as the time came for broad policies to be worked out in practice, that more precise definitions woul e calleb de immediat th d t forbu ; e challenga s wa e Parliamentary debate, initiated by the Opposition, on the "integra- tion" of Africans into the South African economy. In speeches on this and subsequent occasions, the Minister of Native Affairs averrcd( 2)o circumstance n tha n i t s could "integration" mean the mere presence of the African in industries and 011 farms in "European" areas. "One can have these workers present," he said, "without incorporating them in one's society . . . While on the one hand we are taking the present economic set-up into account and e availablth makin f o t goine eno g us entrenco labourge t ar e w t ,h i in our economic, social and political structure . . . Integration is incorporation." There wer maio etw n trend f though so questioe th n o t n ot integra- tione Ministeth , r said.( e grouOn 3)p accepte s unavoidablea t i d , and the other opposed it and sought a solution, having regard to all the difficulties. This second attitude was that of the Government, which wanted to keep South Africa white and wanted separation in all spheres between Europeans and Non-Europeans to continue to be applien increasina o t d g extent. "The National Party says," the Minister remarked, " 'Our immediate task is to lay the foundations and in regard to segregation to go a certain distance which is within immediate reach' ... In the course of time there can be fewer and (») 1 October 1953—30 Septeml>er 1954. e CapeTh n I Coloured* Franchise . ThompsoM Prof . L . n writesr "O , Malan's .Tart s commonli y y calle e 'Nationalistth d 'r D MainiPart t hu yi s justifiablha y disputed this rendering, because (lie correct Knglish transla- e Afrikaanth tiof o n s word 'Nasionale s i 'National'' e '(HcrciiindcTh . ) Nasionale Party' is therefore the '(Reunited) National Party'; hut a mem- a 'Nasionalis'— s i t i bef o r a 'Nationalist" ' (") Assembly Hansard No. 17, 2 June 1954, Cols. 6143, 6145. (a) Assembly Hansard No. 3, 18 February 1954, Cols. 795—797. 2 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1953-54 3 fewer Native 'Europeann (i s makn ca e ' thaareason . t. separatio. ) n economist, talked( f Sout7o ) h Africa's unbalanced cost structurd an e wider and wider ... At the end of that long process one can foresee maintained that only it the country had a steadily rising income could ideae th f totao l l segregatio n eve l respectsca e terri al nb t i n ni -d an , the increasing Stale expenditure be afforded. For this lo be posiblc, torial . . . We can put the country on the road leading in that direc- realisti muse cus made b t labouf eo r resources. Economic integration, tion.'^4) which was a fact and had developed over 300 years, was in the interest n thes I othed ean r speeche e Ministeth s r mad t cleaei r that while whole oth f e country. Furthermore e coul t supporon , no d t economic the Government recognized that there would be African labourers integratio r ever-morfo d nan e maintain political apartheid. e (owna considerabli th nr fo s e perioe future th d whiln i dan , e they A lively debate on Non-European policies then look place, during woul e giveb d n housin segregaten i g d township s lona s r theiga fo s r . StrausswhicN . e HonG ih h . , J . leadee Uniteth f o rd Party, roso t e 8 labou s requiredwa r , they would hav o propertn e y right o lant s d say( ) thas Parthi t y accepted economic integratio a factd s an a n, there d sociaan , l separation would continue. Industrial colour bars appreciate e countrys valuth it d o t e . Both Whit d Blacd an e ha k would be maintained and reinforced, and Africans would be denied benefited. The Party rccogni/.ed that the majority of Africans lived access to trade unions or to any political or other institutions by means outside the Reserves, most of these knowing no environment other of which they might eventually come to exercise power over Europeans. tha ne town th tha r f Europeao o st n farms f returneI . o powert d , Governmene Th that ti farme woulo th t e s dreceivese d enough labour: e Uniteth f o d e Parly'on s first priorities woulo amelioratt e b d e th e "these widely separated Natives constitute no danger."(5) lot of the tens of thousands of people suffering through a lack of sufficient housing, while retaining socia d residentiaan l l segregation. The economic, social and political aspirations of Africans must be Non-Europeans would be given individual training in the service of satisfie n thein i areasd ow r , wher e fullesth e t development woule db thei re politica peopleth n O l. issue e Partth , y woul t firspu dt things encouraged. A class of full-time African farmers would gradually e developeb e Reservesth n i d , wit a hsuperstructur f teacherso e , first t woulI . d re-establis e Nativeth h s Representative Councid an l ministers n ordeI o absor. t r on ,e remainder tradersth o bs d an , , give this body a measure of executive power. So far as representation in central governing bodie s concernedwa s e Parlth , ye slooth y b d efforts woul made db attraco et t industr suitablo yt bordere siteth n so s of the Reserves, workers in these factories living in dormitory towns 193y thasa 6 tt settlementthino s d sclllcmcndi e height I th . s twa t of wisdom : certain unsatisfactory feature d emergedha s t woulI . d in their own areas, where freehold title would be available to them. measure and test its policy against the facts of 1954. "History teaches It is of interest that at the last census, in 1951, a little over two us very simply and plainly," he said, "that economic power is the million Africans were in urban areas, probably one-third or more forerunner of claims for a say in the political set-up of the country." of these being permanently resident there. About three million In a subsequent press sta(jcmcnt(9) Mr Strauss said that it was were on European farms, and about three-and-a-half million in the fundamental to United Party policy that a growing measure of Reserves e latterth f o a larg,; e proportion will have movo t eth f eof municipal self-government, under European supervision, should- land if these areas arc ever to be effectively rehabilitated. be granted in self-contained Native townships. Portions of such The Prime Minister is reported to have said reccntly(6) that the townships would be set aside where security of tenure under appropriate alarming thing abou e presenth t t situatio s thawa nt directl- in r yo safeguards would be available to Africans who had progressed directly the Non-European population was beginning to believe beyond Ihe need for sub-economic housing. more than ever that apartheid means suppression. Early in 1954, provincial committees of prominent Parly members commence a ddetaile d stud f Non-Europeao y n problems, and, fol- United Party lowing discussion with divisional committees, they drew up reports Completely disconcerte e s 194defead th it 195 an 8n y i 3b td for provincial congresses held during September and October. A elections, which were fought largely on racial issues, the United Party Union co-ordinating commillcc will thereafter draf a reviset d Non- found that its traditional Non-European policy required re-thinking. European policy for discussion at (.lie Union congress in November Considerable differenc f opinioo e n developed within i s rank it nd an s 1954. consequence no clear-cut policy has yet emerged. During a debate on the Part Appropriation Bill in the Assembly Independen t e UniteWinth f go d Party on 15 February 1954, Prof. 1. S. Fourie, a United Party member and As already staled, following dcfeal in the 1948 and 1953 elections, considerable difference of opinion developed within the United Party, ) 1 Assembl( y Jun2 , Mansar17 e . 1954No d , Col. 6143. r (•'•) Assembl yFebruar8 1 Hansar , 3 . yNo d 1954, Col. 799. ( ) Assembly Hansard No. 3, 15 February 1954, Cols. 591-598. (°) l.'ress statemen e Provinciatb t f issueo e n llio dev le elections, [jublislied (*) Assembly Hansard No. 3, 18 February 195-1, Cols. 772—787. 16 August 1954. ('•>) Published 12 March 1954. 4 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1953-54 5 mainly on Noii-liuropcaii policies. Five "right-wing rebels," led the qualifications at present required of Coloured male voters by Mr P. Bailey Bekker, held independent conversations with the in the Cape. This to apply to Provincial as well as Parliamentary elections. Prime Minister on the Coloured vote issue, refused support for the United Party Leader at caucus meetings, and expressed disagreement (b) Present arrangement in regard to representation in the Assem- with the Party line. In October 1953 they were expelled. A sixth bl Africanf yo Cape retainede b th o n et i s t Africabu , n womeo nt "rebel" resigned from the caucus in January to join them, and they be enfranchised. On the basis of a Std. V franchise qualification formed themselves int n independena o te Unitewinth f o gd Party. African men and women in remaining provinces to elect three Recently n Augusi , t 1954, their leader announced that thed ha y Member f Parliameno s e Transvaao th eacr tw r fo h fo d t an l formepoliticaw ne a d l party s namit : e woul decidee db firss it tt da Natal and the Orange Free Slate. Similar representation to be congress, but would probably be the National Conservative Party or granted in each Provincial Council. The same voters to elect the S.A. Conservative Party. Senatoro tw s from each province foue th r d nominatean , d senator- The clearest exposition of their views was given by Mr Bekker e abolishedshipb o t s . durin Budgee gth t dcbatc(10) whe discussee nh d "the essential problem (tf) d womee AsiatiCapan th d Transvaa n n an ei n cme o havt l e r continueoou f d existenc Soutn ei h Africa, namely racial relations." e samth e franchise right s thosa s e recommende r Colourefo d d In an amendment, he moved that every effort should be made to people (i.e commoe vota th . n eo n rol possessinf i l g certain qualifi- promot e fullesth e t co-operation between English-speakind an g cations). Thos Natan ei eleco t l t three Member f Parliamentso , Afrikaans-speaking white South Africans; that the essential features three member e Provinciath f o s l o SenatorsCounciltw d an ,. e Soutoth f h Afric t shoulAc a d remain intact, especiall e manneyth r o disqualificatioN (d) e groundih n o nf colou o s r should debaa r in whic entrenchee hth d amendee clauseunassailab e th y d sma dan - Non-European of any racial group from election to Parliament statubilite th f courtf yso o lawthad f sUnioo e an th t; n should remain or Provincial Councils. a member of the Commonwealth. His motion called for the develop- ment of a Native policy on the basis of the 1936 Acts. Africans should The municipal franchise for Non-Europeans is recommended too, Coloured people to vote on the common roll, and Africans and be incorporated into the labour force and their economic advancement Indians to elect their own representatives. promoted, while colour bars were retained. There should be strict influx control o ownershin , f lan po y African b de towns th d n i an s, separate housin townshipn gi s whercourse th n timf ei e o e they should Union Federal Party obtain more civic responsibilities. Increased political rights in the e maiTh n concer e Unioth f o n Federal Party, y formeMa n i d Reserves under European supervision should gradually be granted. 1953 s thai e constitutio, th t n shoul e safeguardedb d t refuseI . o t s Comprehensive housing, health, transpor d educationaan t l schemes accep theore th t y tha republia t institutee b n legaa c ca y db l process, for Non-Europeans were required. and advocates a greater dcccntnili/alioii of authority to the provinces d theian r righ given i t n circumstances (e.g. declaratio a republi f no c S.A. Labour Party or violation of the constitution) to secede from the Union. e S.ATh . Labour Party accept face f economith so t c integration. Its concern over the preservation of the constitution and the Foreseein e challength g e Europeath o t e n workes advocateha t i r d entrenched clause dealing with equal language right r Englissfo d han a policy of "equal pay for equal work" and security of employment Afrikaans led the Party to consider the other entrenched clause dealing t standara r Europeansfo dy ralepa f so . with Non-European voting rights, and to formulate a policy designed e economiTh d sociaan c l aspect s policyit f o s , adoptee th t a d o promott e racial harmony. This polic s outline r laswa you t n i d annual conference in January 1953, were outlined in our last Survej>(11). Survey.(lz) s NationaIt l Executiv s sinceha e adopte da revise d polic f politicayo l Since s firsthenit tt a congres, n Marchi s e Parlth , y announced representation e PartTh .y declares a mattetha s a t f principlo r t i e s acceptancit f economio e c integratio d (subjec e necessitan n th o t t y accepts the universal franchise for all adult literate inhabitants, but, of protecting skilled labour against undercutting of wages) the right realizing the need for the implementation of the franchise for Non- I of Non-European o entet s l fieldal r f employmeno s r whicfo t h they European stagesn si t advocatei , followine sth g rcforins: t themselvesfi n ca . Freehold title shoul e availablb d Africano t e n i s (a) All Coloured adults, men and women, in the Union and South- urban areas and agricultural settlements. Limited direct represent- West Africa, to be granted a vote on the common roll if possessing atio f Non-Europeano n s shoul e Senat e provideth b d d n i an e r fo d Provincial Councils (present arrangement Cape th en si being retained), (1U) Assembly Hansard No. 10, 6 April 1954, Cols. 34S9—3461. (") A Suwey of Race Relations, 1952—53, page 4. ( ) A Survey of Race Relations. 1952—53, page 6. 12 SURVEA F RACYO E 6 RELATIONS: 1953-54 . 7 and representation of Non-Europeans in the Senate should be by State of the Parties in the Assembly and Provincial Councils Non-Europeans. Followin e formatiogth e Independenth f o n t e UniteWinth f go d Senator G. H. Heaton Nicliolls, the leader of the Party, moved Party e parlie stale e Mousth th th ,f e o n f Assembl i seo : s ywa in Parliament during February thae Representatioth t f Nativeo n s Act of 1936 be amended to allow Africans to be represented by Africans National Party ...... 4 9 ...... in the Senate : his motion was defeated by 22 votes to 15. United Party ...... 0 5 ...... Following the Natal Provincial elections in June, at which all Independent United Party 7 ...... 17 Party candidates wore defeated although 20,500 votes were cast Labour Party ...... 5 for them, Senator Heaton Nicholls announce s resignatiohi d n from Liberal Party ...... 1 the Senate. He would, he said, continue to lead the Party, and his Natives' Representatives 1 (on...... e scat vacant). action should not affect the position of the Party's remaining member Provincial elections were held in Natal during June, and in the e Senateith n . remaining province n Augusti s e representativeTh . l partieal f o s s Liberal Party except the N.P. and U.P. were eliminated or lost their scats, and the final result was (figures in brackets show the number of scats previously During the past year the Liberal Party has received growing held) : support s threIt . e candidate e Natath n li s Provincial elections National Parly Opposition secured only 385 votes between them, but the whole issue was there Natal ...... 4 (3) 21 (22) confused by federalism. Its candidate at Simon's Town in the Cape Transvaal ...... 45 (36) 23 (27) Provincial elections obtained 1,109 votes, about one-fifth of the total Cape ...... 30 (26) 24 (28) cast. At the by-election early in 1954 of a Parliamentary representative Orange Fre) (1 e Stat 0 e 5 2 (24...... ) of African e Capth n ei s Western circle s candidatit , s defeatewa e d by an opponent with extreme views who, under the Suppression of a politica n I l broadcast followin e 195th g 3 general electione th , Communism Act, was then deemed incapable of taking her scat in Hon. J. G. N. Strauss said that through the anomalous electoral laws the Assembly, but at the elections held towards the end of the year, the National Party had gained 61 per cent, of the scats though it Liberao tw l Party candidate stooo electior swh dfo Africas na n repre- obtaine e 195 th e votes r d4th centn I pe f onlprovincia o . 5 , 4 y l sentatives were returned unopposed : they were Mrs V. M. L. elections, however, allowin r unopposegfo d returns s estimatewa t i , d Ballingcr, Leade Partye e Caph I th f n eo i r, Eastern circle (Assembly), thaNationaliste th t s polled more vote combinee s th tha d ndi d opposi- and Senator L. Rubin as the Cape (excluding Transkei) representative tion. in the Senate. Further Liberal Party candidates are standing for electio e othe Capo th e Transvaal-Orangtw n ri th n e n circlei d an s e African National Congress Free State Senate seal : results are not known at the time of going e basiTh ce Africa aimth f o s n National Congress were re-stated to press. 43re th dt a Annual Conferenc Cape th f eeo Branch hel t Uitcnhagda c While continuin stipulato gt e tha t wili t l employ only democratic in June. Mr A. J. Lutluili, the President-General of the A.N.C., d constitutionaan l mean achievo t s objectss eit e Liberath , l Parts yha and Prof. Z. K. Matthews arc both reported to have urged the necessity recognized that it must adopt a more radical approach if it is to gain for racial harmon d co-operatioyan n between Blac d Whitee kan Th . increasing Non-European support s ProvinciaIt . l Congress heln i d aim of their organization was by non-violent methods to achieve a Cape Town durin recommendey Ma g d tha l stepal t s consistent with united, democratic community whicn i , l woulhal d have equal rights. the Party's declared policy be taken to co-operate with the African . NjongwcL . Z D . rJ , Presiden Cape th f eo t Branch, formulatee th d National Congress in its struggle for the removal of all discrimination more detailed aims as: agains e Africath t n people e congresTh . s hel n Durbai d Juln i n y (a) Unity among Africans. resolve o wort d k closely with representative Non-European bodies; (b) Universal suffrage for all citizens over the age of 18. and a revised franchise policy was adopted. The Party at first recom- mended a qualified franchise for all adult citizens, irrespective of race y bu (cd ) an Redistributio n ow o t l e righal th f f land o no td an , (13). It now advocates universal adult suffrage, with common voters' land anywhere. rolls, to be introduced in stages to be determined by interim qualifi- (d) Equal opportunit f employmeno y r allfo t. cations applicable to all racial groups and designed to create an («) Abolition of the colour bar in industry, and freedom of the informed electorate and to provide opportunity for obtaining political worke sels labouo e t highesrhi lth n i r t market, includine gth experience. ______right of collective bargaining. e (Insl:lSe t) Sur;ry, r detaile policypagfo th , f 5 eo s . (/) Freedom of association, movement and speech.

J A SURVE RACF , YO •' E RELATION S: 1953-54 -J (g) Free compulsory education for all up to the age of 18, and .',; Other Churches Stat eo desir assistancwh furtheo l t e al r efo r their education ^; e universitiesth n i . ; The conferences convened by the Federal Missionary Council of the Dutch Reformer! Churchee e describeth ar s d an n pag, o d 17 e Since the, abolitio e Nativeth f o n s Representative Counci, ; n i l attitude ol' the Churches to proposals under the. Bantu Education 1951, and more particularly since the Defiance Campaign of 1952, n pago t e Ac 102. membershi e Africath f o p n National Congres s growha s n greatly , (from 7,000 in 1951 to well over 100,000 by the end of 1952, it is . International Meetin e Worlth f go d Counci f Churcheo l s claimed). A number of delegates to the Uilcnhagc conference appeared in uniforms consisting of khaki blouses and skirts or khaki a meetin t IKA I : f Worlo g d Counci f Churcheo l t a Evanstons , shirt trousersd an s , with brown beret laped san l badges depictine gth Illinois Augusn i , t 1954, whic s attendehwa delegatey b d s from South A.N.C Africclenchef a o d p . an asymbo ma da han— l d with upraised African Churches, the Assembly adopted a resolution that segregation base racen do , colou r ethnio r c origi s contrar nGospee wa th d o yt an l thumb. s incompatiblwa {•'• e wit e Christiath h d witne an doctrinth h n ma f o e Other Non-European Organizations ;( e naturChurcth f o ef Christ o h o dissentinN . g voic s raisedwa e , There have been no changes of policy in the main Non-European •,• although (hero were some abstentions from voting. The Assembly organizations. Most of these, for example the S.A. Indian Congress, recognized that many Churches found themselves confronted by S.A. Coloured People's Organization, Non-European Unity Move- historical, political, socia d economian l c circumstances which might ment, Anti-C.A.D., etc. stan fulr dfo l franchise l non-whitrightal r sfo e make the immediate achievement of non-segregation extremely difficult, but expressed confidence in their strength and courage to South Africans. overcome such difficultirs. Christian Council of South Africa • Two South Africans were elected to the 90-mcinbcr Central meetins it t A Januarn gi y 1954 e Christiath , n Council appointed Committeo carrt p yu t intse eo effec s nearla t s possibla y e th e a committe o studt ee questioth y f religiouo n s libert n present,.,i y - ; decisions made and goals established : they were the Rev. C. B. circumstances in South Africa. ': ' ;' Brink, Moderator of the Ncderduitse Hcrvormclc of Gcreformcerde 1 Kerk in the Transvaal, and the Rt. Rev. Ambrose Reeves, Anglican Anglican Church i Bishop of Johannesburg. In October 1953, a statement was issued to clarify the attitude of the Bishops of the Anglican Church to racial policies. They believed, ' S.A. Institut f Raco e e Relations it said s morall, thatwa t i : y wron folloo gt wpolica y itss whica r d hha ; There has been no change in the Institute's attitude, which was object the keeping of any particular racial group in a permanent i summarized by Mr Quintin Whytc, its Director, in the publication position of authority, and they believed that racial discrimination as i ... Co Forward in Faith: the Logic of Economic Integration published in practised in South Africa was directed to this end. The only morally .' ".'1952. defensible policy was one giving the fullest opportunity of develop*!:* In February 1954 e Primth , e Ministe. e RevH r th . sen J .o t t membere menth l raciao t tal f so l groupsd beeha nt I suggeste. d that.; Piersma, of Grand Rapids, U.S.A., the "frank description" the it woul possible db keeo et p these groups separatejan givo t t e deachye ' latter had asked for of the apartheid policy, and this letter was published equal opportunitie f economio s d culturaan c l developmente th : e presse Institutth Th n . 'i e sen e Prima repltth o t ey Ministen i r Bishops did not believe that this was practicable. . , '•',, April, later releasing copies to the press. Both letters have since been ;*• published by the Institute. Methodist Church Also in October 1953, a conference of the Methodist Church^ s replyit e Institutn th I , e referree Primth o t ed Minister's state- ment that a "fundamental difference" exists between Black and stated its belief that in the application of the principle of apartheid•' u 'White and that "the difference in colour is merely the physical mani- through successive legislative Acts the potentialities of men andvi women as individuals had been ignored. Differentiation made had:'' festatio e contrasth f o n t betwee o irreconcilabltw n e way f lifeo s , •between barbaris d civilizatioman d betweean n n heathenisd man been mass differentiatio e grounth n f colouo o nd r alone n such'.I . : •Christianity." The Prime Minister, the Institute said, continued circumstances, injustic s inevitablewa e . Failure openl o recognize't y ! i;tO equate "black" with "barbarism, e referree h grea th t ye o t"t d the fact that the Non-European was already an integral part of our> ^ twor f missionarieo k convertinn i s e heathegth o Christianityt n e Th . general population and essential to our economy had led to a form of JJ jlnstitute submitted thai the missionary who sought, to convert the apartheid which operated just so far as it suited the needs of the (heathen denied, in so doing, that differences arc fundamental and Europeans. [^irreconcilable actios d hi an r o n fo b , beliee resten th ca n f do n tha ma t 10 A SURVE F RACYO E RELATIONS: 1953-54 11 ofte s fundamentalli n y changed e wholTh . e histore Westerth f o y n. they should not develop in separate reserves but as an independent f progreso e on worl s frowa d m tribal barbaris o civilizatiomt d an n unit within South Africa's political and social structure. from heathenis o Christianitymt e identificatioTh . f skio n n colou, r Prominent member S.A.B.R.Af so . attende Lahore dth e Conference with permanent cultural difference was not valid scientifically, and on Race Relations in the Commonwealth^15) the Honolulu Conference the Institute must, therefore, rejec e vieth tw thae differenceth t ; s on Race Relation n Worli s d Perspective,( e Internationath d Ir>an ) l between different ethnic groups are unchangeable. Meetin e Worlth f go d Counci f Churcheso l . This basic premis e Primth f o e Minister's seeme o underlit d e .' his whole concept of "separate development", and of the consequent duty of the Church to help preserve "intact" the "national identity" ; PLANE ACTIVITIED TH II SAN NON-EUROPEAF SO N e blacoth f k group. Such national identity would appear, according ORGANIZATION THOSD AN S E WORKINN GI e Primtth o e Minister's theory d therefore o rest n triba,an o t — l " CO-OPERATION WITH THEM primitiv foundations— e , with socia d economian l c rights pegged, permanently at a lower level than those of the Europeans. The > Proposed Congress of the People Conference theor alreads ywa anchronisn ya m : vas t number Africansf so , perma- In December 1953, the African National Congress, at a meeting nently settlee townsth n di , wer longeo n e r triba n theii l r habit- d san in Quecnstown, deplored the recent deterioration in race relations outlook; among them a growing proportion had already assimilated > expressed an . viee dth w that onl ynationaa l convention representative — wholly or partially — Western culture. But such persons did not of all racial groups could improve the situation. Thereafter, during desire raciallyb o t e assimilated. March, executive committee members of the African National The Prime Minister stated that aparllieid furthers "basic human'' . Congress, the S.A. Indian Congress, the S.A. Coloured People's rights, d "doc t an "begrudg no s e non-whitth e e attainmenth e t of-' :' Organization and the S.A. Congress of Democrats^) met in Natal, a social status commensurate wits higheshi h t aspirations." The" under the chairmanship of Mr A.J. Luthuli, to discuss the organiza- Institute submitted that nowhere in the present political and economic tion of a Congress of'the People, which would be called to work out structure of South Africa were possibilities of such attainment to ber a "freedot- m charter. NationaA " l Action Counci s appointedwa l . discovered; and that nowhere in the Government's policies was any Details of the plan were announced at A.N.C. meetings in March t«t< relaxation of restrictions envisaged, even in areas where the ferments . an t da largJune d e an ,inter-racia l meeting f specially-inviteo s d of civilization were most rapidly at work. No ground for hope was persons held in Johannesburg, Durban and other centres during given to the millions of non-whites who were not in a Native Reserve.".; ' July and August. The aim. it was explained, was to get the people The Institute was, therefore, driven to the conclusion that the only - themselves to say how they would like to be governed in a democratic interpretation possibl phrase th f eo e "basic human rights" compatible.;, South Africa. The movement would be non-violent, and not "and" with the policy of apartheid was one which would assign inferior', anyone. Hundred f meetingo s s woul e arrangeb d n towni d d an s human e blacrightth ko t s group becaus s blackwa t ei . -' Non-European townships, factories, mines, shops, farms and the Reserves networa d an , cellf locakd o an s l committees formed through e PrimTh e Minister wrot d carefull ha ey tha e sa bach t: o yt k I which the people would be asked to send in their demands and their studie e Institute'th d s criticisms mins hi do T the. y revealed nothing^ grievances, however small these migh . 50,00be t 0 "freedom volunt- in regard to its general point of view and attitude which was not • eers" were o makcallet r efo d themselves availabl e organizerth o t e s

already well know him o t nd furthe an , r commen s parhi tn there-"o t : r whatevefo L ' r wors necessarywa k . fore seemee unnecessaryb o t d . The climax of the campaign would be a Congress of the People, S.A. Bureau of Racial Affairs .'to be held not later than June 1955. It would be a mass assembly f delegateo . s electe y locab d l celld committeesan s r , fo abou e on t Little s beeha , n generae hearth y db l public, durin pase gth t year, .every twenty persons. Special train d "freedoan s m marches" would of the plans and work of S.A.B.R.A. It continues to advocate 8; 1 .if possibl e arranged b e congres th t A a s."Freedo m Assembly" polic f gradualo y , complete territorial separatio f Europeano n s and " would be elected to draft a "freedom charter" based on the demands Africans, with free and separate development.(14) At the S.A.B.R.Ai- :and grievances sent in by the people. Gongrcss in Bloemfontein during January, it was reported that thfj Executive Committe d formulateha e a provisionad l policy regarding] .;(«e pag. Se )30 e Cape Coloured people, based on (he view that, unlike the Africans^ /•(") See page 30. A Europea ) l ( n organization, formed lat n 19.52i e ,n sympath i whic s wa h y n Integrationi t ou e t ('•'polic r Separatese Th o ) s i y Development?, Stelleqvl ;'• wit e motive e th Defianchth f o s e Campaig o plact t d ':,eeou an nt opposi - i "' ' bosc.li, 1952. tion to laws deemed unjust on a non-racial basis. 12 A SURVEY OF RAGE RELATIONS: 1953-54 13 Official observers fro Institute mth e attended meeting Johannesn si - Proposed Federatio f Soutno h African Women burg and Durban called to discuss these plans. They considered that the word "freedom" had been given no context, and During April 1954 a conferenc, f abouto ewome0 15 . n delegates thae movementh t t neede a ddifferen produco t directios wa et i f i n of all racial groups, and coming from many different parts of the country, was held in Johannesburg. It was claimed that they repre- constructive results e impressioTh . d beeha n n given thae merth t e sented 230,000 women. declaration of grievances and demands would bring about their satisfaction o complementarN . y obligation d beeha s n mentioned, Women'A s Charte s drawwa rf strivin expressinp o nu m ai g e gth neee increaser sucth fo ds hn d wor d outpu e kcountran o th t f i s t ywa abolitioe foth r l lawsal f no , regulations, convention d customsan s that e ablb provido t e e expanded health, socia d othean l r servicese Th . discriminate' against: women. Delegates resolve o l establisd a h organization was clearly designed to make as broad a mass appeal : Federatio f Souto n h African Wome o unitt n e wome n commoi n n s possibla d woulan e d probably succee n carryini d e Congresth g , s'. action for the removal of all disabilities. Support was pledged for message further afield. the Congress of the People; and the meeting expressed its opposition to the Natives Resettlement Bill, the Native Trust and Land Amend- Economic boycott arranged by the Gape Branch of the African ment Bill, the Bantu Education Act, the Separate Representation National Congress of Voter t ValidatiosAc Amendmend nan Native tth Billd ean ,Labou r conferenca t A Africae th f o e n National Congress hel Queensn di . ' - (Settlement of Disputes) Act. tow Decemben L n r s resolve1953wa t i , d that, wit e approvath h l o l headquarters in every case, branches would arrange a boycott of Government Reactions selected shops, business undertakings and government enterprises As was described in our last Survey,(2) following the intensification in which Africans were not paid living wages or given adequate e Defiancoth f e Campaig e (ragith d c an nriotin g that occurren i d opportunities whicn i r o ,h African customer t receivno d edi s proper' f 1952threo e Governmen d Ih e, en centre e th t a s t placed restrictions, treatment. Such boycott r beehavfa no es applie dEastere onlth n yi n under the Suppression of Communism and Riotous Assemblies Acts, Cape d n extremelthera an , o t e y limited extent, being localize n i d„ on e African severamano th d f yo an nl Indian leaders. They were the Sunday's River Valley, a concentrated settlement of citrus, , • prohibite r stalefo d d periods from attendin publiy gan c gatheringn i s lucern daird ean y farmers. Ther numbea c ear smalf o r l storekeeper' s any place in the Union to which the public had access, their movements ther servo maie l racesewh th eal t n portiobu , theif no r business comes were restricted lo certain magisterial districts, and they were ordered to from African farm labourers. The African National Congress, whose resign from various organizations. The African National Congress member c particularlsar y zealou Eastere th n si n Cape area, arranged \ • and S.A. Indian Congress had, however, previously appointed a scries e labourerfoth r o boycott s t certai f theso n e storekeeperss i t i d an , f of replacements for every leader, their names being kept secret; understood that one or two of them have in consequence been forced and as leaders were banned by the Government, their replacements closo t e dow d thaan nt others have suffered heavy financial losst I . took over. The activilics of the organizations were thus not inter- is also understood that the Congress hopes to widen the boycott in'' rupted; but because on each occasion the new office-bearer was less the near future and even to extend it in such a way as to restrict the matur d experiencean e e replacedh n d becausma an tha,e th ne availability of labour during the citrus picking season. For reasons^ • •: resentment was increasing, it is probable that the leadership has which are not yet clear, attempts at boycotts in Port Elizabeth and* ; gradually become more militan d lesan st responsible. Vleciplaas did not meet with success. , In November 1953, the Appeal Court ruled that before the "Resist Apartheid" Conference Minister exercised his powers under the Suppression of Communism Act to issue an order of prohibition from the attendance of gatherings, masA s protest conferenc s hel Johannesburn wa i ed June7 2 n ,go f.,the person concerned should be notified and permitted to show cause convened by the Transvaal Branch of the African National Congress e orde,th | e y rMiniste e £,issuedTh shoulwh b ' t ) 3 f Justic( no o d.r e the Transvaal Indian Congress, the S.A. Congress of Democrat!; !: subsequently strengthened his position through the Riotous Assemblies (Johannesburg) S.Ae th , . Coloured People's Organization (Johannes"? '.and Suppression of Communism Amendment Act(4); but in the intcr- burg), and the Transvaal Council of Non-European Trade Union!, | *' veiling half-year e prohibitiomanth f yo n orders issue n 195i dd 2an About 1,200 delegates from Transvaal organizations, including about ? ' 195|, 3 were rendered invalid numbeA . f theo r m expired during this Europeans0 3 , were present, accordin estimateo gt e press: th A" n i .s I'- period.

resolution was passed expressing opposition to the Western AreMj removal scheme, the Group Areas Act, the Native Labour (Settlement] 2) ( Survey f Raceo Kelntinns. 1952-195.1, pa^c .11. of Disputes) Act Bante th , uIndustriae Educatioth d an t l nConcilia*.Ac ^ ) 3 .Se( r edetailfo P.IR 5 f o thi,1 Cs s judgment ;mgood ollices, continue implemeno dt provisione th t Groue th f so p impartial economis o examint t e whethe e policth r f segregatioo y n Area s proceedinswa Actd an , g with further legislation contraro t y had influenced the stability and economic development of South Africa, the Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights(3). and requested the International Labour Office for factual material e AssemblTh y decide o continut d e Gooth e d Offices Commission; on the cflects of segregation on a general employment policy. It has requested it to report back on progress achieved and to submit sug- made, a close study of methods suggested by groups or individuals gestions which might a peacefulea o t d l settlemen e problemth f o t ; n Souti h Afric f lessenino a g inter-racial tensionsf measureo d an , s d urge an Unioe th d n Governmen co-operateo t t . which have been of assistance in other countries. It asked the S.A. e commissioTh n submitte repors Presidene dit (h Generae o t t th f o t l Institute of Race Relations and the S.A. Bureau of Racial Affairs to Assembl n Septembei y r d 1954beeha n t I .unable t saidi , , either suggest measures which migh e adopteb t d way an dn whic i s e th h through official approaches or through informal conversations, to United Nations might assist. arrang r negotiationefo tako t s e place. South blamo Africt s r efo wa a e InstitutTh e replied tha vien i t thef wo . fact tha Soute th t h African the deadlock since it continued to state that the appointment of the Governmen t recognizno d e di competenct th e e commissionth f o e , commission had been unconstitutional. It was impossible, therefore, s impossibliwa t a Sout r fo eh African organization like Institutth e e for proposals likel a peacefuleao t y o t d l settlemen e submittedb o t t . e Insitutc'Th . so s o tpublisheod d material was, however, available A debate on the Report will take place during the 1954 Session of to any person or organization who asked for it, and much of its material of the General Assembly. s alread e librar wa e Uniteth th n yi f yo d Nations. s reportewa t I Januarn i d y 1954,('1) thae Ministeth e t th f o r Despite renewed protests from South Africa, the matter has been Interio d approacheha r e S.Ath d . Indian Organizatio o givt ns it e inscribed on the agenda for the 1954 Session of the General Assembly. support for apartheidur to agree to a compromise, and that the executive committee of this organization had considered ways and means of United Nations Consideratio Treatmene th f no f Indiano t n si bringing abou a round-tablt e conferenc resolvo t e deadloce th e t a k the Union of South Africa United Nations e S.ATh . . Indian Congress thereupon issuea d statement claiming thae S.Ath t . Indian Organizatio a smal s lwa n e questio Th e treatmenth f o n f Indian o te Unio th n f .Souti sno h and unrepresentative body, with no right to enter into discussions Africa lias, since 1946, been debated annually at the proceedings of the behin backe majorite dth th e India f so th f yo n people. United Nations General Assembly. It will be remembered that in 1951, the Assembly called for 1 he establishment of a three-member comission Indiae Th n Government announce Jun5 2 erequesn e do thath t a t t to help to settle the differences that had arisen, one member to be ap- e Uniooth f n Government d witan ,h great regretd decideha t i ,o t d pointe Unione th y d b secona , Indiy db Pakistand aan thire a b d o dt an , close its High Commission in South Africa as from 1 July. The last appointed jointly by the three countries concerned, or, failing agree- High Commissione d beeha r n recalle 194n di 6 afte passine e th r th f go ment, by the Secretary-General of United Nations. Nothing came Asiatic Land Tenure and Indian Representation Act and the Secretary of this proposal, however, because the Union Government refused to to the High Commissioner had since been in charge, but now he, too, recogniz competence th e f Uniteo e d Nation dcno t s l wit e matteth h r would be recalled. Contact between the two governments would which, it considered, was one of domestic jurisdiction. in futur e maintaineb e d directl correspondencey b y r througo , h their respective High Commissioner n Londoni s . Pakista s neveha n r sent n 1952I Generae th , l Assembl three-membea yp u itsel t se f r Good diplomatic representatives to the Union. Offices Commission to arrange and assist in negotiations between the three countries concerned, and called upon the Union to suspend United Nations Consideration of the Status of South-West implementatio e Grouth f o np Area t pendinAc s g conclusioe th f o n Africa negotiations. Cuba, Syri d Yugoslavian a a were appointed members e seven-year-olTh d dispute ove e internationath r l statu f Southo s - commissione oth f o Mates, Le wit r f Yugoslaviao ,M h s chairmana , . West Africa was again on the agenda of the United Nations General e UnioTh n Government refuse o recognizt d s competenceit e t a d an , Assembly in 1953. It will be recalled that in 1951, the Assembly the 1953 sessio t reportei n s failurit n o arrango dt e e negotiations. again asked the Union to place the territory under international e GovernmentTh : Printer, Pretoria s publisheha , a dful l account trusteeship (although it accepted the ruling of the International of proceedings at the 1953 session (2). By 42 votes to 1, with 17 e Tniinicrralio("Th ) n Regulation Amendmen t waAc st rilrd. ,Scc 1052— ) 2 /Hsciis.uons( I'rocecdiiigsd an e Unitedth t a Nations, September Novem-o t 1953 Survey, page 43. Treatment the 1953 ber on , of IndiansUiiinti the of S./l.in (1954). ) Sunday( Times, Januar7 1 y 1954. 4 26 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1953-54 27 Court of Justice that there was no legal obligation on the Union to South African representativ o attent e s deliberationsit d , wite th h do so), to submit reports on the administration of the territory, and fullest freedo tako mt e par discussionn i t righe (h attaco l td s an s hi h to agree to transmit petitions. The Union continued to maintain that comment repory an o t ts issued e UnioTh . n Government apparently its international function of administration was exercised on behalf refused.( e committeTh r>) e then announced tha t wouli t d proceed e Leaguoth f e Unite f Nationsth eo f o dt Nationsno , . with its task on the basis of such information and documents as were e GovernmenTh t Printer, Pretoria s issueha , a dWhit e Paper available t receiveI . d several petitions, e.g. froe Revmth . Michael describing negotiations conducted in 1952 and 1953(5). The ad hoc ; Scott, from representative e Namth f o sa Hcrcr d Beran o g Damara committee on South-West Africa was reconstituted in January 1952, tribes requesting (ha a tUnilc. d Nations Commissioo t sene t li nou t and was asked to confer with the Union concerning means of imple- ; examine laws and conditions in the. territory; and from the Anli- mentin advisore gth y opinio e Internationath f no l Court (i.e. thae th t . Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society of Britain suggesting that t competenUniono s wa n o alte t te territory' th r s status unless with South-West Afric partitionee b a d betwee Principae Unioe th n th d nan l the consent of United Nations, that the General Assembly was qualified Allied Powers of the first world war. to exercise supervisory functions over the administration, and that Meanwhile e Unioth , n Government introduce e Soitth-Westh d 1 e Unioth n Governmen s unde wa tn obligatioa r o rendet n r reports Africa Native Affairs Administration Bill which subsequently became transmio t d an t petitions). • law as Act No. 56 of 1954. In terms of this legislation, the adminis- Discussions took place between the committee and representatives tratio f Nativo n e e Affairterritorth n i s y will s froa , Apri1 m l 1955, of the Union Government in 1952 and 1953, but proved inconclusive. e transferreb d fro Administratoe mth f South-Weso r t Africa (whs oha The Union Government repeated a suggestion it had made earlier: . acted unde e directioth r d controe Governor-Generalan nth f o l o t 1) that a new instrument embodying the spirit of the mandate should be the Union Ministe f Nativo r e Affairs e territorTh . y will maka e concluded between the Union and the three remaining Principal financial contribution to the Union for the purpose amounting to Allied Powers of the first world war acting as principals and not as one-fortieth of the toal annual expenditure from its Revenue Fund agents of the United Nations. Were this done, the Union would make plus £50.000 annually (this figure later to be revised'1. In explaining reportadministratioe th n o s e territorth f o n y availabl o theset e three his reasons for the introduction of the Bill, the Minister of Native Powers e committeTh . e too viee kth w that negotiation agreen a r sfo - Affairs said tha r initiativth t comd eha e fro (Europeane mth ) represent- ment could be undertaken only by the United Nations acting through e territor ativeth e Unio th f o sn i yn Parliament. Ever since th e an agency appointed by and responsible to it. mandate, the Union Government had enjoyed full administrative and Novemben I r 195 Generae 3th l Assembly adopte resolutionso dtw , legislative authority in regard to Native affairs in South-Wcst Africa, vote8 wit1 4 abstentions 0 o y 1 ht vote6 swit1 b 4 2 o y 1 ht sb d an , d secondmentan f stafso f took d froplacan . o t eAnnua l reportn so abstentions respectively. One resolution reiterated previous resolu- the administration of Native affairs in the territory would in future tions to the effect that the territory be placed under the International be tabled in Parliament. Trusteeship System e otheTh . r affirmed that supervisioe th f o n In its report prepared for the 1954 session of United Nations) administration of South-Wcst Africa, though it should not exceed the seven-member committee has suggested a new formula : that the that which applied unde e mandateth r s system, shoul e exerciseb d d territor e placeb y d under United Nations guardianship (insteaf o d by the United Nations itself. It appealed to the Union to reconsider the International Trusteeship System), annual reports on its adminis- its position continuo t , e negotiations wit committee th h e wit ha vie w tration being submitte e Generath o t d l Assembly. Unless South e fulth l o t implementatio e Internationath f no l Court's advisory Africa's concurrence was forthcoming, it was likely that stalemate opinion, to resume submission of reports on the administration of the had been reached, for the United Nations was not empowered to go territory, and to transmit any petitions received from inhabitants. beyond the functions of the League of Nations in this matter, and the In terms of this resolution, a seven-member committee was established unanimity principle had applied in the Council of the League. It to examine such informatio e territor s th available wa n o ns a y o t , was thus suggested that if the new formula should be approved by a examine any reports or petitions received, and to continue negotiating large majority in the General Assembly, but not by South Africa, the with the Union. Members of the committee, appointed during International Cour f Justico t e shoul e askeb d d whethe a two-thirdr s December, were Brazil, Mexico, Norway, Pakistan, Syria, Thailand voting majority in the Assembly would in future suffice.(7) d Uraguayan , wit r ThanehM t Khoman Thailandf o , s chairmana , . e commen Se Prime th ) 6 y ( eb t Ministe Assemblye th n y 1954i r Ma , 4 ,Hansar d This committe ee Uniowrotth o t ne Governmen n Januari t y U, Col. 4486. 1954, urgin o resumt t gi e submissioeth f reporto n d invitinan s ga ( ) The President of (lie General Assembly later- ruled thnt a submission lo 7 r the International Court was unnecessary. The question was subsequently ( ') Soulh-Wcst Africa. Documents Keliitiny Discussionsto Unitedthe at re-opened, however, and the General Assembly decided to request this Nations January 1952 to December 1953 (1954). Court's advice. 28 A SURVE F RACYO E . RELATIONS: 1953-54 29 The South African representative is reported to have said, during a meeting of the Trusteeship Committee, that it was the conviction • land Protectorates e administereb o t , n accordancdi e wite th h s governmenohi f t thae mandatth t d lapsedha e d tha o legaan ,n t l term d conditionan s s embodie e Schedul th e Sout th n i d o ht e international obligation was thus recognized in connection with the ; Africa Act, 1909 r suc,o h other term e d conditionb an s y ma s a s administration of the territory. .;.. agreed upon between the two Governments concerned, should '•• take place as soon as possible. This House consequently urges United Nations International Labour Office Committee on that, wit n viewi h d thi, en simmediat e steps shoul e takeb d n Forced Labour ; towards the resumption of the negotiations between the said two The findings of the nil hoc committee on forced labour appointed Covmnnenls at ihc stage reached al (he; outbreak of war in by the United Nations and the International Labour Office were 1939". summarize r lasou t Surveyn di (8) .s Sout a Briefly r fa h o Africs , s wa a concerned, the committee found that, in an indirect sense, a system of The Prime Minister pointed out that he was not at the present forced labou d existdi r , since Africans were compelled througe th h [ stage suggesting a petition of both Houses to the British Government, pass laws and similar legislation to contribute by their labour to the | upon which termn i , s of Section 151 of the South Africa Act, the implementation of the economic policies of the country. , , latter might make the transfer. Such petition would be submitted, however- . e resumptioth f i , f negotiationo n visualizew a no so t d le d Towards the end of 1953, the Union Government sent a communi- atisfactory conclusion. e Internationacatioth o t n l Labou e Economir th Offic d d an e an c s Social Counci f U.No l . refutin e accusationth g s levelled agains; t j The Leader of the Opposition moved an amciidment(12) con- South Africa. (") The pass laws, it was said, had been introduced with . demning the attempt to reinforce diplomatic negotiations by Parlia- the sole aim of controlling the migration of Africans to the towns, ' ! mentary pressure. It was, he said, in the interests of South Africa where housing and other facilities were totally inadequate because of ' : that negotiations should take place, but he urged that the Prime the vast influx during recent years. Labour bureaux had been provided1 ;.-'; Ministe contemplatedw no r shouly t wa procee no e d th .n di to guide the movement, but were not used to prohibit work-seekert from accepting any employment that was available; and no compulsion lengthA ,.. y debate then ensuee Unioth n i dn Parliament. While £.' the debate was proceeding in South Africa, the British Prime Minister whatever was exercised in persuading any person to go to a particular^, 1S area or to take up employment in a specified industry. questiones wa ; '•matte e House th th n d o n Commonsrf i eo replied(e H . ) e pledgear e d"W sinc Soute eth ho t f 190 Africo t t 9no Ac a Membershi f Unitepo d Nations Organizations transfer Bechuanaland, Basutoland and Swaziland until their announces wa t I 195f do towardd 3 tha en Unio e e th ts th n Govern- inhabitants have been consulted, and until the United King- men s seriouslwa t y considering withdrawing fro e Worlmth d Health- dom Parliament has had an opportunity of expressing its view. Organization, the Food and Agricultural Organization, and General Hertzog himsel 192n i f 5 said longeo tha Partn s s hi t rywa U.N.E.S.C.O e PrimTh . e Minister confirme e •e reporth th d n i t 10 prepared to incorporate in the Union any territory unless the Assembly on 4 May 1954,( ) stating that the main reason for the inhabitants wished it. It is in the interests, as it is also the desire, suggestio f economy o d beee ha n non t tha bu n additio,i t n Cabinet of this countr f Souto d hy an Africa thae friendshith t p which member d considereha s d thaUnioe th td gaine nha d very little from; developes ha stronglo ds y betwee oves nyeare u th r s should remain. membership of these bodies. Furthermore, U.N.E.S.C.O. had,- Therefore I sincerely hope that Dr Malan and his Government exceeded its powers by attacking South Africa's internal policy^ with who e havmw e hitherto happily co-operate o mans n yo d After full consideration, however, the Government had decided, lot problems we share in common, will not needlessly press an issue the present at least, not to withdraw from membership. on which we could not fall in with their view without failing in our trust." Control of the High Commission Territories In the House of Assembly, on 12 April 1954, the Prime Ministef.ji e formeTh r Labour Colonial Secretary said thae Britisth t h moved :(u) t •' -.^Opposition welcomed this statement and joined in the hope that the "That this House resolves that the transfer to the Union 0 1'iGovcrnincnt of South Africa would not pursue the matter. Speaking governmene th Basutolanf o t Bechuanalane th d dan v S d dan fin the House of Lords, the Commonwealth Relations Secretary said

^Ithat in the conditions which existed at the present time, the Govern- ()8 Survey of Race Relations, 1952—53, page 21. 9 Unitee 'inenth f o td Kingdom preparee woulb t no d recommeno dt d ( ) See Hansard No. 2, 9 February 1954, Col. 298, and State Informal |fthe transfer. Office Monthly Digest, April 1954. ("> l 4484) Co Hansar, .13 . dNo (") Hansard No. 11, Col. 3769. Hansard No. 11, Col. 3803. Union Assembly ColHansar, II . 3%8No d . 30 A SURVEY OF1 3 RACE •'' RELATIONS: 1953-54 Dr Malan commented in the House of Assembly on Sir Winston's •',': Frazicr, of Washington, being elected Chairman, Mr Quint in Whytc

reply ()w , saying that: South Africa and Britain had always co-operated '•'].'] Vice-Chairman, and Dr W. C). Brown, of Boston, Secretary. This wel d muse futurean lth I tn shoul" i continu .o s o dd lik o et retaio et . • n society will co-ordinate report f researcso h into race relation mann i s y England's friendshi I shoul d an pd lik o co-operatt e e with England. '•'•/, worlde partth oped f s o contac an p , nu t between student subjecte th f so . I should like to do so hand in hand . . . hut where the interests of On return, Mr Whytc said that his main impression had been the South Africa com againsp eu t thos Englanf eo . theSouta . s . dna h sens f urgenco e y which permeate e conferenceth d e adjustmenth : t African I am not prepared to crawl. J want to negotiate on an equal | of race relationa worl e b s held o wa t sdpriority . Secondly, (.he footing." : feeling that white dominatio d supremacan n y were passins wa g Dr Malan's motion was then passed by 75 votes to 31. expressed timd timan e e again. Emphasiw ne e s placeth wa s n o d shift of power, away from Europe and the West, to the East. There Durin debatee Aprilg4 th 1 Institute n o th , e release followine dth g d beeha n great restrain n dealini t s felg twa wite Uniont i th h t bu , press statement: that South Africa constituted one of the most crucial areas in the world. "The South African Institute of Race Relations considers At the end of the period under review, Dr Ellen Hellman, the e Higth hf o thal a e decisiotim al r th t r fo eo n respecy i n an f o t Institute's President, left for Abidjan, French Ivory Coast, having Commission Territories will not airive until the Union has suc- been invite y U.N.E.S.C.O.'b d s Divisio f Sociano l Science atteno t s d ceeded in discharging its responsibilities in regard to its own racial conferenca f expert subjece o th n industrializatiof so o t d urbaninan - problems. Should the time arrive for this issue to be decided, zation in Africa South of the Sahara. tio e thredecisioth f eo n territorierespecy i n an f o t s shoule b d taken withou consene th t tlif to e peopl sucf eo h territor regards ya s Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference destiny.n itow s " e 195Th 4 Commonwealth Parliamentary Conferenc s helwa ed The Institute is now engaged in the preparation of a booklet on: in Nairobi during August, Kenya, the Rhodesias and the Union the High Commission Territories, which will contain factual inform- actin s joina g t hostse UnioTh . n invite e delegationth d s frol mal ation and arguments for and against transfer of control. self-governing territories to visit South Africa afterwards as guests of the Government, the invitation thus including delegates from International Conferences Pakistan and Ceylon but excluding those from non-self-governing 8 Earl 1954n i y r MauricM , e Webb membea , Institute'e th f o r ' ;| colonies t .represente no Indi s conferencee wa ath t da . Executive Committe a pas d t an ePresident , attende a dconferenc e > n Raco e Relation e Commonwealtth n i s h convene e Royath y lb d Institute of International Affairs and held in Lahore. He reported V GENERAL SOUTH AFRICAN AFFAIRS afterwards that all nations of the Commonwealth had been represented, . ^ Population Figures the South African delegation including e maiexponentth nl al f o s trends of thought in the country. The policy of "differential develop- , 9J Further details have become available of the 1951 census, and mcnt," put forward by certain of the South Africans, had evoked Anncxurn i t somou pagn t o 1 f thesparticulase f e1 eo o e 160s i ear 1 1 . r strong criticism from all the other delegations. Representatives of' fj interest (ha than ti t year proportione th , varioue th f so s groups living British African territories looked to the emergence in Africa of "white ' |f in urban areas were 78. e Whitesr centth 4pe f o , , 64. r cent4pe f o , the Coloured people, 77. Asiatice r centth 5pe f d 27.o , r san cent 2pe , creative minorities." of the Africans. During July, Mr Quinlin Whytc, Director of the Institute, attended |j a conference in Honolulu on Race Relations in World Perspective, 3 The estimated mid-year population for 1954 is 2,805,000 Whites, Thirty-six scholars and experts drawn from a variety of disciplines 1,209,000 Coloured people, 399,000 Asiatics and 8,980,000 Africans. were invited to this conference, which was sponsored by the Universities National Registration of Hawaii, California and Chicago, and financed by the Ford and Mclnerncy Foundations t soughI . poo o essentiae t t th l l concrete daty3 The Bureau of Census and Statistics has arranged for professional and analyses of race relations in different areas and to evolve a concep* .a photographer o takt se photograph th e e Europeath f o s n population tual framewor subsequenr fo k t studies appropriat e world-widC"th o et S which are required for identity cards to be issued under the Population proportions and the-critical significance of the problem. At thll^' Registration Act of 1950, and this work was commenced in Pretoria conference worlw ne da , organization e Internationath , l Society for* during January 1954, and on the Witwalcrsrand in September. the Scientific Study of Race Relations, was formed, Dr Franklin" e registratioTh s proceede f ha Africao n n me nd independently, the identity cards being combined with reference books. Details ("•) , HansnnCol11 .. 3970No l . are given on page 43. 32 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1953-54 33 e Cos f Th Livino t g that patterns of expenditure probably differ as between European and e InstitutTh f Raco e e Relation s recentlha s y revise s cost-ofit d ' - Non-European familie e samth en i sincom e group. living figures, previously calculate 194 n d"averagen i 1950d a r 4an fo , " Thi a matte s si somr fo r e concern e indeth uses s a guidxi a , s da e African famil Johannesburgn i y , consistin a worker f go • s wifd hi , an e when minimum wages and eosl-of living allowances arc determined. 1 three childre d 1£an yearn0 1 age , s 14 respectively^d ) e WagTh e Board s recentlit n i , y issued repor r 1951fo t , gives support It was found that the minimum monthly expenditure on basic to this contention.(3) necessities (i.e. food, rent, transport, fuel, cleaning materials, clothing, During 1954 learninn o , g thastatisticae th t l sectioBureae (h f no u d taxan ) amounte 1954n i 10s 3 r . centincreasn a ,pe £2 4d . 2 ,o 3 dt f eo of Censu d Statistican s s beinwa s g re-organi/ed e Institutth , e again over 1950; whereas the average minimum family income, which • wrote to the Director of the Bureau, urging that budget surveys be amounted to £15 18s. 4d. per month, rose by only 24 per cent, in . conducted among families in the lower income groups in order (hat the same period e deficiTh montha 195n . i thu s t. lls7 4£ 5d wa s. , an index more relevant to them could be issued. He replied that no d increaseha d an d considerably. financial provisio r thifo ns wor d beeha k n made e InstitutTh . s ha e The diet used in calculating the family expenditure was one now approache e Ministe th e dInterio th f o r r requesting thae th t prepared some years previousl e Householth y b y d Organize, e th f o r necessary fund allocatee b s purposee th r dfo . Johannesburg Non-European Affairs Department which "goes some' way towards meeting essential requirements, with due regard to Legislation Passed in 1953 which Affected Race Relations Native custom and taste." The cost of this diet increased from At the request of the Executive Committee, the Institute's Director 18s. 4 £74d .£1 195 10sn i d . .0an 3d lid. monta 4s . 1 194n h£1 i o 4t addressed the Council meeting in January 1954, on "A Review of e las f th theso t n i n 1953i e d yearsan , n "averag a f usei , y db e "family •• Recent Legislation."(4) After full discussion e findingth , f Councio s l would have absorbed 94 per cent, of the family income. Because wer s followsea : other items sucl s renta i , transport .tad xan , were essentials, African. s I. The Council has taken note of the review of legislation passed were obviously t theiforcecu ro t doutla n food clothinyo an d g well in 1953, and, while confirming the actions and attitudes adopted belo e minimuwth m requiree maintenancth r fo d f healto e d an h by the Executive Committee generally, records in particular efficiency. To bridge this gap between income and necessary ex- ;. e followinth g comments upon e Actsomth sf o ereviewe — d: penditurc, families also resorted to brewing, taking in unauthorized (a) Whil e morth e e adequate machinery provided undee th r lodgers, etc. Native Labour (Settlemen e welb f Disputeso -o l t s i t Ac ) In Annexure III, page 161, further details of the Institute's surveys, comed, it would have been preferable in principle, simpler are given, and results arc compared with those obtained by the. in practice, and more conducive to good race relations Johannesburg and Pretoria Municipalities and the National Building/ e definitioth if f "employeeo n e Industriath n "i l Concilia- Research Institute. d beeha ntiot extendenAc includo dt l Africanseal . (4) The explicit introduction of the principle of inequality in Inde f Retaixo l Prices .'•; the provision of facilities in the Reservation of Separate e BureaTh f Censuuo d Statistican s s issues figures comparine gth Amenitie e deploreb s o Actt s s retrogressivei ,a d , unjust, weighted average inde f retaixo l e ninpriceth er principafo s l urban'- and not in accord with accepted democratic principles. areas with a base figure of 100 in 1938. The average figure for 1953 (c) The transfer of African education to the Department of l itemss 192.al r wa 4fo . Individual items were food 225.7, fued an l Native Affairs under the Bantu Education Act is unsound in light 136.8, renwatetand r 146.3, clothing 288.5 sundrieand , s 162.5.(') principle and undesirable in practice. e budgeTh t surve whicn yo h these index number e calculatear s d (d) The Separate Representation of Voters Act, which it is was conducted in 1936 amongst European families in the £225 .to now proposed to validate, is unjust, retrogressive and, in £450 income grpup. The Institute has on several occasions pointed', light of experience ol the communal franchise in other out that the index is therefore not fully applicable to those f am ilia countries, likely to increase, rather than diminish, racial whose incom s beloi e w £22 r annum5pe n whici , h grou e verth py friction. large majority of Non-Europeans are included; and furthermore ' e CounciTh (e) l recognize orded san tharw musla t maine b t - tained, but considers the Public Safety Act to be object- (') Investigations and calculations by Miss Olive Gibson, assisted by the ionable in that it is based on the dangerous principle ol' ; Institute's Presiden d othersan t . (-) From Hull dins of Statistics lor August and March 1954, Tables K8 and ) U.G3 ( . 45/1953, pag. 34 e 7 respectivelyK . s . S/.54pape (*s issueHi )KR wa . rs u d 34 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1953-54 35 substituting lor tlic rule of law the virtually uncontrolled opinion that enmity between Europeans and Non-Europeans would supremac e Executivth f yo e Government. causede b r troublo , e would ensue a particula f i , r meetin s helr gwa do (/) The wide provisions of the Criminal Law Amendment iparticulaa l r person addresseempowereds wa e li discretion s , dit hi n i , , Act and the harsh penalties it imposes curtail democratic to prohibit the meeting or to prohibit the person from addressing right d frefulo st an el criticis f legislationmo . prohibio t r o persoe , it th t n from addressin meetingy gan certaia n si n e CounciTh . II l considers thae legislatioth t n reviewet no s i d area for a fixed period. He was also empowered to prohibit the person conduciv o bettet e e presenr th relation d futuro t an t r eno s concerned from being within a certain area for a staled period; no welfare of the Union. hearin s providegwa r beforfo d e such actio s takenwa n , but f askei , d subsequentlyo s o d o t Ministee th , requires wa r furniso dt statemenha t III. (a) This Council, holding that it is the essence of democracy o e freasons actio th suchi f r s coulo ha nfo s e discloseb d d without that there should be free inter-action of thought and . detriment to public policy. opinion between those o goverar wh d e thos o an n wh e governed, considers that it is a primary duty of the citizens •In terms of the Suppression of Communism Act of 1950, as oa countrf o maintait y n constant vigilance ovee th r amended a liquidato, s appointewa r o compilt d a elisf nameo t f o s legislation and work of the government of the day. It official r activo s e supporter f organizationo s s deemed unlawful under s noteha d with great concer a ntendenc o regart y e th d the Act, after asking such persons to show cause why their names rights of citizens to full and free discussion and criticism should not be included. Those whose names arc listed may, in terms of legislative and administrative proposals put forward oa subsequenf t Supreme Court decision, petitio e Courtth n o t s by the Government as having lapsed once the Bills have investigate the correctness of the facts of their membership or active become Acts and the administrative proposals have been support of the unlawful organization. approve e Governmentth y b d . e MinisteTh s empoweredwa r s discretionhi n i , o ordet , r those (b) The Institute conceives it as its duty to promote the listed to resign from any organization and to prohibit them from acceptance of the principles upon which it has, after attending gatherings. He was also empowered to prohibit persons earnest deliberation, agreed. If legislation is introduced t listeno d from attending gathering e possesseh f i s d information r measureo e proposedar s , which conflict with these indicating that they were disseminating communist propaganda. The A principles e Institutth , e must endeavou- e o brint th r o t g term "communist, t i wil"e rememberedb l s definei , d extremely the public notice the objections to such legislation and widely. The only recourse of persons receiving such orders was to measures, paying attentio particulan ni derogatioy an o t r n petition the courts to set aside the orders on the ground that the from basic human rights. governmen td faithacte ba r ultrao n ,i d virese lawth r withouo , t (c) It is, further, the duty of the Institute to observe with the , • applyin e issue s minth it g o .t d greatest care the administration of legislation, with Johnso nf thos o o receiveNgwcvel e ewh on n ordes a d wa ar pro- A special reference to the operation of the untrammelled' hibiting him for two years from attending gatherings. He was sub- ~* discretionary powers which arc increasingly being vested | sequently convicted in the Magistrate's Court, Cape Town, of contra- e governmentth n i individuan i , l Ministers d evenan , n i , vening this orde attendiny b r gmeetina t whicga h protests were made th e Reservatio th cas f o e f Separato n e Amenities Act, against certain legislative Acts. His appeal was dismissed by the in other individuals. Supreme Court but upheld by the Appeal Court, which held that (d) Council recommends to the Executive that a sub-committee before the Minister exercised his powers under the Suppression of o watct e administrativp th u h t se e b e applicatiof o n Communism Act to issue an order of prohibition from the attendance legislation with particular y conflicregaran o t dt wit h; .g j t gatheringsa e persoth , n concerned shoul e notifieb d d permittean d d basic human rights. shoo t ordewe causth y r shoulissuede wh b suct o N dno h. opportunity

V had been afforded to Ngwcvela. The Appeal Court added that the Action under the Riotous Assemblies and Suppression of principle audi al.te.ram fiarlcm should apply unles cleas i t i s r that Parlia- Communism Acts ment has expressly or by necessary implication enacted that it should e NgivevelaTh case created some confusio beginnine th t a n thef go , not apply. ^ year; and before describing the Appeal Court ruling and the Govern-.'; $ Fiv ed beepersonha no prohibitewh s d from attending gatherings mcnt's subsequent legislative action t i wil, l clarify matterh t f i s except of a limited nature and who had subsequently been found I previous positio s summarizedi n . guilty of having done so I hen appealed successfully against their Riotouterme n I th f so s Assemblie Criminad san Amendmentw La l . :^ conviction e grounth n o sd thae prohibitioth t n order d beeha s n null f 1914o s amended7 a 2 , . e ActMinisteth No ,f i , f Justico r s of?-'Jewa j and void. After some confusion it emerged that prohibition orders RELATIONS: 1953-54 37 36 A SURVEY OF RACE numbeA f furtheo r r banning order s beeha s n issued since th e issue n termi d f theo s ' Riotous Assemblie t wer t affectedAc s no e t bu , t becamAc e lawn somI . e cases these have prohibite e personth d s notices issued unde e Suppressioth r f Communisno t prohibitinmAc g concerned from attending all gatherings without exception unless persons from attending gathering d becomha s e invalid unlese th s special permission is obtained; in orders issued previously, gatherings persons concerne d beeha d n afforde e opportunitth d f makino y g oa bonaf fide religious, social r recreationao , l nature were excluded representations in their own defence. from the prohibition. In the meanwhile, the Government had found that an elaborate The Institute of Race Relations once again drew the attention procedur s necessarwa e y before persons considere communiste b o t d s of Member f Parliameno s e facth t o t that t whil t i eshare d their coul preventee db d from sittin Parliamenn gi r Provinciao t l Councils. resolute oppositio communismo t n d whilan , t considereei d thae th t Therpreveno t s nothinw ewa la t n i gthe m from being nominated, Government must hav powee eth proteco t r societr ou t y against threats d oncan e nominated, they coul t withdrawdno f theI . y were elected safetys s anxiouit wa o t t i , s tha assuminn i i g such powe e Governth r - they coul expellee db d onl a Selec f yi t Committee thereafter reported ment should tak o actioen n which would endange e fundamentath r l that they were communist defines sa tiin i de Act. principles upon whic e wholth h e struclur f westero e n civilization The Government then introduced the Rinlous Assemblies and res ted. (5) Suppression of Communism Amendment Bill, which became law in April as Act No. 15 of 1954. This provided, firstly, that the Minister was Refusa f Passporto l Visad an s s entitled to issue orders prohibiting "named" persons or those convicted The Supreme Court, Pretoria, ruled in December 1953(6) that unde e Suppressioth r f Communiso n t fromAc m membershif o p althoug a hpasspor d cancelle te calle e an b coul th p t u dy no db d certain organization r froo s m attending gathering descriptioy an f so n Minister of the Interior during its period of validity, the passport without giving them the opportunity of making representations in regulations contained no guarantee by the Minister that he would their defence or without furnishing his reasons. No question of discrc- • renew a passport on application. 'I'he Minister had previously said(7) involveds lionwa poine th persoe t ; issu th a s whethet t ewa n no r o r that he adhered to the view that the possession of a passport was not was a named communist. a right but a privilege and it was in the discretion of the Government The Minister was also empowered, in his discretion, to prohibit , issuo r nott o t e.i persons not listed from attending gatherings if he possessed informa- Professor Z. K. Matthews (at present Acting Principal of the tion indicating thai they were disseminating communist propaganda. : University College of Fort Hare) was invited by the sponsors to attend hearino N g neeprovides grantede db wa t i t d, bu , thaso askef o i t d o dt the Conference on Race Relations in World Perspective at Honolulu the Minister would furnish the person concerned with a statement in e Institute'Julth ys 1954wa s s a ,Director . Professor Matthews' settin e reasons actiot sucth hi gou f r s coulo ha n fo s e discloseb d d passport was refused. The Institute's Director took this refusal up without detriment to public policy. Banning orders previously with the Minister of and Secretary for the Interior, but was informed issued to such persons, unless lime expired, were rcvalidatcd. thae decisioth t n reversede coulb t e Institutdno Th . e then arranged Secondly prohibitet Ac e th , d "named" person thosd san e convicted a question lo be put in the Assembly. offencn oa f e unde e Suppressioth r f Communisno t fromAc m offering e Ministe Th Interioe th f o r r replicd(8) that, during 1953, passports themselve r electiofo s Parliameno nt a Provincia r o t l Council unless had been refused to nine African, two Coloured and 26 Asiatic applic- permission had been obtained from the Minister or from Parliament e publi,th .n i c: t interesno s o furnist twa ants t I h. e reasonth r fo s and provided that, if elected without obtaining such permission, they refusal of passports. He had previously said(°) thai 19,144 applications would be ineligible to sit as members. for passports were grante refused8 totaa 5 1953n di d f o l an , . Under the Riotous Assemblies Act of 1914 the Minister has been In July 1954, a party of Americans headed by Dr Emory Ross, empowere prohibio t d l publial t c gathering placen i s whico t s e hth Presiden e Phclps-Stokcth f o t s Fund s refusewa , a groud p viso t a publi d accesha c n specifiei s d area r specifiefo s d periods n termI . s toue Union th e rpurpos e partTh th . f yo e (which includeo tw d of the new Act his powers were widened : he may now prohibit any Negroes) was, as stated by their leader, to get glimpses of Africa and particular public gathering l sucal hr o ,gatherings y publian ; n ci , place for a specified period or on certain days of the week. . 30/5(•">KK )1 . ;iii37/51KR d , re-issned. n I dismissin ) n ( n appean g y Mrsli l . Jolianna Vellncr (l>oni Cornelius), Further provisions of the Act were that persons wishing to petition actinj.: general secretary of the Garment Workers' Union. e courtth s agains e liquidator'th t s actio listinn ni g their names must (7) Assembly, 8 Scpteml>cr 1953 ITansarrl No. 9 of 11th rarlianienl, Cnls. do so within twelve months of their naming; and that it is an offence ' 3067/3069. («) Assembl , Col13 y y1954 .. S70.SMa MansarNo . 8 2 . f o d in future for recordings of speeches by persons banned from attending 9 meeting playee b o sl t suc da h meetings. ( ) Assembly, '•) February 1954. Hansard No. 2, Col. £>7. 38 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1953-54 39 cither to correct misconceptions in the United States or to provide Campbell in the Transkei and Mr L. I. Rubin (Liberal) in the rest knowledge where previously there had been none. Dr Emory Ross e Capeth f o . Elections will taJ< ee Nata plac th Transvaald r an lfo e - was, however, granted a personal visa to enable him to visit Johannes- Orange Free State representatives. burd Capan g e Tow o delivet n e Institute'th r s Hocrnlc Memorial Native Affairs Commission Lecture. Mr J. J. Scrfontein, M.P., resigned from the Native Affairs Bishop Frederick X. Jordan, a Negro prelate from the United Commission during the year and was replaced by Mr W. A. Marec, States of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, was t iNeln . MentzWe ,195 E M.P. c . d F 3. r ,C ,M M.P.. D . d ,M an r M.PM . refuse a visad t thibu ,s decisio s reversenwa n 1954di . . SpieT . A s r continuM e membersb o t e d thean ,y wil joinee b l y b d e Administratoth f South-Weso r t Africa whe e South-Westh n t Africa VI MATTERS AFFECTING SPECIFIC GROUPS Native Affairs Administratio broughs i t nAc t into effect.

Parliamentary Representation of Africans Taxation of Africans 2 It will be recalled that Mr Sam Kahn and Mr Brian Bunting) The Minister of Finance said recently^ ) that during the financial in turn elected to the Assembly by Africans of the Cape Western year 1952/53, Africans paid £1,486,485 in general (poll) lax, circle, were each unseated after Parliament had adopted Select £27.4,06 locan 7i l tax, £60,07 Orange th quitrcntn 8i n i ed Frean , e Committee majority reports that they were communists as defined State, £19,177 in hospital tax. The amount they paid in income tax in the Suppression of Communism Act. Miss Ray Alexander, whose e determineb coul t no d d because separate records wer t kepr no e fo t lise f officialo th t n d activnamo an s eewa supporter organizationf so s the various racial groups (nor, of course, could the amount paid in deemed unlawful, was then nominated for the vacant seat, together indirect taxatio assessed.e nb ) with two other candidates. She was elected by a large majority, e 195th t 4A sessioe Uniteth f o nd Transkeian Territories General but in the meanwhile Act No. 15 of 1954(1) had become law, and Council (Bunga) t tha e Governmena motio,pu th t s wa n e askeb t d s immediateln termi wa f thiso e s sh , y e notifieMinisteth y b df o r to tax the African people according to their means and not at the Justice a tha"named s a t t competenno "s persowa tako e t r t nsh ehe flat rat t presenea t applie l thosal o et d whose income c beloar s e wth seat. The Speaker of the House of Assembly thereupon announced leve t whica l h incom x becometa e s payable EuropeaA . n official that the scat was again vacant. replied that the Bunga's Finance Committee recommended that the question of evolving a more equitable system be referred to the Inter- A few weeks later the Representation of Natives Amendment Bill (which departmental Committee on Native Taxation. The main difficulty- became Act No. 36 of 1954) was introduced. Its main purpose was was that of finding a way of determining the means ol peasant farmers. to allow the Covernor-Gcneral or the Administrator of the Cape Province to postpone a by-clcction for a Native Representative in Financial Protectio f Africanno s the Senate, House of Assembly, or Cape Provincial Council when the A notic s beeha e n gax.etted(3) providing thay collectoan t r o r earliest date on which this by-election could be held was within six organization asking Africans for money must be properly registered month expire perioe th th f r whicf so yo d fo representative hth e would controlledd an orden i , preveno t r t abuses which have, occurree th n di have been elected. As the next election of Natives Representatives past. n Decembei e du s rwa 1954 by-electioo ,n s therefornwa ee helth n i d Cape Western circle to fill the vacancy. Operation of Influx and Efflux Control and Labour Bureaux . Ballingcnexe AL th t. t M election . V r s (EibcralMr , returnes )wa d Mr E. Thackcr, in charge of the administration of influx and unopposed to the Cape Eastern scat in the Assembly : results in the efTlux control in Johannesburg, kindly addressed the Institute's other two Cape circles are not known at the time of going to press. Executive Committe Juln ei y 1954replied an , numerouo dt s questions. e candidateth f e Capo th e n ei s On Wester . LeenB . circles-L r M , He has subsequently supplied the inlbrmalion from which the following Warden, was banned from attending gatherings after he had been picture has been constructed. nominated. As he has not been "named" he is unaffected by Act In terms of Section 10 of the Natives (Urban Areas) Consolidation No. 15 of 1954; but it is so far uncertain whether, if he should be Act, as amended, no African is entitled to remain in an urban or elected, Parliament would be deemed a "gathering" in terms of the proclaimed are r morfo a e tha hour2 7 n s unless: Suppression of Communism Act. (a) he was born and permanently resides in the area concerned; So far as the four seats for African representatives in the Senate arc concerned candidateo tw , s were returned, H unoppose . W r M d: (") Assembly, 2.f I'ebmary 19>1. Hansar ! HMMCo , -I di (1) See ps-.gc 36. (") Governient Notice No. 600, gazetted 26 March 1954. SURVEA F RACYO E 40 RELATIONS: 1953-54 41 (/;) he has worked continuously there for one employer for at least 10 years, or has lawfully remained continuously in with work-seekers' permits and may then themselves seek employment th et leas a are years5 r 1 td fo adurin an , g thit s no tim s ha e or may accept employment o/lcrcd by the labour bureau. If there been sentenced to imprisonment without the option of a e vacanciear e tow r th certai fo nn i s n categorie f workero s s only line (or a period of over seven days or with the option of a their e endorsepermitb y ma indicatso t d e that seethey kma y work fine for a period of more than one month; or exclusively in the categories concerned. The period of validity of the e Africa e wifeth (cth ) s ,i n unmarried daughter n undeso r ro , permit t sles musno s thae b t n seve r morno e tha days4 1 n Johan n i : - taxpaying age (18 years) of an African mentioned in (a) nesburg they are valid for 14 days and three extensions of 14 days may ) abov (b ordinarild r ean o y resides with himr o ; stils i ln unemploye ma e given b a I I . d after thi s unwillini tim d ean g (rf) lie or she has obtained permission from the urban local to accept such employment as the bureau is able to offer, he is then authority. endorsed out of the area. Employers arc required to notify the local These provisions apply to all. Africans, but until recently have not labour burea l vacancieal f o u r Africafo s n workers o advist d t i ean , been introduced generally so far as women and Africans with exemp- within thre e discharg th day f o s r engagemeno e n Africana f o t . tion certificate c concernedar s . Durin e yeath g r under review, The e permitteyar engago t d e registered work-scckcrs only. Place- ments that have been effected through labour bureau c detailear x d however e Ministeth , f Nativo r e Affair s directeha s d that they shall on page 124. e applieb evero t d y Africa Capn i n e Tow d certainan n other areas. This decision is dealt with below. In Johannesburg, where the system is further developed than in African men already working in an urban area who do not fall many other towns e Citth ,y Counci s arrangini l n informatioa r gfo n office to be established at the station to guide newcomers. All Africans into one of the classes described may remain in their present employ- on reporting to the registering office arc medically examined, and ment until discharged. Then, if they arc Union citizens or nave disabilitie c takear s n into consideration when employmen r thefo t m e Higth thei f ho r Commissio e homeon n i s n Territories, thee ar y is found. Those requiring medical attentio appropriate senc th nar o t t e rc-rcgistcrc f suitabli d e employment f noti exists e referred ,ar an , d clinic r hospitalo s d coverinan s g permits arc. issued whilst thec ar y to the nearest district labour bureau and given the choice of accepting receiving treatment. available work outside the proclaimed area or returning home. The s understooi t I d that becaus e tendencth f o e Soutn yi h Africo t a positio fron mme f otheno r African territorie deals si t with below. regar Africanl dal unskilles a s d labourers, difficult beins yi g experienced Africans wishing to enter an urban or proclaimed area to seek work 4 labouy b r bureau classifyinn xi g them. Further fror l employerfa ,m al s are now required( ) to register with the labour bureau serving the and work-scckcrs yet understand or comply with the regulations, area they wish to leave. It is only the employment officer of this bureau and certain persons are making high profits from forging permits. who may grant them permission to enter a prescribed area, and he has The system is also giving rise to many cases of individual hardship. first to obtain authority from his Regional Employment Commissioner. t I mus e acknowledgeb t d that only five years have elapsed Thus permission to leave an area has to be obtained as well as per- since the enabling Act was passed.(5) and a completely new network mission to enter a prescribed area. of machinery then had to be set up. The fact remains, however, All male newcomers to urban areas except those on visits of under that any attempt to regiment the movements of hundreds of thousands 72 hour e requirear s o report d t their presenc e Registerinth o t e g of African workers and to induce employers to comply with cumber- Officer appointe urbae th y nb d local authority f the I e seekin. yar g some regulations must cause difficulty and hardship. work and have left a non-prescribed area without obtaining the Influx control is operated even more strictly in the Western Cape necessary permission e Registerinth , g Office s obligei r refeo dt r them s elsewherthai t i ne Union th e Ministe n Th i e . f Nativo r e Affairs e nearesth o t t district labour bureau, which operate n respeci s f o t recently said(fi) tha floe Africanf th two e Westerth o t s n Province must employment in non-prescribed areas. If they have obtained such e verb y carefully controlled e arrivath f d familieo l an , s muse b t permission and there is work available, they are given authority to severely discouraged, because this area must be looked upon as the remain and work in the town. Africans who are refused permission preserv Colouree th f eo d worker, whose futur ethreatenede b mus t no t . o remait appeay Chiee th ma n o ft l Native Commissioner againse th t decisioe Registerinth f o n g Officer. Positio f Africanno s from Territories other tha e Unionnth , All male work-seeker requiree ar e year5 s 6 ag betweed f d so an 5 n1 South-West Africa and the High Commission Territories t:o registe e loca th r distric o t l a r t labour bureau, whichever applies. Very large numbers of Afi leans from Rhodesia, Nyasaland, On registering at a local bureau in a prescribed area, men arc issued Portuguese East Afric d territoriean ae Nort th o ht se comth o t e n termI ) f 4 (lio s( e Regulation e Establishmenth r fo s d Controan t f Labouo l r (r>) Native Laws Amendmen f 1949o t Ac .t Bureaux, G.N.2495 of 31 October 1952. (°) In an address to the Federated Chamber of Industries, published in The Manufacturer, August 1954. 42 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1953-54 43 Unio worko nt . Excep r thoshavo fo t ewh e contracte woro t d n ko the matter at their conference in July, and it was pointed out that in the mines, they arc supposed to be in possession of temporary immi- many urban areas "Non-Union" Africans represented a not inconsider- gration permits, but many undoubtedly cross the borders illegally. able proportion of the labour force, especially in the field of domestic offician e NativA th f o le Affairs Department presa sai n di s state- service. It was doubtful whether they could be replaced by urban ment issue n Februari d y (7) thae totath t l numbe f "Non-Uniono r " Africans. Africans in the. Union (apart from nearly 200,000 on the mines) had been variously estimated at between 500,000 and 850,000, and that Natives (Urban Areas) Amendment Bill 80 per cent, of them were working on farms. Presumably, then, The Natives (Urban Areas) Amendment Bill, published in February, between 100,000 and 170,000 are in urban areas. proved so controversial that it was postponed until 1955. One of its termn I Nativee Sectiof th s o f o s2 n1 (Urba n Areas) Consolidation clauses sough placo t t e Africans fro Hige mth h Commission Territories Act amendeds a , , "Non-Union" Africans wishin enteo gt r urban areas in muc e samth h e positio e "Non-Unionar s a n "s a African r fa o s s o wort k hav o obtait e e writteth n n permissio e Secretarth f o n r yfo influx control is concerned. They would no longer be able to enter Native Affairs whic grantes hi d only wit concurrence hth locae th f leo proclaimed areas for employment unless with the written permission authority concerned. When discharged from the service of their of the Secretary for Native Affairs, given only with the concurrence employers they are usually offered the choice of working in the rural locae ofth l authority concerned. Those alread urban yi n areas would area r returnino s ge past hometh ,n I African. s from Rhodesir o a noe affecteb t d until they left their present employment t whebu , n Nyasalan wero goof dwh eo d character paid ha ,d their taxes regularly they did so they could not be re-registered, even if work was available, Unioe t leasd beea th year r 0 ha n 1 nti nfo d s an might applicationn o , , unless they obtained the special pcrmit(]0). e granteb d exemption fro e termmth f Sectiod wero s an e2 1 nthe n Another provision of the Bill was that Africans returning to an regarded as Union citizens and treated I accordingly. This was an urban area to their previous employment within 12 months of leaving administrative relaxation. e areath , mighwithouo s o d t t first passing throug influe hth x control In February, however, the Minister of Native Affairs announced formalities. A further clause was to the effect that new entrants to R a change in policy( ). No further "Non-Union" Africans were to be proclaimed areas migh e employeb t de labou th onl n i yr category admitted to proclaimed areas. Those already there would have to specified on their work-seeking permits. In a statement on the Bill leav s sooa e s thea n y left their present employment. Eve f thei n y sent to Members of Parliament and to the press,(u) the Institute of did not leave their employment, they would eventually have to go; Race Relations welcome firse f thesdth o t e provisions t pointebu , t dou whe e perionth f validito d f theiyo r temporary immigration permits that the second was an unwarranted interference with the right of expired, a final extension of six months would be granted. The only workers to seek the best market for their labour. exception e cas f th s"Non-Union o e woul n i e b d " Africant a o wh s Further clauses of this Bill are dealt with on pages 66 and 124. certain "fixed dates" were with their present employers and in posses- sio f valino d permits: further extensions woul e granteb d o thedt m Reference Book r Africanfo s s as long as they remained with the same employer. (The "fixed date" is apparently the date on which the local authority concerned was A describes si previoun di s Surveys, graduallc Africaar n nme y being issued with hard-covered reference book o replact s e th mos f o t instructed by the Native Affairs Department to admit no more "Non- 12 Union" Africans). Those ordered out of proclaimed areas would various papers they previousl o carry.(t d ha y ) Teams from the. hav e choicth e f workino e ruran i g l e Transvaalareath f o s , Orange Native Aflairs Department consistin f clerkso g , photographersd an , Free State r Northero , n Cape r returnino , theio territoriesn gt ow r . fingerprin haven me t , since March 1953, been tourin Transvaae gth l and part f Natao s l collectin documentd gol exchangn i d an s e issuing In a press statement,(9) the Director of the Institute of Race reference book whicn si identite hth y cards required unde Populae th r - Relations pointe t thadou t this ruling implementef i , d strictly, would tion Registration Act arc incorporated. Upwards of 800,000 books probably cause dislocation in certain types of employment, might have so far been issued. result in a further postponement of the long-overdue improvement of farm wages and conditions of work, and would certainly mean hard- A matter that has given rise to some concern amongst the authorities ship in individual cases. Many "Non-Union" Africans had married thas i ['. t number f Africano s woulo wh s d prefer thei d recordol re b o t s Unio nestablished womeha d nan d familie homed an s urban si n areas. L forgotten have apparently been discarding their reference books, The Institute of Administrators of Non-European Affairs discussed (10) filter),relation of relative clause as given by the Slate Information Office, Newsletter 735 of 14 February 1954. (•) Rand Daily Mail, 13 February 1954. 8 (") RR. 27/54. ) Assen.Uy( Februar3 2 , y 19S4 l 1013. Co Hausan , 4 .. No l (lz) In ttrms of the Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-Ordination of (o) Rand Daily Mail, 12 February 1954. Documents) Act of 1952. 44 A SURVE RACF YO E RELATIONS: 1953-54 45 subsequently applying for new ones. The officials hope that later, engage registerinn i d g wome t Langana , some 5,000 having already when all the thumb-prints of the entire African population have been been issued with permits which are producible on demand by authori- taken and sorted, this may not occur. zed officials. If the women are in employment the employer's name Holders of exemption certificates will in duo course be issued and address is stated on the permit, and women arc warned to re- with reference books with distinctively coloured covers. No new register if they lose their employment. exemption certificate e beinar s g issued t certaibu , n classe Africansf so , The Corporation of the City of Durban has requested the Minister for example chiefs, headmen, minister e marriagf religioo sar o nwh e of Native Affairs (o reconsider the instruction so far as its area is officers, teachers in slate and state-aided schools, and lecturers, concerned. lawyers, doctors, qualified social workers, court interpretersd an , registered voterCape th n esi will qualify automaticall distincte th r yfo - Control of Meetings or Gatherings of Africans ively coloured s explainebooksi s A . d above, holder f theso se ar e t wilI e recalleb l d that, followin e riotth g s which took plact a e exempt from registering Service Contracts t the e subjecbu , yar o t t Port Elizabeth, East Londo d Kimberlcan n y location n i 1952s , measures providing for the "control of meetings, gathering or assemblies influx control regulations, their document e produciblsar demann eo d Jr> by authorized officials (including members of the police), and they are and prohibitions of incitement of Natives" were gazetted.( ) The subjec same th eo t tlabou r bureau regulation othee ar s rsa African men. question of incitement was subsequently dealt with through the Criminal Law Amendment Act;(10) but meetings or gatherings may African Wome Passed nan s still be subjected to control in terms of Government Notice 2017 of African women arc not yet being issued with identity cards or 1953 s amendeda , . This provides thae Governor-Generath t l may, reference books, and they arc not subject to labour bureau regulations. proclamationy b , impose contro areay an .n i lOnc e contro imposes i l d f outI : after curfew "Europeane hourth n i s " section urbaf so n areas, e permissioth e Secretarth f no r Nativefo y ; Affair a Chie r o s f Native however, they require "special" permits signe y theib d r employers Commissioner, Native Commissione r Magistratro s requireei d before r authoriseo d officials. a meeting, gathering or assembly at which more; than 10 Africans I'n terms of Section 23 (d) of the Natives (Urban Areas) Consolida- arc to be present may be held. Certain exceptions are made : Members tion Act, the Governor-General may by proclamation require an of Parliament or of Provincial Councils, or those nominated for election urban local authority to prohibit African women from entering the as such, for example, may hold meetings of over 10 Africans in the area to live or seek work unless they are in possession of certificates areas concerned without obtaining permission, and bona. fide church of approval froe Nativth m e Commissione r Magistrato r e th n i e services, weddings, funerals, and sports gatherings are excluded. district from which they come and from the urban local authority These provisions have, during 1954, been brought into effect throughout the Transkei and in the magisterial districts of Mafcking, concerned. Such certificates arc producible 011 demand by an autho- Verceniging d Grahamslownan , . rized proclaimeofficee th n i r d area . issuee limiteb a The r y dfo yma d period, may at any time be cancelled on one month's notice, and are African Customary Marriages issued only to women who produce satisfactory proof that their husbands (or in the case of unmarried women, their fathers) have African customary marriages arc registered in Natal, and a been residen continuousld an t y employe urbae th n ndi area concerned Departmental Committee is at present investigating the advisability t lesfono sr tha yearso ntw . Wome year1 2 f so nrequire undeag e eth r of extending this practice to other provinces. proo f theio f r guardians' consent. Witchdoctors, HerbalistMedicind an n Me e s Section 10 of the Act (13) deals with influx control. Before 1952 . H Another committee is investigating the advisability of legislation it applied to men only; but in terms of an amendment then made( ) requirin registratioe gth Africaf no n witchdoctors, medicind an n eme its provisions were extended to all Africans. Sub-section (2) now reads herbalists. that the officer designated for the purpose by an urban local authority ; "shall issue to any native who has been permitted to remain in any Research Projects Concerned with Africans such are a permi t indicatin purposee gth e perio r whicth sfo d d han '' , Researc progresn hi n 1953/5i s 4 which relate generao t d l African during which such nativ remaiy ma e than ni t area." affairs included: Several local authorities, including Cape Tow Durband nan , have- a BrandeMi s l Mr (fo e S.Arth . Institut f Raco e e Relations)n A . during the past year been instructed to apply influx control regulations investigation existingof African women's organizations evaluationan and to African women. Municipal officials in Cape Town are accordingly- of t/ie extent whichto l/iey meet needsthe Africanof women. (' ) vSee ii:ige 39. (ln) See I^MP. 34 of 1952—5.5 6'nnrv. ('•') Serlbn 27 of the Native T,aws Amendment Act, No. 54 of 1952 f 1952-5o c pr.g( ln6 Se 3 )c 3 Siinvy. 46 A SURVEY OF 7 RAC4 E RELATIONS: 1953-54 . BrookcH . E r s D wit r HurwitD h z (Natal University). Tlie constitutional experience in other multi-racial countries. It stated: Natal Reserves. "The Institute's convictio y democrati an s thai n n i t c state Villicrsc d . Z . . D (Fort Hare). the conferment of the franchise can be determined only by the Social maturity Africanthe of adolescent. capability ol the person to exercise (hat right. Such capability Psychological effects of conditioning the African to European problems as his y affectee e colous skindeniath hi wa Th f y f o . o b o n rdl n ii s own, with emphasis anxiety.on e righth properlo t t y qualified person curtailments it r (o s ) simply Institut f Personneo e l Research on (.lie ground of their colour is llicrclore undemocratic and un- Character of t/ic African with particular reference to altitudes to Western justifiable. The Institute believes thai this follows logically ethical values. froe acceptancth m e value th d principle f an o se f Westero s n Jeffrey. W . D s . (WitwatersranM r D d University). democracy. The curtailment of rights is particularly unjustified origin The distributionand Negro.the of in the case of the Cape Coloured people, wiio do not differ in Prof. L. Kupcr (Natal University). The Passive Resistance Campaign. tradition, language, culture or interest from Europeans who have . J Lcwi r D u (Witwatersrand University) e rolen racei Th w i>. la f full franchise rights t considerI . s tha placo t t Cape eth e Coloured relations in South Africa since Union. peopla separat n o e e voters' d givrolan le them communal representatio e forth m n ni suggeste Bile th l n wouldi d resula n i t Miss L. Longrnorc (Witwatersrand University). African marriage serious deprivation of political rights based not on incapacity to and family systems on the Witwatersrand. exercise them but merely on grounds of colour. M. C. Marwick (Cape Town University). Witch beliefs in their "The Institute submits that the proper function of a Member social, context. of Parliament is to represent, to llic best of his ability, national Rev. S. L. Rcynekc. Witchcraft among,the Tswana. rather than sectional interest d thae consideratioan th s t f o n . SimonJ . DH r s (Cape Town University). policy should have as its primary objective the interests of the The Status of African women. populatio a whole s . Differencena . . . f approaco s d actiohan n Migrations Africansof into Cape.the on the part of Members of Parliament should be concerned with Recognition of Native law in South Africa. matters of principle or opinion, cultural, moral, or economic, M. Tatham (Cape Town University). Leadership in a rural African e morth ed sucan h concer s submergei n y subordinatiob d o t n community with particular reference to local government. sectional interests, whethe f claso rr religiono s f languago , r o e race lese th ,s usefu effectivd commoe an l th r fo e n good Parliament The Political Right Cape th i es o Coloured People will multi-raciabecoma n I . e.. l country, demarcatio raciay nb l The instalment in our last Survej>(17) of the long-drawn-out story groups is of all forms of particularism the least desirable, and, Colouree oth f d vote endepoine th t tda wher Appellate eth e Division indeed, the most dangerous, as likely to foster and intensify Bill was dropped and the Separate Representation of Voters Act antagonism kina f so d which histor shows particularle yha b o nt y Validatio Amendmend nan t suddenls Bilwa l y substitute referred dan d harmful . . . The course of wisdom and statesmanship would to a joint session of both Houses of Parliament on 2 October 1953. e subordinatio o th strivt r e fo b e f sectionao n l e claimth o t s After the first reading this Bill was referred to a Select Committee collective interest whole th f eo s body politi. . . c whic thes hwa n converted int oCommissioa t durinenablo nsi t o t gt ei "After a hundred years of the exercise of normal democratic e Parliamentarth y recess s termIt f .referenc o s e wer o examint e e rights there can be 110 doubt that the Cape Coloured people the Bill, to call for evidence, and thereafter, if considered necessary, are, and have been, considered to be adequately qualified to to draft a new Bill. exercise the franchise on the common roll. In fact, the Institute A large number of organizations and individuals, including the goes further and suggests that the maintenance of civilized Institute, gave evidence during Novembe d Decembee an r th d an r principles in South Africa demands the extension of the Cape early part of 1954. The Institute's memorandum of evidence was Coloured franchis Northere th o t e n Provinces same th en o ,basi s issued as RR.186/53, and has since been published under the title e Capth en ai s Provincee enfranchisementh d an , f Capo t e The Political Rights of the Coloured People. A delegation led by the. Coloured women." Director later gave oral evidence. repln I questiono yt s Assemble asketh n di y soon afte recess,(e th r 18) In its memorandum, the Institute dealt with the meaning of.'- the Minister of the Interior gave figures which showed that the number civilization and democracy, the history of the Cape franchise, and of Coloured voter s actuallha s y decreased recentl n proportioi y o t n (1S 2 Marc)1 Jlans;»r< , 6 h . 1954No l , Cols. 1973--1 i WO.Hansar, am 7 , . No d ) Survey07 f Raceo Relations, 1952/53, pag. 27 e 19 March, Col. 2376. 48 A SURVEY OF RAGE RELATIONS: 1953-54 49 totae th l vote, although Europea Coloured nan d registered voters were the Transvaal e froe Freon m,th e State o frotw m, Natal d eightan , . fewer in number after the general registration. When the Tenth of whom at least one must be a Cape Malay and one a Griqnn, from Delimitation Commission sat in 1952, there were 47,008 Coloured the Cape). and Asiatie voters in the Cape (7.8 per cent, of the total Cape vole) d 1,19an 0 Coloured voter Natan i s l (0.Natae r th cen 7' pe lol t total). e LabouTh r Party oppose Prime dth e Minister's motio r leavnlo e As at 28 February 1954, there were 34,444 registered Coloured and to introduce the Bill, but the motion was adopted by 163 votes to 14. Asiatie votere Cape theth o n i s nwh , e tota r centformeth pe f l o 2 , 6. d In his speech introducing the second reading, the Prime Minister said that if tin* Government did no! obtain a two-thirds majority in Cape vote. The Electoral Ollieer told the Coloured Vote Commsson that there would be about 150,000 Coloured voters in the Cape if favour of the Bill at its third reading, it would ask (he people lor a new and more definite mandate to continue with the matter at the all those qualified registered their names. Registered Non-White 2 voters remaine e commoth n o de provincia nth r rolfo l l electionf o s provincial efcctions("). The Hon. J. G. N. Stratus said( ") that the 1954. United Party would oppose the Bill at every stage. He moved an n amendmenta : thae jointh t t sittin s of wa gopinio s n wa tha t i t Joine Th t Select Committee consiste member1 1 f Nationae do th f so l undesirable that there should be Irgislation to give effect, to tin: Party and seven members of the Parliamentary Opposition. Its principle of the separate representation of White and Coloured voters. report, which was approved by 11 votes to seven, indicated a clear Mr P. Bailey Bckkcr, leader of the Independent Wing of the split on Party lines. The evidence it received was published together United Party, propose da compromis e amendment: that registered with its report, and while some Coloured organizations did give evi- Coloured voters should remain on the common roll if they wished to dence in (avour of separate voters' rolls, their representativeness was not t registrationthaw bu ne t, so o d a separats n shoulo e eb d roll; established, and it was clear that the overwhelming majority of the that cognizance shoul takee db Colouref no Natan i woulo n wh l dme d Coloured people preferre o e remaicommot dth n o n n roll. Many presse r completfo d e political equality. in future have become eligible lor registration :ts voters; and that the statu d responsibilitiean s e proposeth f o s d Union Council should Nevertheless e majoritth , y report recommended separate repre- be enhanced.(Bi) sentation e CommissioTh . n submittcd-a draft Bill whic acceptes hwa d Jn his reply to the lengthy second reading debate, the Prime by the Government and placed before a joint session of both Houses Minister announced a new dcvclopmcnt("). He and the Leader of of Parliament on 17 May. The Bill sought to revalidate the Separate e Oppositioth d botha nh received letter . s GeorgsigneMr y b ed Representatio f Voterno f 1951o s6 Act4 , . wite amendment,No hon , Golding, Presiden e Coloureth f o t d People's National Union, also in regarBoare th r Coloure o dfo t d Affairs e CommissioTh . n recom- e Executivbyth e Chairma d Generanan l Secretar f thayo t bodyn i , mended that thie enlargeb s d calle an e dUnio th d n Councir fo l which they said that while there had been no change in their convictions Coloured Affairs. s concernedBile th wa l s a r s ot fa wan , no remaitheo t td ydi na foot - The proposals before the joint session were that the Coloured and ball betwee e politicath n l parties numbeA . f theio r r members Asiatic votere Capth e place f b ea separato s n o d e rol eleco t l t four considered that if a national conference of Coloured organizations European representative e Assemblo representativesth tw o t sd an y , were convened unde e auspice e th G.P.N.Ur th f o s . "ther s everi e y who migh Europeane b t r Coloureo s d people Cape th eo t ,Provincia l prospect of a large majority decision being given in favour of negotiating Council. Non f theso e e would hav e righ th eo vol t r senatorst (o e . wit e Governmenhth d wit e Oppositioan tth h na compromis n a n eo Shoul e tota th df Europea o l n constituencie legalle b s y alterey an t da honourable and just basis . . . We have in mind that such b:is!s will time, the number of Coloured constituencies would be altered in such • giv e e establishmen e finecflccth th rolso w t n tenvisageo lne a f o t d a manner thae originallth t y determined numerical relation would e Governmentb th ye sam th t ea timt bu e, will protec e presenth t t be maintained. Registered Coloured voters in Natal (there arc none generatio e wil e forcibl on b o thal n s o n t y deprive franchisy an f do e e remainininth g provinces) would remaie commoth n o n n roll until right ..." their death, but, afte Bile th rl became law furtheo n , r Coloured persons e PrimTh e Minister's motio thes passes Bile nwa n th wa lput d an , would be registered as voters there. A European senator would be a second time by US votes to 74, the Bckkcr group voting with the nominated by the Governor-General on the ground of his thorough. Opposition. acquaintance with the reasonable wants and wishes of the Coloured. During the Adjournment, lending members of the C.P.N.U. said people UnioA . n Counci r Colourefo l d Affairo t p u s t woulse e b d in press statements thae Executivth t e Committe f thieo s organization advis e Governmenth e e interestth n o f tColoure o s d peoplo t d an e carry out such powers as might be assigned to it : it would have 12 ('») f JoinMansaro I t o SittinN d " Ma1 g y 19JH l 2-4Co . . Coloured members elected by Coloured voters in the Cape, and 15 (»") Hansard N,.. I. Culs. 26 and 'Id. (") Mansard No. I. Col. 73. Coloured members nominated by the Governor-General (four from (33) Hansard No. 1 Cols J7-I -7. 50 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1953-54 51 had give . GoldinMr n authorito n g y whatsoeve suggeso t r a comt - cabl Europeanso et d the c alsan ; yar o s fulentitlea lt si member o t d s promiseinstructed ha writo t t bu m ,e hi durgin g tha a conferenct f o e of local government bodies. Those who qualify for the franchise arc Coloured people be held. The C.P.N.U. then issued an official (me1 2 personimmovabl n f d womeno now an e o s ag ove wh )e eth r statement reiterating its opposition to the Bill, and suggesting that a property to the value of £200, or who occupy immovable property national convention representative of all shades of opinion of the value th f £400o o et . Coloured people would afford them their first opportunity of discussing their "unfortunate position" freely and untrammelled by party e Capth en I Provincial Counci 6 August2 n o l , however, when; political influences e C.P.N.U.Th . n associatioi , f possibli n e with e Nationath e firsth t a r majority limls lo Partha ew no ya motio, n the S.A. Coloured People's Organization, would convene such a passes wa d thamunicipae th t l voters' roll replacee sb parliae th y db - convention if the Government would agree to postpone further mentary rolls. The effect would be to disfranchise Coloured women. Parliamentary debate on the Bill. Indian Natan i s l Leaders of the S.A. Coloured People's Organization, of the Anti- Volume 9 of the Natal Regional Survey, entitled The Indian Coloured Affairs Department Movement and of nine Coloured Community of Natal, Ikeir Economic Position, by C. A. Woods, has organization n Pori s n Johannesburgi t e Elizabeton d an h , issued recently been published. It points, as previous surveys by the Depart- statements repudiating any suggestion of compromise. ment of Economics at Natal University have clone, to the extreme e joinTh t sittin s reconvenegwa e Committe th Jun9 r n efo o d e povert vase th tf ymajorito overcrowdee th Indianf yo o t d san d housing e Ministee Bill stagTh e th Interio .f th o ef o r r announced thaa n i t conditions caused by this poverty and by pegging legislation. It sincere attemp o obtait t e necessarth n y majorit e Governmenth y t shows, despite all this, "the marked advance towards Western standards s preparewa movo t d e certain amendment a two f i Bille t -th bu , o t s which has been achieved by a considerable part of the Indian popula- thirds majority for the amended measure was not forthcoming, the tion." Government would in no way be bound to any concession now made. The debates at United Nations on the position of Indians in South It was now proposed that separate European and Coloured voters' e IndiaAfricath d nan , Government's decisio closo nt s Higeit h Com- liste compiledb s . Coloured voters registereJun0 3 t ea 1954s a d , mission in South Africa, arc dealt with on page 24 of this Survey. would be permitted to choose whether they wished to remain on the European roll or to be transferred to the Coloured roll, but all new Research Projects Concerned with the Coloured and Indian registrations of Coloured voters would be on the Coloured roll. The Communities. numbe f representativeo r e electeb o y t Colouresb d d voters would Research in progress in 1953/54 included : be in relation to the rate at which the number of Coloured voters on the European roll had decreased from time to time and would even- . FcldmanR . G n (Universit Capf yo e Town) Colourede Th . Population of tually reach a total of four. Only voters on the Coloured roll would Johannesburg. be capable of being elected as or to vote for members of the Union Hilda Kuper (Natal). An anthropological study of an Indian community Counci r Colourefo l d Affairs. in Durban. At the third reading on 14 June, the amended Bill was approved P. V. Reddy (University of Natal). Value attitudes among a. group e SpeakeTh . vote9 r42 b tha12 yo t s n announce vote8 d 13 tha ss a t of Indian urban adolescents. were required for a two-thirds majority, the Bill had failed to pass. bees ha n t I reportcd(23) tha intensivn a t e lobbyin Unitef go d Party Members of Parliament has since been conducted, also that the I URBAVI N AREAS Prime Minister stated in Pretoria on 15 September that he wanted Transvaal Local Government Commission Septembef o d beginnine en th e knoo r t th o r y w b Octobef go r whether Earl n 1954i y e Southernth , . Transvaal Regional Committef o e a two-thirds majority would be forthcoming if the Bill were re-intro- l duced next Session. Tim reason for this became apparent later, when e Institutth f Raco e e Relations submitted memorand f cvidcncc(ao ) Dr Malan announced his resignation as from the end of November to the Transvaal Local Government Commission and gave oral 1954. evidence. Dealing wite questioth h f whetheo n r more extensive central The Municipal Franchise for Coloured People control of local authorities is required, the Regional Committee In the Cape Province, all Non-Europeans in urban areas are submitted thae functio e Provincth t th f o n e Shoulo stimulatt e b d e eligible for the municipal franchise on the same terms as those appli- local authoritie ensuro t s a t leas ea o s a commot n minimum levef o l

2:! ( ) e.g. Sunday Times, 6 Septembe2 r 1954. (') U.R. 176/5 K.Kd 3an . 62/54. 52 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1953-54 53 essential services, providing technica d financiaan l l assistance where t Ministedefineno d d ha r "politics" t warnebu , d thay politicaan t l where necessary. But its control and guidance should be limited to discussion might lead the Congress to the fate of the Natives Represent- t shouli thisd an d, concern itself less tha t i docn t presena s t with ative Council. matters of procedure. The autonomous powers of larger cities, with e resolutionTh s adopted wer s followa e : s thein technicaow r d financiaan l l resources, shoul e extendeddb . "That this conferenc f Locatioo e n Advisory Boards urgee th s The Committee recommended that executive power should remain Governmen o repeat t e Bantth l u Educatio d place an th t e Ac n hand e electen ith na f so d council t opposeI . suggestioy dan n thae th t education of the Africans under (he Provincial Councils as hereto- present system should be replaced by one of officially appointed for r undeo e r the. Union Kdncation Department. commissioners r frofa m a limitation o n extensioS a .s e th wa f t i no , "That more avenue f employmeno s t shoul e createb d r fo d elective principle that was required : measures should be introduced Africans and that in all transport services in African areas Africans to enable Non-Europeans to be directly represented on local govern- employee b drivers bu d conductors s da an s . ment bodies e mayoTh . r shoul e electeb d y councillorb d a — s "That the principle of equal pay for equal work be enforced. system of appointed mayors or burgomasters was considered to be completely undesirable. "That in (he application of schemes for the removal of Africans from one area to another, no person should be removed e RegionaTh l Committee urged that adequate provisioe th r nfo unless alternative accommodation has been provided for him. housing of African employees be made whenever a new European townshi establisheds pi . "Tha Congrese th t s oppose removae Africanth se th f o l s from the areas of Sophiatown, Newel a re and Marlindale. At the time of writing, evidence is still being heard by the Commis- sion. "Tha Governmene th t requestee b t emploo dt y more Africans e Nativth n i e Affairs Department. Urban Bantu Authorities Bill "That (he Government be requested to give Africans prefer- The Urban bantu Authorities Bill, first introduced in 1952, was e allocatioenc(h n i e f tradino n g facilitie n theii n areass ow r . not proceeded with durin e 195th g r 1953o 4 session f Parliamento s ; "That the Government be requested to decrease the number but it is understood that the measure has been discussed in detail of police raids in the African townships and control them in with municipal authorities and will be re-introduced, possibly in such a way as to make them the. exception and not the rule." an amended form 1955n i , t provideI .creatioe th l urbar al fo sn ni n areas of Urban Bantu Authorities with executive and financial powers, General Condition Urban i s n Areas Urbaf o d nan Bantu Courts e InstitutTh . e prepared duplicated copies Alarme depopulatioe th t da countrf no y areas Dutce th , h Reformed of the first draft of the Bill,(2) and issued two commentaries on it.(3) Churches have instigated an enquiry into tin: effects of the concen- The main point it made was that, while the proposed extension of tration of ownership oflargc tracts of land, and the problems of adjust- executive and administrative responsibility was welcomed, the ment to city life. Institute considered that no practical and just solution of the problem The Johannesburg Co-Ortliiiating Council of Welfare Agencies, whic Bile hth l sough solvo t t e coul foune db d withou same th t ea t time in conjunction with the Municipality, the University, and the Institute providing lor direct representation of Non-Europeans on municipal of Race Relations, is planning a conference on the problems of Non- councils. European urban family lifemajoA . r problem s membera , e th f o s Institut f Administratoro e f Non-Europeao s n Affairs pointet a t ou d Location Advisory Boards Congress their meeting in July, is that because of overcrowding, lack of privacy, A four-day conference of the Location Advisory Boards Congress migrancy, the large preponderance of men, maladjustment to urban was hel Orlandon di , Johannesburg, during January attendes wa d ,an d life, and other factors, a large proportion of African children born in by some 250 delegates, including a number of town councillors, urban areas arc born out of wedlock and have no stable homes or managers of Non-European affairs, and location superintendents. families. The average illegitimacy rate in live cities in South Alrica('') e PresidenTh f Congreso t s reporte d severad an tha e h lt members in 1952/53 was 1.74 for Europeans, 2.44 for Asiatics, 24.37 for Coloured of the Executive Committee had, a few weeks previously, discussed and 42.01 for Africans. The Administrators of Non-European Affairs wit Ministee hth Nativf ro e Affair differenca s e thaarised ha t n regard- ing the competence of the Congress to include in its programme (4) i.e. Percentage of total Ijirth?. The average ra!e is calculated l;y (he matters which he considered political and outside its function. The writer from rates for Heiioni, 1'rcloria, Durban, Piclcrniaritzluiri; and Port IClizabcl s containea h n llii d e latest Annual Report f o Medicas l ( = ) KM. 6/52. Officers of Health. These cities were selected merely because the reports (») KR. 36/52 and 78/52. happened to he available. 54 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1953-54 55 urged that all Bantu unions be registered, including marriages by Christia r civio n y Africab l rited an ns custo d alsman o uniony b s were available. There were other places where industries were already co-habitalion n replyI e Secretar. th , r Nativfo y e Affairs said thaa t developing close to Native areas, for example the Good Hope Textile Departmental Committee was already investigating whether the Factory near King William's Town Foskoe th , r Work Lcydsdore th n si p Natal practic f registerino e g customary unions shoul e extendeb d d district, the sugar mill at Pongola, the pulp and paper industry in to other provinces. the Tugela district, and the lime works in the Taungs district. Later, in a press statement,(7) the Minister said that every inorgen Siting of Industry of industrial land, if fully developed, required between 14 and 28 '1 he Government's broad plan for the future distribution of the married African workers and between six and 12 single ones. In African people is outlined on page 1. In essence, this is that the mini- addition, every two Africans in industry drew one into commerce numbem mu r require maintaio dt n industrie serviced towne san th n si and other services. Every inorgen of industrial land could thus attract wil permittee b l remaio dt n there laboue th , r requirement Europeaf so n 0 African e 6 neighbourhoo th o t o t p s u d concerned e NativTh . e farmers will be met, and the development of the reserves will be en- Affairs Department then ruled that in industrial layouts three morgen couraged and facilitated so (hat the maximum possible number of of location land must be made available for each inorgen of industrial African y findma s their livelihood there. There will stile verb l y land. large numbers not provided for in these ways, however, and to absorb e FederateTh d Chambe f Industireo r s state ) 8 tha( d t industry- them efforts will be made to attract industry to suitable sites on the could not complain about the Government co-ordinating industrial border reservese th f o s , worker n thesi s e factories livin dormitorn gi y development wit e housinth h f employeeso g , provide s donwa et i d town thein areasi n s ow r . within the Minister's undertaking that it was not the Government's During the year under review, the Minister of Native Affairs has 5 policy to halt the economic development of South Africa. Reef made several statements clarifying his policy. In December he said,( ) Municipalities, however, have been very much concerned ovee th r "A long-term policy must exist for the development of completely Minister's statement tha n speciai t l cases only woul e establishth d - suitable industrial areas, situated in such a way that Native labourers industriaw menne f o t l township Witwatersrane th n o s approvede db . towne i nth livn theiareas.n n esi ca Ther. row . . e mustransitioa e b t n n applicatioA f thio n s natur y Boksburb e g Municipality during perio meeo d t developmene th t t until such properly situated industrial September 1954, was refused on the ground that the existing industrial areas are available. In this transition period there may, however, area there was only half-developed and that, in spite of this, there was not be such unwise and excessive establishment of industrial areas serious overcrowding in the African township. The Chairman of thawile boune on tb l they d b r longe future mfo th n i re tha necess ni - e Council'th s Non-European Affairs Committee replied(°) thar fo t thay sa sary. t o e went existin H n " o t undevelope bu g d industrial e pasth t two-and-a-half year e Council'th s s endeavour o solvt s s it e areas spread over the whole Witwatersrand offered the widest oppor- African housing problem had met with no response from the Minister, tunity for all the industrial development that might be expected there who instructed that the report of the Regional Planning Commission during the transition years. He was, therefore, opposed to the establish- should firse awaitedb t speciaA . l meetin e Councith f o gf Ree o l f ment of new industrial areas on the Witwatersrand, for these would Municipalities resolved to send a delegation to the Minister to seek attract further large numbers of Africans. He was particularly clarificatio e wholth f o en matter. They consider s essentiathai t i t l opposed to the creation of new industrial areas within the boundaries to plan well ahead, since it frequently takes up to two years from the municipalita f o y like Johannesburg, which coul t solv dno existins eit g tim f applicatioeo n befor a etownshi proclaimeds i p . African housing problem. In a speech given during July to the Executive Council of the Plans for Racial Zoning of Urban Areas Federated Chambe f Industries,("o r e Ministeth ) r said that industry There has been much planning during the year in terms of the must be attracted to suitable areas in the proximity of the reserves, Group Area decisionw s fe Act t bu , s have been madec publicho d A . t forceno t d bu there without regar o economit d c consequences. Government-appointed plannin d referencgan e committee d locaan s l Industrial development would be encouraged in towns like Durban authorities have continue o drat d p schemewu r raciafo s l zoning, d Easan t London, where there were reserves close enoug falo ht n i l e Lanth dd Tenuran e Advisory Boar d committeean d s thereof have with proper planning on the lines of his suggestion. Newcastle would continued to tour the country, hearing representations from these be a veiy suitable area for future development, as there was a Native bodies and other interested organizations and individuals. The area onln milete y s froe town th md transport an , , wate d coaan r l Board's recommendations are submitted to the Minister; but so far r> ( ) Statement published in State Information Office Newsletter No. 729 of ) 7 Star,( Septembe9 2 r 1954. 18 December 1953. 8 (°) This speech \vas published in The Manufacturer, July 1954. ( ) Statement published in the Star, 30 September 195-1. (°) Statement published in the Star, 1 October 195-1. 56 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1953-54 57 he has proclaimed one grnup area only — for Coloured people in the couple did associate with some white people, they had produced Roodcpoort. insufficient evidence to establish, on the balance of probabilities, Broadly positioe th , s thani e whol th t e Unio a controlled s ni area, that they were generally accepte s membera d e whitth f eo s group. whicn i h inter-racial transfer ownershif so occupatiod pan propertf no y Counse defence th r fo le pointe t thae coupldou th t e woul e unablb d e subjece ar permito t t e basi contror Th sfo . occupatiof o l raciae th s ni l to purchase any other property in Durban, because there was no place grouownee th a property f f po o r . Urban e Capeareath n si , Trans- there where Coloured people were allowed to buy. vaad Nata an e lspmfie.fl ar l areas n whici , e basi th hr contro fo s f o l Will e objecth ) l ensurino t g thai, housing schemes conform with ocoupaiion is (lie racial group of the lawful occupant ol a property group areas planning s beeha nt i , decide.cl thae Housinth t g Gomis- at a specified date (30 March 1951 in the Transvaal and Natal). sion will not consider applications lor funds unless the approval of the In terms of proclamations issued during the year under Section 13 (3a) Land Tenure Advisory Boar firss dha t been obtained. of the Acl. portions of certain specified areas have been made defined areas, within which, wheneve a buildinr erectes gi r extendeddo e th , The Chairman of the Board has clarified the position of mission Ministe e Interioth l o r r will determin whicy b e h racial y grouma t pi churches unde e Act.("th r ) They wile regardeb l s companiesa d . be occupied. European-controlled churches doing mission work in Non-European It was reported in the press in July 1953(10) that the Government areas will thus not be affected for 10 years after the proclamation of intended amending the Group Areas Act to make provision for a group areas, but after 10 years will have to apply for permits to system of public acquisition of property to protect owners affected continu n operationi e lateA ( .r e Ministerulinth y b gf Nativ o r e e proclamatiobth y f grouo n p areas e s idetha Th wa a publit. c Affairs, relating to mission churches in African areas, is quoted on utility company woul y e propertieformeb dbu o t d s which their page 69). Mining companies are finding themselves in a difficult position. At a silting of the Board in Johannesburg, counsel for several owners were forced to vacate and for which there was no ready buyer 15 prepared to pay the full market price. On the other hand, owners such companies sa.id( t minin) Ac tha e n termi gtth f companieo s s who receive dprica e abov "markee eth t value" woul theiy dpa r excess were prohibited from using land lor any other purose that that for companye profitth o e t proposes Th . d legislatio s beenha n discussed whicd beeha nt i h proclaimed d thaan , t permits would thus havo t e with representative l stato s e departments, provincial administrations e obtaineb r everfo d y building, however humble. o n Ther s wa e and municipalities, but was not introduced during the 1954 session provision in the Act for a blanket permit covering the multifarious of Parliament. activities ol a mining company. In terms of a Government Notice issued in May(u) it was laid Africans have probably been less inconvenienced under the Act down that purposer lo , Groue th f so p Areas Act whita ,marrie n ema d than have other Non-European groups, since local authorities have Indiann toa , Chinese r Malao , y women woul regardee b d s beinda g for many years been required e Nativetermn i ,th f o s s (Urban Are;is) of the racial group of his wife. It is obvious that there arc going to Act, to set aside locations for their residence. Coloured people have be many difficulties in classifying people into group areas. In Novem- suffered in that housing schemes for them which might otherwise have cxample,(r berfo , J2 a charg) s laidewa againsn thatma , a tbein ga been erected, have been delayed pending completio f plano nr fo s member of the Malay group, he occupied a house in Wynberg, racial zoning. But it is the Indians who are likely to be the chief Cape, which is a specified area, without a permit, the house having sufferers n largeI . r towns, suc Durbans ha e whiteth , s hav r manefo y been occupied formerly by an Indian. Under cross-examination the years been concerned abou e facth tt that Indians were purchasing land tenure inspector admitted that he did not really know to which properties in "white." suburbs, and since 1943 there has been legislat- racial group the man belonged. The magistrate, in acquitting him, ion prohibiting such purchases. The authorities are hoping to settle said, "From the nature ol' this case it is difficult if not impossible to this question finally unde e Grouth r p Areas Actn smalleI . r towns, prove tha persoa t n belong certaia o st n group." There wil casee b l f so another aspect has been raised. Because so many other cloors of oppor- hardship, too, like the one in Durban(13) when a man and his wife tunity are closed to them, the more ambitious of the Indians have were convicted unde Acte th r , eacr h (o sentence 0 £1 a fin f o o et d tende concentrato dt . M commerce n . eo W . estimates i C t r I M . y db 1(1 days) suspended for three years, and ordered to vacate their Gcll(1(!) that while throughou e Unioth te proportioth n f shoo n p home, which belonged to the man's father. The house was classified licences (excluding peddlers, hawkers, ete.) hel y Europeanb d d an s s beina r whitgfo e occupation e magistratth d an , e said that though Indian almoss i s t exactl ratin yi theio ot r number e populationth n si ,

IP ( ) Star. 20 July 1953. (14) Sl.'Uetneii ; reporte a- e tftm/r th n fi d Mir'/v .Mail, 0 Februar2 y 1954.

(") Government Notice No. 87 of 28 May 1954. )( As reported in (lie Star. 17 August 1954. ( ) C;tsc s reportea . e Star, th Novembe 7 n 1 i d r 1953. 1!i 1G ; 12 ( ) Article entitled "The Foll f o Raciay l Stereotypes n i '/'In'" l i>riini, ('•") Ca s reporterwa Star,e (H 2 Apri n i ! l 1954. Fcbnj.irv 195-1. 58 A SURVE RACF YO E RELATIONS: 1953-54 59 abou te linr fiftcentth y pe f y o provincia, l communitie f Indiano s s on principle against tine Act itself. This ruling was set aside in the arc shop-owning families.(1?) Supreme Court, Pretoria, on 15 October 1954, after the Indian In plans for racial zoning submitted to the Land Tenure Advisory Congres d madha sn urgena e t applicatio o interdict n e Boarth t d Board during the year, five of the smaller local authorities, namely from continuing its public enquiry in Johannesburg until the Congress Lydenburg, Dundee, Glencoe, Brits d Blocmhofan , , have proposed allowes wa tako t d e parte judgTh .e sai t seemedi dtha m cleahi t o t r that their Indian communities shoul e movef towndb o t mann i ,dou y e worth d "interest "e limite b coul t n accordanci no d e wite th h ease o undevelopet s d stretche f e lando Indians Th . s have been Chairman's interpretation seeme. ll , d thae Hoar th s compellet wa d d represented by counsel at hearings of the Board in all these areas, to hear any interested person unless llie.re was good reitson lor not finao n ld decisionan s hav t beeeye n made public t seemI . s unlikely, o morn s e entitlewa t I doin advanco . t d gso s suca e a hreaso e th n however, if they are moved out of the towns, that permits will be fact that objections were irrelevant tha a njudg e woul e entitleb d d freely granted to them for trading in the "white" areas, and most of to refuse to hear counsel on the grounds that on past occasions counsel the Indian traders will thus undoubtedly suffer severe financial loss concerned had advanced irrelevant arguments to the court. The Board e plan ith fe implemented ar s s noteworthi t I . y thae n nonth i t f o e is notin n appeaga l against this judgment. application evidence th locae s th ha sf l e o authority show frictioy nan n between European contrarye Indiand th s an bees n o ha ns: t i ,eviden t Plan Raciar sfo l Zonin Southere th f go n Transvaal that in all the towns concerned a substantial section of the white A large number of authorities have been engaged in drawing up community trades wite Indiansth h . plans for racial zoning of the Southern Transvaal. A Government- Lydcnbur e e firsgo th th applt t Municipalitr f o fo y e on s wa y appointed sub-committe e Nationath f o e l Resources Development implementatio s plae it Act th nd f ,involvean o n d movin8 1 e th g Counci s workini l a developmen t ou g e Rccf-Prctoriatth plar fo n - Indian families in the town, who owned seven trading licences, to a Verccniging area. An inter-departmental Native Areas Zoning site ovemileo tw r s awaya hearin t A . 1952n gi Chairmae ,th e th f no Committee . McntzE . ,F header , M M.P. y s beedb ha , n engagen di Land Tenure Advisory Board announced tha e coul h t endors no d e devising a plan, to fit in with the first, for siting areas for African the suggestions, and called for new proposals. Another hearing was residential purposes to serve urban areas of the Witwalcrsrand, the convened in March 1954. Meanwhile, however, the Minister of Far West Rand, Heidelberg, and Vcrccniging. Government-appointed Health, at the request of the local Member of Parliament,(18) dis- planning and reference committees have drawn up plans for the racial solve e Lydenburth d g Ren t groune Boarth n do d thao t n ther s ewa zoning of urban areas within the region, and so have the local authori- justificatio existencs d helil ha r dt i lo nonl s meeting3 a e1 y eighn i s t ties concerned and other organizations in the areas. The Land Tenure years. In consequence, four of the seven Indian traders, who rented Advisory Board has commenced public hearings of proposals and their premises from Europeans, wer longeo n e r protected undee th r counter-proposal e Johannesburth r fo s g municipal area. Rents Act d weran , e give days0 3 n ' notice unde e commoth r n law. Part IV of the Mentz Committee's report, dealing with the (It is understood that an extension was subsequently granted in at Johannesburg area, was released first and evoked very considerable leas case)e Lydcnburs on t A . controlle. a s gi d area, they were unable, criticism from the public. The Committee proposes that there unless permits were granted purchaso t , r reneo t other premises from shoul e threb d e African settlements round Johannesburg: Alex- Europeans. Indian traders have been n Easi har t t dhi London , too, andra Township, Eastern Native Township, and the large where the Land Tenure Advisory Board has ruled that they may not Mcadowland Orland— s Moroko— a area south-wes e cityth f , o t leasMarkew ne e e shoptth Buildingn i s . which will adjoin locations serving e Westownth tn o sRand e Th . Attempts have been made unde e Actth r locay ,b l organizations population of Alexandra Township is, in terms of the proposals, d individualsan o havt , e ejecte a Catholid c boarding schoor fo l e limitecarryine b th o t o dt g capacit standse th d onlf yo an ,y those African t Skcerpoorta s , near Magaliesberg a Catholi d an , c church, workin e northerth n i g n suburb f Johannesburo s g will live there. attended by Coloured as well as European worshippers, in the centre Eastern Native .Township (which contains only 602 houses) is to of Upington. serve the eastern industrial area of the city. All other Africans, including those at present living in a number of squatter camps, arc to On four occasions during the year, at Lydenburg, Pietermaritz- move to the south-west. The plans would involve the clearance of burg, Brits, and Johannesburg, the Chairman of the Land Tenure large settled African townships suc s Pimvillha Westerd can n Native Advisory Board ruled tha Indiae th t n Congress shoulpermittee b t dno d Township alsd removae an o,th thousandf o l f Coloureso d Indiadan n o givt e evidenc t publia e c hearings o direcn ,d sinct ha financia t i e l families totaA f .nearl o l y 170,000 Non-Europeans might havo t e interes n thei t . proceeding s maiit nd an objecs d bee ha n tattac a n k be moved (over one-third of the Non-Europeans living in Johannes- (17) Further detail e give ar sn pag . o n 51 e burg townships — i.e. all those other than mine labourers and domestic ('*) See. Assembl 5 Marcy f o Hansar h5 . 1954No d , Col. 1632. servants). 60 A SURVEY OF 1 RAC6 E RELATIONS: 1953-54 e SoutherTh n Transvaal Regional Committe e Institutth f o e f o e Movemen s formed a numbewa t d an f ,Africa o r n stand-holdern i s Race Relations duplicated copies of the proposals(19) and studied Sophiatow d Martindalan n e signed undertaking o selt lt theino s r them carefully, ft pointed out that whereas Africans have freehold properties. A public meeting of properly owners and tenants held rights in some of the areas where they now live, no compensatory title will be available to them in the new townships south-west of the in Sophiatown during March resolved to continue slrenuously ol oppose the scheme. Representatives of ihc Africans in the Western city. Thes townshipw ne e e inconvenientlar s y situate r manfo d f yo Areas petitioned the House of Assembly lo allow (hem to put their the Johannesburg industries; large number f Africao s n workers will in consequence have to (ravel many miles to and from work. Re- case before Parliament deputatioA . n fro Johannesbure mth g Citixens' housing schemes to clear slum areas in the south-west, such as Moroka, Native Housing Committe e Generath t me le Purpose d Nativan s e Affairs Committees of the City Council to press (or .shun clearance will have to be postponed almost indefinitely if the Mentz Report is accepted. rather than mass removal. Western Areas Protest Committees were forme n mani d y Johannesburg suburbs; during April they sent e LanTh d Tenure Advisory Board commence s publiit d c sittings delegation o theit s r City Councillors expressing oppositioe th o t n in Johannesburg in August 1954. Plans submitted had been drawn mass removal scheme, and requesting assurances that the councillors up on a more or less arbitrary basis, since no racial survey had been would not serve on the proposed Native Resettlement Board and made and insufficient factual knowledge was available. The Institute's woul theie dus r influenc thae Councie se th t o t e l rendere Governe dth - Regional Committee prepare a dsummar e proposalth e f th o y f o s men assistanco n t e other than that which migh e madb t e obligatory ad hoc reference and planning committee, the Municipality, and others, 2n by law. Another deputation of prominent citizens waited on the ( ) and is watching the proceedings closely. Council urginimplementatioe a parl th refuse o t b o t yt gi o t e e th f no scheme deputatioA . n froe Citmth y Council wen o Capt t e Town Western Areas Removal Scheme, Johannesburg again to urge the Minister lo allow the Council itself to implement It: was reported in our last Survey(M) that an ad hoc advisory com- c removaih l schem n accordanci e e wite conditionth h d laiha d t i s mittee, consistin representativef go Governmene th f so Johannesd an t - dow r co-operationnfo e Ministeth t d meanwhilBu ha r. e decideo t d burg City Council, had drawn up broad outlines of a plan for the proceed wit r withouo h e Council'th t s co-operation. removal of about 57,000 Africans from Sophiatown, Martindale, The Natives Resettlement Bill was introduced in March and became Ncwclare, and Pagevicw to new townships to be called Meadowlands law in June as Act No. 19 of 1954. It applies to the four townships d Dicpkloofan , which e establishewerb o t e d about 10^ miles south- e Westerofth n suc o Areal hd othesan r adjoinind areaan n si g Johan- west of the city, adjacent to existing large African townships. This determinee b nesbur y Governor-Generale ma th s gy a db t provideI . s plan was in due course adopted by the City Council subject to certain that a Resettlement Board shall be established, with the status of a safeguards. Before the Council had been notified whether its safe- corporate body, to undertake the removal scheme. It will consist of guards were acceptable to the Minister, however, it sold Meadow- t lesno s tha l mornno nined thaean members0 1 n l appointedal , f o , lands to the Government. who t lesmno s thamember0 1 nf (i lou c appointedr ar o sr ) five will Novemben I r 1953 Cite th ,y Council aske e Ministedth initiato t r e be chosen on the ground mainly of their knowledge of the affairs of a judical enquir investigato yt e ownershi e Westerth n pi n Areasd an , the City Council. Its staff will consist of officers seconded from the requested thaCouncie th t permittee b l d itsel removae carrth o t f t you l public service, and, by arrangement., from the service of the Council, scheme in terms of the conditions it had previously laid down for and such other persons who may be appointed. Jt.s funds will consist co-operation, which were that removal and rehousing should be on a mainl f loano y s grante y Parliamenb d d suman t s derived froe mth priority basis determined by the Council; that removal, except by sale or lease of properties. It will be responsible directly to the Minister consent, should be the last alternative alter nil other means had failed; f Nativo e Affairs. that freehold titl available eb t Meadowlandea thosr possesseo sfo ewh d The Board is empowered to acquire, develop, and dispose of laud, e Westerth n i t n Areas; that full compensatio e paidd nb tha an t; to build houses, and to grant: leases and building loans. It may adequate transport, religious, health, school and recreational facilities expropriate land, including properties in the Western Areas, if it is be provided in the new area. These conditions were not acceptable unabl o purchast e n reasonablo e e terms. Compensation payable to the Government. lor expropriated properties shall not exceed ihc lesser of either ihc Public opposition to the removal scheme was meanwhile becoming Municipal valuation plus 20 per cent, or the purchase price plus six morre vociferous African A . n Anti-Expropriatio d Propenan r Housing per cent, per annum, and the assessed goodwill value of professions or businesses of land-owners will be added. Africans from the Western 6/54R ('"R. ) . e requirear Area o o movwh t sd e mus e provideb l d with alternative . 156/54 . 111/5RR (2" RR d ) .4an (-') 1952/5.3 Survey, pag. 57 e accommodalion or, if they prefer, a plot on which to build lor them- selves. If, alter receiving at least one month's order to vacate his 62 A SURVE F RACYO E RELATIONS : 1953-54 63 premises, an African fails to do so, a magistrate may give him three t empoweri (d) e Ministeth s removo t r e persons without placing days' notice of orders for his summary removal and the demolition any corresponding obligation on him to provide proper s immovablohi f e property y appeama e rh ; befor e magistratth e e alternative accommodation for all those who may be removed; during this period to plead his cause. No action shall lie against the and officiay Boaran r do l acting unde s orderit r r los r damagfo so s e sus- tained. e pla th f (eremovao n) l envisage n thii d s measure will prove subversive of security and stability which arc basic to harmo- e HoarTh s givei d n extensive powers ove Johannesbure th r g City nious inter-race relations and to the welfare of South Councily requirma e Councit I th e . o supplt l y essential serviceo t s Africa." e areath t acquiressi . Subjec threo t t e months' transfey noticma t ei r A long debate questioth n eo f freehol o n d title r Africanfo s s took to the Council any land and improvements in its possession, the place; this is further dealt with on page 67. During the Committee Council will be bound to accepts transfer and to pay for the properties stage of the Bill the Minister of Native A flairs moved the insertion and also for any expenses incurred by the Board directly or indirectly clausew ne oa f, whic s subsequentlwa h y adopted, providing that n connectioi n wite removali I h f Africanso le Boarth f .I d . considers within three month acquisitioe (h f e Hoaro s th l y lando b n d rcgi.sl.ered that the Council has failed to carry out adequately any work it has in the name of an African, he may apply to the S.A. Native Trust, been ordered to do, the Minister may direct the Board to undertake who will then make available for purchase by him such land as it this work, recovering the costs from the Council by action in court, determiny ma a Trus n ei t area r wilo , purchaslo t assis m hi t e lann di y levyinb r o a speciag l rat n properto e n Johannesburgi y y b r o , a released area. Eithe n economia r c agricultural uni r a lano t n i d deduction from any moneys due to the Council from the Treasury or Trust village will be made available. Opposition members pointed Administration e designate b e Boar y Th ma .d n urba a d n local t thaou t this concessio f nlittlo wile eb l assistanc o permanentlt e y authorit e purpose th e administratior th fo y f o s f Nativo n e affairn i s urbanized Africans who do not wish to settle in (he Reserves. its areas, to the exclusion of the Johannesburg City Council. Annual reports of the Board will be tabled in Parliament. appointmene Th Nativee th f o t s Resettlement Boar announces dwa d i nt becami July d an , e operative fro I mAugust l UniteAl . d Party Immediately the Bill was published, the Institute of Race Relations 22 28 City Councillor st consistI invite . so f servt o refuse i t o sdo d n eo o t d duplicated a summary of it( ) and prepared a considered statement^ ) Mr W. H. L. Heckroodt, a former General Manager of Railways, whic s sen o Memberhwa t t f Parliameno se th l partieo t al f d o t an s as chairman, and eight members who include a member of the Native press. Attention was drawn to the extraordinarily wide powers to be Affairs Commission e Under-Secrctarth , r Nativyfo e Affair r Urbafo s n given the Board, and the drastic interference with the traditional Areas, the Chairman of the National Housing and Planning Com- relationship between local and central government. Nowhere in mission, and two City Councillors (one being a member of the Inde- the Bill was (hen: any reference to consultation with the people most pendent United Party), appointe n (heii d r individual capacities. concerne e Africanth d— s fro e Westermth n Areas e n termI th . f o s During September, a deputation from the Board met the City Council, legislation e freeholth , d right f theso s e Africans woul e destroyedb d . requested the Council's co-operation in setting aside Meadowlands Tlic Institute again submitte r slud fo tham e nees th tclearanc wa d e a locationsa asked an , d thaservicee Municipae th t th f so l Non-Euro- and not for the compulsory removal of an entire community. pean Affairs Department be made available for the removal of Africans. e measurTh strenuousls ewa y oppose Parliamenn di l opposial y b t - e CouncilTh y majoritb , y vote, deride o refust d e Ihese requests. tion parties excep Independene th t t Unite Hone d th . Party r H . D . The Minister then approved a resolution of the Board that it be desig- Gluckman, on behalf of the United Party, movcd(24) that the second nated an urban local authority. It will now be necessary for the Board reading of the Bill not be passed because, inter alia to appoint its staff, and, in view of the City Council's refusal to second "(a) it usurps the statutory powers and rights of local authorities personnel, a large number of persons will have to be appointed unless and is undemocratic and dictatorial; the Government forces the Municipality to give assistance. (/;) it deprives persons to be removed of their existing right to In the estimates of expenditure tabled in Parliament during April, freehold title without providin y opportunitgan f gainino y g £850,00 allocates 0wa r 1954/5dfo r (In5lo : removal schem e: £20,000 new freehold titl arean i e whico t s h the c removedyar ; for administrative costs, £180,00 e purchasth r fo 0f properties o e , (c) it compels the removal of persons legally residing in an area d £650,00an r thei0fo r development estimates i t I . d thae entirth t e withou attempy an t gaio t t n their co-operation; scheme may take 10 year's to effect. About 15,000 serviced stands will eventuall e availablb y e Meadowlandth n i e s e areaerectioTh . f o n (22) RR 25/54. houses there is now in full swing : the first 300 were built by the (") KR. 24/54. Municipality d thenan , , followin Council'e gth s decisio co-operato nt e (24) Hansard No. 8 of 23 March 1954, Col. 2541. no further, the ad hoc committee (whose functions have now been 64 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1953-54 65 taken over by the Hoard) engaged its own building workers. Teams increasing African population, and, in consequence, Africans commen- of African builders, workin n mass-productioo g n methodsw no c ar , ced settling in unauthorized areas, mainly as squatters, in such places erecting eight houses a day. 8,500 houses are to built, of varying s Windermerca , Cook' outskirte sth Bus d f Goodwoodhan o s , I'arow sizes, 20 per cent, detached, 50 per cent, semi-detached and the and Bcllville. Following detailed investigations in 1941 and 1943, remainder in rows, the numbers of each having been determined in Urban Areas Inspector e Nativth f o se Affairs Department recom- accordance wite Municipath h l surve f income o ye Wester th n i s n mended that Langa should be considerably extended and that other Areas. These will be. grouped in village units of about 1,500 houses, township e establisheb s e proximitth n i d f developino y g industrial each unit eventuall n churches o ow havt y s it e , schools, communal arease (JapTh .e Divisional Council accordingly established an d hall, shops, creches, park d opean s n spaces. Africans wile disb l - built Nyanga Township, and the City Council acquired the necessary tributed betwee village nth e units accordin theio gt r ethnic groupings. land and powers for the extension of Langa and for the establishment A number of serviced sites will also be provided where Africans can of a township at Retreat. The need for housing grew ever more build their own houses; for a start, if they wish, being permitted to acute: at present 12,273 Africans are housed at Langa, 4,516 at erect temporary dwellings with materials provided on the hire-purchase Nyanga, 1,24 n Simon'i 0 s Town location, approximately 17,30- by 0 system. Then; will be 30 years' leasehold of plots. All church groups employers on their premises or in compounds, etc., and over 50,000 d Africaan n trader t presena s t operatin e Westerth n gi n Areas have live in squatter settlements. been invite applo t d r site yfo t Mcadowlands a s . Early in 1954, the Minister of Native Allah's ruled that the planned The Minister has given the assurance that no-one will be moved extensions to Langa. cast of Vanguard .Drive, should not be made, since thi sCapo t roa d edle Town' airport(w extensione ne s th d an ) s unti a homld unti e lirsan s availabl i eth l tm thousanhi r fo e d houses 27 and a school have been completed. It is hoped that the railway line planned would conflict wit s hullchi h r /on ee Wester policyth s A n. may be extended by then : at present the branch line ends half-a- Province mus e lookeb t de preserv upoth s a nf Coloure o e d labour, milc from the area being developed. Those on the outskirts of the e migratioth n ther f furtheo e r African families mus e severelb t y Western Areas will move first, the Native'Affairs Department supplying discouraged. No more family houses must therefore be built at transport s theA y. move out, their houses wil e demolisheb l d an d Langa: future buildings there mus restrictee b t hostelo dt singlr sfo e the Board will e sellan th o lmembert d f otheo s r racial groupss a , men. African e scatteres th fro l mal d squatter settlements muss a t may be determined or for industrial purposes. soo possibls na movee centrae eb on o dt l place wher l futureeal , housing e SenioTh r Urban Areas Commissione e Nativth f o er Aflairs would be concentrated — the area south of Nyanga location was Department states (25 )acquire w thaBoare no propertieth t4 s dha 14 d s recommended, but the City Council was free to suggest another 28 in the Western Areas and is negotiating lor a further 44 properties desircd(o s aret i f i ae squatter Th ). s e rehousewerb e o th t e n o d there t appearI . s thaAfricanw fe t sr solfa havd o s evoluntarily . basis of site-and-service schemes. J'urchases have been in the main from European or Asiatic owners or These requirements, which were originall l madal t e yno clear.(-" ) as result of sales in execution : rates had been allowed to accumulate created some e dismayInstitute'th d an , s Regional Committee there- e Municipalitth d an s recentlyha y been pressin r paymentgfo , which fore convened a conference on 2 April 1954, to discuss the whole s beeha n impossibl r somfo e e African owners. Unti e removath l l situation. The Minister was invited to attend or to send a represent- begins, resident e stayin s ar stenanta e Governmen th n go f o s t (now . Eightso o d yt personno d ativedi st werbu , e present, representing the Board). 3 bodie2 s includin e Capth g e Town City Council e Divisionath , l Council, other local authorities in the J'eninsula, the Nyanga Advisory Sitin f Africago n Housing Scheme Cape th en si Peninsula Board, and the S.A. Trades and Labour Council. It was pointed out. Cape Town Municipality, like Johannesburg, has been advised at the conference, that the Minister's decision meant that the whole e Ministebth y f Nativo r e Affairs s Governmeni tha t i t t polico t y area would have to be re-planned in regard to the siting of industry concentrate African workers in one or two large areas which must e layouth f d roado t d an railwaysan s l thiAl s .woul d seriously delay not converge on areas occupied or main roads used by other groups. the provision of long-overdue housing. Industrial sites at Kpping An intcr-dcparl.niental committee has been appointed to enquire d Ndabenan d bee ha e understandini nth soln o d g tha a plentifut l into the siting of locations to serve the city. ("7) See Assembly Hansard of 2 June, i\ro. 17, Col. 6146, for a full explanation The Institute's Cape Western Regional Committee has submitted e Minister'oth f s policy. evidence to this inter-departmental committee^6). It pointed out s i noteworthy(~ t J s) , however, that discussion e inter-departmentath f o s l that the provision of housing at Langa never caught up with the committee were limited to sites at Nyanjpi Sonlli and Kerslr. K'ivcr. (-°) lu particular, 1lic Minister's decision in regard to llie future of f,an<;a (-'•') Article in Hiintn November 1954. t knownno t s I \va<.wa ; though y manb t y thae intendeli t d this town- . 15K/54KK e .(.-"Se ) e evacuateb shi o t pf riamsA y b d . 66 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1953-54 67 supply of labour would be available near at hand at Langa. Nyanga of any location, Native village or hostel, on terms to be specified by Soutli was dune and bush country, where drift-sand control would himself (including paymen e termth r sfo compensatiof o t Africano nt s be expensive. There was little hope of a train service there for some affected)definitioe th o T f "accommodate.o n e principath n i " l Act, years to come. Nyanga was ill-served with transport, and workers which read o houss"t r provideo e with lodging addee "ar worde dth s wero e citith nywh e moved there would hav speno et d much time "or to make available for occupation any land or premises." in travelling d woulan , d nee devoto t d e about one-fift f theio h- in r e GovernmenTh s seekini t g power furthe limio t rnumbee th t f o r comes to transport costs. Already 44 per cent, of African families Africans livin "Europeann i g " areas e Billn termI th .f , o sdomesti c in the municipal area lived below the poverty datum line and another servants arc in future to be exempt from living in locations or hostels r cent2pe 4 , belo e effectivwth e minimum level; these percentages onl f accommodatei y e premiseth n o d s where thec employedar y , would increase considerabl e majoritth f i y y were force o livt dt a e and no children under 12 years of age may be so accommodated Nyanga. unless with special permission from local authority. Furthermore, e conferencTh e resolved thae provisioth t f additionao n l housing accommodatio r Africannfo "Europeann i s " areas, whethe domesr fo r - facilitie mattea s urgencyswa f ro ;undesirabls thawa t ti concentrato et e tic servant r industriao s l workers, : musa clasbi f futurn i o o tt s e b e the whole. African labour force in one locality; and that the Minister specifie e Ministerth y b d r approveo , e Ministeth y e db s th wela r s a l be urge withdrao dt extensioe th vets whi n o o f Langano . local authority employeo N . r wil e permitteb l houso t d e more than e CitTh y Counci sincs ha l e submitted revised plan r extendinsfo g five Africans on his premises unless he has received special permission : this township in the direction of Nyanga. this clause is intended to deal with "locations in the sky," i.e. the In a statement made to the Cape Time.1: during April, Dr Sheila housing of Africans in rooms on top of flats or hotel buildings. :l r I-Jorstdc e Institute'n th , va s Regional Chairma e Westerth n i n n e InstitutTh f Raceo e Relations issue statemena d Bill(e th n "o t) Cape, deeply regretted the reversion to the policy of using migrant which was sent to Members of Parliament of all parties and to the African labourer possibles a r dree fa Sh o wss . attentio serioue th o nt s press. The institute pointed out that while the object of the new social and economic consequences of the system, and pointed out that definitio o accommodate"t f o n s presumablwa " coveo t y r site-and- if industr e Westerth n yi t been no Capn d abl eha attraco et t African scrvice schemes o mentio, n ther s f wa eservices o n n theori d t i yan , labour, its expansion would have been retarded and there would would be possible lor the Minister to order that Africans should be have been less employment for the Coloured people, particularly moved from their homes to bare veld. It was unlikely that this would in the skilled and semi-skilled occupations. be his intention, but no Minister should have this power. It should e imperativb e that alternative housin e provideb g d before persons Siting of African Housing Schemes in Pretoria were removed from existing accommodation d powean ; o removt r e d linea n planninA g committee, appointe e Governmentth y b d , people from their homes should in any case be exercised only lor the completed plans during 195 r Africa3fo n township developmenn i t most compelling reason f publio s c good witan d h proper judicial the Pretoria area. These plans, which were accepted by the Munici- safeguards. If it was considered desirable that the number of servants pality, envisage three large African areas t Vlakfontcia , northe th n i n- in residence in flats should be limited, an essential preliminary was cast, Attcridgcvillc and Saulsville in the south-west, and Klipfontein that alternative housing and adequate transport facilities should first in the north. About 2,500 African families now living in Lady be provided. Sclborne (where many have freehold title), Baritule, and Hove's The Southern Transvaal Regional Committee of the Institute Ground, and large numbers in scattered squatter camps, will gradually held a public meeting during March to discuss "Johannesburg's be moved to one or other of these main areas. Housing schemes in future: Wha e Government'th t s proposals mean. e NativeTh " s progress arc described on pages 75, 76, and 77. Resettlement Bill and the Natives (Urban Areas) Amendment Bill were considered. Natives (Urban Areas) Amendment Bill During the same month, the United Municipal lixccutive Provision e Nativeth f o s s (Urban Areas) Amendment Bill con- discussed the Bill and, by a small majority vote, decided to ask the cerning influx contro c dealar l t wit pagn . ho Furthe e66 r clausef so Ministe defeo t rmeasure th r ebee d untiha nt i l considere liaisoa y db n the Bill, if it becomes law, will enable the Minister to compel other committee of this body and the Native Affairs Department. The Bill local authorities besides Johannesburg to eliminate "black spots" s hel wa e d195 th ove r 5 fo sessior f Parliamento n . in their areas. Freehold Titld "Blacan e k Spots" The Bill provides that after a public enquiry presided over by a nominee of the Minister has been held, the Minister may require e Minister'Th s conceptio a "blackspot f o n s beeha " n clarifieo t d locaa l authorit tako yt eremovale stepth r sfo , curtailmen r abolitioo t n (••"') K.K. 27/54. 68 A SURVE F RACYO E RELATIONS: 1953-54 69 the public durin year e liae gth H s. said,( blac31A " ) k aren spoa s ai t e MinisteTh s alsha ro ruled that locations honld have thein ow r in which Native propertn ow s a Europea n yi n a whitarea d an e, spot access roads. The use of main, and more particularly national, is an area in which Europeans own property in a Native area." He road s locaa s l transport road r locationfo s s sternli s y discouragey db has also explained(32) that, in his view, a location is not a Native him. s European-ownedi area t I . , property which belong a Europea o t s n city council, "and the Natives who reside there reside there just as Lease of Sites in Locations to Churches Native farm labourer fare a Europeas th f mliv o n eo ne owneTh . . . r A circular dated 3 September 1954. signed by the Secretary Ibr only Native area Sout n si schedulee th he Africar . e d. th . aarea d san Native Allairs. was sent to all urban local authorities. It cmphasixed released areas.'' The aim of "black-spot" removal, then, is to deprive that acquisition of sites in locations by churches must be approved Africans of freehold title outside the Reserves. e Ministeth y b f Nativo r e Affair locay s b wela ss la l authoritiesd an , Yet the Mayors Joint Committee which has been sitting in East continues London writes certainls i t "I . yserioua s injustice that thrif Africany b t s s beeha n t decide"I d that s regarda , e maximuth s m duration taking advantage of the building society movement is at present of occupation, no agreement or permission to occupy shall be directly assistin e housinth n i g f Europeany go an n i d doct an sno s for longer a yearltha n o n y basis. hely Africae wa pth n peopl stangreater o fa ewh n di r nee assistancf do e "Owing to the intervention by representatives of certain church f housingo y . Althoug . wa . .e i th ne man th h y societie . collec . . s t d othean r bodie mattern i s s outsid e worscope th th e k f eo they deposits amounting to thousands of pounds every year from African should undertake among Natives, it has been decided that pro- depositors throughout the Union, there are no related facilities for vision shoul cancellatio e made dth b r efo leasef activitiene o th f si s the loan of these moneys to Africans . . . We understand that they arc sucy an h f representativeo , outsid normae eth l works scophi f eo , unwilling to do so on account: of the lack of security of title or tenure." subversiva f o e ar e nature r migho , t ten r encourag leao o t do dt e Africans who are removed from townships like Sophiatown and deterioration in the relationships between the Natives and Lady Sclborne to proclaimed locations will suffer from other disadvant- Governmental persons or bodies, if not to out-and-out defiance ages besides the loss of freehold rights. They arc at present subject only or breaches of the law. to municipal by-laws which apply also to Europeans, their friends from "When, in the opinion of the Minister of Native Affaire, the other townships can visit them freely without special permits, and occupier uses the site or allows or suffers it to be used for purposes tenants, if behind with their rent, arc liable only to civil action. But other than those for which it was granted, or the activities of the in proclaimed locations, owner f houseo s s (buil n leaseholo t d stands) sais representativehi d f occupiero y an r o , s whethe e sitth e n o r selt r bono no l y d theima r property except with official permissiond an , r elsewhereo o encouragt e suc ar s ,a h r teno e o encouragt d e if the o longen y r qualif o remaie t urbay th n i nn are r infringo a e deterioration in the relationships between Natives and the Govern- location regulation e evictedb s y thema y. Tenante evicteb y dma s ment or governmental persons or bodies, the grantor or lessor lor similar reasons; and those who are even one month in arrcar can give three months' notice in writing of the cancellation of with ren e liablar t imprisonmeno t e r evictiono t . Visitors from other e permissioth o occupy.t n " townships require permits froe Locatiomth n Superintendent.

Buffer Zones and Access Roads Ethnic Grouping in Urban Locations The Minister has also ruled that locations should have their own Early in 1954, the Department of Native Affairs asked certain townships should be away from developed European areas, or, should urban local authoritie wero wh se plannin Africaw gne n locationo t s thie impossibleb s , shoul e separateb d d from main road r areao s s appl e principlyth f ethnio e c grouping. Bcnoni Municipality agreed occupie y otheb d r group y industriab s l area r otheo s r buffer strips townshiw ne e f th Davcytono p n i e locao s Th o .l d Advisor o t y 200 to 500 yards wide, depending on circumstances. This require- Boards were opposed to the principle but agreed to give the scheme men s causini t g concery areasma ,n i nparticularl y Durban, where a trial. Other local authorities, however, were, in some doubt as e topographth y limits areas where housing scheme c possiblear s . to exactly what was required, and were opposed to the idea. The principle was not enshrined in any legislation. Clause 2 (4) of the 0 acre n t emergenc17 asida se ss e a e Th y cam r Africanfo p t a s Bantu Authorities Bill provide s possibla dr e fa Africatha th eo s t n Urnlazi Clcbe may be reduced to something in the vicinity of 50 inhabitant f eaco s h ward shoul e memberb de samth f eo s ethnic acre f luli s l buffer requirement e Cit th c met yt ar s Councibu ; s ha l grou r tribepo t representativebu ; thf so e United Municipal .Executive, placed alternative suggestions befor e Governmentth e . a meetin t a g with officiale Nativth f o se Allairs Department heln i d (°l) Assembly, 2 lime 1954 Hansunl No. 17, Col. 6150. January 1954, had agreed to ask the Minister to consider deleting (") Assar.hly Aj.ri1 , l 1954 f:m?ar, I Co)9 . . .Mo d 3204 this clause. The Transvaal Municipal Association, in a memorandum 70 A SURVE F RACYO E RELATIONS: 1953-54 71 on tlic Bill, said that in its experience housing without regard to o discust s this maile d othean r r tlillicultics thad ariseha t n coni n - division f thio s s nature lessened inter-tribal friction. nection with .site-and-service schemese requesth s t refusedwa bu t, . The Council's Manager of Non-European Affairs later intimated a meetin t A g hel Junen i d e Transvaath , l District Committef o e that as ethnic grouping is to be based on a linguistic and not a tribal e Institutth f Administratoro e f Non-Europeao s n Affairs discussed basis, he was prepared to recommend to his Council that ethnic the matter A representativ. e Nativth f o e Affairs Department suggested tha te African theth o yt t mighsi t whethepu t r they would groupin e acceptedb g , wite provisth h o t i resultethay f an i t n i d trouble the full responsibility would be that of the Government. like to live in selected areas without making them (eel that it was e meetincompulsorTh . Nativge so resolveth theo r d k y fo mo eas t o dt Affairs Department to state what it considered the advantages of e ShortagTh f Housineo g ethnic groupin . Johannesburbe o t g g Municipality discussee th d e e Inter-Departmentareporth Th f o t l Committee appointen i d principle with Advisory Boards in its area, all of whom expressed their 1953 to enquire into the housing shortage has not yet been made opposition. There was still no indication that it was irrevocable public. No later over-all figure is available than that given for Africans Government policy, and no debate on the subject has been held in e Nativbth y e Affairs Departmen n 1952i t , whe t estimatei n d that Parliament. e shortagth urban i e n area f 167,32so s thewa n8 dwelling d thaan s t Meanwhile, the ad hoc Advisory Committee on the Western a further 185,813 dwellings would be needed during the next 10 years : Areas Removal Scheme notified Johannesburg City Council that it a tota f 353,14o l r African1fo s only. e Minister'th s wa s wish thae settlementh t e Mcadowlandsth f o t - a meetin t Natae A th f glo Provincial Counci Augus6 1 n o l t 1954, Dicpkloof area should take place in accordance with ethnic groupings, the Administrator said that the shortfall in the urban areas of Natal and requested co-operation. The Council replied that it could not 4,30was 0 house Europeansfor s Colourefor 500 , d families, 12,000 support the proposal. There was much public discussion: the for Asiatics, and 21,000 for Africans. Institut f Raco e e Relations issue a dpres s statemcnt(33) saying that from its experience of the urban situation, any attempt to divide From information kindly supplied to the Institute by local authori- urban Africans into ethnic and language groups and to settle them ties, it appears that so far as Africans are concerned, if accepted removal on a tribal basis would be in direct conflict with the unmistakable schemes (excluding the Mcntz scheme lor the Southern Transvaal) course of development of the urban African community. e implementedb o t e ar f thosi , unsatisfactorn i e y dwelling d sluan sm e DepartmenTh f Nativo t e Affairs then clarified exactly whas wa t areas, those livin sub-tenants ga d thos an ssquatte n ei r campo t c ar s required. It transpires that the Minister desires local authorities to be rehoused, 46,149 more houses arc needed in Johannesburg. In the set aside separate residential areas in new townships for Africans of Cape Divisional Council and Cape Town Municipal areas, 47,000 the main language groups (Nguni, Sotho, and "others" on the Reef), dwelling c requiredar s n Pretoriai ; , 21,722 n Durbani ; , 14,000; with further sub-divisions where practicable. Ethnic groupino t s gi Gern i m is ton, 12,000 Porn i ; t Elizabeth, 12,000 Bcnonin i ; , 8,000; be applied gradually in existing locations too. In cases of inter- in East London, 3,500; in Vcrceniging, 2,100; in Vandcrbijlpark, marriage, familie choosy ma e ares th en whic i a h they wis o livet h . 2,000 Brakpann i ; , Boksburg, Blocmfontci d Springan n s each about This scheme e Ministeth , r considers, will simplify control d wilan ,l n Kimberlcyi 1,500d an ; , 1,000 n thesI large5 . 1 e r urban areas facilitate mother-tongue educatio n primari n y school d alse an sth o alone, then, the shortage of housing for Africans is 175,471; and creatio Bantf no u authoritie Bantd san u courts opinios t wilhi I .n i l n (partly as result of removal schemes accepted for Pretoria and Johan- e possiblb e through this schem o harnest e e principlth s f tribao e l nesburg e positioth ) s obviouslha n y deteriorated since 1952. 34 seniorit e maintenancth n i y f order.(o e ) It is not only Africans who are living in overcrowded, slum con- It is reported by the Johannesburg City Council(35) that the ditions. Full statistic r othefo s rt availablegroupno n i e t ar s bu , Minister in effect then stated that unless the Council agreed to adopt Johannesburg, for example, 5,662 houses for Coloured families and ethnic groupin n futuri g e sitc-and-scrvic d housinan c g schemes, 2,187 for Asiatics are needed. Port Kli/abelh needs at least 2,000 no further housing funds would be made available. Continuing to more house r Colourefo s d people d Pietcrmarilzburan , g need0 92 s maintain that the principle was not enshrined in any legislation, for Asiatics. Pretoria requires 710 for Coloured families and 824 e Citth y Council requeste n interviea d w wite Primth h e Minister for Asiatics. (M) KK. 149/54. (-14) Report f statemento s e Ministe th e Star, th y b s9 n Septembe i r r 1954, Financin f Housingo g Schemes aii'l Ipy the Secretary for Native Affairs, Star, 2 September. (•") Memorandu o Primmt e Minister publishe Star,e th 4 Amius n fuli n d2 i l t estimatee th n I f r 1954/55£8,500,00o sfo m su allocates a , 0wa d 1954. for National Housing. This is the same amount as was voted the 72 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATION S: 1953-54 73 previous yrar. but during that year a further £1,750,000 was later during 1953. This rate was far too slow: 35,000 houses a year for provided, giving a total of £10,250,000. (36) n year te e requirear s r Africanfo d s alone.('"') This syste f annuamo l Parliamentar e yrequiremen th votes d an , t that amounts from their allocations not spent by loeal authorities e Minister'Th s Plan Speeo t s e Provisiodth f Housinno r gfo during the year must be returned to the Treasury, have discouraged Africans long-term planning. It has frequently been advocated that a National The Minister of Native Affairs has reali/ed ilia I: a new approarh I lousing Lund be created. Private organizations including the to (he problem is needed il all Africans required as employees in the National Federation of Building Trade 1'Lmploycrs and the .Standard towns are ever to be housed adequately. Under previous methods Oil Refining Company have during the year suggested that private the backlog in housing was increasing from year to year. enterprise should assist with the erection of houses for Africans; but The steps he has taken, which will in turn be described in greater this would require an amendment to the Natives (Urban Areas) detail below, have been to insist on the introduction of sitc-and- Act, whic s understooi t i h e Ministeth d s unwillini r o makc(t g 37), scrvice schemes for the rehousing of Africans now in squatter settle- (o allow F.iiropc.'in-conlrollcd companie o acquirt s n interesa e a n i t ments; the encouragement ol economic building schemes and those Native location. Durban Corporatio s recentlha n y been authorized providing different types of houses for the different income groups; to float a loan of £10 million for Non-European housing. e discouragementh f purelo t y sub-economic building schemese th ; At its meeting during September 1954, the Institute of Adminis- introduction of economic rentals for those considered able to afford trators of Non-European Affairs resolved to urge that the Native these establishmene th ; Servicee th f o t s Levy Fund e introductioth ; n Affairs Department should take ove e housinth r f Africango s froe mth Native th f o e Building Worker encouragemene th s Actd an ; f experio t - National Housin d Planninan g g Commission s considerewa t I . d ment o reduct s e building costs. that delays woul e minimizeb d e bodon f yi d alon s responsiblewa e . Site-and-Service Scheme r Africans('"fo s ) Rat f Buildino e g during 1953 lUoemjnntein e firsth t e Unios towth wa n adopo i nt n e assisteth t d The National Mousing Office advises(n8) that during the year home-ownership polic r Africanfo y s which a modifie n i , d form, forms ended 31 March 1953 with the £10^- million then available, e Minister' th e basi th r fo ssite-and-serview ne s e schemes. Africans 2.983 economic and 393 sub-economic houses were built for Europeans, who have worked for at least a year in Blocmfontein may apply for and 1,031 economic and 6,560 sub-economic houses for Non-Euro- a building plot, at the same time submitting their building plans, peans. simply drawn, or borrowing plans from the Municipality. Successful applicant c grantear s a dplot , receive advice about their plansd an , e NationaTh l Housing Office's syste f classificatiomo s probabli n y 39 may, if they wish, purchase building materials from the Council to a samnoe th ts tha ea Bureae t th use y f Censudb uo d Statistics^an s ) e timeon maximu .y 5 wortan One-tent£7 t a hf m o h of'thm su e which has issued totals for 1953 of dwelling-houses and flats built owing is payable in cash, and the remainder must be repaid over 10 in the 18 principal urban areas and 44 smaller towns. The period years at current rales of interest. Muilding operations are supervised, covered overlap y threb s e month e vers th onlyy t largbu ; e diflcrcnce, e Municipalit(h d an y provides roads, street-lighting, water tapt a s particularly in the case of houses for Europeans, makes it apparent vantage e pointtownshipth n i s d night-soian , d rubbisan l h removal e syste(hath t l classifyinmo g privately built houses probably differs. services. At the commencement of the scheme the Africans were The liurcau states that in the towns concerned, 8,136 dwelling houses permitted to live in pondokkies on the site during building operations; were complete r Europeanlo d s durin r Coloureg fo .1953 1 d 78 ,an d but unsatisfactory living conditions resulted, and a proper dwelling Asiatic people, and 5,019 for Africans. Of these, the numbers privately e completeb musw no t d within nine month e allocatioth e f o sth f o n built were 7,249, 243, and 692 respectively. In addition. 5,176 plot. During 1952/53, 235 more of these owner-built: houses were flats, 1,025 flats incorporating other premises, and 2,772 other residen- completed except for permanent roofing, for which materials were tial buildings were complete e townth n i sd concerned. not available. About 1,400 further houses are required, but the y case Jran o set if figure,tw o s lookin e n conjunctioni th s t a g , schem s beeeha n hel owinp du shortag a o gt standf eo s whil plae eth n s cleai t r that morno t e than about 8,500 house r Non-Europeanfo s s for the new lay-out is awaiting approval. It is possible that the could have been built from National Housing funds and privately (4") Minister of Native Affairs, Assembly, 15 September 1953. Hansard (:";) Minister of Health, Senate, 11 March 1954. Hansard No. 2, Col. 1K3. No. 10. Col. 3527. e Star,repore Se th (-9 )lim 1 n i t e 1954. (•") Informatio e pa^eth n i sn that follow lias very kindly been suppliey b d

(••'•'17 ) Letter 11.8/1 of 22 October 1953. Ilic local authorities concerned n somi , e cases bavini;' been supplemented ("") Biillclin.'s of fitnlislic.f, August 1954, Table F.:i, and bine from other sources. Unless otherwise staled "the pas| year" refero t s I').H Table !•'/>. the period from 1 October 1953 to 30 September !<>5-l. 74 A SURVE RACF YO E RELATIONS: 1953-54 75 Municipality may adopt economic letting rather than further assisted building material value th f faro £20o eo S t s, . 1,680 sites have been ownership schemes. allocated. A more permanent scheme may be established at Duff's Road Durban sitc-and-servica s ha e schem Umlaze th t ea i Glebe Emerg- ia rail-lin f providede b n kca . Port Elizabeth contemplatins i ga sitc - ency Camp. Serviced stand c leasear s Africanso t d mako wh ,e their and-service schem n extensio a Brightow s e northa eNe th f o no t n , n buildinow g arrangements, often employing European contractors. Kimberley s plannini t a Galcshewc e e Ca/teth on g d Divisionalan , Loans to a maximum of £250 arc available, repayable over 15 years Council has introduced such a scheme at Nyatiga. t currena t rate f interestso . Ove lase th rt year house2 23 , s have been completed, all but one with the aid of loans. Unfortunately, the Economic Housing Scheme Africanr fo s s Government's buffer zone policy will very considerably reduce the Several local authorities have during the past year proceeded area available for housing at Umlazi Glebe. with economic housing casesw schemefe ,a r Africans fo n si t bu ; Similar schemes are in progress in other towns, for example King t leasta t appeari , s that furthee forthcominb t rno fundy gma s until William's Town, and were planned in other areas, for example, site-and-service schemes are also implemented. Germiston, Kimberley, d Johannesburg.an t I appear , however, that At Wattvillc, Benoni, a 2,500-housc scheme is being continued, particularl townn yi s wher housine eth g shortage acutes i Ministee th , r 446 dwellings having been built durin e pasgth t e yearhouseTh . s require simplea s f schemeo e b r o naturt s e thas originallnwa y envis- concretf o e ar e blocks, contain four rooms havd an , e individual water, aged. Earl n 1954i y , Johannesburg Municipality discusse a dsite - electricity eartd an , h closets. The rentee economin a yar n do c basis or sold over a 30-year perod. A new scheme has been started at and-service schem termn ei whicf so h 10,000 stands woul servicee db d r yea threr pe fo r e years, each stand havin gpipea d water suppld yan Daveyton, where 70,000 Africans will eventually be housed. Munici- pal teams of African building workers arc erecting two-roomed brick watcrbornc sewerage. The Municipality would erect houses on houses, capabl f extensiono e , each wit a hkitche d bathrooman n . 2,500 stands per year, while the balance of 7,500 would be made availabl Africano et s willin builo gt d theihomesn e Secretarrow Th . y It is planned to erect at least 1,000 a year. Other serviced sites arc provided where Africans may build their own houses, obtaining for Native Affairs, however, indicated that the scheme should be materials on loan and employing private African contractors if they developed without waiting for the sewering of the area, temporary bucket sanitation being provided. Thi e Municipalitth s - un s wa y wish. Germiston has just completed a large home-ownership scheme at willing to do, on the ground that it would be wasteful to make so Natalspruit, 1,750 brick houses having been erected during the past large an increase in its pail service as a temporary measure only. yea y privatb r e African contractors. Each hous s pipeha e d water Stalemate was, therefore, reached. and water-borne sewerage. Successful applicants pay one-tenth of 42 The Minister's intention apparently is ( ) that, particularly in the cost in advance and the balance in instalments. overcrowded areas, housing funds should be devoted mainly to the Pretoria has set aside 10,000 stands at Vlakfontein West and 3,000 development of sites provided with basic services, on which Africans t Attcridgcvilla c where team Africaf so n building worker completc sar - will be permitted to build temporary shacks, to be replaced within five ing eight houses a day, having, since January 1953, completed 2,000 years if possible by permanent housing. Sites for future churches, lattee th n ri areahousee 0 formee Th 20 ifour-roomednc .th d sar an r , schools, shops, recreation, etc. will be left vacant, these amenities solc instalmenty ar db d an peoplo st e movin fron gi m squatter camps. to be provided when feasible. Abouc bein ar house 2 y g1 t builda sa Africay b t n building workers Some local authorities fear that permanent slums will result. Johannesburg.n i e schemTh a ver s i ey recen t alreadt onebu 0 , 40 y Others arc giving the scheme a trial. As part of its plan to rehouse houses have been built at Dube, and the teams are now continuing squatters, Pretoria has set aside 2,400 stands at Vlakfontein East and at Mofolo. In addition, 500 houses have been built during the year 5,000 at Saulsville, divided into areas for the Nguni, Sotho, Shangaan- at Dube by contract and 200 by the B.E.S.L. All these arc for sale Thong d Vendan a a groups. Each site will have bucket sanitation, by hire-purchase. Fifteen Africans have built their own homes at and water is provided, for the time being, in tanks at vantage points. Dube. Applicant c lenar s t materials with whic construco t h e roor on tm fo In Cape Town's African township at Langa, 148 modified N.E.51 /7 a start, and arc expected to complete a proper dwelling within five dwellings with three living rooms, a kitchen and internal water-borne years. Durban has a temporary scheme at the Cato Manor Emergency sewerage were built in 1953, the economic rental being £4 a month. Camp, (an area zoned for eventual European occupation) where In 1954 an additional 24 dwellings of this type were erected, and also Africans requiring assistance with the erection of temporary homes, 48 dual occupancy houses of two or (bur rooms. In terms of the mainl f wattle-and-dauyo b with iron roofs e assistear , d with loanf o s Minister's decision to permit the housing of single men only at Langa futuren i cottag8 14 , e hostels which will accommodate e ar 2,36 n 8me ("2) See Assembly Hansard No. 17 of 2 June 1954, Cols. 6148—9. being built. About 40 will be ready by the end of 1954. The single 76 A SURVE RACF YO E 7 7 RELATIONS: 1953-54 hoste f threo l e rooms accommodates eight men e numbe,th r pe r hire-purchase or rented on an economic basis. At Sharpc Township room being 2, 3, 3. Some of the hostels arc erected in double units. bunkhousc6 3 s have been built durin yeare gth , each accommodating An economi chargede r montb pe o t c1 s £ hi ren .f o t 20 Africans on an economic rental basis. Semi-detached and row- Rapid housing developmen s necessarwa t t Sasolburg,ya teamd an s houses wil e provideb l poorer fo d r familie n extensioa n i s Sharpo t n c of African builders were formed there, too Decembey B . r 1953. they Township. had erected 80 three-roomed houses, each with bathroom, kitchen, House f varyino s g types s plannea e Nationa, th y b d l Huilding hot water supply, electricity, and water-borne sewerage. After Research Institute e alsar , o being erecte n ]\'ilhaiik.i d completing the housing scheme they will build schools, shops, quarters for single men. and a communal hall. Vanderbylpark is another place where rapid development has Conversio f Sub-Economino Economio ct c Schemes recently taken place. Semi-detached houses, each with water, In Brakpati, 105 houses have been built with sub-economic funds electricity, watcrbornc sewerage, a stove and a sink arc being built durin pase gth t year d wor an ,s proceedin ki anothen go r 269. They at Bophclong, 1,319 having been completed by December. They are eace ar louf ho r rooms with bathroom e beinar d g builan , Municipay b t l lor rentin t economiga c rates r sal o ,y hire-purchase b e . European labour e originaTh s . ha lt t them i intentiole t o t bu , s wa n Other towns where economic scheme n progresi e ar s s include now been decided to sell them by hire-purchase. East London where African builders have during the year built 210 A similar decision has been reached in regard to 500 two or three- houses of varying sixes at Duncan Village for sale by hire-purchase; roomed houses at Galeshcwe Village, and 100 more at Grecnpoint, Nigel, where a similar small scheme, built by African contractors, is built during the year by African builders in h'iniberley. in progress; Kniitilniitfin, where economic four-roomed houses, for sale or letting, are being built in a new township by private contract; Boksburg, where, brick house e beinar s g buil y Africanb t r saly fo sb e Sub-Economic Schemes for Africans hire-purchase; li[ne»i[onteiii, where Africans are building under s beeha n s e numerouA showth y b n s cosl-ol-living studies,('") contract with site permit holders and an economic, letting scheme is sub-economic housing schemes are obviously necessary (or a very under consideration e Umlazith d an Missio; n Reserve, where during large percentage of the urban Non-European population. There is the year the S.A. Native Trust has had 487 houses built for sale or o doubtn , however, that comparatively large number n a/lorca s d lettinn economia n o g c basis. economiy pa o t c rental r too s build thein houses e questioow r Th . n distinguiso t w isho h betwee varioue nth s income pastgroupse th ,n I . Schemes designe Africar dfo n Families with varying incomes the majority of local authorities have concentrated on building sub- e socio-economiTh c survey conducte e t NationaSpringsda th y b l economic houses; but it has been increasingly realized that not only Building Research Institut s describei e n earliei d r Surveys.(*t I 3) can the country not afford to house the entire urban African population showed tha n Paynevillei t , where condition e especiallar s y favourable in this way t suc,bu h e morscheme t th cate r no e fo rwell-to-do d s o becaus e marketh e d milan tk depo c subsidizedar t r centpe f o 0 , 4 , families. The Institute of Race Relations has long urged that areas the African families could in 1952 afford to pay economic rentals or be set aside where such families can own land in freehold and thus to buil themselvesr fo d r centpe 3 , 1 coul; d afford some ren t woulbu t d be given some inducement to invest money in building decent houses. have to be subsidized; and 47 per cent, could really afford no rent But the present Government is entirely opposed to this. whatsoever if they were to cover other essential expenses. A housing e NationaTh l Building Research e InstitutInstitutth d f an o ee townshi w Thema ne schem e s designeKw t th apa wa r efo accordn di - Race Relations have suggested another way of helping to meet the ance with these results, houses of different types being built in the situation : that is, designing townships and houses so as to provide correct proportions for the various income groups. During the past a gradation of house standard and amenity to cater for the different year 4 house62 , f threo s r fouo e r rooms with kitche d bathrooan n m income groups. The Minister of Native A/fairs is apparently not have been completed by teams of African builders, for rental or sale opposed to this and has approved various housing .schemes incorpora- y hire-purchaseb . ting the idea. But both he and the Minister of rlealth(45) have said In Vereeniging, too, there are teams of Africans implementing a thae Government'th t s policf sub-economio d gradualls yi ri t ge o t yc schem cateo t er differenlo r t income groups. Since 1943 they have schemes. In pursuance of this policy, particularly in areas where an built 3.383 houses at Sharpc Township, and during the past year acute shortage of housing exists, certain local authorities have been have built 100 at I'homolong. These houses, which arc mostly three- refused further sub-economic loans and have been asked to concentrate, roomed with bathroom, kitchen, sink, and stove, may be sold by (**) See. Annex-lire 'III. s e (•'•'1951/5Se ) 2 Survey, page 39. e Assembl(*Se ) y 1954y HansarMa .4 2 f o d Hansard No. 16, Col. 55IS. 78 A SURVE RACF YO E RELATIONS: 1953-54 79 e handon n buildine o ,o th n g economic n houseca r thoso fo s wh e Housin r othegfo r Racial Groups affordothere th livprovidino n n t o ,them,n o ei d an , g site-and-service It is impossible in a publication such as this to deal in any detail schemes for the large numbers now quite inadequately housed. with housin ge othe th scheme l r al raciar fo s l groups w d onlfe an ,y a Port Elizabeth d Grahamstownan wero towntw e s whose pland ha s brief indication e positioe giventh b f n o s .ca n in consequence to be altered during the year. Mainly with the aid Particularly on the Reef and in Cape Town, the housing needs of sub-econotnic loans, Port Elizabet s builha h t 2,336 houser fo s of Coloured people arc critical. In Johannesburg this group is being Coloured peopl t Schaudea e d Stuaran r t Townships d abouan , t squeeze y industriab t ou d l t developmentse e b areaw n ne ca s o n , 7,500 for Africans at New Brighton, "White" Location, McNamce aside lor Coloured people until racial /.oriing plans are fmali/.ed, and Village, and Elundini, also a number of amenities such as creches, two-thirds of them arc consequently living in slum conditions. The old-age homes, clinics, community centres and so on. Port Elizabeth Municipalit s recentlha y y started building anothe 0 economi15 r c e firsth t f o town e o trai t on sd emplo s nan wa y municipal teamf o s houses at Noordgesig, but at least another 5,500 dwellings arc required. African building workers, and s resul,a f muco t h experimentation, In the Cape, very large numbers of Coloured families live in conditions building costs have been kept lo a minimum. But in spile of an inten- of the utmost misery on the Cape Flats, many being flooded out every sification of work, it proved impossible to catch up with the demand. winter and having to rely on the Cape Flats Distress Association for The Minister has now refused further sub-economic funds, and has emergency help. Again, rehousing schemes have been complicated insisted that the Municipality should instead plan a site-and-service under the Group Areas Act. Sub-economic schemes for them are scheme. groune Parth f o t d necessar r this e Ministeyfo th , s saidha r , being erected by the Cape Town City Council, the Citizens' Housing is available to the north of New Brighton, and the City Council is League Utility Company, and by the Councils of Bellvillc and Durban- negotiating with the Divisional Council to acquire a further site at villeeconomid an ; c scheme alsc sar o being provided. Bcthclsdorp. All building schemes for Non-Europeans are, however, A housing utility company associated with Scrvita s buildini s g lattee th n ri hel arep du a pendin .recommendatione gth Lane th f do s houses arrange garden i d n village t Grassa s ys plannin i Park d an , g Tenure Advisory Board on its racial zoning. further schemes there and in the Somerset West area, for Coloured In other areas, sub-economic building has continued while econo- r theifo ry homepa n familiesca oveo a periowh rs c f ar year o dt bu s mi site-and-servicr co e schemes were als progresn oi r beinso g planned. unabl deposio t e t more tha ne capita r centth abou pe f o 0 , l1 t costs. In Pietermaritzbiirg, for example, the erection of sub-economic houses Servitas difference maketh p u s e e normabetweeth d lan n thim su s by African building worker s continuedha s economin a t bu ; c scheme deposit required, and arranges a building society loan for the balance. is also under consideration. So far as Africans are concerned, the Negotiation stile progressn ar i l regarn rehabilitatioe si th o dt n housing shortag housinf eo t acutno s gei here wels A erectins .a l economin ga c scheme planned by the Cape Flats Distress Association. The City schem d planninan e a gsite-and-servic e scheme, Johannesburgs ha Counci s durinha l e lasgth t year builsub-economi2 15 t c housess ha ; continued building sub-economic semi-detached house t Orlanda s o undertaken a large project for economic housing, the first 300 houses Wes : t 1,260 have been built under private contract durin pase gth t having been completed s alsi od constructinan ; ga home-ownershi p year. Besides erecting dwellings for home-ownership, East London scheme. s durinha e yeath g r buil mor6 6 t e sub-economic house t Duncaa s n Kimberley Municipality proposes building further sub-economic Village. Simon's Town has no schemes in progress now, but previously houses at Floors Township Extension. Coloured people's need arc s provideha d d flatsemi-detachean s d house r Non-Europeansfo s . acute in Port Elizabeth, too, but the City Council's housing plans have e DivisionalTh Council Capee o th fs plannin i ga site-and-servic e scheme, had to be revised in view of the decision about sub-economic funds. and at the same time is continuing to erect two-roomed dual-occupancy Bloemfontein is using Coloured artisans in assisted home-ownership dwellings and hostels at Nyanga : during the year 300 dwellings and and letting schemes at Hcatherdalc. accommodation for 448 single men have been built by private con- Asiatics have been particularly handicapped under the Group tractor s wela s dcpartmcntally a l . Beside e site-and-servicth s e Areas Act: the areas where they are allowed to live have been scheme Durban,n i s durin e pasgth t yeamor2 10 r e flatted houser fo s n consequenci "pegged e ar d an " e becoming mor d moran e e over- Africans were buil t a Lament t under private contract. Welkom crowded. No local authority (so far as the writer is aware) is erecting Village Management Boar s thiha ds year buil4 thre 44 r tfour o e - a housing scheme catering for Asiatics. roomed house f mazistalitso c blocks s anotheha , unde6 15 r r construc- Overcrowdin t Cata g o Manor, Durban, d uncertaintan y created tion, and is planning economic and site-and-service schemes. As e Grouth y pb Areas Act, have caused grave tensioe areath .n i n well as proceeding with its economic scheme, Bnksburg Municipality Indians apparently fear that Africans wish to oust them; and under has during the year completed 572 sub-economic dwelling units race zoning plans it has been suggested that all Non-Europeans should under private contract, and has another 108 under construction. move e mountinoutTh . g unresanti-Indiao t d le t n riotin y Africangb s 80 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS: 1953-54 81 during September 1953, whic s fortunatelwa h y quickly suppressed to a rise in building costs, the rentals payable for older houses are by flic police e NataTh . l Regional CotinniU.c e Institutth f o c s i e far lower than e newethosth n i er schemes, t whicalwayno s i h s justifi- giving much attention to conditions at Calo Manor. able n effectI . , ;tll housing loan e beinar s g consolidated "renA . t While European e bettear s r oil' thae othear n r groups, assisted factor s beeha " n workeeacr fo ht municipadou l house (ther ovee ear r housing is necessary for many of them, too. Port Elizabeth Municipality 18,00 f thes0o r Africanlo e s alon Johannesburgn i e ) which takes into has provided a number of home-ownership or letting schemes lor account the condition of the house, the accommodation it provides, them s hava , e also Blof.wlmile.in, Springs, e Capeth Divisional Council situatios it d an relation i n o transport n d othean t r facilities. Rentals and other local authorities. Further assisted housing is being built are then re-calculated. A small minority of householders will in e Nationath y b l Housin d Planninan g g Commission, and n ,i Cafie consequence have their rents reduced. Citizense Town,th y b ' Housing League Utility Company. The Institute of Race Relations and several local authorities have- urged that the income-limits should be raised. Before sliding scales Economic Rentals were decided upon. Johannesburg City Council discussed the possiblity Besides insistin n economio g d sitc-and-servican c c schemer fo s f subsidizino g from municipal revenue e rentth ,f Africao s n families Africans, (lie Government has decided to enforce the payment of wit a hmonth 0 income£2 . d f betweeCapso an 5 e £1 Town n Muni- economic rentals by all those deemed able to afford to do so. In the cipality has decided upon an income-limit of £20 a month for African past, assisted housing was theoretically reserved for those whose families livin n housei g s built from Council loan funds. Kven with incomes were belo wcertaia n mosn leveli t t bu ,case t provesi d impossi- e slidinth g scales s felmany i b t i , y that rents shoule increaseb t dno d ejeco t e t bl people when their incomes rose above this level because until an African family has at least £20 a month : according to surveys there was nowhere else lor them to go. The authorities had considered by the Institute,('lc5) £23 10s. 4d. was until recently a more realistic allowing them to remain in assisted housing projects but asking them measure of "economic" earnings in Johannesburg, and this figure y ren t pa economia t o t c difficulte rates th t ther s bu , wa ey thae th t will have risen sinc e increasth e rain i e l lares imposedwa s . transition would have been abrup e incomd severeth an t f I e. level The increased rents were originally to apply from 1 July, but the for economic rentals were £15 a month, an African family in one of matte s postponewa r r threfo d e months following representations e oldest-typth e sub-economic house n Johannesburgi s r examplefo , , by the United Municipal Executive'; and by 1 October no decision would have paid 17s. 4d. per month in rent while its income was £15 had yet been promulgated in the Government Gazette. I'rotesl. meetings or below; but as soon as the income rose to £15 Os. Id. per month have been convened by Non-Europeans in several townships, and the rental payable would have jumped to £2 or over. associations forme o challengt d e increasesth e . To meet this difficulty while at the same time reducing losses on sub-economic schemes, the Government has decided that a sliding Native Services Levy Fund scale shall be applied. An income-limit has been fixed for each racial 1' previouna s Survey(") summara Native gives th ywa f no e Services group accommodatec familied ar an , o wh s assisten di d housing projects Levy Act e purpos,th o e providcollectiot f whico th es r wa hlo e n - morwil3/ renly n r mont ei hav pa pe t eac r o et hfo h 10/ whicy -b h from employers of African men (other than domestic servants and their monthly income rises abov e limitth e , unti e fulth ll economic those provided with accommodation f contributiono ) s towarde th s renta s payablei l . This appliel raciaal o t sl groups e incomeTh . - cost of link-up water, light, sewerage, and road services to African limit varies according to whether the housing project is or is not in an townships. The lack of funds for these services had previously created area wher industrian ea l conciliation agreemen r wago t e determination a bottle-neck in housing. has been made in respect of the building industry. Within such areas According to a statement by the Native A (fairs Department on I (which include largeth l ral e towns e income-limitr th fo ) 0 £3 c ar s August 1954, r £3,116,01beefa n o 1 s urbacollecte2 d e 3nha th n i d Europeans, £20 for Coloured families and £15 for Africans. Outside areas to which the Act has been applied. Local authorities, who such areas they arc £25, £16 10s. Od. and £12 10s. Od. respectively. administer the money, are allowed to spend a certain proportion on e calculatioTh e familth f o ny income purposeth r fo ef fixino s g administrative costs — 7-J- per cent, on the first £25,00(1 collected, rents is a complicated process. The entire average monthly earnings 4| per cent, on the next £75,000, 2{ per cent, on the next £100,000, and allowances of the tenant arc included, together with half the 2 per cent, on the next £200,000, and 1 per cent, on any amount income of each of his children residing with him and the full amount collected over £400,000. Approximately one-fifth of the total (and paid by each lodger in respect of board and lodgings up to a maximum more during recent months) may be used for the subsidization of of £4 per child or lodger per month. transport serviced froan m o t sAfrica n townships e balancth d ean , Certain local authorities, including Johannesburg, have taken (•|ri) Sec A line xi I re. III. the opportunity to revise the. rentals of all municipal houses. Due (J7) 1951/52 .Vi

4) ( Prom Bulletin f Statistics,o August 1954, Tabl. A2 e £10 and £15 a month. This corresponds closely with the monthly minimum average family income of £12 16s. 6d. obtained by the Institute's investigator n 1950i s . . (J) Summary of table contained in Municipal report.