. . . The Story Continues

CHAPTER 16, The Early Americas (500 BC–AD 1537)

PEOPLE AD 750–1500: Northern Florida groups grow maize. By around AD 750, several cultures living in northern Florida were growing maize. e most successful farmers were the people of the Fort Walton culture in the eastern panhandle. e Fort Walton villages were located between the Aucilla and Apalachicola rivers. e villagers cleared large areas of land to grow corn and other crops. ese crops made up a large part of the people’s diet. A better diet helped the population grow. e Fort Walton people developed a complex political and social structure to support farming and their growing population.

Ponce de EVENTS 1513: Juan Ponce de León lands in Florida. León and his party set sail from Puerto Rico on March 3, 1513, in three ships. After nearly a month at sea, they sighted what they thought was an island. ey came ashore sometime on or slightly after April 2. Taken by its beauty and the fact that it was the Easter season, Ponce de León named the land La Florida—the  owery land. e land, of course, was not an island. Ponce de León had landed on the peninsula of Florida. Some historians believe that Ponce de León  rst came ashore below Cape Canaveral near what is now Melbourne Beach.

EVENTS Early : Florida’s Native Americans encounter the Spanish. Estimates vary on how many Native Ameri- cans lived in Florida when the Spanish  rst arrived. Some histori- ans set the number at about 100,000. Others believe that there may

have been as many as 350,000 people scattered throughout the See Chapter 1 Florida. . .The Story Photo credits: Continues

463 FL1

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Photo credits: See Chapter 1 Florida. . .The Story Continues of Ponce deLeón. cultures over thenext 300years. would destroy most ofFlorida’s native Disease, slave-raiding parties, and warfare the future for Florida’s native people. the Spanish and other Europeans changed state. Whatever the number, the arrival of cables andattempted to board the Calusa untied theships’ anchors and Spanish andwater, lookedforfood the came ashore onCalusa lands. the While In andhismen 1513,Ponce deLeón were able away to drive Ponce deLeón. of southernFlorida. Twice theCalusa political inuence extended across most occupying more than 50villages. His Carlos asmany ruled as20,000people present-day Fort Myers, theCalusa chief From inCharlotte hisbase Harbor near found aland controlled by theCalusa. camepeans to Southwest Florida, they EVENTS from the four early river valley civilizations. Explain how the civilizations of Meso and were similar to and different What doesitmean? Benchmark SS.6.W.2.10 to chapter. this related ofstandards the all to unpack Read the following to learn what this standard says and what it means. See FL8–FL29 Unpacking theFloridaStandards Examples are Olmec, Zapotec, Chavin. tions in Meso and South America with the four early river valley civilizations. c. 1513 and1521: TheCalusa c. drive away theSpanishcaravels SS.6.G.1.5, SS.6.G.2.1   related to these Chapter 16 standards. When the When rst Euro- See pages FL41 and FL42 for content specifically See pagesFL41andFL42 for contentspecifically Compare theemergenceofadvancedciviliza- died alongdied theMississippi Riverin1542. Soto would never see Florida again. He tion left Florida and entered Georgia. De Inused. March 1540theSpanish expedi- the guerrilla tactics the Native Americans a traditional war on horseback, but not Americans. De Soto was equipped to ght sand hills. He found also hostile Native did nd were forests, rivers, bogs, and . De Soto did not nd gold. What he bay near Tampa in1539,eager to nd Florida campaign. He nally sailed into a where he spent half a year planning his raised an army and set sail for Cuba, the right to explore Florida. De Soto Spanish crown gave away, killing many intheprocess. Again, the Calusa drove theSpanish settlers, 50horses, andotherlivestock. 200 returned shipscarrying de León with vessels.  eSpanish  Ined. 1521,Ponce EVENTS < … 1539–1540: Hernando de Soto explores Florida. In 1537, the 463 FL2 2/25/11 9:13:22 AM CHAPTER 16 500 BC–AD 1537 The Early Americas

Essential Question What led to the development of complex societies in the Americas?

Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards LA.6.1.6.1 The student will use new vocabulary that is introduced and taught directly. LA.6.1.6.2 The student will listen to, read, and discuss familiar and conceptually challenging text. SS.6.E.1.1 Identify the factors (new resources, increased productivity, education, technology, slave economy, territorial expansion) that increase economic growth. SS.6.G.1.4 Utilize tools geographers use to study the world. SS.6.G.1.5 Use scale, cardinal, and intermediate directions, and estimation of distances between places on current and ancient maps of the world. SS.6.G.1.7 Use maps to identify characteristics and boundaries of ancient civilizations that have shaped the world today. SS.6.G.2.1 Explain how major physi- cal characteristics, natural resources, climate, and absolute and relative locations have influenced settlement, interactions, and the economies of ancient civiliza- tions of the world. SS.6.G.3.1 Explain how the physical landscape has affected the development of agriculture and industry in the ancient world. SS.6.G.3.2 Analyze the impact of human populations on the ancient world’s ecosystems. SS.6.G.5.1 Iden- tify the methods used to compensate for the scarcity of resources in the ancient world. SS.6.G.5.2 Use geographic terms and tools to explain why ancient civiliza- tions developed networks of highways, waterways, and other transportation link- ages. SS.6.G.5.3 Use geographic tools and terms to analyze how famine, drought, and natural disasters plagued many ancient civilizations. SS.6.W.1.1 Use timelines to identify chronological order of historical events. SS.6.W.1.3 Interpret primary and secondary sources. SS.6.W.2.10 Compare the emergence of advanced civilizations in Meso and South America with the four early river valley civilizations.

c. AD 200 The Maya c. 900 begin building The Maya FOCUS ON WRITING REGION large cities in Classic A Newspaper Article You are a writer for a European newspaper who is EVENTS the Americas. Age ends. traveling with some explorers to the Americas. Your newspaper wants you to 500 BC write an article to share what you have seen with readers back home in WORLD c. 500 BC Europe. As you read this chapter, you will decide what to write about—the EVENTS Athens land, the people, or the events that occurred after the explorers arrived. develops the world’s first democracy.

464 CHAPTER 16

6-8_SFLAESE607337_C16O.indd 464 2/23/11 10:39:16 AM Machu Picchu

The ruins of the Inca city Machu Picchu, shown here, lie high in the Mountains.

c. 1440 c.1325 Pachacuti 1537 The begins to 1519 Pizarro set up their expand Cortés conquers capital at the Inca arrives the Inca Tenochtitlán. Empire. in . Empire. 135 0 145 0 155 0 1337 1433 1453 1517 The Hundred China’s The Martin Luther Years’ War ends ocean Ottomans posts his between France exploration conquer Ninety-five and England of Asia and Constan- Theses. begins. Africa. tinople. 465

6-8_SNLAESE485829_C16O.indd 465 7/13/10 11:53:38 AM Reading Social Studies Society Economics Politics Religion Geography and Culture Science and Technology

Focus on Themes In this chapter, you will , the Aztecs in central Mexico, and read about the development of civilizations in the the Incas in South America, you will see how the Americas—in Mesoamerica, which is in the southern geography of the areas affected their way of life. part of North America, and in the Andes, which is in You will learn that these ancient civilizations made South America. As you read about the Maya in interesting advancements in science.

Analyzing Historical Information

Focus on Reading History books are full of relevant, or related to the topic you’re studying. information. As you read, you are confronted with It should also be essential, or necessary, to under- names, dates, places, terms, and descriptions on standing that topic. Anything that is not relevant or every page. Because you’re faced with so much essential distracts from the important material you information, you don’t want to have to deal with are studying. unimportant or untrue material in a history book. The passage below comes from an encyclopedia, but Identifying Relevant and Essential Infor- some irrelevant and nonessential information has mation Information in a history book should be been added so that you can learn to identify it.

The Maya The last sentence The fi rst sentence Who They Were Maya were an American Indian people does not support of the paragraph the main idea and expresses the main who developed a magnifi cent civilization in Mesoamerica, is nonessential. idea. Anything that doesn’t support which is the southern part of North America. They built this idea is nones- their largest cities between AD 250 and 900. Today, many sential. people travel to Central America to see Maya ruins.

The needs of fi g Communication The Maya developed an advanced trees have nothing This paragraph to do with Maya discusses Maya form of writing that used many symbols. Our writing sys- communication. communication. tem uses 26 letters. They recorded information on large This sentence is Any other topics stone monuments. Some early civilizations drew pictures irrelevant. are irrelevant. on cave walls. The Maya also made books of paper made from the fi g tree bark. Fig trees need a lot of light. Portions of this text and the one on the next page were taken from the 2004 World Book Online Reference Center. Portions of this text and the one on the next page were taken from the 2004 World Book Online Reference Center.

466 CHAPTER 16

6-8_SNLAESE485829_C16RS.indd 466 7/13/10 11:56:57 AM Key Terms LA.6.1.6.2 The student will listen to, read, and discuss familiar and conceptually challenging text. and People You Try It! Chapter 16 Section 1 The following passage has some sentences that aren’t important, nec- maize (p. 468) essary, or relevant. Read the passage and identify those sentences. observatories (p. 472) Section 2 The Maya Way of Life causeways (p. 474) (p. 477) Religion The Maya believed in many gods and goddess- Hernán Cortés (p. 478) es. More than 160 gods and goddesses are named in a sin- Moctezuma II (p. 478) gle Maya manuscript. Among the gods they worshipped were a corn god, a rain god, a sun god, and a moon god- Section 3 Pachacuti (p. 479) dess. The early Greeks also worshipped many gods and Quechua (p. 480) goddesses. masonry (p. 481) Family and Social Structure Whole families of (p. 482) Maya—including parents, children, and grandparents— (p. 482) lived together. Not many houses today could hold all those people. Each family member had tasks to do. Men Academic Vocabulary and boys, for example, worked in the fi elds. Very few Success in school is related to knowing academic vocabulary—the people are farmers today. Women and older girls made words that are frequently used in clothes and meals for the rest of the family. Now most school assignments and discus- sions. In this chapter, you will learn people buy their clothes. the following academic words: aspect (p. 471) rebel (p. 472) After you read the passage, answer the following questions. motive (p. 478) distribute (p. 480) 1. Which sentence in the fi rst paragraph is irrelevant to the topic? How can you tell?

2. Which three sentences in the second paragraph are not essential As you read Chapter 16, practice to learning about the Maya? Do those sentences belong in this detemining what is relevant passage? information for each section.

THE EARLY AMERICAS 467

6-8_SFLAESE607337_C16RS.indd 467 2/23/11 10:39:46 AM SECTION The Maya SS.6.G.1.4, SS.6.G.1.7, SS.6.G.2.1,1 SS.6.G.3.1, SS.6.G.3.2, SS.6.G.5.1, SS.6.G.5.3, SS.6.W.2.10 If YOU were there... You are a Maya farmer, growing corn in fi elds outside a city. Often What You Will Learn… you enter the city to join in religious ceremonies. You watch the king and his priests standing at the top of a tall pyramid. They Main Ideas 1. Geography helped shape wear capes of brightly colored feathers and gold ornaments that the lives of the early Maya in glitter in the sun. Far below them, thousands of worshippers crowd Mesoamerica. 2. During the Classic Age, the into the plaza with you to honor the gods. Maya built great cities linked by trade. How do these ceremonies make you feel? 3. Maya culture was influenced by social structure, religion, and achievements in science and the arts. 4. The decline of Maya civiliza- BUILDING BACKGROUND Religion was very important to the tion began in the 900s, for Maya, one of the early peoples in the Americas. The Maya believed reasons that are still unclear. the gods controlled everything in the world around them. N N

W WE E

The Big Idea S S The Maya developed an Geography and the Early Maya advanced civilization that Gulf of GulfMexico of Mexico thrived in Mesoamerica from The region known as Mesoamerica stretches from the central MayapánMayapánChichChichénénChichChichén ItzáItzá én ItzáItzá TulTulum TulTulum about 250 until the 900s. area of Mexico south to the northern part of Central America. It Uxmal Uxmal was in this region that a people called the Maya (MY -uh) devel- CaribbeanCaribbean Sea Sea Key Terms and People oped a remarkable civilization. YucatánYucatán maize, p. 468 Around 1000 BC the Maya began settling in the lowlands of PeninsulaPeninsula

U U s s Pacal, p. 469 u what is now northern Guatemala. Thick tropical forests covered u m m CalakmulCalakmul a c a observatories, p. 472 cin cc intta inint most of the land, but the people cleared areas to farm. They a RR taa . . RR. . PiedrasPiedrasUaxactUaxactúnúUaxactUaxactúnn ún grew a variety of crops, including beans, squash, avocados, and PalenquePalenqueNegras Negras

G G G Tikal G Tikal r i r maize, or corn. The forests provided valuable resources, too. ij i a ja lv l Gulf of Gulf of va v

Bonampaka

Bonampak

Honduras

Honduras

Forest animals such as deer, rabbits, and monkeys were sources

RRiv RRi ievre viev Use the graphic organizer online to of food. In addition, trees and other plants made good build- r re r

take notes on different aspects of r

r r e r ing materials. For example, some Maya used wooden poles and e QuiriguQuiriguáQuiriguQuiriguáá á e v e v iv v i ii . RR R vveerr rr R RRii iivvee a Mottagguuaa aa RR a aa vines, along with mud, to build their houses. Mottagguu lúú ú l llú U Copán CopánU U SS.6.W.2.10 Com- The early Maya lived in small, isolated villages. Eventually, KaminaljuyKaminaljuyúKaminaljuyKaminaljuyúú ú pare the emergence though, these villages started trading with one another and with of advanced civiliza- tions in Meso and other groups in Mesoamerica. As trade increased, the villages PACIFICPACIFIC OCEAN OCEAN South America with the four early river grew. By about AD 200, the Maya had begun to build large cities valley civilizations. in Mesoamerica.

READING CHECK Finding Main Ideas How did the early Maya make use of their physical environment?

468 CHAPTER 16

HRW WorldHRW WorldHistory History wh06as_c15map009aawh06as_c15map009aa MayanMayan Civilizarion Civilizarion 6-8_SFLAESE607337_C16S1.indd 468 1/28/11 7:08:56 AM APPROVEDAPPROVED 9/13/04 9/13/04 The Classic Age in the lowlands exported forest goods, cot- ton, and cacao (kuh-KOW ) beans, which The Maya civilization reached its height are used in making . In return, between about AD 250 and 900. This time they received obsidian (a glasslike volcanic in Maya history is known as the Classic rock), jade, and colorful bird feathers. Age. During this time, Maya territory grew Through trade, the Maya got supplies to include more than 40 large cities. for construction. Maya cities had grand Maya cities were really city-states. Each buildings, such as palaces decorated with had its own government and its own king. carvings and paintings. The Maya also built No single ruler ever united the many cit- stone pyramids topped with temples. Some ies into one empire. However, trade helped temples honored local kings. For example, hold Maya civilization together. People in the city of Palenque (pah-LENG -kay), the exchanged goods for products that were king Pacal (puh-KAHL ) built a temple to not available locally. For example, Maya record his achievements.

Maya Civilization

Maya areas N N Maya city W WE E Trade routes S S Cacao Jade Cotton Obsidian HRW World History 0 50 100 Miles Gulf of GulfMexico of Mexico MayapánMayapánChichChichénénChichChichénwh06as_c15loc009ba ItzáItzá én ItzáItzá 0 50 100 Kilometers TulTulumMayanTulTulum Civilizarion Uxmal Uxmal Locator CaribbeanCaribbean Sea Sea APPROVED(2) 9/27/04

YucatánYucatán PeninsulaPeninsula

U U s s u u m m CalakmulCalakmul a c a cin cc intta inint a RR taa Obsidian, valued for its . . RR. . PiedrasPiedrasUaxactUaxactúnúUaxactUaxactúnn ún sharp edges and con- PalenquePalenqueNegras Negras

G G G Tikal sidered sacred by the G Tikal r i r ij i a ja lv l Gulf of Gulf of Maya, was mined in va v

Bonampaka

Bonampak

Honduras

Honduras

the mountains and RRiv RRi ievre viev traded through- r re r out the Maya r

r r e r QuiriguQuiriguáQuiriguQuiriguáá á e e v e v v world. ii iv Jade was mined in the i RR R vveerr rr R RRii iivvee a Mottagguuaa aa RR a aa Mottagguu lúú ú l llú mountains and traded U Copán Copán U to lowland cities. KaminaljuyKaminaljuyúKaminaljuyKaminaljuyúú ú

PACIFICPACIFIC OCEAN OCEAN GEOGRAPHY SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS 1. Movement What are some natural features that Maya trade routes followed? 2. Region What two resources were mostly found in the lowland region of Maya territory?

469

HRW WorldHRW WorldHistory History wh06as_c15map009aawh06as_c15map009aa MayanMayan Civilizarion Civilizarion 6-8_SNLAESE485829_C16S1.indd 469 7/13/10 12:02:09 PM APPROVEDAPPROVED 9/13/04 9/13/04

HRW World History wh06as_c15map009aa Mayan Civilizarion Legend APPROVED 9/13/04 In addition to palaces and temples, the Maya Culture Maya built canals and paved large plazas, or In Maya society, people’s everyday lives open squares, for public gatherings. Farm- were heavily infl uenced by two main forces. ers used stone walls to shape hillsides into One was the social structure, and the other fl at terraces so they could grow crops on was religion. them. Almost every Maya city also had a stone court for playing a special ball game. Using only their heads, shoulders, or hips, Social Structure players tried to bounce a heavy, hard rub- The king held the highest position in Maya ber ball through stone rings attached high society. Because he was believed to be on the court walls. The winners of these related to the gods, the king had religious games received jewels and clothing. as well as political authority. Priests, mer- chants, and noble warriors were also part READING CHECK Analyzing Why is Maya of the upper class. Together with the king, civilization not considered an empire? they held all the power in Maya society.

History Close-up Palenque The ancient Maya city of Palenque was a Flat terraces made major power on the border between the more land usable Maya highlands and lowlands. Its great for farming. temples and plazas were typical of the Classic Age of Maya civilization.

Priests led religious ceremonies from the tops of temples.

470

6-8_SNLAESE485829_C16S1.indd 470 7/13/10 12:02:49 PM Most Maya, though, belonged to the Religion lower class. This group was made up of The Maya worshipped many gods, includ- farming families who lived outside the ing a creator, a sun god, a moon goddess, cities. The women cared for the children, and a maize god. Each god was believed to ACADEMIC cooked, made yarn, and wove cloth. The control a different aspect of daily life. VOCABULARY men farmed, hunted, and crafted tools. According to Maya beliefs, the gods aspect Lower-class Maya had to “pay” their could be helpful or harmful, so people tried a part of something rulers by giving the rulers part of their crops to please the gods to get their help. The and goods such as cloth and salt. They also Maya believed their gods needed blood to had to help construct temples and other prevent disasters or the end of the world. public buildings. If their city went to war, Every person offered blood to the gods by Maya men had to serve in the army, and piercing their tongue or skin. On special if captured in battle, they usually became occasions, the Maya also made human slaves. Slaves carried goods along trade sacrifi ces. They usually used prisoners routes or worked as servants or farmers for captured in battle, offering their hearts to upper-class Maya. stone carvings of the gods.

B IOGRAPHY Maya temples were shaped like mountains, which the Pacal Maya considered sacred be- 603–683 cause they allowed people to approach the gods. Pacal became king of the Maya city of Palenque when he was just 12 years old. As king, Pacal led many important community events, such as religious dances and public meetings. When he died he was buried at the bottom of the Temple of the Inscriptions shown to the near left.

VIDEO Maya: The Disappearance

Maya buildings were covered with stucco and painted in bright colors. ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS In what ways might Palenque’s setting have helped the city? In what ways might it have hurt the city?

471

6-8_SNLAESE485829_C16S1.indd 471 7/13/10 12:03:11 PM October 28, Maya Astronomy and Writing AD 709 Lord of Yaxchilán

She is let- ting blood. C15000013A

C15000013A

Lady Xoc

C15000013A

C15000013A

This photo (left) shows the observatory at the Maya city of Chichén Itzá. The stone carving (above) is an artistic and written record of a religious ceremony.

Achievements The Maya also developed a writing sys- The Maya’s religious beliefs led them to tem. In a way, it was similar to Egyptian make impressive advances in science. They hieroglyphics, because symbols represented FOCUS ON built observatories, or buildings from both objects and sounds. The Maya carved READING which people could study the sky, so their series of these symbols into large stone tab- Is any information in this paragraph priests could watch the stars and plan the lets to record their history and the achieve- irrelevant? best times for religious festivals. With the ments of their kings. They also wrote in knowledge they gained about astronomy, bark paper books and passed down stories the Maya developed two calendars. One, and poems orally. with 365 days, guided planting, harvest- The Maya created amazing art and ing, and other farming activities. This cal- architecture as well. Maya jade and gold endar was more accurate than the calendar jewelry was exceptional. Also, their huge used in Europe at that time. The Maya also temple-pyramids were masterfully built. had a separate 260-day calendar that they The Maya had neither metal tools for cut- used for keeping track of religious events. ting nor wheeled vehicles for carrying sup- The Maya could measure time accu- plies. Instead, workers used obsidian tools rately partly because they were skilled to cut limestone into blocks. Then workers mathematicians. They created a number rolled the giant blocks over logs and lifted system that helped them make complex them with ropes. The Maya often decorated calculations, and they were among the fi rst their buildings with paintings. people with a symbol for zero. The Maya used their number system to record key READING CHECK Categorizing What groups dates in their history. made up the different classes in Maya society?

472 CHAPTER 16

6-8_SNLAESE485829_C16S1.indd 472 7/13/10 12:03:57 PM Decline of Maya Civilization Peninsula. But by the time Spanish con- querors reached the Americas in the 1500s, Maya civilization began to collapse in the Maya power had faded. AD 900s. People stopped building temples and other structures. They left the cities READING CHECK Summarizing What factors and moved back to the countryside. What may have caused the end of Maya civilization? caused this collapse? Historians aren’t sure, but they think a combination of factors S UMMARY AND PREVIEW The Maya was probably responsible. built a civilization that peaked between One factor could have been the burden about 250 and 900 but later collapsed ACADEMIC on the common people. Maya kings forced for reasons still unknown. In Section 2, VOCABULARY their subjects to farm for them or work on you will learn about another people of rebel building projects. Perhaps people didn’t to fight against Mesoamerica, the Aztecs. authority want to work for the kings. They might have decided to rebel against their rulers’ demands and abandon their cities.

Increased warfare between cities could Section 1 Assessment ONLINE QUIZ also have caused the decline. Maya cities had always fought for power. But if battles Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People became more widespread or destructive, 1. a. Recall What resources did the Maya get from they would have cost many lives and dis- the forest? b. Elaborate How do you think Maya villages grew into rupted trade. People might have fl ed the large cities? cities for their safety. 2. a. Describe What features did Maya cities include? A related theory is that perhaps the b. Make Inferences How did trade strengthen the Maya Maya could not produce enough to feed civilization? everyone. Growing the same crops year 3. a. Identify Who belonged to the upper class in Maya after year could have weakened the soil. society? b. Explain How did the Maya try to please their gods? In addition, as the population grew, the c. Rank What do you think was the most impressive demand for food would have increased. To cultural achievement of the Maya? Why? meet this demand, cities might have begun 4. a. Describe What happened to the Maya after 900? competing fi ercely for new farmland. But b. Evaluate What would you consider to be the key factor the resulting battles would have ruined in the collapse of Maya civilization? Explain. more crops, damaged more land, and cre- Critical Thinking ated even greater food shortages. 5. Evaluating Draw a diagram like Climate change could have played a the one to the right. Use your role, too. Scientists know that Mesoamerica notes to rank Maya achievements, suffered from droughts during the period with the most important at when the Maya were leaving their cities. the top. Droughts would have made it hard to grow enough food for city dwellers. FOCUS ON WRITING Whatever the reasons, the collapse of Maya civilization happened gradually. 6. Gathering Information about the Maya Part of your The Maya scattered after 900, but they did article would likely be devoted to the Maya. Use the map and pictures in this section to help you decide which not disappear entirely. In fact, the Maya places to write about. How would you describe the land civilization later revived in the Yucatán and the Maya cities? What would you add about the history and culture of the Maya?

THE EARLY AMERICAS 473

6-8_SNLAESE485829_C16S1.indd 473 7/13/10 12:04:08 PM SECTION The Aztecs SS.6.E.1.1, SS.6.G.1.4, SS.6.G.1.7,2 SS.6.G.2.1, SS.6.G.3.1, SS.6.G.5.2, SS.6.W.1.3, SS.6.W.2.10 If were there... S S YOU I E I E R R R R O OA A G u lG f u o l f f o f You live in a village in southeast Mexico that is ruled by the R R I E IME M N NA D A D M e xM i c e o x i c o What You Will Learn… powerful Empire. Each year your village must send the T A T AR E R E L L YucatánYucatán erma eRrma R emperor many baskets of corn. You have to dig gold for him, L L iv iv PeninsulaPeninsula Main Ideas e r e r TulaTula TulaTula 1. The Aztecs built a rich and too. One day some pale, bearded strangers arrive by sea. They Lake Lake powerful empire in central TexcocoTexcoco want to overthrow the emperor, and they ask for your help. TenochtitlánnocTenochtitlánhtintloácnhtitlTexcocoán Texcoco CempoalaCempoala Mexico. TlacopánTlacopTlacopánTálancopán TlaxcalaTlaxcalala la 2. Life in the empire was shaped Should you help the strangers? Why or why not? by social structure, religion, Bals Bals as as Bay of Bay of

and warfare. R R CampecheCampeche iv iv 3. Hernán Cortés conquered the er er TeotitlánTeotitlán in 1521. S I S I E R E R BUILDING BACKGROUND The Aztecs ruled a large empire in R A R A M M IIsthmussthmuIIsthmussst hoofmf us ooff A D A D TehuantepecTehuantepectepectepec The Big Idea Mesoamerica. Each village they conquered had to contribute heavily R E R E Mitla Mitla P A C I F I CP A O C C I F E I C A N O C E A N D E D E to the Aztec economy. This system helped create a mighty state, but L S L S The strong Aztec Empire, U R U R founded in central Mexico in one that did not inspire loyalty. 1325, lasted until the Spanish conquest in 1521. XoconochoXoconocho N N

The Aztecs Build an Empire W W E E Key Terms and People S S causeways, p. 474 The fi rst Aztecs were farmers who migrated from the north to conquistadors, p. 478 central Mexico. Finding the good farmland already occupied, Hernán Cortés, p. 478 they settled on a swampy island in the middle of Lake Texcoco Moctezuma II, p. 478 (tays-KOH -koh). There, in 1325, they began building their capital and conquering nearby towns. War was a key factor in the Aztecs’ rise to power. The Aztecs fought fi ercely and demanded tribute payments from the people Use the graphic organizer online to they conquered. The cotton, gold, and food that poured in as a take notes on the founding of the result became vital to their economy. The Aztecs also controlled Aztec Empire, life in the empire at a huge trade network. Merchants carried goods to and from all its height, and the fall of the Aztec parts of the empire. Many merchants doubled as spies, keeping Empire. the rulers informed about what was happening in their lands. War, tribute, and trade made the Aztec Empire strong and rich. By the early 1400s the Aztecs ruled the most powerful state HRW HRWWorld World History History in Mesoamerica. Nowhere was the empire’s greatness more vis- wh06ms_c15map003aawh06ms_c15map003aa ible than in its capital, Tenochtitlán (tay-NAWCH -teet-LAHN ). AztecAztec Empire, Empire, 1500s 1500s To build this amazing island city, the Aztecs fi rst had to APPROVEDAPPROVED 9/30/04 9/30/04 overcome many geographic challenges. One problem was dif- fi culty getting to and from the city. The Aztecs addressed this challenge by building three wide causeways —raised roads across water or wet ground—to connect the island to the lake shore.

474 CHAPTER 16

6-8_SFLAESE607337_C16S2.indd 474 1/25/11 11:41:56 AM The Aztec Empire

S S I E I E R R R R O OA A G u lG f u o l f f o f R R I E IME M N NA D A D M e xM i c e o x i c o T A T AR E R E HRW World History L L YucatánYucatánYucatán rma Rrma R wh06ms_c15loc003ca Le Le iv iv PeninsulaPeninsulaPeninsula e r e r The Aztec Empire, 1500s TulaTula TulaTula Locator Lake LakeLake The Aztecs’ magnificent capital, Tenochtitlán, was TexcocoTexcocoTexcoco APPROVED 9/30/04 TenochtitlánnocTenochtitlánThetintloácnhtitlTexcocoán TexcocoTexcoco CempoalaCempoalaCempoala built on an island in Lake Texcoco. TlacopánTTlacopánlacopTlacopánTTTlacopánálancopán TlaxcalaTlaxcalaTlalaxcala

Bals Bals as as Bay of BayBay ofof

R R CampecheCampecheCampeche iv iv er er TeotitlánTeotitlánTeotitlán Aztec Empire S I S I 0 50 100 Miles E R E R R A R A 0 50 100 Kilometers M M IIsthmussthmuIIsthmussst hoofmf us ooff A D A D TehuantepecTehuantepecTetheupaenctepec R E R E Mitla MitlaMitla P A C I F I CP A O C C I F E I C A N O C E A N D E D E A C L L I F S U S U I C R R O C E A N XoconochoXoconochoXoconocho N N GEOGRAPHY E E SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS W W 1. Place What bodies of water bordered the Aztec Empire? S S 2. Location Which cities were located on Lake Texcoco?

They also built canals that crisscrossed the Life in the Empire city. The causeways and canals made travel The Aztecs’ way of life was as distinctive and trade much easier. as their capital city. They had a complex Tenochtitlán’s island location also ANIMATED social structure, a demanding religion, and HISTORY limited the amount of land available for a rich culture. Chinampas farming. To solve this problem, the Aztecs created fl oating gardens called chinampas (chee-NAHM -pahs). They piled soil on top The Aztec emperor, like the Maya king, of large rafts, which they anchored to trees was the most important person in society. that stood in the water. From his great palace, he attended to law, HRW HRWWorld World History History The Aztecs made Tenochtitlán a truly THE IMPACT wh06ms_c15map003aawh06ms_c15map003aa trade, tribute, and warfare. Trusted nobles magnifi cent city. Home to some 200,000 TODAY AztecAztec Empire, Empire, 1500s 1500s helped him as tax collectors, judges, and people at its height, it had huge temples, a Mexico’s capital, APPROVEDAPPROVED 9/30/04 9/30/04 other government offi cials. Noble posi- , is busy market, and a grand palace. tions were passed down from fathers to located where Tenochtitlán once READING CHECK Finding Main Ideas How sons, and young nobles went to school to stood. did the Aztecs rise to power? learn their responsibilities.

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6-8_SNLAESE485829_C16S2.indd 475 7/13/10 11:45:03 AM HRW World History wh06ms_c15map003aa Aztec Empire, 1500s Legend APPROVED 9/30/04 History Close-up The Great Temple stood at the heart of the city. Tenochtitlán On top of the temple were two shrines—a The Aztecs turned a swampy, blue shrine for the rain uninhabited island into one of the god and a red shrine largest and grandest cities in the for the sun god. world. The first Europeans to visit Tenochtitlán were amazed. At the time, the Aztec capital was about five times bigger than London.

VIDEO Aztecs: Culture of Art and Death

Gold, , cloaks, and precious stones were among the many items sold at the market.

A network of canals linked different parts of the city.

Aztec farmers grew crops on “floating gardens” ANALYSIS called chinampas. SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS What is the most important building in this picture? How can you tell?

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6-8_SNLAESE485829_C16S2.indd 476 7/13/10 11:45:48 AM Aztec Arts: Ceremonial Jewelry

Aztec artists were very skilled. They created detailed and brightly colored items. This double-headed serpent was probably worn during religious ceremonies. The man on the right is wear- ing it on his chest.

What are some features of Aztec art that you can see in these pictures?

Just below the emperor and his nobles Cultural Achievements was a class of warriors and priests. War- As warlike as the Aztecs were, they also riors were highly respected and had many appreciated art and beauty. Architects and privileges, but priests were more infl uen- sculptors created fi ne stone pyramids and tial. They led religious ceremonies, passed statues. Artisans used gold, gems, and bright down history, and, as keepers of the calen- feathers to make jewelry and masks. dars, decided when to plant and harvest. Women embroidered colorful designs on The next level of Aztec society included the cloth they wove. merchants and artisans. Below them, in the The Aztecs valued learning as well. They lower class, were farmers and laborers, who studied astronomy and devised a calendar made up the majority of the population. much like the Maya one. They took pride Many didn’t own their land, and they paid in their history and kept detailed written so much in tribute that they often found it records. They also had a strong oral tradi- tough to survive. Only slaves, at the very tion. Stories about ancestors and the gods bottom of society, struggled more. were passed from one generation to the next. The Aztecs also enjoyed fi ne speeches Religion and Warfare and riddles such as these: Like the Maya, the Aztecs worshipped many gods who were believed to con- “What is a little blue-green jar fi lled with popcorn? Someone is sure to guess our riddle: trol both nature and human activities. it is the sky. To please the gods, Aztec priests regularly What is a mountainside that has a spring of made human sacrifi ces. Most victims were water in it? Our nose.” battle captives or slaves. In ritual ceremo- –Bernardino de Sahagún, from nies, priests would slash open their vic- Knowing the answers to riddles showed tims’ chests to “feed” human hearts and that one had paid attention in school. blood to the gods. The Aztec sacrifi ced as many as 10,000 people a year. To supply READING CHECK Identifying Cause and enough victims, Aztec warriors waged fre- Effect How did their religious practices influ- quent battles with neighboring peoples. ence ?

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6-8_SNLAESE485829_C16S2.indd 477 7/13/10 11:47:12 AM Cortés Conquers the Aztecs Within a year, Cortés and his men came back. This time they had help from In the late 1400s the Spanish arrived in other Indians in the region who resented the Americas, seeking adventure, riches, the Aztecs’ harsh rule. In addition, the and converts to Catholicism. One group Spanish had better weapons, including of conquistadors (kahn-kees-tuh-DOHRZ ), armor, cannons, and swords. Furthermore, or Spanish conquerors, reached Mexico in the Aztecs were terrifi ed of the enemy’s 1519. Led by Hernán Cortés (er-NAHN kawr- ACADEMIC big horses—animals they had never seen VOCABULARY TAYS ), their motives were to fi nd gold, before. The Spanish had also unknowingly motive claim land, and convert native peoples. reason for doing brought deadly diseases such as The Aztec emperor, Moctezuma II something to the Americas. These diseases weakened (MAWK -tay-SOO -mah), cautiously welcomed or killed thousands of native people. In the strangers. He believed Cortés to be the 1521 the Aztecs surrendered. Their once god (ket-suhl-kuh-WAH -tuhl), mighty empire came to a swift end. whom the Aztecs believed had left Mexico long ago. According to legend, the god had READING CHECK Summarizing What factors promised to return in 1519. helped the Spanish defeat the Aztecs? Moctezuma gave the Spaniards gold and other gifts, but Cortés wanted more. S UMMARY AND PREVIEW The Aztec He took the emperor prisoner, enraging Empire, made strong by warfare and the Aztecs, who attacked the Spanish. They tribute, fell to the Spanish in 1521. Next managed to drive out the conquistadors, you will learn about another empire in but Moctezuma was killed in the fi ghting. the Americas, that of the Incas.

Section 2 Assessment ONLINE QUIZ

Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Critical Thinking 1. a. Recall Where and when did Aztec civilization 4. Evaluating Draw a diagram like the one shown. develop? Use your notes to identify three factors that con- b. Explain How did the Aztecs in Tenochtitlán tributed to the Aztecs’ power. Put the factor you adapt to their island location? consider most important fi rst, and put the least c. Elaborate How might Tenochtitlán’s location important last. Explain your choices. have been both a benefi t and a hindrance to the 1. 2. 3. Aztecs? 2. a. Recall What did the Aztecs feed their gods? b. Rate Consider the roles of the emperor, war- riors, priests, and others in Aztec society. Who do FOCUS ON WRITING you think had the hardest role? Explain. 3. a. Identify Who was Moctezuma II? 5. Describing the Aztec Empire Tenochtitlán would b. Make Generalizations Why did allies help certainly be described in your article. Make notes Cortés defeat the Aztecs? about how you would describe Tenochtitlán. Be c. Predict The Aztecs vastly outnumbered the sure to explain the causeways, chinampas, and conquistadors. If the Aztecs had fi rst viewed other features. What activities went on in the city? Cortés as a threat rather than a god, how might Your article should also describe the events that history have changed? occurred when the Spanish discovered the Aztec capital. Make notes on the fall of the Aztec Empire.

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6-8_SNLAESE485829_C16S2.indd 478 7/13/10 11:47:21 AM The Incas SECTION SS.6.G.1.4, SS.6.G.1.5,3 SS.6.G.1.7, SS.6.W.2.10 If YOU were there... You live in the Andes Mountains, where you raise . You weave their wool into warm cloth. Last year, soldiers from the What You Will Learn… powerful took over your village. They brought in new Main Ideas leaders, who say you must all learn a new language and send 1. The Incas created an empire much of your woven cloth to the Inca ruler. They also promise that with a strong central govern- ment in South America. the government will provide for you in times of trouble. 2. Life in the Inca Empire was influenced by social struc- How do you feel about living in the Inca Empire? ture, religion, and the Incas’ cultural achievements. 3. Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas and took control of the region in 1537. BUILDING BACKGROUND The Incas built their huge empire by taking over village after village in South America. They brought many The Big Idea changes to the people they conquered before they were themselves The Incas controlled a huge conquered by the Spanish. empire in South America, but it was conquered by the Spanish.

The Incas Create an Empire Key Terms and People While the Aztecs were ruling Mexico, the Inca Empire arose in Pachacuti, p. 479 South America. The Incas began as a small tribe in the Andes. Quechua, p. 480 masonry, p. 481 Their capital was Cuzco (KOO -skoh) in what is now . Atahualpa, p. 482 In the mid-1400s a ruler named Pachacuti (pah-chah-KOO - Francisco Pizarro, p. 482 tee) began to expand Inca territory. Later leaders followed his example, and by the early 1500s the Inca Empire was huge. It stretched from modern to central and included coastal deserts, snowy mountains, fertile valleys, and thick for- ests. About 12 million people lived in the empire. To rule effec- Use the graphic organizer online to take notes about the geography, tively, the Incas formed a strong central government. government, society, religion, achievements, and conquest of the Inca Empire. The Incas lived in a region of high plains and mountains.

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6-8_SFLAESE607337_C16S3.indd 479 1/25/11 11:42:35 AM Central Rule B IOGRAPHY Pachacuti did not want the people he con- Pachacuti quered to have too much power. He began Died 1471 a policy of removing local leaders and Pachacuti became the Inca ruler replacing them with new offi cials he trusted. in about 1438. Under his rule the He also made the children of conquered Inca Empire began a period of great expansion. Pachacuti, whose leaders travel to Cuzco to learn about Inca name means “he who remakes the world,” had the government and religion. When the chil- Inca capital at Cuzco rebuilt. He also established an dren were grown, they were sent back to official Inca religion. govern their villages, where they taught people the Inca way of life. Drawing Inferences Why do you suppose Pachacuti wanted an official religion for the empire? As another means of unifying the empire, the Incas used an offi cial Inca lan- guage, Quechua (KE -chuh-wuh). Although The Inca Empire people spoke many other languages, all offi cial business had to be done in Quechua. QuitoQuitoQuitoQuito Even today, many people in Peru speak Quechua.

A A SOUTHSOUTH A Well-Organized Economy N N D D AMERICAAMERICA The Inca government strictly controlled ChanE E SOUTHSOUTH HRW World History S S the economy and told each household wh06ms_c15loc013ca AMERICAAMERICA The Inca Empire, 1527 what work to do. Most Incas had to spend SausaSausa MachuMachu Picchu Picchu Locator time working for the government as well CuzcoCuzco APPROVED 9/30/04 as themselves. Farmers tended government NascaaNascaa Lake TiticacaLake Titicaca ChuquiapoChuquiapoChuquiapoChuquiapo land in addition to their own. Villagers ArequipaArequipaa a made cloth and other goods for the army. Some Incas served as soldiers, worked in Lake Lake

PACIFICPACIFIC PoopPoopóóPoopPoopóó

mines, or built roads and bridges. In this OCEANOCEAN CatarperpeCatarperpeS S way, the people paid taxes in the form of E E Inca Empire labor rather than money. This labor tax D TilcaraTDilcaraTilcaraTilcara Inca roads N N system was called the mita (MEE -tah). Capital A A Another feature of the Inca economy 0 150 300 Miles CopiapoCopiapoo o 0 150 300 Kilometers was that there were no merchants or mar- N N ACADEMIC kets. Instead, government offi cials would W W E E VOCABULARY distribute goods collected through the S S distribute mita. Leftover goods were stored in the to divide among a Talca Talca group of people capital for emergencies. If a natural disaster M M a a R ul R ul struck, or if people simply could not care iv e iv e er er for themselves, the government provided GEOGRAPHY SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS supplies to help them. 1. Place About how many miles did the Inca Empire stretch from north to south? READING CHECK Summarizing How did the 2. Location Why was Cuzco a better loca- Incas control their empire? tion for the Inca capital than Quito? ATLANTICATLANTIC OCEANOCEAN

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HRW World History wh06ms_c15map013ba The Inca Empire, 1527 Legend APPROVED 10/7/04

HRW HRWWorld World History History wh06ms_c15map013bawh06ms_c15map013ba The IncaThe Empire,Inca Empire, 1527 1527 APPROVED(2)APPROVED(2) 10/18/04 10/18/04 and grew potatoes. High in the Andes, peo- ple raised llamas—South American animals related to camels—for meat and wool. Lower-class Incas dressed in plain clothes and lived simply. By law, they couldn’t own more goods than what they needed to survive. Most of what they pro- duced went to the mita and the upper class. THE NEW GRANGER YORK COLLECTION, Religion The Inca social structure was partly related to religion. For example, the Incas thought Most Incas were farmers. The Incas in this that their rulers were related to the sun god drawing from the mid-1500s are harvesting and never really died. As a result, priests potatoes. brought mummies of former kings to QuitoQuitoQuitoQuito many ceremonies. People gave these royal mummies food and gifts. Life in the Inca Empire Inca ceremonies often included sacri- Because the rulers controlled fi ces. But unlike the Maya and the Aztecs, A A SOUTHSOUTH so closely, the common people had little the Incas rarely sacrifi ced humans. Instead N N D D AMERICAAMERICA personal freedom. At the same time, the they sacrifi ced llamas, cloth, or food. Chan Chan ChanE E SOUTHSOUTH HRW World History S S wh06ms_c15loc013cagovernment protected the general welfare In addition to practicing the offi cial AMERICAAMERICA The Inca Empire, 1527 SausaSausa of all in the empire. But that did not mean religion, people outside Cuzco worshipped Locator MachuMachu Picchu Picchu everyone was treated equally. other gods at local sacred places. The Incas CuzcoCuzco APPROVED 9/30/04 believed certain mountaintops, rocks, and NascaaNascaa Lake TiticacaLake Titicaca ChuquiapoChuquiapoChuquiapoChuquiapo Social Divisions springs had magical powers. Many Incas ArequipaArequipaa a Inca society had two main social classes. performed sacrifi ces at these places as well Lake Lake The emperor, priests, and government as at the temple in Cuzco. PACIFICPACIFIC PoopPoopóóPoopPoopóó

offi cials made up the upper class. Mem-

OCEANOCEAN CatarperpeCatarperpeS S bers of this class lived in stone houses in Achievements E E

D TilcaraTDilcaraTilcaraTilcara Cuzco and wore the best clothes. They Inca temples were grand buildings. The N N A A didn’t have to pay the labor tax, and they Incas were master builders, known for CopiapoCopiapoo o enjoyed many other privileges. Inca rul- their expert masonry, or stonework. They

N N ers, for example, could relax in luxury at cut stone blocks so precisely that they

W W E E Machu Picchu (MAH -choo PEEK -choo). This didn’t need cement to hold them together. THE IMPACT TODAY S S royal retreat lay nestled high in the Andes. The Incas also built a network of roads. Palaces and gardens could be found behind Two major highways ran the length of the The ruins of Talca Talca its gated wall. empire and linked to many other roads. Machu Picchu M M draw thousands a a R ul R ul iv e iv e The lower class in Inca society included The Incas produced works of art as of tourists to Peru er er farmers, artisans, and servants. There were well. Artisans made pottery and gold and every year. no slaves, however, because the Incas did silver jewelry. They even created a life-sized not practice slavery. Most Incas were farm- cornfi eld of gold and silver, crafting each ers. In the warmer valleys, they grew crops cob, leaf, and stalk individually. Inca weav- ATLANTICATLANTIC like maize and peanuts. In the cooler moun- ers also made some of the fi nest textiles in OCEANOCEAN tains, they carved terraces into the hillsides the Americas.

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6-8_SNLAESE485829_C16S3.indd 481 7/13/10 11:32:48 AM

HRW HRWWorld World History History wh06ms_c15map013bawh06ms_c15map013ba The IncaThe Empire,Inca Empire, 1527 1527 APPROVED(2)APPROVED(2) 10/18/04 10/18/04 Inca Arts

Inca arts included beautiful textiles and gold and silver objects. While many gold and silver objects have been lost, some Inca textiles have survived for hundreds of years.

This is made of silver. Inca artisans made many silver offerings to the gods.

The Incas are famous for their textiles, which featured bright colors and detailed designs. Inca artists made cloth from cot- ton and from the wool of llamas.

ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS Inca artisans also worked in What are some features of Inca art that gold. They made many beautiful objects such as this mask. you can see in these pictures?

While such artifacts tell us much about Pizarro Conquers the Incas the Incas, nothing was written about their The arrival of conquistadors changed more empire until the Spanish arrived. Indeed, than how the Incas recorded history. In the Incas had no writing system. Instead, the late , a civil war began in the Inca they kept records with knotted cords called Empire after the death of the ruler. Two of (KEE -pooz). Knots in the cords repre- the ruler’s sons, Atahualpa (ah-tah-WAHL - sented numbers. Different colors stood for pah) and Huáscar (WAHS -kahr), fought to information about crops, land, and other claim the throne. Atahualpa won the war important topics. in 1532, but fi erce fi ghting had weakened The Incas also passed down their his- the Inca army. tory orally. People sang songs and told On his way to be crowned as king, stories about daily life and military victo- Atahualpa got news that a band of about ries. Offi cial “memorizers” learned long 180 Spanish soldiers had arrived in the poems about Inca legends and history. Inca Empire. They were conquistadors Eventually, after the conquistadors came, led by Francisco Pizarro. When Atahual- records were written in Spanish and Que- pa came to meet the group, the Spanish chua. We know about the Incas from these attacked. They were greatly outnumbered, records and from the stories that survive in but they caught the unarmed Incas by sur- the songs, dances, and religious practices of prise. They quickly captured Atahualpa the people in the region today. and killed thousands of Inca soldiers. To win his freedom, Atahualpa asked READING CHECK Contrasting How did daily his people to fi ll a room with gold and life differ for upper- and lower-class Incas? silver for Pizarro. Incas brought jewelry,

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6-8_SNLAESE485829_C16S3.indd 482 7/13/10 11:34:39 AM B IOGRAPHY statues, and other valuable items from all Atahualpa parts of the empire. Melted down, the pre- 152 0 –1533 cious metals may have totaled 24 tons. Atahualpa was the last Inca emperor. He They would have been worth millions of was brave and popular with the Inca army, dollars today. Despite this huge payment, but he didn’t rule long. At his first meet- the Spaniards killed Atahualpa. They knew ing with Pizarro, he was offered a religious book to convince him to accept Christianity. Atahualpa held that if they let the Inca ruler live, he might the book to his ear and listened. When the book didn’t speak, rally his people and overpower their forces. Atahualpa threw it on the ground. The Spanish considered this Some Incas fought back after the emper- an insult and a reason to attack. or’s death. In 1537, though, Pizarro defeated the last of the Incas. took control over Identifying Bias How do you think the Spanish viewed non- Christians? the entire Inca Empire and ruled the region for the next 300 years. B IOGRAPHY READING CHECK Identifying Cause and Effect What events ended the Inca Empire? Francisco Pizarro 1475 –15 41 Francisco Pizarro organized expeditions to S UMMARY AND PREVIEW The Incas built explore the west coast of South America. a huge empire with a strong central gov- His first two trips were mostly uneventful. ernment, but they could not withstand But on his third trip, Pizarro met the Inca. With only about 180 men, he conquered the Inca Empire, the Spanish conquest in 1537. In the which had been weakened by disease and civil war. In 1535 next chapter, you will turn to Europe in Pizarro founded , the capital of modern Peru. an earlier age—an age before the Span- ish even learned of the Americas. Predicting If Pizarro had not found the Inca Empire, what do you think might have happened?

Section 3 Assessment ONLINE QUIZ

Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Critical Thinking 1. a. Identify Where was the Inca Empire located? 4. Analyzing Draw a diagram like the one below. What kinds of terrain did it include? Using your notes, write a sentence in each box b. Explain How did the Incas control their about how that topic infl uenced the topic its economy? arrow points to. c. Evaluate Do you think the mita system was a Geography Government Society Achievements good government policy? Why or why not? 2. a. Describe What social classes existed in Inca society? b. Make Inferences How might the Inca road FOCUS ON WRITING system have helped strengthen the empire? 3. a. Recall When did the Spanish gain full control 5. Adding Information about the Inca Empire Your over Inca lands? article would also describe the lands where the b. Analyze Why do you think Pizarro was able to Incas lived. How would you highlight the diversity defeat the much larger forces of the Incas? of the geography? What specifi c sites would you c. Elaborate What effect do you think the civil war describe? Include some comments about how the with his brother had on Atahualpa’s kingship? Incas’ building activities related to their environ- How might history have been different if the ment. You will also want to include information Spanish had not arrived until a few years later? on what happened when the Spanish arrived.

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6-8_SNLAESE485829_C16S3.indd 483 7/13/10 11:35:01 AM History and Geography Inca Roads Inca roads were more than just roads— they were engineering marvels. The Incas built roads across almost every kind of terrain imaginable: coasts, deserts, forests, grasslands, plains, and mountains. In doing so, they overcame the geography of their rugged empire. Although the Incas had no wheeled vehicles, they relied on their roads for transportation, communication, and government administration. The roads symbolized the power of the Inca government.

N

W E Quito

S SOUTH AMERICA Many roads were just three to six feet wide, but that was wide enough for Pacific people on foot and for llamas, which Ocean the Incas used as pack animals. Machu Picchu A N Cuzco DE S M OU The Incas’ vast empire N T A Paria I was connected by a road N

S network of about 15,000 miles of roads—enough to circle the earth. Inca engineers built rope bridges to cross the valleys of the Andes Mountains. Rope Road City bridges could stretch more than 200 feet Chilecito across high gorges. 0 500 1,000 Miles

0 500 1,000 Kilometers

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Inca roads stretched from sea level to nearly 12,000 feet in elevation. Roads often followed natural features, such as valleys, ridgelines, and the coastline. 14,000 ft.

aP c i f i c O c e a n

10,000 ft. Inca Roads 5,000 ft.

Since the Incas had no wheeled Sea Level vehicles, some of their roads had steps cut into the hillsides for people and animals.

The Incas were expert stone workers. They cut huge blocks of stone and fit them together so well that they didn’t need any cement.

Important messages were carried by official runners. Each would run about two miles and then pass the message on to the next runner. Using this system, the Incas could send a message 150 miles in one day.

ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS 1. What are some features of Inca roads that you can see in the illustration? 2. What challenges did the Incas face in building their roads?

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6-8_SNLAESE485829_C16S3.indd 485 7/13/10 1:44:36 PM Social Studies Skills

Analysis Critical Thinking Study Economics

Analyzing Economic Effects

Understand the Skill 3 Sometimes an economic effect is not the main effect of a decision. Think about any unintended Most decisions people make or actions they take consequences of the decision or action. Consider have several effects. Effects can be political, social, whether any social or political effects are also personal, or economic. For example, think about economic effects. the effects of a decision you might make to get a Note that sometimes economic effects can be summer job. A social effect might be that you make 4 viewed either positively or negatively depending new friends at your job. A personal effect might be on whom they affect. that you have less time for other activities that you enjoy. An economic effect would be that you have more money to spend. Practice and Apply the Skill Throughout history, many decisions have had economic effects—either intended or unintended. Review the information in the chapter about the Even a decision made for a political, social, or Maya. Use that information to help you answer the environmental reason can have economic effects. following questions. Since economic circumstances have often been a 1. What was an economic effect of the Maya in factor in the rise and fall of civilizations, learning lowland cities exporting forest goods and cot- to analyze economic effects can be useful in your ton? Was that effect expected or unexpected? study of history. 2. What might have been a positive economic effect of the Maya king’s making lower-class Learn the Skill Maya farm and work for him? What might have been a negative effect? Analyzing economic effects can help you to . Do you think the development of the Maya better understand and evaluate historical events. 3 calendar had any economic effects? Why or why Follow these guidelines to understand economic not? effects of decisions and actions in history. 4. What economic effects did warfare have on Determine who made the decision or took the 1 Maya civilization? Were these effects expected or action and decide what the goal was. unexpected? 2 Consider whether the goal was to improve or change economic circumstances.

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6-8_SNLAESE485829_C16SK.indd 486 7/13/10 11:54:11 AM History’s Impact video series CHAPTER Review the video to answer the Chapter Review focus question: 16 Why do scholars today consider the Maya civilization to have been so advanced? Visual Use the visual summary below to help you review Summary the main ideas of the chapter.

Reviewing Vocabulary, Terms and People For each statement below, write T if it is true and F if it is The Aztecs Aztec warriors false. If the statement is false, replace the underlined term played an extremely with one that would make the sentence a true statement. important role in the powerful Aztec 1. The main crops of the Maya included maize and civilization. beans. 2. The Quechua came to the Americas to find land, gold, and converts to Catholicism. 3. The Aztecs mistook Hernán Cortés for the god Quetzalcoatl. 4. Maya priests studied the sun, moon, and stars from stone observatories. 5. Francisco Pizarro led a party of Spanish soldiers to Mexico in 1519. 6. Atahualpa tried to buy his freedom by having his people deliver great riches to the Spanish. The Maya Maya cities were known 7. The official language of the Inca Empire was for their impressive Pachacuti. structures, including 8. The Aztecs built raised roads called masonry to pyramids that were cross from Tenochtitlán to the mainland. many stories tall. 9. Moctezuma II was the Inca leader at the time of the Spanish conquest. The Incas 10. Many people in Mesoamerica died at the hands The huge Inca of the conquistadors. Empire was linked together by an elab- orate system of roads and rope bridges. Comprehension and Critical Thinking SECTION 1 (Pages 468–473) 11. a. Recall Where did the Maya live, and when was their Classic Age? b. Analyze What was the connection between Maya religion and astronomy? c. Elaborate Why did Maya cities trade with each other? Why did they fight?

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wh06fs_c016vis017a 6-8_SNLAESE485829_C16RT.indd 487 Trevor Johnston 7/13/10 11:29:38 AM 11/28/04 SECTION 2 (Pages 474–478) Reading Skills 12. a. Describe What was Tenochtitlán like? Where Analyzing Historical Information In each numbered was it located? passage below, the fi rst sentence expresses the main idea. b. Make Inferences Why do you think warriors One of the following sentences is irrelevant or nonessential were such respected members of Aztec society? to the main idea. Identify the irrelevant or nonessential c. Evaluate What factor do you think played sentence in each passage. the biggest role in the Aztecs’ defeat? Defend 16. Cacao beans had great value to the Maya. Cacao your answer. trees are evergreens. They were the source of chocolate, known as a favorite food of rulers SECTION 3 (Pages 479–483) and the gods. The Maya also used cacao beans 13. a. Identify Name two Inca leaders and explain as money. their roles in Inca history. 17. Tenochtitlán was surrounded by water, but the b. Draw Conclusions What geographic and water was undrinkable. As a result, the Aztecs cultural problems did the Incas overcome to built a stone aqueduct, or channel, to bring rule their empire? fresh water to the city. In many parts of the c. Predict Do you think most people in the Inca world, access to clean water is still a problem. Empire appreciated or resented the mita system? 18. Most Inca children did not attend school. Does Explain your answer. that idea appeal to you? Inca children learned skills by watching and helping their parents. Social Studies Skills 14. Analyzing Economic Effects Organize your Reviewing Themes class into groups. Choose one member of your 19. Geography How did the geography of Meso and group to represent the ruler of a Maya city. The South America differ from the geography of the rest of the group will be his or her advisers. As ancient civilizations of Egypt, Sumer, and India? a group, decide on some policies for your city. 20. Science and Technology Compare the buildings For example, will you go to war, or will you of the Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations with trade? Will you build a new palace, or will you the buildings of the ancient river civilizations, construct terraces for farming? Once you have such as Egypt and Sumer. determined policies for your city, share your ideas with representatives of other cities. As a class, discuss the economic effects of each policy FOCUS ON WRITING you have chosen. 21. Writing Your Article Your newspaper article will include information about your journey Using the Internet through the Americas. Choose at least one place of interest from the Maya civilization, the Aztec 15. Making Diagrams In this chapter you learned Empire, and the Inca Empire. For each site, use about the rise and fall of Maya civilization and your notes to write several sentences to describe of the Aztec and Inca empires. What you may its location and how it looked at its height. Try not know is that the rise and fall of empires is a to include details that would help a European pattern that occurs again and again throughout reader imagine what life was like for the people history. Use your online textbook to learn more who lived there. You will also want to explain about this topic. Then create a diagram that to your readers what happened to these civiliza- shows factors that cause empires to form and tions when the Spanish arrived. factors that cause empires to fall apart.

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DIRECTIONS: Read each question, and write the $ The following factors all helped the Spanish letter of the best response. Use the map below to to conquer the Aztecs and the Incas except answer question 1. A European diseases. B a greater number of soldiers. Y X C superior weapons. D existing problems within the empires.

Z % Which statement best describes the social N structure in Maya, Aztec, and Inca civiliza- W E tions? S A The ruler held the highest position in society, and slaves held the lowest. B The Aztecs had a simpler class structure than the Maya or the Incas. ! The Aztec and Inca empires are indicated on C Social divisions were very important to the Maya and the Aztecs, but power and wealth this map by HRW World History were equally distributed in the Inca Empire. A X for the Inca and Y for thewh06ms_c15twu023a Aztec. Maya, Aztec, and Inca Empires D Social class helped shape daily life, with the B Y for the Aztec and Z for theAPPROVED Inca. 9/30/04 upper class enjoying special privileges made C Y for the Inca and Z for the Aztec. possible by the labor of the common people. D X for the Aztec and Z for the Inca. Connecting with Past Learnings @ Maya, Aztec, and Inca societies were similar in many ways. Which of the following prac- ^ In this chapter you read that Maya civilization tices were common to all three civilizations? during the Classic Age included independent A producing works of art and keeping written city-states. What other civilization that you records have studied was organized into city-states? B engaging in trade and demanding tribute A ancient Greece payments B ancient Persia C offering sacrifi ces to the gods and building C Han China stone temples D the Roman Empire D practicing slavery and worshipping many gods & The Maya and the Incas both believed their # Farming was important to the Maya, the rulers were related to the gods. Which Aztecs, and the Incas. Which of the following ancient people believed the same thing? is not a true statement? A Jews A The Maya grew crops on chinampas. B Indians B Farmers in all three civilizations grew maize, C Phoenicians but only the Incas raised llamas. D Egyptians C Maya farmers might not have been able to produce enough food for the entire population. D Maya and Aztec priests decided the best times to plant and harvest.

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MayaTHE

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6-8_SNLAESE485829_U7C16MMC.indd 2 7/27/10 6:02:59 PM CLICK THROUGH INTER /ACTIVITIES hmhsocialstudies.com

The Maya developed one of the most advanced civilizations in the Americas, but their story is shrouded in mystery. Around A.D. 250, the Maya began to build great cities in southern Mexico and Central America. They developed a writing system, practiced astronomy, and built magnificent palaces and pyramids with little more than stone tools. Around A.D. 900, however, the Maya abandoned their cities, leaving their Destroying the Maya’s Past monuments to be reclaimed by the jungle and, for a time, forgotten. Watch the video to learn how the actions of one Spanish missionary nearly destroyed the written Explore some of the incredible monuments record of the Maya world. and cultural achievements of the ancient Maya online. You can find a wealth of informa- tion, video clips, primary sources, and more at .

“Thus let it be done! Let Finding the City of Palenque Watch the video to learn about the great Maya city the emptiness be filled! of Palenque and the European discovery of the site Let the water recede and in the eighteenth century. make a void, let the earth appear and become solid; let it be done . . . “Earth!” they said, and instantly it was made.”

The Popol Vuh Pakal’s Tomb Read the document to learn how the Maya believed the world was created. Watch the video to explore how the discovery of the tomb of a great king helped archaeologists piece together the Maya past.

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6-8_SNLAESE485829_U7C16MMC.indd 3 7/27/10 6:06:09 PM Empires of Asia Unit 7 and the Americas Persuasion and Assignment Write an essay stating your Historical Issues opinion on this topic or another historical topic of he study of history raises questions, or issues, that can your choice: All great empires be argued from both sides. Effective persuasive writing are likely to end in the same T supports a point of view with evidence. way the Maya and Aztec empires did. 1. Prewrite

TIP Fact vs. Opinion A fact is Taking a Position a statement that can be proved true. Do you think all great empires will follow the same course as the Facts include Maya and Aztecs, or could an empire take a different course? Write ■ measurements a sentence that states your position, or opinion about, this topic or ■ dates another topic. ■ locations ■ definitions Supporting Your Position An opinion is a statement of a To convince your audience to agree with your position, you will need personal belief. Opinions often reasons and evidence. Reasons tell why a writer has a particular point include judgmental words and of view. Evidence backs up, or helps prove, the reasons. Evidence phrases such as better, should, includes facts, examples, and opinions of experts, like historians. You and think. can find this evidence in this textbook or other books recommended by your teacher.

Organizing Reasons and Evidence Try to present your reasons and evidence in order of importance, so that you can end with your most convincing points. Use transitions such as mainly, last, and most important to emphasize ideas.

2. Write This framework can help you state your position clearly and present convincing reasons and evidence.

A Writer’s Framework Introduction Body Conclusion ■ Introduce the topic by using a ■ Present at least two reasons to ■ Restate your position. surprising fact, quotation, or support your position. ■ Summarize your supporting reasons comparison to get your reader’s ■ Support each reason with evidence and evidence. attention. (facts, examples, expert opinions). ■ Project your position into history ■ Identify at least two differing ■ Organize your reasons and evidence by using it to predict the course of positions on this topic. in order of importance with your current and future events. ■ State your own position on the topic. most convincing reason last.

489 WW1 WRITING WORKSHOP

6-8_SNLAESE485829_U07WW.indd 1 7/13/10 11:47:48 AM 3. Evaluate and Revise Evaluating Use the following questions to evaluate your draft and find ways to make your paper more convincing.

Evaluation Questions for a Persuasive Essay

■ Does your introduction include ■ Are your reasons and evidence an opinion statement that clearly organized by order of importance, states your position? ending with the most important? ■ Have you given at least two ■ Does your conclusion restate TIP Using a Computer reasons to support your position? your position and summarize your to Check Spelling in History ■ Do you provide convincing evi- reasons and evidence? Do you Papers Whenever you can, use a dence to back up your reasons? apply your opinion to future history? spell-checker program to help you catch careless errors. However, keep in mind that it will not solve all your Revising spelling problems. Strengthen your argument with loaded words. Loaded words are words ■ It will not catch misspellings that with strong positive or negative connotations. correctly spell other words, such ■ Positive—leader as their, they’re, and there, or an ■ Negative—tyrant, despot instead of and. ■ Neutral—ruler, emperor ■ It will highlight but not give the Loaded words can add powerful emotional appeals to your reader’s preferred spelling for many proper feelings and help convince them to agree with your opinion. names. ■ It cannot be relied upon for correct capitalization. 4. Proofread and Publish Proofreading Keep the following guidelines in mind as you reread your paper. ■ Wherever you have added, deleted, or changed anything, make sure your revision fits in smoothly and does not introduce any errors. ■ Double-check names, dates, and other factual information.

Publishing Team up with one of your classmates who has taken the same position you have. Combine your evidence to create the most powerful argu- ment you can. Challenge a team that has taken an opposing view to a debate. Ask the rest of the class for feedback: Which argument was more convincing? What were the strengths and weaknesses of each position?

Practice and Apply Use the steps and strategies outlined in this workshop to write a persuasive composition.

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