APPENDIX

BIBLIOGRAPHY

THE SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF DISASTER

*This bibliography contains only a limited number of citations for items published prior to 1985. Only those judged to be of unusual historical significance or reporting on topics that have had minimal additional research since 1985 were included. A comprehensive bibliography of nearly 1,000 disaster studies published prior to 1986 is included in Thomas E. Drabek. 1986. Human System Responses to Disaster: An Inventory of Sociological Findings. : Springer-Verlag, pp. 423-479. Adams, David S. 1970. “The Red Cross: Organizational Sources of Operational Problems.” American Behavioral Scientist 13:392-403.

Adeola, Francis O. 2003. “Flood Hazard Vulnerability: A Study of Tropical Storm Allison (TSA) Flood Impacts and Adaptation Modes in Louisiana.” Quick Response Research Report #162. Boulder, Colorado: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, University of Colorado.

Adler, Jerry. 2002. “Five Who Survived.” Newsweek (September 9):20-29.

Aguirre, Benigno. 1983. “Evacuation as Population Mobility.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:415-437.

______. 1988. “The Lack of Warnings Before the Saragosa .” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 6:65-74.

______. 1991. “Evacuation in Cancun During Hurricane Gilbert.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 9:31-45.

______. 2002. “Can Sustainable Development Sustain Us?” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disaster 26:111-125.

Aguirre, Benigno E., Rogelio Saenz, John Edmiston, Nan Yang, Dietra Stuart and Elsa Agramonte. 1994. “Population and the Detection of Weak Tornadoes.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 12:261-277.

Aguirre, Benigno E., Dennis Wenger, Thomas A. Glass, Marceline Diaz-Murillo and Gabriela Vigo. 1995. “The Social Organization of Search and Rescue: Evidence from the Guadalajara Gasoline Explosion.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 13:93-106.

Aguirre, Benigno E., Dennis Wenger and Gabriela Rico. 1998. “A Test of the Emergent Norm Theory of Collective Behavior.” Sociological Forum 13:301-320.

Ahmed, Zafar U. 1991. “Marketing Your Community: Correcting a Negative Image.” Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 31:24-27.

Aiken, Michael and Paul Mott (eds.). 1970. The Structure of Community Power. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Aiken, Wallace. 2002. The Forgotten Storm: The Great Tri-State Tornado of 1925. Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press.

Alexander, David. 1980. “The Florence Floods--What the Papers Said.” Environmental Management 4:27-34.

______. 1990. “Behavior During Earthquakes: A Southern Italian Example.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 8:5-29.

______. 1993. Natural Disasters. New York: Chapman and Hall.

______. 1995. “Newspaper Reporting of the May 1993 Florence Bomb.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 13:45-65.

______. 2000. Confronting Catastrophe: New Perspectives on Natural Disasters. New York: Oxford University Press.

Allen, Tim. 1990. “Putting People First Again: Non-Governmental Organisations and the ‘New Orthodoxy’ for Development.” Disasters 14:63-68.

Allinson, Robert E. 1993. Global Disasters: Inquiries into Management Ethics. New York and Sydney: Prentice Hall.

American Red Cross. 1992. Community Disaster Education Guide. Washington, D.C.: American National Red Cross.

American Veterinary Medical Association. 2001. Disaster Preparedness and Resource Guide. Schaumberg, Illinois: American Veterinary Medical Association.

Anderson, Mary B. and Peter J. Woodrow. 1991. “Reducing Vulnerability to Drought and Famine: Developmental Approaches to Relief.” Disasters 15:43-54.

Anderson, Katina R., John R. Freedy, Charles F. Kaiser and David N. Sattler. 1997. “Natural Disasters and Psychological Adjustment: Implications of Research for Intervention Efforts.” Journal of Psychological Practice 3:113-127.

Anderson, William A. 1969a. Local Civil Defense in Natural Disaster: From Office to Organization. Columbus, Ohio: Disaster Research Center, Ohio State University.

______. 1969b. “Social Structure and the Role of the Military in Natural Disaster.” Sociology and Social Research 53:242-252.

______. 1970a. “Disaster and Organizational Change in Anchorage.” Pp. 96-115 in The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964: Human Ecology, edited by Committee on the Alaska Earthquake of the National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

______. 1970b. “Military Organizations in Natural Disaster: Established and Emergent Norms.” American Behavioral Scientist 13:415-422.

Anderson, William A. and Russell R. Dynes. 1975. Social Movements, Violence and Change: The May Movement in Curacao. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University Press.

______. 1976. “Civil Disturbances and Social Change- Comparative Analysis of United-States and Curacao.” Urban Affairs Quarterly 12:37-56.

Anderson, William A., Russell R. Dynes and E. L. Quarantelli. 1974. “Urban Counterrioters.” Society 11:50-55.

Anderson, William A. and Shirley Mattingly. 1991. “Future Directions.” Pp. 311-335 in : Principles and Practice for Local Government, edited by Thomas E. Drabek and Gerard J. Hoetmer. Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association.

Anthony, Jason L., Christopher J. Lonigan and Mitsuko P. Shannon. 1998. “Diagnostic Efficacy of Posttaumatic Symptoms in Children Exposed to Disaster.” Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 27:255-267.

Arata, Catalina M., J. Steven Picou, G. David Johnson and T. Scott McNally. 2000. “Coping with Technological Disaster: An Application of the Conservation of Resources Model to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 13:23-39.

Armstrong, Elizabeth B. 2002. “IAEM-Members: Dept. of Homeland Security Org Chart.” Washington, D.C.: International Association of Emergency Managers.

Arrowood, Janet C. 2003. Living With Wildfires: Prevention, Preparation, and Recovery. Denver, Colorado: Bradford Publishing Company.

Atwood, L. Erwin. 1993. “Perceived Impact of an Earthquake Prediction: The Third Person Effect.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:365-378.

Atwood, L. Erwin and Ann Marie Major. 1998. “Exploring the ‘Cry Wolf’ Hypothesis.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 16:279-302.

Auf der Heide, Erik. 1989. Disaster Response: Principles of Preparation and Coordination. St. Louis, Missouri: C.B. Mosby.

Aust, Stefan, Cordt Schnibben, et al. 2002. Inside 9-11: What Really Happened. Translated from the German by Paul DeAngelis and Elisabeth Kaestner. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Averch, Harvey and Milan J. Dluhy. 1997. “Crisis Decision Making and Management.” Pp. 75-91 in Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity, Gender and the Sociology of Disasters, edited by Walter Gillis Peacock, Betty Hearn Morrow and Hugh Gladwin. London: Routledge.

Bahk, C. Mo and Kurt Neuwirth. 2000. “Impact of Movie Depictions of Volcanic Disaster on Risk Perception and Judgements.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 63-84.

Bailey, Kenneth D. 1989. “Taxonomy and Disaster: Prospects and Problems.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 7:419-431.

Baisden, Barbara. 1979. “Crisis Intervention in Smaller Communities.” Pp. 325-332 in The Small City and Regional Community, Proceedings of the Second Conference, edited by E.J. Miller and R.P. Wolensky. Stevens Point, Wisconsin: Foundation Press, Inc., University of Wisconsin.

Baker, Earl J. 1979. “Predicting Response to Hurricane Warnings: A Reanalysis of Data from Four Studies.” Mass Emergencies 4:9-24.

______. 1986. “Hurricane Elena: Preparedness and Response in Florida.” Florida Policy Review (Winter):17-23.

______. 1991. “Hurricane Evacuation Behavior.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 9:287-310.

Baker, George and Dwight W. Chapman (eds.). 1962. Man and Society in Disaster. New York: Basic Books.

Balcavage, Dynise. 2002. The Great Chicago Fire. Philadelphia, : Chelsea House Publishers.

Baldwin, Tamara K. 1993. “Earthquake Awareness in Southeast Missouri: A Study in Pluralistic Ignorance.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:351-363.

Barkun, Michael. 1974. Disaster and the Millennium. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

______. 1977. “Disaster in History.” Mass Emergencies 2:219-231.

Barlow, Hugh D. 1993. “Safety Officer Accounts of Earthquake Preparedness at Riverside Industrial Sites.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:421-435.

Baron, Jonathan, Rajeev Gowda, and Howard Kunreuther. 1993. “Attitudes toward Managing Hazardous Waste: What Should Be Cleaned Up and Who Should Pay for It?” Risk Analysis 13:183-192.

Bartlett, Glen S., Peter S. Houts, Linda K. Byrnes, and Robert W. Miller. 1983. “The Near Disaster At Three Mile Island.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:19-42.

Barton, Allen H. 1969. Communities in Disaster: A Sociological Analysis of Collective Stress Situations. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc.

Bates, Frederick L., Russell R. Dynes, and E.L. Quarantelli. 1991. “The Importance of the Social Sciences to the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.” Disasters 15:288-289.

Bates, Frederick L., W. Timothy Farrell, and JoAnn K. Glittenberg. 1979. “Some Changes in Housing Characteristics in Guatemala Following the February 1976 Earthquake and Their Implications for Future Earthquake Vulnerability.” Mass Emergencies 4:121-133.

Bates, Frederick L., Charles W. Fogleman, Vernon J. Parenton, Robert H. Pittman and George S. Tracy. 1963. The Social and Psychological Consequences of a Natural Disaster. National Research Council Disaster Study 18. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

Bates, Frederick L. and Walter G. Peacock. 1987. “Disaster and Social Change.” Pp. 291-330 in Sociology of Disasters: Contributions of Sociology to Disaster Research, edited by Russell R. Dynes, Bruna DeMarchi, and Carlo Pelanda. Milano, Italy: Franco Angeli.

______. 1989. “Long Term Recovery.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 7:349-365.

______. 1992. “Measuring Disaster Impact on Household Living Conditions.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 10:133-160.

Bayman, R., G. Burton, D D’Cruz, F. Gebhard, J. Humphries, J. Kenny, K. King, J. Matijas-Kekez, C. Mavor, G. Searle, E. Talikowski, D. Vicary and M. Wettinger. 2000. “Operation Safe Haven—Disaster Recovery Management with the Kosovar Refugees at Leeuwin Barracks, Western Australia.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 15 (No. 1):40-42.

Bean, Jennifer. 2002. “The Implementation of the Incident Control System in NSW: Span of Control and Management by Objectives.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 17 (No. 3):8-16.

Beatley, Timothy. 1989. “Towards a Moral Philosophy of Natural Disaster Mitigation.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 7:5-32.

Beck, Ulrich. 1992. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage.

Beggs, John J., Valerie Haines, and Jeanne S. Hurlbert. 1996. “The Effects of Personal Network and Local Community Contexts on the Receipt of Formal Aid during Disaster Recovery.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:57-78.

Beinin, L. 1981. “An Examination of Health Data Following Two Major Earthquakes in Russia.” Disasters 5: 142-146.

Belardo, Salvatore, William D. Danka and William A. Wallace. 1982. “A Decision Aid for Red Cross Emergency Managers.” Policy and Information 6:11-23.

Belardo, Salvatore and Ann E. Howell. 1983. “A Microcomputer-Based Simulation Exercise for Public Officials.” Disasters 7:54-58.

Belardo, Salvatore, A. Howell, R. Ryan and W.A. Wallace. 1983. “A Microcomputer-Based Emergency Response System.” Disasters 7:215-220.

Belardo, Salvatore, Kirk R. Karwan, and William A. Wallace. 1984. “Managing the Response to Disasters Using Microcomputers.” Interfaces 14:29-39.

Belardo, Salvatore, Harold L. Pazer, William D. Danko and William A. Wallace. 1983. “Simulation of a Crisis Management Information Network: A Serendipitous Experiment.” Decision Sciences 14:588-606.

Benight, Charles C., Robert W. Freyaldenhoven, Joel Hughes, John M. Ruiz, Tiffany A. Zoschke and William R. Lovallo. 2000. “Coping Self-Efficacy and Psychological Distress Following the Oklahoma City Bombing.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 30:1331- 1344.

Benight, Charles C., Jean Sanger, Anne Smith, Erika Swift and Dan Zeppelin. 1999. “Coping Self- Efficacy as a Mediator of Distress Following a Natural Disaster.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 29:2443-2464.

Benini, Janet Bradford. 1998. “Getting Organized Pays Off for Disaster Response.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 6:61-63.

Bennett, Simon. 1999a. “Disasters as Heuristics? A Case Study.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 14 (No. 3):32-36.

______. 1999b. “Paradigmatic Disaster?: The Crash of Trans World Airways (TWA) Flight 800.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 17:295-311.

______. 2001. “Not Context—Contexts: An ‘Ourside-in’ Approach to Understanding the Vincennes Shoot-down.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 19:27-57.

Berke, P.R. and T. Beatley. 1992. Planning for Earthquakes: Risk, Politics and Policy. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.

______. 1997. After the Hurricane—Linking Recovery to Sustainable Development in the Caribbean. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Berke, Philip, Timothy Beatley and Suzanne Wilhite. 1989. “Influences on Local Adoption of Planning Measures for Earthquake Hazard Mitigation.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 7:33-56.

Bernert, Eleanor H. and Fred C. Ikle. 1952. “Evacuation and the Cohesion of Urban Groups.” The American Journal of Sociology 58:133-138.

Berren, Michael R., Allan Beigel and Stuart Ghertner. 1980. “A Typology for the Classification of Disasters.” Community Mental Health Journal 16:103-120.

Betts, Robyn. 2003. “The Missing Links in Community Warning Systems: Findings from Two Victorian Community Warning System Projects.” Australian Journal of Emergency Management 18 (3):37-45.

Birkland, Thomas A. 1996. “Natural Disasters as Focusing Events: Policy Communities and Political Response.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:221-243.

Blanchard, B. Wayne. 1984. American Civil Defense 1945-1984: The Evolution of Programs and Policies. Emmitsburg, Maryland: National Emergency Training Center, Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Blanchard, B. Wayne. (in preparation). Hazards, Disasters and the U.S. Emergency Management System: An Introduction (working draft). Emmitsburg, Maryland: Emergency Management Institute. http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/edu/coursesunderdev.asp

Blanchard-Boehm, R. Denise. 1998. “Understanding Public Response to Increased Risk from Natural Hazards: Application of the Hazards Risk Communication Framework.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 16:247-278.

Blanshan, Sue A. 1977. “Disaster Body Handling.” Mass Emergencies 2:249-258.

Blanshan, Sue A. and E.L. Quarantelli. 1981. “From Dead Body to Person: The Handling of Fatal Mass Casualties in Disasters.” Victimology 6:275-287.

Blendon, Robert J., Catherine M. DesRoches, John M. Benson, Milissa J. Herrmann, Kalahn, Taylor- Clark, and Kathleen J. Weldon. 2003. “The Public and the Smallpox Threat.” New England Journal of Medicine 5:426-432.

Block, Steven M. 2001. “The Growing Threat of Biological Weapons.” American Scientist 89:28-37.

Bogard William. 1987. “Evaluating Chemical Hazards in the Aftermath of the Bhopal Tragedy.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 5:223-241.

______. 1989. The Bhopal Tragedy. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.

Bolin, Robert C. 1982. Long-Term Family Recovery From Disaster. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

______. 1986. “Disaster Impact and Recovery: A Comparison of Black and White Victims.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 4:35-50.

______. (ed.). 1990. The Loma Prieta Earthquake: Studies of Short-Term Impacts. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

______. 1993. Household and Community Recovery After Earthquakes. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

Bolin, Robert C. and Patricia A. Bolton. 1983. “Recovery in Nicaragua and the U.S.A.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:125-152.

______. 1986. Race, Religion, and Ethnicity in Disaster Recovery. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

Bolin, Robert C. and Daniel J. Klenow. 1983. “Response of the Elderly to Disaster: An Age-Stratified Analysis.” International Journal of Aging and Human Development 10:283-296.

Bolin, Robert and Lois Stanford. 1991. “Shelter, Housing and Recovery: A Comparison of U.S. Disasters.” Disasters 15:24-34.

Bolton, Patricia A. (ed.). 1993. The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989--Public Response. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Bolton, Patricia A., Edward B. Liebow, and John Olson. 1993. “Community Context and Uncertainty Following a Damaging Earthquake: Low-Income Latinos in Los Angeles, California.” Environmental Professional 15:240-247.

Borba, Gary. 1995/95. “The Internet and Disaster Response.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 10 (No. 4):42-43.

Bord, Richard J. and Robert E. O’Connor. 1990. “Risk Communication, Knowledge, and Attitudes: Explaining Reactions to a Technology Perceived as Risky.” Risk Analysis 10:499-506.

Boss, Pauline Grossenbacher. 1983. “Family Separation and Boundary Ambiguity.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:63-72.

Botterell, Art. 1995/96. “Network Technology in the Practice of Emergency Management.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 10 (No. 4):43.

Bourque, Linda B., Lisa A. Russell and James D. Goltz. 1993. “Human Behavior During and Immediately After the Earthquake.” Pp. 3-22 in The Loma Prieta, California Earthquake of October 17, 1989--Public Response, edited by Patricia A. Bolton. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey.

Bourque, Linda B., Kimberley I. Shoaf and Loc H. Nguyen. 1997. “Survey Research.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 15:71-101.

Brandt, Nat. 2003. Chicago Death Trap: The Iroquois Theatre Fire of 1903. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press.

Brewster, Pete. 2001. “Integrating Standards, Plans, and Management Systems.” The Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 8:95-112.

Breznitz, Shlomo. 1984. Cry Wolf: The Psychology of False Alarms. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Britton, Neil R. 1981. “What Have New Zealanders Learnt from Earthquake Disasters in Their Own Country?” Disasters 5:384-390.

______. 1986. “An Appraisal of Australia’s Disaster Management System Following the ‘Ash Wednesday’ Bushfires in Victoria, 1983.” Australian Journal of Public Administration 14:112-127.

______. 1988. “Organized Behavior in Disaster: A Review Essay.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 6:363-395.

______. 1992. “Uncommon Hazards and Orthodox Emergency Management: Toward a Reconciliation.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 10:329-348.

Britton, Neil R. and Kathleen Clapham. 1991. Annotated Bibliography of Australian Hazards and Disaster Literature, 1969-1989.(Volume 1: Author Indexed; Volume 2: System Level Indexed). Armidale, New South Wales, Australia: Centre for Disaster Management, University of New England.

Britton, Neil R. and John Lindsay. 1995a. “Demonstrating the Need to Integrate City Planning and Emergency Preparedness: Two Case Studies.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 13:161-178.

______. 1995b. “Integrating City Planning and Emergency Preparedness: Some of the Reasons Why.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 13:67-92.

Britton, Neil R. and Roger L. Wettenhall. 1990. “Evolution of a Disaster ‘Focal Point’: Australia’s Natural Disasters Organisation.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 8:237-274.

______. 1991. The First Fifteen Years: Australia’s Natural Disasters Organisation. Armidale, New South Wales, Australia: Centre for Disaster Management, University of New England.

Bromet, Evelyn J., Gabrielle Carlson, Thomas Gilbert, Daniil Gluzman, Semyon F. Gluzman, Dmitry Goldgaber, Evgenii Golovakha, Sergey Lyubsky, Natalia Panina and Joseph E. Schwartz. 2000. “Children’s Well-Being 11 Years After the Chernobyl Catastrophe.” Archives of General Psychiatry 57:563-571.

Bromet, Evelyn and Leslie Dunn. 1981. “Mental Health of Mothers Nine Months After the Three Mile Island Accident.” The Urban and Social Change Review 14:12-15.

Brouillette, John Robert. 1970. “The Department of Public Works: Adaptation to Disaster Demands.” American Behavioral Scientist 13:369-379.

Brouillette, John Robert and E. L. Quarantelli. 1971. “Types of Patterned Variation in Bureaucratic Adaptations to Organizational Stress.” Sociological Quarterly 41:39-46.

Brown, Pam. 1988. Henry Dunant. Watford, England: Exley Publications, Ltd.

Browning, Larry D. and Judy C. Shetler. 1992. “Communication in Crisis, Communication in Recovery: A Postmodern Commentary on the Exxon Valdez Disaster.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 10:477-498.

Bryce, Cyralene P. 2001. Stress Management in Disasters. Washington, D.C.: Pan American Health Organization. Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Relief Coordination Program.

Bucher, Rue. 1957. “Blame and Hostility in Disaster.” The American Journal of Sociology 62:467-475.

Buckle, Philip. 1990. “Prospects for Public Sector Disaster Management in the 1990s: An Indication of Current Issues with Particular Reference to Victoria, Australia.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 8:301-324.

______. 1995a. “A Framework for Assessing Vulnerability.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 10:11-15.

______. 1995b. “Community Based Management of Social Disruption Following Disasters.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 10 (No. 3):31-38.

______. 1996. “Innovations in Recovery Management: The 1993 North Eastern Victoria Floods.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 11 (No. 2):33-35.

______. 1999. “Redefining Community and Vulnerability in the Context of Emergency Management.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 13 (No. 4):21-26.

Buckle, Philip, Jan Brown and Michael Dickinson. 1998. “Supporting the Entire Person.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 13 (No. 2):35-38.

Buckle, Philip, Graham Mars and Syd Smale. 2000. “New Approaches to Assessing Vulnerability and Resilience.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 15 (No. 2):8-14.

Burby, Raymond J. (ed.). 1998. Co-operating with Nature: Confronting Natural Hazards with Land Use Planning for Sustainable Communities. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry/National Academy Press.

Burby, Ray J. 2000. “Land-Use Planning For Flood Hazard Reduction.” Pp. 6-18 in Floods (Vol. 2) edited by Dennis J. Parker. New York: Routledge.

Burby, Raymond J. 2001. “Involving Citizens in Hazard Mitigation Planning: Making the Right Choices.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 16 (No. 3):45-51.

Burby, Raymond J. and Linda C. Dalton. 1994. “Plans Can Matter! The Role of Land Use Plans and State Planning Mandates in Limiting the Development of Hazardous Areas.” Public Administration Review 54:229-238.

Burby, Raymond J. and Steven P. French. 1980. “The U.S. Experience in Managing Flood Plain Land Use.” Disasters 4:451-457.

______. 1981. “Coping With Floods: The Land Use Management Paradox.” Journal of the American Planning Association 46:289-300.

Burby, R.J. and P.M. May. 1997. Making Governments Plan: State Experiments in Managing Land Use. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Burkhart, Ford N. 1991. Media, Emergency Warnings, and Citizen Response. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.

Burton, Ian, Robert W. Kates and Gilbert F. White. 1993. The Environment as Hazard. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Publishers, Inc.

Butler, David L. 1997. “Selected Internet Sites on Natural Hazards and Disasters.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 197-215.

______. 2002. “Selected Internet Resources on Natural Hazards and Disasters.” Pp. 389-464 in Methods of Disaster Research, edited by Robert A. Stallings. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Xlibris, Inc.

Butler, J.R.G. and D.P. Doessel. 1980. “Who Bears the Costs of Natural Disasters? -- An Australian Case Study.” Disasters 4:187-204.

Cable, Sherry and Beth Degutis. 1991. “The Transformation of Community Consciousness: The Effects of Citizens’ Organizations on Host Communities.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 9:383-399.

Campbell, John R. 1990. “Disasters and Development in Historical Context: Tropical Cyclone Response in the Banks Islands, Northern Vanuatu.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 8:401-424.

Canter, David, John Breaux, and Jonathan Sime. 1980. “Domestic, Multiple Occupancy, and Hospital Fires.” Pp. 117-176 in Fires and Human Behavior, edited by David Canter. Chichester, England and New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Carley, Kathleen M. and John R. Harrald. 1997. “Organizational Learning Under Fire: Theory and Practice.” American Behavioral Scientist 40:310-332.

Carlier, Ingrid, V.E. Berthold, P.R. Gersons, Regina D. Lamberts and Annephine J. Van Uchelen. 1998. “Disaster-Related Post-Traumatic Stress in Police Officers: A Field Study of the Impact of Debriefing.” Stress Medicine 14:143-148.

Carr, Lowell. 1932. “Disaster and the Sequence-Pattern Concept of Social Change.” American Journal of Sociology 38:207-218.

Carter, T. Michael, Stephanie Kendall, and John P. Clark. 1983. “Household Response to Warnings.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:95-104.

Center for Mental Health Studies of Emergencies. 1985. Role Stressors and Supports for Emergency Workers. Rockville, Maryland: National Institute of Mental Health.

Chandessais, Charles A. 1980. “The Work of Le Centre D’Etudes Psycho-Sociologiques des Sinistres et De Leur Prevention (CEPSP) in France.” Disasters 4:223-229.

Chandler, Robert C. 2001. “The Marks of a Leader.” Contingency Planning and Management 6 (September/October):20,22.

Changnon, Stanley A., William C. Ackermann, Gilbert F. White, J. Loreena Ivens, Henry P. Caulfield, Jr., Thomas Drabek, Helmut. E. Landsberg, Ray K. Linsley, G. Richard Marzolf, Jerome W. Milliman, William A. Thomas and Flora Mae Wellings. 1983. A Plan For Research on Floods and Their Mitigation in the United States. Champaign, Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey.

Charles, Michael T. and Allen K. Settle. 1991. “United Flight 232: Sioux City’s Response to an Air Disaster.” Industrial Crisis Quarterly 5:77-90.

Chartrand, Robert Lee and K.C. Chartrand (eds.). 1989. Strategies and Systems for Disaster Survival: The Symposium on Information Technology and Emergency Management. Rockville, Maryland: Research Alternatives.

Childers, Cheryl D. 1999. “Elderly Female-Headed Households in the Disaster Loan Process.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 17:99-110.

Chiu, A. et al. 1983. Hurricane Iwa, Hawaii, November 23, 1982. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

Christensen, Larry and Carlton E. Ruch. 1980. “The Effect of Social Influence on Response to Hurricane Warnings.” Disasters 4:205-210.

Chubon, Sandra J. 1992. “Home Care during the Aftermath of Hurricane Hugo.” Public Health Nursing 9:97-102.

Chung, Catherine, Man Cheung Chung, Yvette Easthope, Steven Farmer and Julie Werrett. 2000. “Responses to Traumatic Stress Among Community Residents Exposed to a Train Collision.” Stress Medicine 16:17-25.

Cisin, Ira and Walter B. Clark. 1962. “The Methodological Challenge of Disaster Research.” Pp. 23-47 in Man and Society in Disaster, edited by George W. Baker and Dwight W. Chapman. New York: Basic Books.

Clark, Lawrence V., Louis Venezlano and Douglas Atwood. 1993. “Situational and Dispositional Determinants of Cognitive and Affective Reactions to the New Madrid Earthquake Prediction.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:323-335.

Clarke, Lee. 1989. Acceptable Risk? Making Decisions in a Toxic Environment. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.

______. 1999. Mission Improbable: Using Fantasy Documents to Tame Disaster. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.

Clarke, Lee and James F. Short, Jr. 1993. “Social Organization and Risk: Some Current Controversies.” Annual Review of Sociology 19:375-399.

Clary, Bruce B. 1985. “The Evolution and Structure of Natural Hazard Policies.” Public Administration Review. 45:20-28.

Clason, Christine. 1983. “The Family as a Life-Saver in Disaster?” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:43-62.

Clausen, Lars. 1992. “Social Differentiation and the Long-Term Origin of Disasters.” Natural Hazards 6:181-190.

Clifford, Roy A. 1956. The Rio Grande Flood: A Comparative Study of Border Communities. National Research Disaster Study #7. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

Coghlan, Andrew. 1995/96. “Redevelopment/Planning.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 10 (No. 4):17-19.

______. 1998. “Helping Communities Manage Their Own Recovery.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 13 (No. 1):38, 46.

Cohan, Catherine L. and Steve W. Cole. 2002. “Life Course Transitions and Natural Disaster: Marriage, Birth, and Divorce Following Hurricane Hugo.” Journal of Family Psychology 16:14-25.

Cohn, Ruth E. and William A. Wallace. 1992. The Role of Emotion in Organizational Response to a Disaster: An Ethnographic Analysis of Videotapes of the Exxon Valdez Accident. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral science, University of Colorado.

Collins, John. 1992. “The Potential for Right to Know Legislation in Canada.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 10:349-364.

Comfort, Louise K. 1985. “Integrating Organizational Action in Emergency Management: Strategies for Change.” Public Administration Review 45:155-164.

______(ed.). 1988. Managing Disasters: Strategies and Policy Perspectives. Durham, : Duke University Press.

______. 1993. “Integrating Information Technology into International Crisis Management and Policy.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 1:15-26.

______. 1994. “Risk and Resilience: Inter-Organizational Learning Following the Northridge Earthquake on 17 January 1994.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 2:157-170.

Comfort, Louise, Ali Tekin, Ernesto Pretto, Bulent Kirimli, Derek Anges and others. 1998. “Time, Knowledge, and Action: The Effects of Trauma Upon Community Capacity for Action.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 16:73-91.

Committee on Disasters and the Mass Media. 1980. Disasters and the Mass Media: Proceedings of the Committee on Disasters and the Mass Media Workshop, February, 1979. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

Committee on Emergency Response and Recovery. 1993. Emergency Response and Recovery: 1993 National Earthquake Conference “Earthquake Hazard Reduction in the Central and Eastern United States: A Time for Examination and Action, May 3-5, 1993. Memphis, Tennessee: Central United States Earthquake Consortium.

Committee on Hazard Assessment. 1993. Hazard Assessment: 1993 National Earthquake Conference “Earthquake Hazard Reduction in the Central and Eastern United States: A Time for Examination and Action, May 3-5, 1993. Memphis, Tennessee: Central United States Earthquake Consortium.

Committee on Mitigation of Damage to the Built Environment. 1993. Mitigation of Damage to the Built Environment: 1993 National Earthquake Conference “Earthquake Hazard Reduction in the Central and Eastern United States: A Time for Examination and Action, May 3-5, 1993. Memphis, Tennessee: Central United States Earthquake Consortium.

Committee on Natural Disasters. 1982. The Austin, Texas, Flood of May 24-25, 1981. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

______. 1991. The New Year’s Eve Flood on Oahu, Hawaii: December 31, 1987-January 1, 1988. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Committee on Preparedness, Awareness, and Public Education. 1993. Preparedness, Awareness, and Public Education: 1993 National Earthquake Conference “Earthquake Hazard Reduction in the Central and Eastern United States: A Time for Examination and Action, May 3-5, 1993. Memphis, Tennessee: Central United States Earthquake Consortium.

Committee on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism. 2002. Making the National Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.

Committee on Socioeconomic Effects of Earthquake Predictions. 1978. A Program of Studies on the Socioeconomic Effects of Earthquake Prediction. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council.

Committee on Socioeconomic Impacts. 1993. Hazard Assessment: 1993 National Earthquake Conference “Earthquake Hazard Reduction in the Central and Eastern United States: A Time for Examination and Action, May 3-5, 1993. Memphis, Tennessee: Central United States Earthquake Consortium.

Committee on the Alaska Earthquake of the National Research Council (ed.). 1970. The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

Cook, John Lee, Jr. 2004. Santana Row Development Fire, San Jose, California. Emmitsburg, Maryland: U.S. Fire Administration, Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Coombs, Craig. 1998. “Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority Response.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 13 (No. 1):16-19.

Cornwell, Benjamin, Wendy Harmon, Melissa Mason, Brian Merz and Mike Lampe. 2001. “Panic or Situational Constraints? The Case of the M/V Estonia.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 19:5-25.

Cosgrove, John. 1996. “Decision Making in Emergencies.” Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 5:28-35.

Couch, Stephen R. 2000. “The Cultural Scene of Disasters: Conceptualizing the Field of Disasters and Popular Culture.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 18:21-37.

Couch, Stephen R. and J. Stephen Kroll-Smith (eds.). 1991. Communities at Risk: Collective Responses to Technological Hazards. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.

Couch, Stephen R. and Barbara A. Wade. 2003. “’I Want to Barbecue bin Laden’: Humor after 9/11.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 21:67-86.

Coulter, John. 1900. The Complete Story of the Galveston Horror. (Place of publication not specified): United Publishers of America.

Covello, Vincent T., Richard G. Peters, Joseph G. Wojtecki and Richard C. Hyde. 2001. “Risk Communication, the West Nile Virus Epidemic, and Bioterrorism: Responding to the Communication Challenges Posed by the Intentional or Unintentional Release of a Pathogen in an Urban Setting.” Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 78:382-391.

Crawford, Peter. 1998. “Spiritual Issues and Recovery Management.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 13 (No. 2):32-34.

Crews, David T. 1999. “Why Emergency Management As a Profession?” The Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 6:23-25.

Crondstedt, Mal. 2002. “Prevention, Preparedness, Response, Recovery—An Outdated Concept?” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 17 (No. 2):10-13.

Cross, John A. 1990. “Longitudinal Changes In Hurricane Hazard Perception.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 8:31-47.

______. 1998. “A Half Century of Hazards Dissertation Research in Geography.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 16:199-212.

Cummins, Joseph (ed.). 2002. The Greatest Search and Rescue Stories Ever Told. Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press.

Cuny, Frederick C. 1983. Disasters and Development. New York: Oxford University Press.

Curzon, Julian. 1997. The Great Cyclone at St. Louis and East Saint Louis, May 27, 1896: Being a Full History of the Most Terrifying and Destructive Tornado in the History of the World. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press.

Cutter, Susan L. 1991. “Fleeing from Harm: International Trends in Evacuations from Chemical Accidents.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 9:133-136.

Cutter, Susan L. and Kent Barnes. 1982. “Evacuation Behaviour and Three Mile Island.” Disasters 6:116-124.

Cutter, Susan L., Jerry T. Mitchell and Michael S. Scott. 2000. “Revealing the Vulnerability of People and Places: A Case Study of Georgetown County, South Carolina.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90:713-737.

Dacy, Douglas C. and Howard Kunreuther. 1969. The Economics of Natural Disasters. New York: The Free Press.

Dahlhamer, James M. and Melvin J. D’Souza. 1997. “Determinants of Business Disaster Preparedness.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 15:265-281.

Dahlhamer, James M. and Kathleen J. Tierney. 1998. “Rebounding From Disruptive Events: Business Recovery Following the Northridge Earthquake.” Sociological Spectrum 18:121-141.

Daines, Guy E. 1991. “Planning, Training, and Exercising.” Pp. 161-200 in Emergency Management: Principles and Practice for Local Government, edited by Thomas E. Drabek and Gerard J. Hoetmer. Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association.

Daniels, R. Steven and Carolyn L. Clark-Daniels. 2000. Transforming Government: The Renewal and Revitalization of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Arlington, : PricewaterhouseCoopers Endowment for the Business of Government.

______. 2002. “Vulnerability Reduction and Political Responsiveness: Explaining Executive Decisions in U.S. Disaster Policy during the Ford and Carter Administrations.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 20:225-253.

Dash, Nicole. 1997. “The Use of Geographical Information Systems in Disaster Research.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 15:135-146.

______. 2002. “The Use of Geographic Information Systems in Disaster Research.” Pp. 320-333 in Methods of Disaster Research, edited by Robert A. Stallings. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Xlibris, Inc.

Davidson, J.R.T., M.A. Malik, and J. Travers. 1997. “Structured Interview for PTSD: Psychometric Validation for DSM-IV Criteria.” Depression and Anxiety 5:1-3 (as cited in NIMH 2002, p. 101).

Davis, J. and L. Stewart. 2000. “Air Flight Disaster, Post-Traumatic Stress, and Post-Ventive Rescue and Response: The Aftermath of the San Diego PSA 182 Plane Crash Recovery Operation, 20 Years On.” Accident and Emergency Nursing 8:13-19.

Davis, Morris and Steven Thomas Seitz. 1982. “Disasters and Governments.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 26:547-568.

Dawson, Gregg. 1993. “A Comparison of Research and Practice: A Practitioner’s View.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:55-62.

Dawson, Susan E. 1993. “Social Work Practice and Technological Disasters: The Navajo Uranium Experience.” Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 20:5-20.

Dearing, James W. and Jeff Kazmierczak. 1993. “Making Iconoclasts Credible: The Iben Browning Earthquake Prediction.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:391-403.

Deason-Howell, Lucinda M. and RaJade M. Berry. 2002. “Citizens’ Abuse and Misuse of the City of Akron’s Emergency and Non-Emergency Phone Lines.” Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 9:85-95. de Becker, Gavin. 2002. Fear Less: Real Truth About Risk, Safety, and Security in a Time of Terrorism. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown and Company. de Golia, Jack. 1999. Fire: A Force of Nature: The Story Behind the Scenery. Las Vegas, Nevada: KC Publications.

DeKay, Michael L. and Gary H. McClelland. 1993. “Predicting Loss of Life in Cases of Dam Failure and Flash Flood.” Risk Analysis 13:193-205.

Delahanty, Douglas L., Angela Liegey Dougall and Holly B. Herberman. 2000. “Similarity of Prior Trauma Exposure as a Determinant of Chronic Stress Responding to an Airline Disaster.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68:290-295.

Demerath, Nicholas J. 1957. “Some General Propositions: An Interpretive Summary.” Human Organization 16:28-29.

Demerath, Nicholas J., and Anthony F. C. Wallace. 1957. “Human Adaptation to Disaster.” Human Organization 16:1-2.

Demuth, Julie L. 2002. Countering Terrorism: Lessons Learned from Natural and Technological Disasters, A Summary to the Natural Disaster Roundtable, February 28 – March 1, 2002. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Denis, Hélène. 1995. “Coordination in a Government Disaster Mega-Organization.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 13:25-43.

______. 1997. “Technology, Structure, and Culture in Disaster Management.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 15:293-308.

Derogatis, L.R. 1977. SCL-90-R: Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manual-II. Towson, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research (as cited in NIMH 2002, p. 102). de Ville de Goyet, Claude. 1999-2000. “Stop Propagating Disaster Myths.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 14 (No. 4):26-28.

Dew, M.A. and E.J. Bromet. 1993. “Predictors of Temporal Patterns of Psychiatric Distress During 10 Years Following the Nuclear Accident at Three Mile Island.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 28:49-55.

Dietz, Vance J., Jose G. Rigau-Perez, Lee Sanderson, Lydia Diaz, and Robert A. Gunn. 1990. “Health Assessment of the 1985 Flood Disaster in Puerto Rico.” Disasters 14:164-170.

Difede, JoAnn, William J. Apfeldord, Marylene Cloitre, Lisa A. Spielman, and Samuel W. Perry. 1997. “Acute Psychiatric Responses to the Explosion at the World Trade Center: A Case Series.” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 185:519-522.

Doepel, David G. 1991. “Crisis Management: The Psychological Dimension.” Industrial Crisis Quarterly 5:177-188.

Dombrowsky, Wolf R. 1983. “Solidarity During Snow-Disasters.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:189-206.

______. 1995. “Again and Again: Is a Disaster What We Call a ‘Disaster’?” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 13:241-254.

Dombrowsky, Wolf R. and John K. Schorr. 1986. “Angst and the Masses: Collective Behavior Research in Germany.” 1986. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 4:61-89.

Douglas, Mary and Aaron Wildasky. 1983. Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.

Dow, Kirstin and Susan L. Cutter. 1998. “Crying Wolf: Repeat Responses to Hurricane Evacuation Orders.” Coastal Management 26:237-252.

______. 2000. “South Carolina’s Response to ” (Quick Response Report #128). Boulder, Colorado: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, University of Colorado.

Drabek, Thomas E. 1968. Disaster in Aisle 13. College of Administrative Science. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University.

______. 1969a. Laboratory Simulation of a Police Communications System Under Stress. Columbus, Ohio: College of Administrative Science, The Ohio State University.

______. 1969b. “Social Processes in Disaster: Family Evaluation.” Social Problems 16:336-349.

______. 1970. “Methodology of Studying Disasters: Past Patterns and Future Possibilities.” American Behavioral Scientist 13:331-343.

______. 1983a. “Alternative Patterns of Decision-Making in Emergent Disaster Response Networks.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:277-305.

______. 1983b. “Shall We Leave? A Study on Family Reactions When Disaster Strikes.” Emergency Management Review 1:25-29.

______. 1984. Some Emerging Issues in Emergency Management. Emmitsburg, Maryland: National Emergency Training Center, Federal Emergency Management Agency.

______. 1985a. Emergency Management: The Human Factor. Emmitsburg, Maryland: National Emergency Training Center, Federal Emergency Management Agency. (Spanish edition: Gestion de Emergencia: El Factor Humano. Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association.

______. 1985b. “Managing the Emergency Response.” Public Administration Review 45:85-92.

______. 1986. Human System Responses to Disaster: An Inventory of Sociological Findings. New York: Springer-Verlag.

______. 1987a. “Emergent Structures.” Pp. 190-259 in Sociology of Disasters: Contribution of Sociology in Disaster Research, edited by Russell R. Dynes, Brune DeMarchi and Carlo Pelanda. Milano, Italy: Franco Angeli.

______. 1987b. The Professional Emergency Manager: Structures and Strategies for Success. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

______. 1988a. The Local Emergency Manager: The Emerging Professional. (Part 1). Emmitsburg, Maryland: National Emergency Training Center, Federal Emergency Management Association.

______. 1988b. “Microcomputer Implementation Patterns Among State and Local Emergency Management Agencies.” Pp. 330-334 in Simulators V: Proceedings of the SCS Simulators Conference, 1988, 18-21 April 1988, Orlando, Florida, edited by A. Ben Clymer and Vince Amico. San Diego, California: Simulation Councils.

______. 1989a. “Disasters as Nonroutine Social Problems.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 7:253-264.

______. 1989b. “Strategies Used by Emergency Managers to Maintain Organizational Integrity.” The Environmental Auditor 1:139-152.

______. 1990a. Emergency Management: Strategies for Maintaining Organizational Integrity. New York: Springer-Verlag.

______. 1991a. “Anticipating Organizational Evacuations: Disaster Planning by Managers of Tourist-Oriented Private Firms.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 9:219-245.

______. 1991b. “Microcomputer Usage in Disaster Preparedness and Response.” Industrial Crisis Quarterly 5:93-111.

______. 1991c. “Microcomputers and Disaster Response.” Disasters 15:186-192.

______. 1991d. Microcomputers in Emergency Management: Implementation of Computer Technology. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

______. 1992. “Variations in Disaster Evacuation Behavior: Public Responses Versus Private Sector Executive Decision-Making Processes.” Disasters 16:104-118.

______. 1993. “Disaster Evacuation Planning in the Tourism Industry.” Disaster Recovery Journal 6:30-32, 34-35.

______. 1994a. “Away From Home.” Bridges: A Special Edition of the NCCEM Bulletin 21-24.

______. 1994b. Disaster Evacuation and the Tourist Industry. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

______. 1994d. “Risk Perceptions of Tourist Business Managers.” The Environmental Professional 16:327-341.

______. 1995a. “Disaster Planning and Response by Tourist Business Executives.” Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly. 36:86-96.

______. 1995b. “Disaster Responses Within the Tourist Industry.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters. 13:7-23.

______. 1996. Disaster Evacuation Behavior: Tourists and Other Transients. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

______. 1996/1997. “Understanding Tourists During Disaster.” Australian Journal of Emergency Management 11:14-18.

______. 1997. “Following Some Dreams: Recognizing Opportunities, Posing Interesting Questions, and Implementing Alternative Methods.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 15:21-46.

______. 1999. “Disaster Evacuation Response by Tourists and Other Types of Transients.” International Journal of Public Administration 22:655-677.

______. 1999a. “Disaster Evacuations by Tourists and Other Types of Transients.” International Journal of Public Administration 22:655-677.

______. 1999b. Disaster-Induced Employee Evacuation. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

______. 2000a. “Disaster Evacuations: Tourist Business Managers Rarely Act as Customers Expect.” The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administrative Quarterly 41(August):48-57.

______. 2000b. “Pattern Differences in Disaster-Induced Employee Evacuations.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 18:289-315.

______. 2000c. “The Social Factors that Constrain Human Responses to Flood Warnings.” Pp. 361- 376 in Floods, (Vol. 1) Dennis J. Parked (ed.). London and New York: Routledge.

______. 2000/2001. “Understanding Employee Responses to Disaster.” Australian Journal of Emergency Management 15:15-21.

______. 2001a. “Coordinating Disaster Responses: A Strategic Perspective.” Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 8:29-39.

______. 2001b. “Disaster Warning and Evacuation Responses by Private Business Employees.” Disasters: The Journal of Disaster Studies, Policy and Management 25:76-94.

______. 2003a. “Coordination Strategies Data Set.” Denver, Colorado: Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Denver.

______. 2003b. “Five Types of Strategies for Coordinating Disaster Responses.” The Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 10:1-21. (Revision of a paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Social Science Association, Las Vegas, Nevada, April).

______. 2003c. Strategies For Coordinating Disaster Responses. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

Drabek, Thomas E. and Chuck Y. Gee. 2000. Emergency Management Principles and Application for Tourism, Hospitality, and Travel Management Industries: Instructor Guide. Emmitsburg, Maryland: Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Drabek, Thomas E. and J. Eugene Haas. 1969. “Laboratory Simulation of Organizational Stress.” American Sociological Review 34:223-238.

Drabek, Thomas E. and Gerard J. Hoetmer (eds.). 1991. Emergency Management: Principles and Practice for Local Government. Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association.

Drabek, Thomas E. and William H. Key. 1984. Conquering Disaster: Family Recovery and Long-Term Consequences. New York: Irvington Publishers, Inc.

Drabek, Thomas E. and David A. McEntire. 2002. “Emergent Phenomena and Multiorganizational Coordination in Disasters: Lessons from the Research Literature.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 20:197-224.

______. 2003. “Emergent Phenomena and the Sociology of Disaster: Lessons, Trends and Opportunities from the Research Literature.” Disaster Prevention and Management 12:97- 112.

Drabek, Thomas E., Alvin H. Mushkatel, and Thomas S. Kilijanek. 1983. Earthquake Mitigation Policy: The Experience of Two States. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, The University of Colorado.

Drabek, Thomas E. and E. L. Quarantelli. 1967. “Scapegoats, Villains, and Disasters.” Transaction 4:12-17.

Drabek, Thomas E., Harriet L. Tamminga, Thomas S. Kilijanek and Christopher R. Adams. 1981. Managing Multiorganizational Emergency Responses: Emergent Search and Rescue Networks in Natural Disasters and Remote Area Settings. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

Driscoll, Paul and Michael B. Salwen. 1996. “Riding Out the Storm: Public Evaluations of News Coverage of Hurricane Andrew.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:293-303.

Dunning, Christine, Douglas Paton and John M. Violanti. 2000. Posttraumatic Stress Intervention: Challenges, Issues, and Perspectives. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd.

Dunant, Henri. 1959. A Memory of Solferino (English Edition). Geneva, Switzerland: International Committee of the Red Cross.

Durham, Tom and Lacy E. Suiter. 1991. “Perspectives and Roles of the State and Federal Governments.” Pp. 101-227 in Emergency Management: Principles and Practice for Local Government, edited by Thomas E. Drabek and Gerard J. Hoetmer. Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association.

Durocher, Joe. 1994. “Recovery Marketing: What To DO After a Natural Disaster.” Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 35:66-71.

Dworkin, Gerald. 1971. “Paternalism.” Pp. 107-126 in Morality and the Law edited by R.A. Wasserstron. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing (as cited in Beatley, 1989, p. 29).

Dymon, Ute J. and Robert Schwartz. 2002. “Nursing Home Evacuation Plans: Myth or Reality.” Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 9:97-107.

Dynes, Russell R. 1970a. Organized Behavior in Disaster. Lexington, Mass.: Heath Lexington Books.

______. 1970b. “Organizational Involvement and Changes in Community Structure in Disaster.” American Behavioral Scientist 13:430-439.

______. 1975. “The Comparative Study of Disaster: A Social Organizational Approach.” Mass Emergencies 1:21-31.

______. 1978. “Interorganizational Relations in Communities Under Stress.” Pp. 49-64 in Disaster: Theory and Research, edited by E.L. Quarantelli. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications Inc.

______. 1983. “Problems in Emergency Planning.” Energy 8:653-660.

______. 1988. “Cross-Cultural and International Research: Sociology of Disaster.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 6:101-129.

______. 1993a. “Disaster Reduction: The Importance of Adequate Assumptions About Social Organization.” Sociological Spectrum 13:175-192.

______. 1993b. “Guidelines for Emergency Management in Fixed Site Installations.” Disaster Prevention and Management 2:6-16.

______. 1993c. “Research and Its Application: Bridging a Critical Gap.” Bridges: A Special Edition of the NCCEM Bulletin 14-15.

______. 1994. “Community Emergency Planning: False Assumptions and Inappropriate Analogies.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 12:141-158.

______. 2000a. “The Dialogue between Voltaire and Rousseau on the Lisbon Earthquake: The Emergence of a Social Science View.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 18:97-115.

______. 2000b. “The Lisbon Earthquake in 1755: Contested Meanings in the First Modern Disaster.” TsuInfo Alert 2 (August):10-18.

______. 2003. “Finding Order in Disorder: Continuities in the 9-11 Response.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 21:9-23.

Dynes, Russell R. and B. E. Aguirre. 1979. “Organizational Adaptation to Crises: Mechanisms of Coordination and Structural Change.” Disasters 3:71-74.

Dynes, Russell R., Bruna De Marchi and Carlo Pelanda (eds.). 1987. Sociology of Disasters: Contribution of Sociology to Disaster Research. Milano, Italy: Franco Angeli.

Dynes, Russell R. and Thomas E. Drabek. 1994. “The Structure of Disaster Research: Its Policy and Disciplinary Implications.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 12:5-23.

Dynes, Russell R. and E. L. Quarantelli. 1968. “Redefinition of Property Norms in Community Emergencies.” International Journal of Legal Research 3:100-112.

______. 1976. “The Family and Community Context of Individual Reactions to Disaster.” Pp. 231-245 in Emergency and Disaster Management: A Mental Health Sourcebook, Howard Parad, H. L. P. Resnik and Libbie Parad (eds.). Bowie, Maryland: The Charles Press Publishers, Inc.

______. 1977. Organizational Communications and Decision Making in Crises. (Report Series #17). Columbus, Ohio: Disaster Research Center, Ohio State University.

______. 1980. “Helping Behavior in Large-Scale Disasters.” Pgs. 339-354 in Participation in Social and Political Activities, David Horton Smith, Jacqueline Macaulay and associates (eds.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

______. 1994. “The Place of the Explosion in the History of Disaster Research: The Work of Samuel H. Prince. Pp. 55-68 and 431-432 in Ground Zero: A Reassessment of the 1917 Explosion in Halifax Harbour, edited by Alan Ruffman and Colin Howell. Halifax, Canada: Nimbus Publishing Limited.

Dynes, Russell, E. L. Quarantelli and Gary A. Kreps. 1972. A Perspective on Disaster Planning. Columbus, Ohio: Disaster Research Center, The Ohio State University.

Dynes, Russell R., E.L. Quarantelli, and Dennis Wenger. 1990. Individual and Organizational Response to the 1985 Earthquake in Mexico City, Mexico. Newark, Delaware: Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware.

Dynes, Russell R. and Kathleen J. Tierney (eds.). 1994. Disasters, Collective Behavior and Social Organization. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press.

Easton, Geoff. 1997. ‘Media Management and the Port Arthur Tragedy.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 12 (No. 2):2-4.

Eburn, Michael. 2003. “Protecting Volunteers?” Australian Journal of Emergency Management 18 (4):7-11.

Edwards, Bob, Marieke Van Willigen, Stephanie Lormand, Jayme Currie with Kristina Bye, John Maiolo, and Ken Wilson. 2000. “An Analysis of the Socioeconomic Impact of Huricane Floyd and Related Flooding on Students at East Carolina University.” (Quick Response Report #129). Boulder, Colorado: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, University of Colorado.

Edwards, Margie L. 1993. “Social Location and Self-Protective Behavior: Implications for Earthquake Preparedness.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:293-303.

Elliott, Dominic and Denis Smith. 1993. “Football Stadia Disasters in the United Kingdom: Learning from Tragedy?” Industrial and Environmental Crisis Quarterly 7:205-229.

Elliott, Timothy. 2003. “The Myths of Interoperability.” Homeland Protection Professional 2 (March):24-29.

Elmore, Richard F. 1984. “The Safe Operation of Nuclear Power Plants: Implementing Federal Policy in the Aftermath of Three Mile Island.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 2:61-87.

Emani, Srinivas and Jeanne X. Kasperson. 1996. “Disaster Communication Via the Information Superhighway: Data and Observations on the 1995 Hurricane Season.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:321-342.

Emergency Management Institute. 1998. Basic Incident Command System (ICS) Independent Study. Emmitsburg, Maryland: Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Enander, Ann and Claes Wallenius. 1999. “Psychological Reactions and Experiences Among Swedish Citizens Resident in Kobe During the 1995 Earthquake.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 17:285-205.

Enarson, Elaine. 1999. “Women and Housing Issues in Two U.S. Disasters: Case Studies from Hurricane Andrew and the Red River Valley Flood.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 17:39-63.

______. 2000. “’We Will Make Meaning Out of This’: Women’s Cultural Responses to the Red River Valley Flood.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 18:39-62.

Enarson, Elaine and Maureen Fordham. 2000-2001. “Lines That Divide, Ties That Bind: Race, Class, and Gender in Women’s Flood Recovery in the U.S. and U.K.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 15 (No. 4):43-52.

Enarson, Elaine and Betty Hearn Morrow. 1997. “A Gendered Perspective.” Pp. 136-140 in Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity, Gender and the Sociology of Disasters edited by Walter Gillis Peacock, Betty Hearn Morrow and Hugh Gladwin. London: Routledge.

______. 1998. The Gendered Terrain of Disaster. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers.

Enarson, Elaine, Cheryl Childers, Betty Hearn Morrow, Deborah Thomas, and Ben Wisner. 2003. A Social Vulnerability Approach to Disasters. Emmitsburg, Maryland: Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Management Agency. (http://www.training.fema.gov/emiweb/edu/completeCourses.asp).

Enders, Jessica. 2001. “Measuring Community Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 16 (No. 3):52-58.

Epstein, Richard S., Carol S. Fullerton, Edward J. Guerin and Robert J. Ursano. 1999. “Air Disaster and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.” American Journal of Psychiatry 156:1290-1291.

Erikson, Kai T. 1976. Everything In Its Path. New York: Simon and Schuster.

______. 1994. A New Species of Trouble. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.

Everly, George S., Jr., Raymond B. Flannery, Jr. and Victoria A. Eyler. 2002. “Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM): A Statistical Review of the Literature.” Psychiatric Quarterly 73:171- 182.

Everly, George S. and Jeffrey T. Mitchell. 2001. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing: An Operations Manual for CISD, Defusing and Other Group Crisis Intervention Services. Ellicott City, Maryland: Chevron Publishing Corporation.

Eyre, Anne. 1999. “In Remembrance: Post-Disaster Rituals and Symbols.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 14 (No. 3):23-29.

Fahy, Rita F. 1995. “The Study of Occupant Behavior During the World Trade Center Evacuation – Preliminary Report of Results.” A paper presented at the International Conference on Fire Research and Engineering, Orlando, Florida, September.

Farhar, Barbara C. 1976. “Hail As Sudden Disaster: Public Response to Hail Suppression Activity.” Mass Emergencies 1:313-321.

Farley, John E. 1998. “Down But Not Out: Earthquake Awareness and Preparedness Trends in the St. Louis Metropolitan Area, 1990-1997.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 16:303-319.

Farley, John E., Hugh D. Barlow, Marvin S. Finkelstein and Larry Riley. 1993. “Earthquake Hysteria, Before and After: A Survey and Follow-Up On Public Response to the Browning Forecast.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:305-321.

Faupel, Charles E. 1988. “Organizational Preparedness and Response to the West Memphis, Arkansas Tornado.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 6:185-195.

Faupel, Charles E. and Conner Bailey. 1988. “Contingencies Affecting Emergency Preparedness for Hazardous Wastes.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 6:131-154.

Faupel, Charles E., Conner Bailey, and Gary Griffin. 1991. “Local Media Roles in Defining Hazardous Waste as a Social Problem: The Case of Sumter County, Alabama.” Sociological Spectrum 11:293-319.

Faupel, Charles E., Susan P. Kelley and Thomas Petee. 1992. “The Impact of Disaster Education on Household Preparedness for Hurricane Hugo.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 10:5-24.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. n.d. The Federal Response Plan. Washington, D.C. Federal Emergency Management Agency.

______. 1987. Guide for the Development of a State and Local Continuity of Government Capability. (CPG 1-10). Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency.

______. 1990. Guide for the Development of State and Local Emergency Operations Plans. (Civil Preparedness Guide, CPG 1-8). Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency.

______. 1992. Guide for the Review of State and Local Emergency Operations Plans. (CPG 1-8). Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency.

______. 1994. Emergency Preparedness U.S.A. Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency.

______. 1996. Guide For All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning. Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency.

______. 1997. Mult-Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment: A Cornerstone of the National Mitigation Strategy. Washington, D.C.: Mitigation Directorate, Federal Emergency Management Agency.

______. 1999. Midwest Tornadoes of May 3, 1999: Observations, Recommendation, and Technical Guidance. Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency.

______. 2002. Managing the Emergency Consequences of Terrorist Incidents. Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2003. “FEMA History.” Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency. (Accessed January, 2004 at: http://www.fema.gov/about/history.shtm).

Feinberg, William E. and Norris R. Johnson. 2001. “The Ties that Bind: A Macro-Level Approach to Panic.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 19:269-295.

Feldman, David Lewis. 1993. “SARA Title III and Community Hazards Planning: The Case of the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:85-97.

Feldman, Shelley and Florence McCarthy. 1983. “Disaster Response in Bangladesh.”..International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:105-124.

Fennell, Greig. 2002. “An Alternative to the Incident Command System.” Contingency Planning & Management 7 (No. 1):35-38.

Ferrier, Norman. 1999-2000. “Demographics and Emergency Management: Knowing Your Stakeholders.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 14 (No. 4):2-4.

Firestone, David. 2002. “Are You Safer Today Than a Year Ago?” New York Times (November 17), p. 4-3.

Fischer, David W. 1980. “Actors at Large-Scale Accidents: Lessons from the Bravo and Three Mile Island Accidents.” Scandinavian Political Studies 3:321-345.

______. 1990. “Local Coastal Storm Response: The 1988 Redondo Beach Experience.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 8:49-59.

Fischer, Henry W. III. 1998a. Response to Disaster: Fact Versus Fiction and Its Perpetuation--The Sociology of Disaster. Second Edition. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.

______. 1998b. “The Role of New Information Technologies in Emergency Mitigation, Planning, Response, and Recovery.” Disaster Prevention and Management 7:28-37.

______. 1999. “Using Cyberspace to Enhance Disaster Mitigation, Planning and Response: Opportunities and Limitations.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 14 (No. 3):60-64.

Fischer, H. W. III and K. McCullough. 1993. “The Role of Education in Disaster Mitigation Adjustment.” Disaster Management 5:123-129.

Fisher, Albert L. 1985. “Voluntary Labor, Utah, the L.D.S. Church, and the Floods of 1983: A Case Study.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 3:53-74.

Fitzpatrick, Colleen. 1994. “The First ‘A’ Alert of the Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment: A Description of Organizational Response.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 12:183-197.

Fitzpatrick, Colleen and Dennis S. Mileti. 1991. “Motivating Public Evacuation.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 9:137-152.

______. 1994. “Public Risk Communication.” Pp. 71-84 in Disasters, Collective Behavior, and Social Organization. Russell R. Dynes and Kathleen J. Tierney (eds.) Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press.

Floroiu, Ruxandra and Richard T. Sylves. 2003. Alerting America: Effective Risk Communication: Summary of a Forum October 31, 2002. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.

Flynn, C.B. and J.A. Chalmers. 1980. The Social and Economic Effects of the Accident at Three Mile Island. Tempe, Arizona: Mountain West Research, Inc. with Social Impact Research, Inc.

Foa, E.B. 1995. Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems, Inc. (as cited in NIMH 2002, p. 103).

Fordham, Maureen. 1999. “The Intersection of Gender and Social Class in Disaster: Balancing Resilience and Vulnerability.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 17:15-37.

Form, William H. and Charles P. Loomis. 1956. “The Persistence and Emergence of Social and Cultural Systems in Disasters.” American Sociological Review 21:180-185.

Form, William H. and Sigmund Nosow. 1958. Community in Disaster. New York: Harper & Brothers.

Forrest, Thomas R. 1978. “Group Emergence in Disasters.” Pp. 105-125 in Disasters: Theory and Research, edited by E.L. Quarantelli. Beverly Hills, California: Sage.

______. 1986. “Disaster Gipsies: The Role of Informal Relationships in Administering Disaster Assistance.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 4:51-67.

______. 1993. “Disaster Anniversary: A Social Reconstruction of Time.” Sociological Inquiry 63:444-456.

Fortune, Joyce and Geoff Peters. 1995. Learning From Failure: The Systems Approach. Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

Foster, Harold D. 1980. Disaster Planning: The Preservation of Life and Property. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Fothergill, Alice. 1996. “Gender, Risk and Disaster.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:33-56.

______. 1999. “An Exploratory Study of Woman Battering in the Grand Forks Flood Disaster: Implications for Community Responses and Policies.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 17:79-98.

Fothergill, Alice, E. Maestas, and J. Darlington DeRover. 1999. “Race, Ethnicity, and Disasters in the United States: A Review of the Literature.” Disasters: The Journal of Disaster Studies and Management 23:156-173.

Fowlkes, Martha R. and Patricia Y. Miller. 1982. Love Canal: The Social Construction of Disaster. Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Fox, William Price. 1992. Lunatic Wind: Surviving the Storm of the Century. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill.

Frazier, Kendrick. 1979. The Violent Face of Nature. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc.

Freedy, J.R., M.E. Saladin, D.G. Kilpatrick, H.S. Resnick, and B,.E. Saunders. 1994. “Understanding Acute Psychological Distress Following Natural Disaster.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 7:257-273.

Frey, R. Scott. 1983. “The Structural Context of City Adoption of War on Poverty and National Flood Insurance Programs.” The Sociological Quarterly 24:59-74.

Friesema, H. Paul, James Caporaso, Gerald Goldstein, Robert Lineberry and Richard McCleary. 1979. Aftermath: Communities after Natural Disasters. Beverly Hills, Calif. and London, England: Sage Publications.

Fritz, Charles E. 1957. “Disasters Compared in Six American Communities.” Human Organization 16:6-9.

______. 1961. “Disasters.” Pp. 651-694 in Contemporary Social Problems, Robert K. Merton and Robert A. Nisbet (eds.). New York: Harcourt.

______. 1996. Disasters and Mental Health: Therapeutic Principles Drawn From Disaster Studies. Historical and Comparative Disasters Series. Newark, Delaware: Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware.

Fritz, Charles E. and Eli S. Marks. 1954. “The NORC Studies of Human Behavior in Disaster.” The Journal of Social Issues 10:26-41.

Fritz, Charles E. and J. H. Mathewson. 1957. Convergence Behavior in Disasters. National Research Council Disaster Study #9. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

Fritz, Charles E. and Harry B. Williams. 1957. “The Human Being in Disasters: A Research Perspective.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 309:42-51.

Furlong, Scott R. and Denise Scheberle. 1998. “Earthquake Recovery: Gaps Between Norms of Disaster Agencies and Expectations of Small Businesses.” American Review of Public Administration 28:367-389.

Galea, Sandro, Jennifer Ahern, Heidi S. Resnick, Dean Kilpatrick, Michael Bucuvalas, Joel Gold and David Vlahov. 2002. “Psychological Sequelae of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks in New York City.” New England Journal of Medicine 346:982-987.

Garner, Ana C. 1996. “The Common Disaster and the Unexpected Education: Delta Flight 1141 and the Discourse on Aviation Safety.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:155-174.

Garrison, Jean L. 1985. “Mental Health Implications of Disaster Relocation in the United States: A Review of the Literature.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 3:49-65.

Gartland, Kerry. 1995. “The Changing Role of Women in Emergency Management: A Red Cross Perspective.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 10 (No. 3):3-6.

Gawronski, Vincent T. and Richard Stuart Olson. 2001. “Tapping Collective Memory of Disaster: Getting ‘Inside’ the 1985 Mexico City Earthquakes.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 19:297-322.

Geipel, Robert. 1982. Disaster and Reconstruction: The Friuli (Italy) Earthquakes of 1976. London: George Allen & Unwin.

______. 1991. Long-Term Consequences of Disasters: The Reconstruction of Friuli, Italy, in its International Context 1976-1988. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Gess, Denise and William Lutz. 2002. Firestorm at Peshtigo: A Town, Its People, and the Deadliest Fire in American History. New York: Henry Holt and Company.

Gibbs, Margaret, Juliana R. Lachenmeyer, Arlene Broska, and Richard Deucher. 1996. “Effects of the AVIANCA Aircrash on Disaster Workers.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:23-32.

Giddens, Anthony. 1982. Profiles and Critiques in Social Theory. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.

Gilbert, Claude. 1995. “Studying Disaster: A Review of the Main Conceptual Tools.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 13:231-240.

Gillespie, David F. 1988. “Barton’s Theory of Collective Stress is a Classic and Worth Testing.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 6:345-361.

______. 1991. “Coordinating Community Resources.” Pp. 55-78 in Emergency Management: Principles and Practice for Local Government edited by Thomas E. Drabek and Gerard J. Hoetmer. Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association.

Gillespie, David F. and Mahasweta M. Banerjee. 1993. “Prevention Planning and Disaster Preparedness.” The Journal of Applied Social Sciences 17:237-253.

Gillespie, David F. and Richard A. Colignon. 1993. “Structural Change in Disaster Preparedness Networks.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:143-162.

Gillespie, David F., Richard A. Colignon, Mahasweta M. Banerjee, Susan A. Murty and Mary Rogge. 1993. Partnerships for Community Preparedness. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

Gillespie, David F. and Susan A. Murty. 1991. “Setting Boundaries for Research on Organizational Capacity to Evacuate.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 9:201-218.

Gillespie, David F. and Ronald W. Perry. 1976. “An Integrated Systems and Emergent Norm Approach to Mass Emergencies.” Mass Emergencies 1:303-312.

Gillespie, David F. and Calvin L. Streeter. 1987. “Conceptualizing and Measuring Disaster Preparedness.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 5:155-176.

Ginexi, Elizabeth M., Karen Weihs, Samuel J. Simmens and Danny R. Hoyt. 2000. “Natural Disaster and Depression: A Prospective Investigation of Reactions to the 1993 Midwest Floods.” American Journal of Community Psychology 28:495-518.

Gladwin, Christina H., Hugh Gladwin and Walter Gillis Peacock. 2001. “Modeling Hurricane Evacuation Decisions with Ethnographic Methods.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 19:117-143.

Gladwin, Hugh and Walter Gillis Peacock. 1997. “Warning and Evacuation: A Night for Hard Houses.” Pp. 52-74 in Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity, Gender and the Sociology of Disaster, edited by Walter Gillis Peacock, Betty Hearn Morrow and Hugh Gladwin. London: Routledge.

Glantz, Michael H. (ed.). 1976. The Politics of Natural Disaster: The Case of the Sahel Drought. New York: Praeger Publishers.

Glass, Roger I., Robert B. Craven, Dennis J. Bregman, Barbara J. Stoll, Neil Horowitz, Peter Kerndt and Joe Winkle. 1980. “Injuries From the Wichita Falls Tornado: Implications for Prevention.” Science 207:734-738.

Glass, Thomas A. 2001. “Understanding Public Response to Disasters.” Public Health Reports 116:69-73.

Gleser, Goldine C., Bonnie L. Green and Mindy Korol. 1999. “Children’s Responses to a Nuclear Waste Disaster: PTSD Symptoms and Outcome Prediction.” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38:368-375.

Gleser, Goldine C., Bonnie L. Green, and Carolyn N. Winget. 1978. “Quantifying Interview Data on Psychia Impairment of Disaster Survivors.” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 166:209-216.

______. 1981. Prolonged Psychosocial Effects of Disaster: A Study of Buffalo Creek. New York: Academic Press.

Godschalk, David R. 1991. “Disaster Mitigation and Hazard Management.” Pp. 131-160 in Emergency Management: Principles and Practice for Local Government, edited by Thomas E. Drabek and Gerard J. Hoetmer. Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association.

Godschalk, D.R., T. Beatley, P. Berke, D. Brower and E. Kaiser. 1998. Making Mitigation Work: Recasting Natural Hazard Planning and Implementation. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Goenjian, Armen K., Luis Molina, Alan M. Steinberg, Lynn A. Fairbanks, Maria Luisa Alvarez, Haig A. Goenjian, and Robert S. Pynoos. 2001. “Posttraumatic Stress and Depressive Reactions Among Nicaraguan Adolescents After Hurricane Mitch.” American Journal of Psychiatry 158:788-794.

Goldsteen, Raymond and John K. Schorr. 1982. “The Long-Term Impact of a Man-Made Disaster: An Examination of a Small Town in the Aftermath of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Reactor Accident.” Disasters 6:50-59.

Goldsteen, Raymond L., John Schorr and Karen S. Goldsteen. 1984. “What’s the Matter With Those People: Rethinking TMI.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 2:369-387.

Golec, Judith A. 1983. “A Contextual Approach to the Social Psychological Study of Disaster Recovery.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:255-276.

Goltz, James D. 1984. “Are the News Media Responsible for the Disaster Myths? A Content Analysis of Emergency Response Imagery.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 2:345-368.

Goltz, James D., Lisa A. Russell and Linda B. Bourque. 1992. “Initial Behavioral Response to a Rapid Onset Disaster.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 10:43-69.

Goodman, Patricia G., C. Edwin Vaughan and Derek Gill. 1992. “Relocation or Proximity?” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 10:115-132.

Goszcynska, Maryla, Tadeusz Tyszka and Paul Slovic. 1991. “Risk Perception in Poland: A Comparison with Three Other Countries.” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 4:179-193.

Granot, Hayim. 1997. “Emergency Inter-organizational Relationships.” Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 6:305-310.

______. 1999. “Facing Catastrophe: Mad Cows and Emergency Policy-Making.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 17:161-184.

______. 2000. “Planning for the Unthinkable: Psychosocial Reaction to Chemical and Biological Warfare (CBW) Weapons.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 15 (No. 3)):21-24.

Gray, Jane. 1981. “Characteristic Patterns of and Variations in Community Response to Acute Chemical Emergencies.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 4:357-365.

Gray, Jane and E.L. Quarantelli. 1984. “The Behavior of First Responders and their Initial Definitions of Acute Chemical Emergencies.” Disaster Management 4:6-12.

Green, Bonnie L. 1998. “Psychological Responses to Disasters: Conceptualization and Identification of High-Risk Survivors.” Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 52:S67-S73.

Green, Bonnie L., Jacob D. Lindy, Mary C. Grace, Goldine C. Gleser, Anthony C. Leonard, Mindy Korol. and Carolyn Winget. 1990. “Buffalo Creek Survivors in the Second Decade: Stability of Stress Symptoms.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 60:43-54.

Green, Dianne E., Antony J.W. Taylor and Frank H. Walkey. 1988. “Factor Variation as a Function of Disaster Stress.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 6:155-167.

Green, Walter G. III. 2001. “The State of the Local EOC: A Preliminary Study.” The Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 8:71-85.

Greene, Marjorie, Ronald Perry, and Michael Lindell. 1981. “The March 1980 Eruptions of Mount St. Helens: Citizen Perceptions of Volcano Threat.” Disasters 5:49-66.

Greene, Melissa Fay. 2003. Last Man Out: The Story of the Springhill Mine Disaster. Orlando, Florida: Harcourt, Inc.

Greening, Leilani and Stephen J. Dollinger. 1992. “Adolescent’s Perceptions of Lightning and Tornado Risks.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 22:755-762.

Griset, Pamala and Sue Mahan. 2003. Terrorism In Perspective. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.

Gruntfest, Eve, ed. 1997. Twenty Years Later: What Have We Learned Since the Big Thompson Flood. Boulder, Colorado: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, University of Colorado.

Gruntfest, Eve and Carole Huber. 1989. “Status Report on Flood Warning Systems in the United States.” Environmental Management 13:279-286.

Gruntfest, Eve and Marc Weber. 1998. “Internet and Emergency Management: Prospects for the Future.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 16:55-72.

Guarnizo, Caroline Clarke. 1993. “Integrating Disaster and Development Assistance after Natural Disasters: NGO Response in the Third World.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:111-122.

Haas, J. Eugene, Robert W. Kates and Martyn J. Bowden. 1977. Reconstruction Following Disaster. Cambridge, Mass. and London, England: The MIT Press.

Haddow, George D. and Jane A. Bullock. 2003. Introduction to Emergency Management. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Haines, Valerie A., Jeanne S. Hurlbert and John J. Beggs. 1999. “The Disaster Framing of the Stress Process: A Test of an Expanded Model.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 17:367-397.

Hall, Philip S. and Patrick W. Landreth. 1975. “Assessing Some Long Term Consequences of a Natural Disaster.” Mass Emergencies 1:55-61.

Hallinan, Maureen T. 1997. “The Sociological Study of Social Change: 1996 Presidential Address.” American Sociological Review 62:1-11.

Handmer, John. 2002a. “The Chimera of Precision: Inherent Uncertainties in Disaster Loss Assessment.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 20:325-346.

______. 2002b. “Flood Warning Reviews in North America and Europe: Statements and Silence.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 17 (No. 3):17-24.

______. 2003. “We Are All Vulnerable.” Australian Journal of Emergency Management 18 (3)):55- 60.

Handmer, John and Juliet Behrens. 1992. “Rescuers and the Law: The Legal Rights and Responsibilities of Rescuers in Australia.” Disaster Management 4:138-146.

Handmer, John, Bevis Dutton, Bernard Guerin, and Michael Smithson (eds.). 1991. New Perspectives on Uncertainty and Risk. Canberra and Mt. Macedon, Victoria, Australia: Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University and Australian Counter Disaster College, Natural Disasters Organisation.

Hanson, Neil. 2002. The Great Fire of London: In That Apocalyptic Year, 1666. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Hanson, Rochelle F., Dean G. Kilpatrick, John R. Freedy and Benjamin E. Saunders. 1995. “Los Angeles County After the 1992 Civil Disturbances: Degree of Exposure and Impact on Mental Health.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63:987-996.

Hardin, S.B., M. Weinrich, S. Weinrich, T.L. Hardin and C. Garrison. 1994. “Psychological Distress of Adolescents Exposed to Hurricane Hugo.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 7:427-440.

Hargreaves, Anne G. 1980. “Coping With Disaster.” American Journal of Nursing 80:683.

Harper, Jill. 1997. “Emergency Recovery Response to the Port Arthur Shootings.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 12 (No. 1):2-4.

Hartsough, Don M. 1982. “Planning for Disaster: A New Community Outreach Program for Mental Health Centers.” Journal of Community Psychology 10:255-264.

______. 1985. “Emergency Organization Role.” PP. 45-85 in Role Stressors and Supports For Emergency Workers. Rockville, Maryland: Center for Mental Health Studies in Emergencies, National Institute of Mental Health.

Hartsough, Don M. and Diane Garaventa Myers. 1985. Disaster Work and Mental Health: Prevention and Control of Stress Among Workers. Rockville, Maryland: National Institute of Mental Health.

Harvey, Carol D.H. and Howard M. Bahr. 1980. The Sunshine Widows: Adapting to Sudden Bereavement. Toronto: Lexington Books.

Harvey, John H. and Brian G. Pauwels. 2000. Post-Traumatic Stress Theory: Research and Application. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Brunner/Mazel.

Heath, Robert. 1995. “The Kobe Earthquake: Some Realities of Strategic Management of Crises and Disasters.” Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 4:11-24.

Heath, Sebastian E. 2002. “The Public and Animal Health Considerations of Pet Ownership in Disasters.” Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 9:58-63

Heath, Sebastian E., Alan M. Beck, Philip H. Kass and Larry T. Glickman. 2001. “Risk Factors for Pet Evacuation Failure After a Slow-Onset Disaster.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 218:1905-1910.

Heath, Sebastian E., Philip H. Kass, Alan M. Beck and Larry T. Glickman. 2001. “Human and Pet- Related Risk Factors for Household Evacuation Failure During a Natural Disaster.” American Journal of Epidemiology 153:659-665.

Heath, Sebastian E., Susan K. Voeks and Larry T. Glickman. 2000. “A Study of Pet Rescue in Two Disasters.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 18:361-381.

Heathcote, R. L. and B. G. Thom (eds.). 1979. Natural Hazards in Australia. Canberra: Australian Academy of Sciences.

Hemingway, Lorian. 2002. A World Turned Over: A Killer Tornado and the Lives It Changed Forever. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Henderson, Scott and Tudor Bostock. 1977. “Coping Behavior after Shipwreck.” British Journal of Psychiatry 131:15-20.

Hershiser, Marvin R. and E. L. Quarantelli. 1976. “The Handling of the Dead in a Disaster.” Omega: Journal of Death & Dying 7:195-208.

Hewitt, Kenneth (ed.). 1983. Interpretations of Calamity. Boston: Allen & Unwin Inc.

______. 1995. “Excluded Perspectives in the Social Construction of Disaster.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 13:317-339.

Hiroi, Osamu, Shunji Mikami and Kakuko Miyata. 1985. “A Study of Mass Media Reporting in Emergencies.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 3:21-49.

Hirose, Hirotada. 1985. “Earthquake Prediction in Japan and the United States.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 3:51-66.

______. 1992. “Defining Disaster Relief: Disaster Victims and Disaster Relief Administration in the Case of Mt.Unzen’s Eruption.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 10:281-292.

Hittner, James B., Charles F. Kaiser and David N. Sattler. 2000. “Disaster Preparedness: Relationships Among Prior Experience, Personal Characteristics, and Distress.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 30:1396-1420.

Hobfoll, S.E. 1989. “Conservation of Resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress.” American Journal of Community Psychology 9:91-103 (as cited in Arata et al. 2000, p. 39).

Hodgins, Gene A., Mark Creamer, and Richard Bell. 2001. “Risk Factors for Posttrauma Reactions in Police Officers: A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 189:541-547.

Hoetmer, Gerard J. 1991. “Introduction.” Pp. xvii-xxxiv in Thomas E. Drabek and Gerard J. Hoetmer, eds. Emergency Management: Principles and Practice for Local Government. Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association.

Hoffman, Susanna M. 1999. “The Worst of Times, the Best of Times: Toward a Model of Cultural Response to Disaster.” Pp. 134-155 in The Angry Earth: Disaster in Anthropologic Perspective, edited by Anthony Oliver-Smith and Susanna M. Hoffman. New York: Routledge.

Hoffman, Susanna M. and Anthony Oliver-Smith. 1999. “Anthropology and the Angry Earth: An Overview.” Pp. 1-16 in The Angry Earth: Disaster in Anthropological Perspective, edited by Anthony Oliver-Smith and Susanna M. Hoffman. New York: Routledge.

______. 2002. Catastrophe and Culture: The Anthropology of Disaster. Santa Fe. New Mexico: School of American Research Press.

Hohenemser, C., R. W. Kates and P. Slovic. 1983. “The Nature of Technological Hazard.” Science 220:378-384.

Holway, James M. and Raymond J. Burby. 1993. “Reducing Flood Losses: Local Planning and Land Use Controls.” Journal of the American Planning Association 59:205-216.

Hooper, Michael. 1995. “The Value of Community Policing in Preventing Civil Disorder.” The Network 13:33-37.

______. 1999. “Disaster Preparedness: An Analysis of Public Safety Agency and Community Preparedness During the Northridge Earthquake.” International Journal of Public Administration 22:679-710.

Hoover, Greg A. and Frederick L. Bates. 1985. “The Impact of a Nutral Disaster on the Division of Labor in Twelve Guatemalan Communities: A Study of Social Change in a Developing Country.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 3:9-26.

Horlick-Jones, Tom. 1995. “Agency and Power in Modern Disasters: A Rejoinder to Hewitt.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 13:357-359.

Houts, Peter S., Michael K. Lindell, Teh Wei Hu, Paul D. Cleary, George Tokohata and Cynthia B. Flynn. 1984. “The Protective Action Decision Model Applied to Evacuation During the Three Mile Island Crisis.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 2:27-39.

Howard, B.W. 1999. “Managing Volunteers.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 14 (No. 3):37-38.

Howard, Russell D. and Reid L. Sawyer. 2004. Terrorism and Counterterrorism: Understanding the New Security Environment – Readings and Interpretations. Guilford, Connecticut: McGraw- Hill Companies.

Huffman, James L. 1983. “Government Liability and Natural Hazard Mitigation in Japan, The Soviet Union, China, New Zealand and The United States.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:379-398.

______. 1989. “Law, Comparative Legal Study, and Disaster Taxonomy.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 7:329-347.

Hughes, Cornelius G. 1993. “The Piper’s Dance: A Paradigm of the Collective Response to Epidemic Disease.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:227-245.

Hughes, Mary Ann. 1992. An Annotated Bibliography and Listing of the Social Science Literature on Planning for and Responding to Hazardous Materials Disasters. Newark, Delaware: Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware.

Hutchins, Gerald L. and Fran H. Norris. 1989. “Life Change in the Disaster Recovery Period.” Environment and Behavior 21:33-56.

Hutton, Janice R. 1976. “The Differential Distribution of Death in Disaster: A Test of Theoretical Propositions.” Mass Emergencies 1:261-266.

Hwang, Seong Nam, William G. Sanderson, Jr. and Michael K. Lindell. 2001. “State Emergency Management Agencies’ Hazard Analysis Information on the Internet.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 19:85-106.

Inglesby, Thomas V. 2001. “Observations from the Top Off Exercise.” Public Health Reports 116:64-68.

Innes, J. Michael and Jennifer K. Slack. 1990. “Some Considerations on Personal Reactions to Emergency Stress in Employed and Volunteer Organisation Personnel.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 8:379-400.

Isumi, Masanori, Noriaki Nomura and Takao Shibuya. 1985. “Simulation of Post-Earthquake Restoration for Lifeline Systems.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 3:87-105.

Jackson, Edgar L. 1981. “Responses to Earthquake Hazard: The West Coast of North America.” Environment and Behavior 13:387-416.

Jackson, Michael W. and Peter Janssen. 1990. “Disaster and the Moral Appraisal of Corporate Actions.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 8:341-360.

James, Thomas F. and Dennis E. Wenger. 1978. “The American National Red Cross and Image Maintenance: A Research Note.” Mass Emergencies 3:55-59.

Janis, Irving L. 1951. Air War and Emotional Stress: Psychological Studies of Bombings and Civilian Defense. New York: McGraw Hill.

______. 1982. Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascos. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin.

Janis, Irving L. and Leon Mann. 1977. “Emergency Decision Making: A Theoretical Analysis of Responses to Disaster Warnings.” Journal of Human Stress 3:35-48.

Jenkins, Sharon Rae. 1998. “Emergency Medical Workers’ Mass Shooting Incident Stress and Psychological Recovery.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 16:181- 197.

Jingshen, Lu, Du Gangjian and Song Gang. 1992. “The Experience, Lesson and Reform of China’s Disaster Management.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 10:315-327.

Johnson, Norris R. 1988. “Fire in a Crowded Theater: A Descriptive Investigation of the Emergence of Panic.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 6:7-26.

Jones, David R. and Joseph R. Fischer. 1982. Emotional Effects on USAF Personnel of Recovering and Identifying Victims from Jonestown, Guyana. Brooks Air Force Base, Texas: USAF School of Aerospace Medicine.

Joseph, Stephen, William Yule, Ruth Williams, and Bernice Andrews. 1993. “Crisis Support in the Aftermath of Disaster: A Longitudinal Perspective.” The British Journal of Clinical Psychology 32:177-185.

Junn, Ellen N. and Diana Wright Guerin. 1996. “Factors Related to Earthquake Preparedness Among Child Care Professionals.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:343- 359.

Kaiser, C.F., D.N. Sattler, D.R. Bellack, and J. Dersin. 1996. “A Conservation of Resources Approach to a Natural Disaster: Sense of Coherence and Psychological Distress.” Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 11:459-476 (as cited in Arata et al. 2000, p. 39).

Kaiser, Edward J., Raymond J. Burby, Scott A. Bollens and James M. Holway. 1987. “Private Sector Land Market Decision Agents as Targets of Floodplain Policy.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 5:311-335.

Kanarev, Nicholas. 1996. “Legal Issues Associated with Evacuation: A Theoretical Perspective.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 11 (No. 2):41-46.

______. 1997. “The Political Nature of Disasters” (Part 1). The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 12 (No. 3):18-21.

______. 1997-98. “The Political Nature of Disasters.” (Part 2). The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 12 (No. 4):35-38.

Kaniasty, Krzysztof Z., Fran H. Norris, and Stanley A. Murrell. 1990. “Received and Perceived Social Support following Natural Disaster.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 20:85-114.

Kartez, Jack D. 1984. “Crisis Response Planning: Toward a Contingent Analysis.” American Planning Association Journal 50:9-21.

Kartez, J.D. and M.K. Lindell. 1987. “Planning for Uncertainty: The Case of Local Disaster Planning.” Journal of the American Planning Association 53:487-498.

______. 1990. “Adaptive Planning for Community Disaster Response.” Pp. 5-31 in Cities and Disaster: North American Studies in Emergency Management edited by R.T. Silves and W.L. Waught, Jr. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publishers.

Katz, Craig L., Lori Pellegrino, Anand Pandya, Anthony Ng and Lynn E. DeLisi. 2002. “Research on Psychiatric Outcomes and Interventions Subsequent to Disasters: A Review of the Literature.” Psychiatry Research 110:201-217.

Kelly, Charles. 1995. “A Framework for Improving Operational Effectiveness and Cost Efficiency in Emergency Planning and Response.” Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 4:25-31.

______. 1999. “Simplifying Disasters: Developing a Model for Complex Non-Linear Events.” Australian Journal of Emergency Management 14:25-27.

Kendra, James and Tricia Wachtendorf. 2002. “Elements of Resilience in the World Trade Center Attack.” Newark, Delaware: Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware.

Kendra, James and Tricia Wachtendorf. 2003. “Creativity in Emergency Response to the World Trade Center Disaster.” Pp. 121-146 in Beyond September 11th: An Account of Post- Disaster Research. Natural hazards Research and Applications Information Center, Public Entity Risk Institute, and Institute for Civil Infrastructure Systems. Special Publication No. 39. Boulder, Colorado: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, University of Colorado.

Kennedy, Will A. 1970. “Police Departments: Organization and Tasks in Disaster.” American Behavioral Scientist 13:354-361.

Kerr, Thomas J. 1983. Civil Defense in the U.S.: Bandaid for a Holocaust? Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.

Ketteridge, Anne-Michelle and Maureen Fordham. 1998. “Flood Evacuation in Two Communities in Scotland: Lessons from European Research.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 16:119-143.

Keys, Chas. 1995/96. “Planning for Floods in New South Wales.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 10 (No. 4):27-32.

Khondker, Habibul Haque. 1996. “Women and Floods in Bangaladesh.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:281-292.

Kilijanek, Thomas S. and Thomas E. Drabek. 1979. “Assessing Long-Term Impacts of a Natural Disaster - Focus on the Elderly.” The Gerontologist 19:555-566.

Killian, Lewis M. 1952. “The Significance of Multi-Group Membership in Disaster.” American Journal of Sociology 57:309-314.

______. 1954. “Some Accomplishments and Some Needs in Disaster Study.” The Journal of Social Issues 10:66-72.

______. 1956a. An Introduction to Methodological Problems of Field Studies in Disasters. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council.

______. 1956b. A Study of Response to the Houston, Texas Fireworks Explosion. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

King, David and Douglas Goudie. 1997-1998. “Breaking Through the Disbelief: The March 1997 Flood at Cloncurry: . . . ‘Even the Duck Swam Away’.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management12 (No. 4):29-33.

King, David and Colin MacGregor. 2000. “Using Social Indicators to Measure Community Vulnerability to Natural Hazards.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 15 (No. 3):52-57.

Kirschenbaum, Alan. 1992. “Warning and Evacuation During a Mass Disaster.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 10:91-114.

______. 1996. “Residential Ambiguity and Relocation Decisions: Population and Areas at Risk.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:79-96.

______. 2001. “Mass Terrorism and the Distribution of Gas Masks in Israel: A Longitudinal Cohort Analysis.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 19:245-267.

______. 2002. “Disaster Preparedness: A Conceptual and Empirical Reevaluation.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 20:5-28.

Klinenberg, Eric. 2002. Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Knight, Lesley-Anne. 2000-2001. “New Guidelines Aim to Support Older People in Emergencies.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 15 (No. 4):37-42.

Koehler, Gus A. (ed.). 1996. What Disaster Response Management Can Learn From Chaos Theory: Conference Proceedings, May 18-19, 1995. Sacramento, CA: California Research Bureau, California State Library.

Kohn, Robert and Itzhak Levav. 1990. “Bereavement in Disaster: An Overview of the Research.” International Journal of Mental Health 18L67-76.

Konkov, Fyodor E. 1991. “Primary Psychological Intervention with Families of Earthquake Survivors in Armenia.” The American Journal of Family Therapy 19:54-59.

Kory, Delores N. 1998. “Coordinating Intergovernmental Policies on Emergency Management in a Multi-Centered Metropolis.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 16:45- 54.

Kouzmin, Alexander, Alan M.G. Jarman and Uriel Rosenthal. 1995. “Inter-Organizational Policy Processes in Disaster Management.” Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 4:20-37.

Kouzmin, Alexander, Neil W. Sainsbury, and Alan M.G. Jarman. 1995. “Oil Spills, Creeping Crisis and Planning Vulnerabilities.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 10 (No. 3):13-26.

Kozak, Jan T. and Charles D. James. 2000. “The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake and Tsunami” TsuInfo Alert 2 (August):3-4.

Kreimer, Alcira and Mohan Munasinghe (eds.). 1991. Managing Natural Disasters and the Environment. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.

Kreps, Gary A. 1983. “The Organization of Disaster Response: Core Concepts and Processes.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:439-465.

______. 1984. “Sociological Inquiry and Disaster Research.” Annual Review of Sociology 10:309-330.

______. 1985. “Disasters and the Social Order.” Sociological Theory 3:49-64.

______. 1989a. “Description, Taxonomy, and Explanation in Disaster Research.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 7:277-280.

______. 1989b. “Future Directions in Disaster Research: The Role of Taxonomy.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 7:215-241.

______(ed.). 1989c. Social Structure and Disaster. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press.

______. 1990. “The Federal Emergency Management System in the United States: A Research Assessment.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 8:275-300.

______. 1991. “Organizing For Emergency Management.” Pp. 30-54 in Emergency Management, Principles and Practice for Local Government, edited by Thomas E. Drabek and Gerard J. Hoetmer. Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association.

______. 1995a. “Disaster as Systemic Event and Social Catalyst: A Clarification of Subject Matter.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 13:255-284.

______. 1995b. “Excluded Perspectives in the Social Construction of Disaster: A Response to Hewitt’s Critique.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 13:349-351.

______. 2001. “Disasters, Sociology of.” International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 6. Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier Science:3718-3721.

Kreps, Gary A. and Susan Lovegren Bosworth. 1993. “Disaster, Organizing, and Role Enactment: A Structural Approach.” American Journal of Sociology 99:428-463.

Kreps, Gary A. and Susan Lovegren Bosworth with Jennifer A. Mooney, Stephen T. Russell, and Kristen A. Myers. 1994. Organizing, Role Enactment, and Disaster: A Structural Theory. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press.

Kreps, Gary A. and Thomas E. Drabek. 1996. “Disasters Are Non-Routine Social Problems.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:129-153.

Kroll-Smith, J Stephen and Stephen R. Couch. 1990a. The Real Disaster is Above Ground: A Mine Fire and Social Conflict. Lexington, Kentucky, University Press of Kentucky.

______. 1990b. “Sociological Knowledge and the Public at Risk: A ‘Self-Study’ of Sociology, Technological hazards and Moral Dilemmas.” Sociological Practice Review 1:120-127.

______. 1991. “What is a Disaster? An Ecological-Symbolic Approach to Resolving the Definitional Debate.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 9:355-366.

Krug, Etienne G., Marcie-jo Kresnow, John P. Peddicord, Linda L. Dahlberg, Kenneth E. Powell, Alex E. Crosby, and Joseph L. Annest. 1998. “Suicide After Natural Disaster.” The New England Journal of Medicine 338:373-378.

______. 1999. “Retraction: Suicide After Natural Disasters.” The New England Journal of Medicine 340:148-149.

Krug, Gary J. 1993. “The Day the Earth Stood Still: Media Messages and Local Life in a Predicted Arkansas Earthquake.” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 10:273-285.

Kuban, Ron. 1993. “Crisis Management: Analysis of the Management of Communal Catastrophes.” Ph.D. Thesis. , , Canada: .

Kuehn, Bridget M. 2002. “Veterinarians Key to Bioterrorism Preparedness Initiatives.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 221 (6):757-758.

Kueneman, Rodney M. and J. E. Wright. 1975. “New Policies of Broadcast Stations for Civil- Disturbances and Disasters.” Journalism Quarterly 52:670-677.

Kunreuther, Howard. 1993. “Reducing the Risks: Is Insurance Doing All It Should? An Outsider’s View.” Pp. 275-287 in Catastrophe Insurance for Tomorrow: Planning for Future Adversities, edited by Neil R. Britton and John Oliver. Brisbane, Queensland, Australia: Griffith University.

Kunreuther, Howard, Ralph Ginsberg, Louis Miller, Philip Sagi, Paul Slovic, Bradley Borkan and Norman Katz. 1978. Disaster Insurance Protection: Public Policy Lessons. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Kunreuther, Howard and Eryl Ley (eds.). 1982. The Risk Analysis Controversy: An Institutional Perspective. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Kunreuther, Howard and Richard J. Roth, Sr., eds. 1998. Paying the Price: The Status and Role of Insurance Against Natural Disasters in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry.

Kurzman, Dan. 2001. Disaster! The Great San Francisco Earthquake and Fire of 1906. New York: William Morrow.

Kushner, Harvey W. 2003. Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.

Kusler, Jon A. 1985. “Liability as a Dilemma for Local Managers.” Public Administration Review 45:118-122.

Ladd, Anthony E. and Shirley Laska. 1991. “Opposition to Solid Waste Incineration: Pre-Implementation Anxieties Surrounding a New Environmental Controversy.” Sociological Inquiry 61:299-313.

Lambright, W. Henry. 1985. “Earthquake Prediction and the Governmental Process.” Policy Studies Review 4:716-724.

Lanza, L.G. and P. LaBarbera. 2000. “Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting and Hydrometerological Warnings in the Mediterranean Region.” Pp. 240-249 in Floods (Vol. 2), edited by Dennis J. Parker. London: Routledge.

LaPlante, Josephine M. and J. Stephen Kroll-Smith. 1989. “Coordinated Emergency Management: The Challenge of the Chronic Technological Disaster.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 7:134-150.

Larson, Erik. 2000. Isaac’s Storm. New York: Vintage Books.

Laska, Shirley B. 1990. “Homeowner Adaptation to Flooding: An Appliction of the General Hazards Coping Theory.” Environment and Behavior 22:320-357.

______. 1993. “Environmental Society and the State of the Discipline.” Social Forces 72:1-17.

Lave, Tamara R. and Lester B. Lave. 1991. “Public Perception of the Risks of Floods: Implications for Communication.” Risk Analysis 11:255-267.

Lavell, Allan. 1994. “Opening a Policy Window: The Costa Rican Hospital Retrofit and Seismic Insurance Programs 1986-1992.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 12:95-115.

Leik, Robert K., Sheila A. Leik, Knut Ekker, and Gregory A. Gifford. 1982. “Under the Threat of Mount St. Helens: A Study of Chronic Family Stress.” Minneapolis, Minnesota: Family Study Center, University of Minnesota.

Lerner, Ken, Mary Beth Vasco and George Yantosik. 2000. “Use of Inter-Agency Agreements to Enhance Emergency Preparedness.” The Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 7:67-76.

Levine, Adeline Gordon. 1982. Love Canal: Science, Politics, and People. Toronto: Lexington Books.

Lewis, Jerry M. 1986. “A Protocol For the Comparative Analysis of Sports Crowd Violence.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 4:211-225.

Lidstone, John. 1995/96. “Geography, Environmental Education and Disaster Mitigation: Great Expectations.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 10 (No. 4):33-41.

Lifton, Robert Jay and Eric Olson. 1976. “The Human Meaning of Total Disaster: The Buffalo Creek Experience.” Psychiatry 39:1-18.

Lindell, Michael K. 1994. “Are Local Emergency Planning Committees Effective in Developing Community Disaster Preparedness?” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 12:159-182.

______. 1994. “Perceived Characteristics of Environmental Hazards.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 12:303-326.

______. 1997. (ed.). “Adoption and Implementation of Hazard Adjustments.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 15:327-453.

______. 2003. “Principles of Effective Warning Systems.” IAEM Bulletin 20:1,6,8.

Lindell, M.K. and M.J. Meier. 1994. “Effectiveness of Community Planning for Toxic Chemical Emergencies.” Journal of the American Planning Association 60:222-234.

Lindell, Michael K. and Ronald W. Perry. 1987. “Warning Mechanisms in Emergency Response Systems.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters. 5:137-153.

______. 1992. Behavioral Foundations of Community Emergency Planning. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Company.

______. 2000. “Household Adjustment to Earthquake Hazard: A Review of Research.” Environment and Behavior 32:590-630.

Lindell, Michael and Ronald W. Perry. 2004. Communicating Environmental Risk in Multiethnic Communities. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.

Lindell, Michael K. and Carla S. Prater. 2000. “Household Adoption of Seismic Hazard Adjustments: A Comparison of Residents in Two States.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 18:317-338.

______. 2003. “Assessing Community Impacts of Natural Hazards.” Natural Hazards Review 4:176-185.

Lindell, Michael K., William G. Sanderson, Jr. and Seong Nam Hwang. 2002. “Local Government Agencies’ Use of Hazard Analysis Information.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 29-39.

Lindell, Michael K. and David J. Whitney. 1995. “Effects of Organizational Environment, Internal Structure, and Team Climate on the Effectiveness of Local Emergency Planning Committees.” Risk Analysis 15:439-447.

Lindell, Michael K., David J. Whitney, Christina J. Futch and Catherine S. Clause. 1996a. “The Local Emergency Planning Committee: A Better Way to Coordinate Disaster Planning.” Pp. 274-295 in Disaster Management in the U.S. and Canada: The Politics, Policymaking, Administration and Analysis of Emergency Management edited by R.T. Silves and W.L. Waugh, Jr. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publishers.

______. 1996b. “Multi-method Assessment of Organizational Effectiveness in a Local Emergency Planning Committee.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:195-220.

Lindy, Jacob D., Mary C. Grace, and Bonnie L. Green. 1981. “Survivors: Outreach to a Reluctant Population.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 5:468-478.

Lombardi, Marco. 1997. “Media Studies.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 15:103-116.

Loseke, Donileen R. 2003. “How to Successfully Construct a Social Problem.” Pp. 291-303 in The Study of Social Problems edited by Earl Rubington and martin S. Weinberg. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lucas, Rex A. 1969. Men in Crisis: A Study of a Mine Disaster. New York: Basic Books, Inc.

Maclean, John N. 2003. Fire and Ashes: On the Front Lines of American Wildfires. New York: Henry Holt and Company.

Major, Ann M. 1993. “A Test of Situational Communication Theory: Public Response to the 1990 Browning Earthquake Prediction.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:337-349.

______. 1999. “Gender Differences in Risk and Communication Behavior in Response to an Earthquake Prediction.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 17:313-338.

Mallonee, Sue, J. Curtis McMillen, Sara Jo Nixon, Carold S. North, Sheryll Shariat, Elizabeth M. Smith and Edward L. Spitznagel. 1999. “Psychiatric Disorders Among Survivors of the Oklahoma City Bombing.” Journal of the American Medical Association 282:755-762.

Malone, Willie. 1993. “Research Definition and Location of Research: A User’s View.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:63-74.

Mann, Leon. 1986. “Social Influence Perspective on Crowd Behavior.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 4:171-192.

Marincioni, Fausto. 2001. “A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Natural Disaster Response: The Northwest Italy Floods of 1994 Compared to the U.S. Midwest Floods of 1993.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 19:209-235.

Marsh, Graham and Philip Buckle. 2001. “Community: The Concept of Community in the Risk and Emergency Management Context.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 16 (No. 1):5-7.

Marske, Charles E. 1992. “Disaster and Social Structure.” Disaster Management 4:84-90.

Martin, Gus. 2003. Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Martinet, Michael E. 2002. “The Pied Pipers of Paranoia.” IAEM Bulletin 19 (October):6.

Marx, Gary T. 1970. “Issueless Riots.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 391: 21-33.

May, Peter J. 1985a. “FEMA’s Role in Emergency Management: Examining Recent Experience.” Public Administration Review 45:40-48.

______. 1985b. Recovering From Catastrophes: Federal Disaster Relief Policy and Politics. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.

______. 1989. “Social Science Perspectives: Risk and Disaster Preparedness.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 7:281-303.

______. 1997. “State Regulatory Roles: Choices in the Regulation of Building Safety.” State and Local Government Review 29:70-80.

May, Peter J. and Walter Williams. 1986. Disaster Policy Implementation: Managing Programs Under Shared Governance. New York and London: Plenum Press.

McCamish, Anne. 1995. “Critique of the Community Responses to a Disaster Model.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 10 (No. (No. 3):27-30.

McComb, David G. 1986. Galveston: A History. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.

McCubbin, Hamilton, David H. Olson, and Joan M. Patterson. 1983. “Beyond Family Crisis: Family Adaptation.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:73-94).

McEntire, David A. 1998a. “Balancing International Approaches to Disaster: Rethinking Prevention Instead of Relief.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 13 (No. 2):50-55.

______. 1998b. “Pendulum Policies and the Need for Relief and Invulnerable Development.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 16:213-216.

______. 2000. “Sustainability or Invulnerable Development? Proposals for the Current Shift in Paradigms.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 15 (No. 1):58-61.

______. 2001a. “The Internationalization of Emergency Management: Challenges and Opportunities Facing an Expanding Profession.” IAEM Bulletin 18 (10):3-4.

______. 2001b. “Multi-organizational Coordination During the Response to the March 28, 2000, Fort Worth Tornado: An Assessment of Constraining and Contributing Factors.” (Quick Response Report #143). Boulder, Colorado: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center.

______. 2001c. “Triggering Agents, Vulnerabilities and Disaster Reduction: Towards a Holistic Paradigm.” Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 10:189-196.

McEntire, David A. and Jill Cope. 2004. “Damage Assessment After the Paso Robles (San Simeon, California) Earthquake: Lessons for Emergency Management.” (Quick Response Report #166). Boulder, Colorado: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center.

McEntire, David A. and Dorothy Floyd. 2003. “Applying Sustainability to the Study of Disasters: An Assessment of Strengths and Weaknesses.” Sustainable Communities Review 6:14-21.

McEntire, David A. and Melissa Marshall. 2003. “Epistemological Problems in Emergency Management: Theoretical Dilemmas and Implications.” Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 10:119-129.

McEntire, David A., Robie Jack Robinson, and Richard T. Weber. 2001. “Managing the Threat of Terrorism.” IQ Report 33 (December):1-19.

McKay, Jennifer. 1995. “Legal Responsibilities of Local Government for Flood Plans and Advice.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 10 (No. 3):39-41.

______. 1996. “Reflecting the Hazard or Restating Old Views: Newspapers and Bushfires in Australia.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:305-319.

McLoughlin, David. 1985. “A Framework for Integrated Emergency Management.” Public Administration Review 45:165-172.

McLuckie, Benjamin F. 1975. “Centralization and Natural Disaster Response: A Preliminary Hypothesis and Interpretations.” Mass Emergencies 1:1-9.

McMahon, Cait. 2001. “Covering Disaster: A Pilot Study into Secondary Trauma for Print Media Journalists Reporting on Disaster.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 16 (No. 2):52-56.

Mejer, Jan H. 1994. “Hazard Perception and Community Change: Cultural Factors in Puna, Hawaii.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 12:199-213.

Merton, Robert K. 1969. “Foreword.” Pp. vii-xxxvii in Communities in Disaster: A Sociological Analysis of Collective Stress Situations. Allen H. Barton. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc.

Meshkati, Najmedin. 1991. “Human Factors in Large-Scale Technological Systems’ Accidents: Three Mile Island, Bhopal, Chernobyl.” Industrial Crisis Quarterly 5:133-154.

Meyers, Barton. 1991. “Disaster Study of War.” Disasters 15:318-330.

Michael, D.M. 1985. “Too Much of a Good Thing? Dilemmas of an Information Society.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 25:347-54 (as cited in Quarantelli 1997, p. 106).

Michaels, Sarah. 2001. “Digital Disaster Assistance: How and Why Selected Information Technology Firms Contributed to Recovery Immediately After the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks” (Quick Response Report #141). Boulder, Colorado: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, University of Colorado.

Mikami, Shunji and Ken’ichi Ikeda. 1985. “Human Response to Disasters.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 3:107-132.

Mileti, Dennis S. 1980. “Human Adjustment to the Risk of Environmental Extremes.” Sociology and Social Research 64:327-347.

______. 1983. “Societal Comparisons of Organizational Response to Earthquake Predictions: Japan vs. the United States.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:399-413.

Mileti, Dennis S. 1987. “Sociological Methods and Disaster Research.” Pp. 57-69 in Sociology of Disasters: Contribution of Sociology to Disaster Research, edited by Russell R. Dynes, Bruna DeMarchi and Carlo Pelanda. Milano, Italy: Franco Angeli.

______. 1989. “Catastrophe Planning and the Grass Roots: A Lesson to the U.S.A. from the U.S.S.R.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 7:57-67.

______. 1999. Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press.

Mileti, Dennis S., Daniel M. Cress and JoAnne DeRouen Darlington. 2002. “Earthquake Culture and Corporate Action.” Sociological Forum 17:161-180.

Mileti, Dennis S. and JoAnne DeRouen Darlington. 1995. “Societal Response to Revised Earthquake Probabilities in the San Francisco Bay Area.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 13:119-145.

Mileti, Dennis S., Thomas E. Drabek and J. Eugene Haas. 1975. Human Systems in Extreme Environments. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

Mileti, Dennis S. and Colleen Fitzpatrick. 1991. “Communication of Public Risk: Its Theory and Its Application.” Sociological Practice Review 2:20-28.

______. 1992. “The Causal Sequence of Risk Communication in the Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment.” Risk Analysis 12:393-400.

______. 1993. The Great Earthquake Experiment: Risk Communication and Public Action. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.

______. 1992. “Fostering Public Preparations for Natural Hazards: Lessons from the Parkfield Earthquake Prediction.” Environment 34:16-20, 36-39.

Mileti, Dennis S., Donald M. Hartsough, Patti Madson and Rick Hufnagel. 1984. “The Three Mile Island Incident: A Study of Behavioral Indicators of Human Stress.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 2:89-113.

Mileti, Dennis S., Janice R. Hutton and John H. Sorensen. 1981. Earthquake Prediction Response and Options for Public Policy. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

______. 1992. “Warnings During Disaster: Normalizing Communicated Risk.” Social Problems 39:40-57.

Mileti, Dennis S. and Eve Passerini. 1996. “A Social Explanation of Urban Relocation After Earthquakes.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:97-110.

Mileti, Dennis S. and John H. Sorensen. 1987. “Determinants of Organizational Effectiveness in Responding to Low Probability Catastrophic Events.” The Columbia Journal of World Business 22:13-21.

Mileti, Dennis S., John H. Sorensen and Paul W. O’Brien. 1992. “Toward an Explanation of Mass Care Shelter Use in Evacuations.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 10:25-42.

Miller, Judith, Stephen Engelberg, and William Broad. 2001. Germs: Biological Weapons and America’s Secret War. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Millican, Pam. 1997. “Volunteers: A Vision.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 12 (No. 2):11-13.

______. 1999. “Emergency Management and Inter-Agency Fire Management Protocols.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 14 (No. 1):51-53.

Mintzberg, Henry. 1979. The Structuring of Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

______. 1989. Mintzberg on Management: Inside Our Strange World of Organizations. New York: The Free Press.

Mitchell, J.T. and G.S. Everly. 2000. “Critical Incident Stress Management and Critical Incident Stress Debriefings: Evolutions, Effects, and Outcomes.” Pp. 71-90 in Psychological Debriefing: Theory, Practice, and Evidence, edited by B. Raphael and J. Wilson. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press (as cited in Peterson 2003, p. 26).

Mitchell, James K. 1992. “Half a Century of Natural Disasters in the Pacific Basin: Historical Perspectives on the Future.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 10:269-279.

______. 1993. “Recent Developments in Hazards Research: A Geographer’s Perspective.” Pp. 43-62 in Proceedings of the United States--Former Soviet Union Seminar on Social Science Research on Mitigation for and Recovery from Disasters and Large-Scale Hazards. Volume 1: The American Participation, edited by E.L. Quarantelli and Konstantin Popov. Newark, Delaware: Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware.

______(ed.). 1999. Crucibles of Hazard: Mega-Cities and Disasters in Transition. Tokyo: United National University Press.

______. 1999. “Findings and Conclusions.” Pp. 473-502 in Crucibles of Hazard: Mega-Cities and Disasters in Transition, edited by James K. Mitchell. Tokyo-New York-Paris: United Nations University.

Mitchell, James, Peter Kabachnik, Robert Donovan, Junko Noguchi and Tom Mitchell. 2001. “Field Observations of Lower in the Aftermath of the World Trade Center Disaster: September 30, 2001.” (Quick Response Report #139). Boulder, Colorado: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, University of Colorado.

Mitchell, Jerry T., Deborah S.K. Thomas, Arleen A. Hill and Susan L. Cutter. 2000. “Catastrophe in Reel Life versus Real Life: Perpetuating Disaster Myth through Hollywood Films.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 18:383-402.

Mitchell, Louise. 2003. “Guidelines for Emergency Managers Working with Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Communities.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 18 (February):13-18.

Mitchem, Jamie D. 2003. “An Analysis of the September 20, 2002, Indianapolis Tornado: Public Response to a and Damage Assessment Difficulties.” (Quick Response Research Report #161). Boulder, Colorado: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, University of Colorado.

Mittler, Elliott. 1989. Natural Hazards Policy Setting: Identifying Supporters and Opponents of Nonstructural Hazard Mitigation. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

Monday, Jacquelyn L. 2002. “Building Back Better: Creating a Sustainable Community After Disaster.” Natural Hazards Informer Number 3:1-11.

Moore, Harry Estill. 1956. “Toward A Theory of Disaster.” American Sociological Review 21:734-737.

______. 1958. Tornadoes Over Texas. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Moore, Harry Estill with the collaboration of Frederick L. Bates, Jon P. Alston, Marie M. Fuller, Marvin V. Layman, Donald L. Mischer and Meda Miller White. 1964. And the Winds Blew. Austin, Texas: The Hogg Foundation for Mental Health, University of Texas.

Moore, Harry Estill, Frederick L. Bates, Marvin V. Layman and Vernon J. Parenton. 1963. Before the Wind: A Study of Response to Hurricane Carla. National Academy of Sciences/ National Research Council Disaster Study #19. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

Moore, Jamie. 2002. “Bridging the Generation Gap: Practical Experience vs. Academic Education.” IAEM Bulletin 19 (November):17.

Moore, Jim. 2001. Island of Ashes: The Fire That Killed Key West. San Jose, California: Authors Choice Press.

Moorehead, Caroline. 1999. Dunant’s Dream: War, Switzerland and the History of the Red Cross. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc.

Moran, Carmen. 1990. “Does the Use of Humor as a Coping Strategy Affect Stresses Associated with Emergency Work?” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 8:361-377.

______. 1995. “The 1994 New South Wales Bushfires: Perception of the Disaster Response from a Psychological Perspective.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 13:179-196.

Morgan, M. Granger, Baruch Fischhoff, Ann Bostrom and Cynthia J. Atman. 2002. Risk Communication: A Mental Models Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Morrow, Betty Hearn. 1997. “Disaster in the First Person.” Pp. 1-19 in Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity, Gender and the Sociology of Disaster edited by Walter Gillis Peacock, Betty Hearn Morrow and Hugh Gladwin. London: Routledge.

Morrow, Betty Hearn and Elaine Enarson. 1996. “Hurricane Andrew Through Women’s Eyes: Issues and Recommendations.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:5-22.

Morrow, Betty Hearn and Walter Gillis Peacock. 1997. “Disasters and Social Change: Hurricane Andrew and the Reshaping of Miami?” Pp. 226-242 in Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity, Gender and the Sociology of Disasters edited by Walter Gillis Peacock, Betty Hearn Morrow and Hugh Gladwin. London: Routledge.

Motes, Kevin D. 2002. Annotated Bibliography of Government Documents Related to the Threat of Terrorism and the Attacks of September 11, 2001. Volume 2. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Department of Libraries.

Mulilis, John-Paul. 1998. “Persuasive Communication Issues in Disaster Management.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 13 (No. 1): 51-59.

______. 1999. “Gender and Earthquake Preparedness.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 14 (No. 1):41-50.

Mulilis, J.P. and T.S. Duval. 1995. “Negative Threat Appeals and Earthquake Preparedness: A Person-Relative-to-Event (PrE) Model of Coping with Threat.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 25:1319-1339.

Mullen, Jim. 2003. “Lessons Learned From the Seattle TOPOFF Exercise.” IAEM Bulletin 20 (No. 7):1, 10.

Murgallis, Robert P. and Burton W. Phelps. 2002. Command and Control: ICS, Strategy Development and Tactical Selections. Stillwater, Oklahoma: Fire Protection Publications.

Murphy, Peter E. and Robin Bayley. 1989. “Tourism and Disaster Planning.” Geographical Review 79:36-46.

Murphy, Raymond. 1994. Rationality and Nature: A Sociological Inquiry into a Changing Relationship. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.

Mushkatel, Alvin H. and Louis F. Weschler. 1985. “Emergency Management and the Intergovernmental System.” Public Administration Review 45:49-56.

Myers, Daniel J. 1997. “Racial Rioting in the 1960s: An Event History Analysis of Local Conditions.” American Sociological Review 62:94-112.

Myers, Mary Fran. 1993. “Bridging the Gap between Research and Practice: The Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:41-54.

Nacos, Brigitte L. 1994. Terrorism and the Media: From the Iran Hostage Crisis to the World Trade Center Bombing. New York: Columbia University Press.

Nader, K., R. Pynoos, L. Fairbanks, and C. Frederick. 1990. “Children’s PTSD Reactions One Year After a Sniper Attack at Their School.” American Journal of Psychiatry 147:1626-1530 (as cited in NIMH 2002, p. 106).

National Emergency Management Association. 2003. The Face of NEMA – A Look at State Emergency Management Directors and Their Agencies. Lexington, Kentucky: National Emergency Management Association. (Download from: http://www.nemaweb.org).

National Governors’ Association. 1978. Emergency Preparedness Project: Final Report. Washington, D.C.: National Governors’ Association.

______. 1979. Comprehensive Emergency Management: A Governor’s Guide. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

National Institute of Mental Health. 2002. Mental Health and Mass Violence: Evidence-Based Early Psychological Intervention for Victims/Survivors of Mass Violence. A Workshop to Reach Consensus on Best Practices. NIH Publication No. 02-5138. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. (Accessed April, 2003 at: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/massviolence.pdf).

National Science Foundation. 1980. A Report on Flood Hazard Mitigation. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation.

National Task Force on Interoperability. 2003. Why Can’t We Talk? Working Together to Bridge the Communications Gap to Save Lives: A Guide for Public Officials. Denver, Colorado: National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology (NLECTC) – Rocky Mountain, University of Denver. (Internet accessed 3-17-03: http://www.agileprogram.org/ntfi/ntfi_guide.pdf.

Neal, David M. 1984. “Blame Assignment in a Diffuse Disaster Situation: A Case Example of the Role of an Emergent Citizen Group.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 2:251-266.

______. 1991. “Organizational Response During a Disaster.” Contingency Journal 1:52-53.

______. 1992-1993. “The Local Red Cross in Time of Disaster: Characteristics and Conditions of Organizational Effectiveness During the Loma Prieta Earthquake and Central Texas Floods.” The Journal of Volunteer Administration 12:6-16.

______. 1993. “Integrating Disaster Research and Practice: An Overview of Issues.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:5-13.

______. 1994a. “Blame Assignation in a Diffuse Disaster Situation: A Case Example of the Role of an Emergent Citizen Group.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 2:251- 266.

______. 1994b. “The Consequences of Excessive Unrequested Donations: The Case of Hurricane Andrew.” Disaster Management 6:23-28.

______. 1997. “Reconsidering the Phases of Disasters.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 15:239-264.

______. 2000. “Developing Degree Programs in Disaster Management: Some Reflections and Observations.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 18:417-437.

Neal, David M., Joseph B. Perry Jr., Ken Green and Randolph Hawkins. 1988. “Patterns of Giving and Receiving Help During Severe Winter Conditions: A Research Note.” Disasters 12:366-374.

Neal, David M. and Brenda D. Phillips. 1988. “An Examination of Emergent Norms and Emergent Social Structures in Collective Behavior Situations.” Sociological Focus 21:233-243.

______. 1995. “Effective Emergency Management: Reconsidering the Bureaucratic Approach.” Disasters: The Journal of Disaster Studies, Policy and Management 19:327-337.

Neal, David M. and Gary Webb. 1994. “Rethinking Crowd Management.” Bridges :A Special Edition of the NCCEM Bulletin 13-15.

Nehnevajsa, Jiri. 1990. Emergency Preparedness: Reports and Reflections of Local and County Emergency Managers. Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency (as cited in Green 2001, p. 83).

Nelson, L.D. 1973. “Proximity to Emergency and Helping Behavior--Data From Lubbock-Tornado-Disaster.” Journal of Voluntary Action Research 2:194-199.

Nelson, L. D. and Russell R. Dynes. 1976. “The Impact of Devotionalism and Attendance on Ordinary and Emergency Helping Behavior.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 15:47-59.

Nicholson, William C. 2003. Emergency Response and Emergency Management Law: Cases and Materials. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publisher Ltd.

Nielsen, Samuel and John Lidstone. 1998. “Public Education and Disaster Management: Is There Any Guiding Theory?” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 13 (No. 3):14-19.

Nigg, Joanne M. 1992. “Earthquake Hazard Reduction Policy in the United States: A Problem for Local Governments.” Pp. 211-224 in International Symposium on Building Technology and Earthquake Hazard Mitigation. Buffalo, New York: National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.

______. 1994. “Influence of Symbolic Interaction on Disaster Research. Pp. 33-50 in Self, Collective Behavior and Society: Essays Honoring the Contributions of Ralph H. Turner, edited by Gerald Platt and Chad Gordon. Greenwich, Connecticut: JAI Press.

______. 1995a. “Disaster Recovery as a Social Process.” Pp. 81-92 in Wellington After the Quake: The Challenge of Rebuilding. Wellington, New Zealand: The Earthquake Commission.

______. 1995b. “Risk Communication and Warning Systems.” Pp. 369-382 in Natural Risk and Civil Protection, edited by Tom Horlick-Jones, Aniello Amendola, and Riccardo Casale. London: E and FN Spon.

______. 1995c. “Social Science Approaches in Disaster Research: Selected Research Issues and Findings on Mitigating Natural Hazards in the Urban Environment.” Pp. 303-310 in Urban Disaster Mitigation: The Role of Engineering and Technology, edited by F.Y. Cheng and M. S. Sheu. Oxford, England: Elsevier.

______. 1998. The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 – Recovery, Mitigation, and Reconstruction. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

______. 2000. “Predicting Earthquakes: Science, Pseudoscience, and Public Policy Paradox.” Pp. 135-156 in Prediction: Science, Decision Making, and the Future of Nature. Edited by Daniel Sarewitz, Roger A. Pielke, Jr., and Radford Byerly, Jr. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Nigg, Joanne M. and Ronald W. Perry. 1988. “Influential First Sources: Brief Statements with Long-Term Effects.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 6:311-343.

Nimmo, Dan. 1984. “TV Network News Coverage of Three Mile Island: Reporting Disasters as Technological Fables.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 2:115-145.

Nixon, Sara Jo, Robert Vincent, Ronald S. Krug and Betty Pfefferbaum. 1998. “Structure and Organization of Research Efforts Following the Bombing of the Murrah Building.” Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss 3:99-115.

Nohrstedt, Stig Arne. 1991. “The Information Crisis in Sweden after Chernobyl.” Media Culture and Society 13:477-497.

Noon, James M. 2001. “Revisiting Key Issues About Collective Behavior, Organizing, and Role Enactment.” Sociological Spectrum 21:479-506.

Norris, Fran H., Tenbroeck Smith and Krzysztof Kaniasty. 1999. “Revisiting the Experience-Behavior Hypothesis: The Effects of Hurricane Hugo on Hazard Preparedness and Other Self-Protective Acts.” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 21:37-47.

North, Carol S., Laura Tivis, J. Curtis McMillen, Betty Pfefferbaum, Edward Spitznagel, Jann Cox, Sara Nixon, Kenneth P. Bunch and Elizabeth M. Smith. 2002. “Psychiatric Disorders in Rescue Workers After the Oklahoma City Bombing.” American Journal of Psychiatry 5:857- 859.

North, Carol S. and Betty Pfefferbaum. 2002. “Research on the Mental Health Effects of Terrorism.” Journal of the American Medical Association 288: 633-636.

Norwood, Ann E., Robert J. Ursano and Carol S. Fullerton. 2000. “Disaster Psychiatry: Principles and Practice.” Psychiatric Quarterly 71:207-226.

O’Brien, Paul W. 2003. “Risk Communication and Public Warning Response to the September 11th Attack on the World Trade Center.” Pp. 355-372 in Beyond September 11th: An Account of Post-Disaster Research. Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, Public Entity Risk Institute, and Institute for Civil Infrastructure Systems. Special Publication No. 39. Boulder, Colorado: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, University of Colorado.

O’Brien, Paul W. and Dennis S. Mileti. 1992. “Citizen Participation in Emergency Response Following the Loma Prieta Earthquake.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 10:71-89.

______. 1993. “Citizen Participation in Emergency Response.” Pp. B23-B30 in The Loma Prieta California Earthquake of October 17, 1989—Public Response, edited by Patricia A. Bolton. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office.

O’Carroll, Patrick W., Andrew Friede, Eric K. Noji, Scott R. Lillibridge, David J. Fries and Christopher G. Atchison. 1995. “The Rapid Implementation of a Statewide Emergency Health Information System During the 1993 Iowa Flood. American Journal of Public Health 85:564-567.

Ockerby, Peter. 2001. “Evacuation of a Passenger Ship—Is Panic a Major Factor?” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 16 (No. 1):8-14.

Office of Homeland Security. 2002. “The Department of Homeland Security: President George W. Bush (June, 2002).” Washington, D.C.: Office of Homeland Security.

Ohta, Yutaka and Hitomi Ohashi. 1985. “Field Survey on Occupant Behavior in an Earthquake.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 3:147-160.

Okabe, Keizo and Hirotada Hirose. 1985. “The General Trend of Sociobehavioral Disaster Studies in Japan.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 3:7-19.

Oliver, John (ed.). 1983. Insurance and Natural Disaster Management. Townsville: Centre For Disaster Studies, James Cook University of North Queensland.

Oliver-Smith, Anthony. 1990. “Post-Disaster Housing Reconstruction and Social Inequality: A Challenge to Policy and Practice.” Disasters 14:7-19.

______. 1991. “Successes and Failures in Post-Disaster Resettlement.” Disasters 15:12-23.

______. 1993. “Anthropological Perspectives in Disaster Research.” Pp. 94-117 in Proceedings of the United States--Former Soviet Union Seminar on Social Science Research on Mitigation for and Recovery from Disasters and Large-Scale Hazards. Volume 1: The American Participation, edited by E.L. Quarantelli and Konstantin Popov. Newark, Delaware: Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware.

______. 1996. “Anthropological Research on Hazards and Disasters.” Annual Review of Anthropology 25:303-328.

______. 1999. “’What is a Disaster?’: Anthropological Perspectives on a Persistent Question.” Pp. 18-34 in The Angry Earth: Disaster in Anthropological Perspective, edited by Anthony Oliver- Smith and Susanna M. Hoffman. New York: Routledge.

Oliver-Smith, Anthony and Susanna M. Hoffman (eds.). 1999. The Angry Earth: Disaster in Anthropological Perspective. New York: Routledge.

Ollenburger, Jane C. and Graham Tobin. 1999. “Women, Aging and Post-Disaster Stress: Risk Factors for Psychological Morbidity.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 17:65-78.

Olson, Richard Stuart. 2000. “Toward a Politics of Disaster: Losses, Values, Agendas, and Blame.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 18:265-287.

Olson, Richard Stuart and A. Cooper Drury. 1997. “Un-Therapeutic Communities: A Cross-National Analysis of Post-Disaster Political Unrest.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 15:221-238.

Olson, Richard Stuart and Douglas C. Nilson. 1982. “Public Policy Analysis and Hazards Research: Natural Complements.” The Social Science Journal 19:89-103.

Olson, Richard Stuart and Robert A. Olson. 1994. “Trapped in Politics: The Life, Death and Afterlife of the Utah Seismic Safety Advisory Council.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 12:77-94.

Olson, Richard Stuart, Robert A. Olson and Vincent T. Gawronski. 1998. “Night and Day: Mitigation Policymaking in Oakland, California, Before and After the Loma Prieta Earthquake.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 16:145-179.

Olson, Richard Stuart and Juan Pablo Sarmiento Prieto. 1995. “Guns, Drugs, and Disaster: Cauca/Huila, Columbia, 1994.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 13:147-160.

Olson, Robert A. and Richard Stuart Olson. 1977. “The Guatemala Earthquake of 4 February 1976: Social Science Observations and Research Suggestions.” Mass Emergencies 2:69-81.

Ono, Yuichi. 2002. “Risk Factors for Death in the 8 April 1998 Alabama Tornadoes.” (Quick Response Report #145). Boulder, Colorado: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, University of Colorado.

Osborne, David and Peter Plastrik. 1998. Banishing Bureaucracy: The Five Strategies for Reinventing Government. New York: Plume.

Otway, Harry. 1991. “The Media and Crisis Management.” Pp. 133-147 in Chernobyl: A Policy Response Study edited by Boris Segerstahl. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.

Oyola-Yemaiel, Arthus and Jennifer Wilson. 2003. “Terrorism and System Failure: A Revisited Perspective of Current Development Paradigms.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 21:25-40.

Pagram, Robin. 1999. “Shifts in Emergency Management Service Provision: A Case for New Innovative Leadership.” Australian Journal of Emergency Management 14:28-30.

Palm, Risa. 1990. Natural Hazards: An Integrative Framework for Research and Planning. Baltimore, Maryland: John Hopkins University Press.

______. 1995. Earthquake Insurance: A Longitudinal Study of California Homeowners. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.

Palm, Risa and Michael E. Hodgson. 1993. Natural Hazards in Puerto Rico: Attitudes, Experience, and Behavior of Homeowners. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

Panel on the Public Policy Implications of Earthquake Prediction. 1975. Earthquake Prediction and Public Policy. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

Papadatos, Yiannis, Kostas Nikou, and Grigoris Potamianos. 1990. “Evaluation of Psychiatric Morbidity following an Earthquake.” The International Journal of Social Psychiatry 36:131-136.

Parker, Dennis J. 2000. “Introduction to Floods and Flood Management.” Pp. 3-39 in Floods (Vol. 1), edited by Dennis J. Parker. London: Routledge.

Parker, Dennis and John Handmer (eds.). 1992. Hazard Management and Emergency Planning: Perspectives on Britain. London: James and James Science Publishers.

Parker, Stanley D., Marilynn B. Brewer and Janie R. Spencer. 1980. “Natural Disaster, Perceived Control, and Attributions to Fate.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 6:454-459.

Parr, Arnold Richard. 1970. “Organizational Response to Community Crises and Group Emergence.” American Behavioral Scientist 13:423-429.

______. 1997-98. “Disasters and Human Rights of Persons with Disabilities: A Case for an Ethical Disaster Mitigation Policy.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 12 (No. 4):2- 4.

Parsons, Talcott. 1950. The Social System. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press.

Paton, Douglas. 2000. “Responding to Emergencies and Disasters: Promoting Resilience in Emergency Managers.” 2000. The Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 7:35-45.

Paton, Douglas and David Johnson. 2001. “Disasters and Communities: Vulnerability, Resilience and Preparedness.” Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 10:270-277.

Paton, Douglas and Barbara-Anne Kelso. 1991. “Disaster Rescue Work: The Consequences for the Family.” Counseling Psychology Quarterly 4:221-227.

Patterson, George T. 2003. “Police Social-Work Collaboration in Response to the World Trade Center Attacks.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 21:87-102.

Patterson, Philip and Lee Wilkins. 1988. “Routinized Reporting of Technological Accidents: Television Coverage of the Chernobyl Disaster.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 6:27-46.

Pauchant, T., I. Mitroff, D. Weldon and G. Ventolo. 1990. “The Ever Expanding Scope of Industrial Crises: A Systematic Study of the Hinsdale Telecommunication Outage.” Industrial Crisis Quarterly 4:243-261 (as cited in Quarantelli 1997, p. 106).

Paul, Bimal Kanti, Vicki Tinnon Brock, Shane Csiki, and Lori Emerson. 2003. “Public Response to Tornado Warnings: A Comparative Study of the May 4, 2003, Tornadoes in Kansas, Missouri, and Tennessee.” (Quick Response Report #165). Boulder, Colorado: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, University of Colorado.

Paulsen, R. L. 1981. Human Behavior and Fire Emergencies: An Annotated Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce.

Peacock, Walter Gillis. 1997. “Cross-National and Comparative Disaster Research.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 15:117-133.

Peacock, Walter Gillis, Charles D. Killian and Frederick L. Bates. 1987. “The Effects of Disaster Damage and Housing Aid on Household Recovery Following the 1976 Guatemalan Earthquake.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 5:63-88.

Peacock, Walter Gillis, Betty Hearn Morrow and Hugh Gladwin (eds.). 1997. Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity, Gender, and the Sociology of Disasters. London: Routledge.

Pelcovitz, D., B.A. Van der Kolk, S.H. Roth, F.S. Mandel, S.J. Kaplan, and P.A. Resick. 1997. “Development of a Criteria Set and a Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress (SIDES).” Journal of Traumatic Stress 10:3-16 (as cited in NIMH 2002, p. 106).

Pelling, Mark. 2003. Natural Disasters and Development in a Globalizing World. New York: Routledge.

Pennings, Johannes M. 1981. “Strategically Interdependent Organizations.” Pp. 433-455 in Handbook of Organizational Design. Vol. 1: Adapting Organizations to Their Environments, edited by Paul C. Nystrom and William H. Starbuck. New York: Oxford University Press.

Perilla, Julia L., Fran H. Norris, and Evelyn A. Lavizzo. 2002. “Ethnicity, Culture, and Disaster Response: Identifying and Explaining Ethnic Differences in PTSD Six Months After Hurricane Andrew.” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 21:20-45.

Perrow, Charles. 1984. Normal Accidents: Living With High Risk Technologies. New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers.

Perry, Joseph B., Jr. 1988. “Tornadoes Over Texas: A Study of Waco and San Angelo in Disaster and its Impact upon the Study of Disaster.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 6:253-281.

Perry, Joseph B., Jr., Randolph Hawkins, and David M. Neal. 1983. “Giving and Receiving Aid.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:171-188.

Perry, Ronald W. 1979. “Detecting Psychopathological Reactions to Natural Disaster--A Methodological Note.” Social Behavior and Personality 7:173-177.

______. 1982. The Social Psychology of Civil Defense. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.

______. 1983. “Population Evacuation in Volcanic Eruptions, Floods and Nuclear Power Plant Accidents: Some Elementary Comparisons.” Journal of Community Psychology 11:36-47.

______. 1985. Comprehensive Emergency Management: Evacuating Threatened Populations. Greenwich, Connecticut and London, England: JAI Press, Inc.

______. 1989. “Taxonomy and Model Building for Emergency Warning Response.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 7:305-327.

______. 1991. “Managing Response Operations.” Pp. 201-223 in Emergency Management: Principles and Practice for Local Government, edited by Thomas E. Drabek and Gerard J. Hoetmer. Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association.

______. 1994. “A Model of Evacuation Compliance Behavior.” Pp. 85-98 in Disasters, Collective Behavior, and Social Organization. Russell R. Dynes and Kathleen J. Tierney (eds.) Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press.

Perry, Ronald W. and Marjorie R. Greene. 1982a. “Emergency Management in Volcano Hazards: The May 18, 1980 Eruption of Mt. St. Helens.” The Environmental Professional 4:340-350.

______. 1982b. “The Role of Ethnicity in the Emergency Decision-Making Process.” Sociological Inquiry 52:306-334.

______. 1983. Citizen Response to Volcanic Eruptions: The Case of Mount St. Helens. New York: Irvington Publishers, Inc.

Perry, Ronald W., Marjorie R. Greene and Michael K. Lindell. 1980a. “Enhancing Evacuation Warning Compliance: Suggestions for Emergency Planning.” Disasters 4:433-449.

Perry, Ronald W. and Hirotada Hirose. 1983. “Volcanic Eruptions and Functional Change: Parallels in Japan and the United States.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:231-253.

Perry, Ronald W. and Michael K. Lindell. 1978. “The Psychological Consequences of Natural Disaster: A Review of Research on American Communities.” Mass Emergencies 3:105-115.

______. 1990b. “Predicting Long-Term Adjustment to Volcano Hazard.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 8:117-136.

______. 1991. “The Effects of Ethnicity on Evacuation Decision-Making.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 9:47-68.

Perry, Ronald W., Michael K. Lindell and Marjorie R. Greene. 1981. Evacuation Planning in Emergency Management. Lexington, Massachusetts and Toronto: Lexington Books.

______. 1982a. “Crisis Communications: Ethnic Differentials in Interpreting and Acting on Disaster Warnings.” Social Behavior and Personality 10:97-104.

______. 1982b. “Threat Perception and Public Response to Volcano Hazard.” The Journal of Social Psychology 116:199-204.

Perry, Ronald W. and Alvin H. Mushkatel. 1984. Disaster Management: Warning Response and Community Relocation. Westport, Connecticut and London, England: Quorum Books.

Perry, Ronald W. and Joanne M. Nigg. 1985. “Emergency Management Strategies for Communicating Hazard Information.” Public Administration Review 45:72-77.

Petak, William J. 1984. “Natural Hazard Mitigation: Professionalization of the Policy Making Process.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 2:285-302.

______. 1985. “Emergency Management: A Challenge for Public Administration.” Public Administration Review 54:3-7.

Petak, William J. and Arthur A. Atkisson. 1982. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy: Anticipating the Unexpected. New York, Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Peterson, Danny. 2003. “Mitigation of Social Stress from Critical Incidents.” Journal of Emergency Management 1 (Spring):19-26.

Petropoulos, Nicholas P. 1988. “Disaster Behavior Research in Greece: Review and Prospects.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 6:169-183.

Pfefferbaum, Betty, Thomas W. Seale, Nicholas B. McDonald, Edward N. Brandt, Scott M. Rainwater, Brian T. Maynard, Barbara Meierhoefer and Peteryne D. Miller. 2000. “Posttraumatic Stress Two Years After the Oklahoma City Bombing in Youths Geographically Distant from the Explosion.” Psychiatry 63:358-370.

Pfister, Neil. 2002. “Community Response to Flood Warnings: The Case of an Evacuation from Grafton, March 2001.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 17 (No. 2):19-29.

Phillips, Brenda D. 1986. “The Media in Disaster Threat Situations: Some Possible Relationships Between Mass Media Reporting and Voluntarism.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 4:7-26.

______. 1993. “Cultural Diversity in Disasters: Sheltering, Housing, and Long Term Recovery.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:99-110.

______. 1997. “Qualitative Methods and Disaster Research.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 15:179-195.

Phillips, Brenda, Lisa Garza, and David M. Neal. 1994. “Intergroup Relations in Disasters: Service Delivery Barriers after Hurricane Andrew.” Journal of Intergroup Relations 21:19-27.

Pickett, John H. and Barbara A. Block. 1991. “Day-to-Day Management.” Pp. 263-288 in Emergency Management: Principles and Practice for Local Government, edited by Thomas E. Drabek and Gerard J. Hoetmer. Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association.

Pidgeon, Nick, Roger E. Kasperson and Paul Slovic. 2003. The Social Amplification of Risk. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Pine, John C. 1999. Technology and Emergency Management: Instructor Guide. Emmitsburg, Maryland: Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Pinellas County Department of Civil Emergency Services. 1986. Hurricane Elena Critique. Clearwater, Florida: Pinellas County Department of Civil Emergency Services.

Pittman, Sue. 2000. “The Omagh Bomb, August 15, 1998: An Experience of Disaster Recovery Work in Northern Ireland.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 15 (No. 2):24-31.

Platt, Rutherford H. 1991. “Lifelines: An Emergency Management Priority for the United States in the 1990s.” Disasters 15:172-176.

Platt, Rutherford H. et al. 1992. Coastal Erosion: Has Retreat Sounded? Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

Platt, Rutherford H., H. Crane Miller, Timothy Beatley, Jennifer Melville, and Brenda G. Nathenia. 1992. Coastal Erosion: Has Retreat Sounded? Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

Porfiriev, Boris N. 1995. “Disaster and Disaster Areas: Methodological Issues of Definition and Delineation.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 13:285-304.

______. 1999. “Emergency and Disaster Legislation in Russia: The Key Development Trends and Features.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 14 (No. 1):59-64.

Porfiriev, Boris and E.L. Quarantelli (eds.). 1996. Social Science Research on Mitigation of and Recovery from Disasters and Large Scale Hazards in Russia. Book and Monograph Series. Newark, Delaware: Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware.

Porter, John D.H., Frank L. Van Loock, and Alain Devaux. 1993. “Evaluation of Two Kurdish Refugee Camps in Iran, May 1991: The Value of Cluster Sampling in Producing Priorities and Policy.” Disasters 16:341-347.

Pottorff, Susan M. and David M. Neal. 1994. “Marketing Implications for Post-Disaster Tourism Destinations.” Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 3:115-122.

President’s Commission On The Accident At Three Mile Island. 1979. Report Of The President’s Commission On The Accident At Three Mile Island. (The Need For Change: The Legacy of TMI). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Prince, Samuel Henry. 1920. “Catastrophe and Social Change, Based Upon a Sociological Study of the Halifax Disaster.” Ph.D. thesis. New York: Columbia University Department of Political Science.

Purchase, Eric. 1999. Out of Nowhere: Disaster and Tourism in the White Mountains. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Quarantelli, E. L. 1954. “The Nature and Conditions of Panic.” American Journal of Sociology 60:267-275.

______. 1957. “The Behavior of Panic Participants.” Sociology and Social Research 41:187-194.

______. 1960a. “A Note on the Protective Function of the Family in Disasters.” Marriage and Family Living 22:263-264.

______. 1960b. “Images of Withdrawal Behavior in Disasters: Some Basic Misconceptions.” Social Problems 8:68-79.

______. 1964. “The Behavior of Panic Participants.” Pp. 69-81 in Panic Behavior, D. P. Schultz (ed.). New York: Random House.

______. 1970. “The Community General Hospital: Its Immediate Problems in Disaster.” American Behavioral Scientist 13:380-391.

______. 1977. “Panic Behavior: Some Empirical Observations.” Pp. 336-350 in Human Response to Tall Buildings. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc.

______. 1978. Disasters: Theory and Research. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.

______. 1980. Evacuation Behavior and Problems: Findings and Implications From the Research Literature. Columbus, Ohio: Disaster Research Center, The Ohio State University.

______. 1982a. “General and Particular Observations on Sheltering and Housing in American Disasters.” Disasters 6:266-281.

______. 1982b. Inventory of Disaster Field Studies in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: 1919-1979. Columbus, Ohio: Disaster Research Center, The Ohio State University. Center Reprint Article 147).

______. 1982c. Sheltering and Housing After Major Community Disasters: Case Studies and General Conclusions. Columbus, Ohio: Disaster Research Center, The Ohio State University.

______. 1983a. Delivery of Emergency Medical Services in Disasters: Assumptions and Realities. New York: Irvington Publishers.

______. 1984a. “Chemical Disaster Preparedness at the Local Community Level.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 8:239-249.

______. 1984b. Organizational Behavior in Disasters and Implications For Disaster Planning. Emmitsburg, Maryland: National Emergency Training Center, Federal Emergency Management Agency.

______. 1984d. “Planning for Organizational Problems and Human Resources in Disasters: A Social Science Research Perspective.” Disaster Management 4:105-118.

______. 1985a. “An Assessment of Conflicting Views on Mental Health: The Consequences of Traumatic Events.” Pp. 173-215 in Trauma and Its Wake: The Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, edited by Charles R. Figley. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

______. 1985c. “Realities and Mythologies in Disaster Films.” Communications 11:31-44.

______. 1987a. “Disaster Studies: An Analysis of the Social Historical Factors Affecting the Development of Research in the Area.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 5:285-310.

______. 1987b. “Presidential Address: What Should We Study? Questions About the Concepts of Disasters.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 5:7-32.

______. 1988c. “Disaster Crisis Management: A Summary of Research Findings.” Journal of Management Studies 25:373-385.

______. 1988d. “The NORC Research on the Arkansas Tornado: A Fountainhead Study.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 6:283-310.

______. 1989a. “Characteristics of Citizen Groups Which Emerge With Respect to Hazardous Waste Sites.” Pp. 177-195 in Psychological Effects of Hazardous Toxic Waste Disposal on Communities, edited by Dennis Peck. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.

______. 1989b. “Conceptualizing Disasters from a Sociological Perspective.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 7:243-251.

______. 1990. “Worse to Come - But Grounds for Hope.” Disaster Management 3:2.

______. 1991a. “Disaster Planning for Transportation Accidents Involving Hazardous Materials.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 27:49-60.

______. 1991c. “Radiation Disasters: Similarities to and Differences from Other Disasters.” Pp. 15-24 in The Medical Basis for Radiation-Accident Preparedness III: The Psychological Perspective, edited by Robert Ricks, Mary Ellen Berger and Frederick O’Hara. New York: Elsevier.

______. 1992a. “Can and Should Social Science Disaster Research Knowledge and Findings from Developed Societies be Applied in Developing Societies.” Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 2:1-14.

______. 1992b. “The Case for a Generic Rather Than Agent Specific Agent Approach to Disasters.” Disaster Management 2:191-196.

______. 1992c. “Urban Vulnerability and Technological Hazards in Developing Societies.” Pp. 187-236 in Environmental Management and Urban Vulnerability, edited by A. Kreimer and M. Munasinghe. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

______. 1993a. “Community Crises: An Exploratory Comparison of the Characteristics and Consequences of Disasters and Riots.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 1:67-78.

______. 1993b. “Converting Disaster Scholarship into Effective Disaster Planning and Managing: Possibilities and Limitations.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:15-39.

______. 1993c. “The Environmental Disasters of the Future Will Be More and Worse But the Prospect Is Not Hopeless.” Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 2:11-25.

______. 1994a. “A Disaster Research Agenda for the Future: Theoretical, Empirical, and Methodological Issues.” Paper presented at the XIIIth World Congress of Sociology, Bielefeld, Germany.

______. 1994b. “Disaster Studies: The Consequences of the Historical Use of a Sociological Approach in the Development of Research.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 12:25-49.

______. 1994c. “Human and Group Behavior in the Emergency Period of Disasters: Now and in the Future.” Pp. 4-19 in Crises in a Complex Society: Easingwold Papers No. 7. Easingwold, York, England: Home Office Emergency Planning College.

______. 1995. “Patterns of Sheltering and Housing in U.S. Disasters.” Disaster Prevention and Management 4:43-53.

______. 1996a. “Basic Themes Derived From Survey Findings on Human Behavior in the Mexico City Earthquake.” International Sociology 11:481-499.

______. 1996b. “Emergent Behaviors and Groups in the Crisis Times of Disasters.” Pp. 47-68 in Individuality and Social Control: Essays in Honor of Tamotsu Shibutani, Kian M. Kwan (ed.). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

______. 1996c. “Just As a Disaster is Not Simply a Big Accident, So a Catastrophe is Not Just a Bigger Disaster.” The Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 68-71.

______. 1996d. “Local Mass Media Operations in Disasters in the U.S.A.” Disaster Prevention and Management 5:5-10.

______. 1997a. “The Disaster Research Center Field Studies of Organized Behavior in the Crisis Time Period of Disasters.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 15:47-69.

______. 1997b. “Problematical Aspects of the Information/Communication Revolution for Disaster Planning and Research: Ten Non-Technical Issues and Questions.” Disaster Prevention and Management 5:94-106.

______. 1997c. “Ten Criteria For Evaluating the Management of Community Disasters.” Disasters 21:39-56.

______. 1998a. Problems of Field Research: Techniques and Procedures of the Disaster Research Center in the 1960s. Historical and Comparative Disasters Series. Newark, Delaware: Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware.

______. 1998b. What Is a Disaster?: Perspectives on the Question. London and New York: Routledge.

______. 1999. “Implications for Programmes and Policies From Future Disaster Trends.” Risk Management: An International Journal 1:9-19.

______. 2000. “Disaster Research. Pp. 681-688 in Encyclopedia of Sociology Volume 1, edited by Edgar F. Borgatta and Rhonada J.V. Montgomery. New York: Macmillan.

______. 2001. “Statistical and Conceptual Problems in the Study of Disasters.” Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 10:325-338.

______. 2002. “Disaster Associated Antisocial and Criminal Behavior: The Research Evidence.” Paper presented at the Hazards 2002 Conference, Antalya, Turkey, October.

Quarantelli, E. L. and Russell R. Dynes. 1969. “Dissensus and Consensus in Community Emergencies: Patterns of Looting and Property Norms.” Il Politico 34:276-291.

______. 1970. “Property Norms and Looting: Their Patterns in Community Crisis.” Phylon 31:168-182.

______. 1972. “When Disaster Strikes (It Isn’t Much Like What You’ve Heard and Read About).” Psychology Today 5:66-70.

______. 1976. “Community Conflict: Its Absence and Its Presence in Natural Disasters.” Mass Emergencies 1:139-152.

______. 1977. “Response to Social Crisis and Disaster.” Annual Review of Sociology 3:23-49.

Quarantelli, E.L. and Jane Gray. 1986. “Research Findings on Community and Organizational Preparations for and Responses to Acute Chemical Emergencies.” Public Management 68:11-13.

Quarantelli, E.L. and Alla Mozgovaya (eds.). 1994. An Annotated Inventory of the Social Science Research Literature on Disasters in the Former Soviet Union and Contemporary Russia. Newark, Delaware: Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware.

Quarantelli, E.L. and Carlo Pelanda (eds.). 1989. Proceedings of the Italy-United States Seminar on Preparations for, Responses to and Recovery from Major Community Disasters, held October 5-10, 1986. Newark, Delaware: Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware.

Quarantelli, E.L. and Konstantin Popov (eds.). 1993. Proceedings of the United States-Former Soviet Union Seminar on Social Science Research on Mitigation for and Recovery from Disasters and Large Scale Hazards, Volume I: The American Participation. Newark, Delaware, Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware.

Raphael, Beverley and John P. Wilson. 2000. Psychological Debriefing: Theory, Practice and Evidence. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Rattien, Stephen. 1990. “The Role of the Media in Hazard Mitigation and Disaster Management.” Disasters 14:36-45.

Rees, Joseph V. 1994. Hostages of Each Other: The Transformation of Nuclear Safety Since Three Mile Island. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.

Revel, Jean Pierre. 1993. “The Erzincan (Turkey) Earthquake, March 1992: Psychosocial Consequences and Search and Rescue Teams.” Disasters 17:56-60.

Riad, Jasmin K., Fran H. Norris and R. Barry Ruback. 1999. “Predicting Evacuation in Two Major Disasters: Risk Perception, Social Influence, and Access to Resources.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 29:918-934.

Richardson, Brad, John Sorensen and E. Jon Soderstrom. 1987. “Explaining the Social and Psychological Impacts of a Nuclear Power Plant Accident.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 17:16-36.

Richardson, William. 1993. “Identifying the Cultural Causes of Disasters: An Analysis of the Hillsborough Football Stadium Disaster.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 1:27-35.

Richman, Matthew. 1997-98. “The Port Arthur Incident: A Critical Incident Stress Management Perspective. The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 12 (No. 4):15-19.

Riley, Julie and Jack Meadows. 1997. “The Role of Information in Disaster Planning: A Case Study Approach.” Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 6:349-355.

Robbins, John R. 1990. “Burning Issue--the Politicization of a Bushfire.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 8:325-340.

Roberts, J. Timmons and Moona Em. 2003. “Fear at Work, Fear at Home: Surveying the New Geography of Dread in American Post 9-11.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 21:41-55.

Robins, Joyce. 1990. The World’s Greatest Disasters. Seacaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books Inc.

Rochford, E. Burke, Jr. and T. Jean Blocker. 1991. “Coping with ‘Natural’ Hazards as Stressors: The Predictors of Activism in a Flood Disaster.” Environment and Behavior 23:171-194.

Rodgers, Jim and Tim Kullman. 2002. The Government’s Response to Contemporary Extremists in America. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.

Rodrique, Christine M. 2003. “Representation of the September 11th Terrorist Attacks in the Online Edition of the Los Angeles Times.” Pp. 521-558 in Beyond September 11th: An Account of Post-Disaster Research. Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, Public Entity Risk Institute, and Institute for Civil Infrastructure Systems. Special Publication No. 39. Boulder, Colorado: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, University of Colorado.

Roenigk, Dale J. 1993. “Federal Disaster Relief and Local Government Financial Condition.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:207-225.

Rogers, George O. 1984. “Residential Proximity, Perceived and Acceptable Risk.” Pp. 507-520 in Low-Probability High-Consequence Risk Analysis: Issues, Methods, and Case Studies, edited by Ray A. Waller and Vincent T. Covello. New York and London: Plenum Press.

______. 1985. “On Determining Public Acceptability of Risk.” Pp. 483-504 in Risk Analysis in the Private Sector, edited by Chris Whipple and Vincent T. Covello. New York and London: Plenum Press.

______. 1987. “Public Recognition of Hazard.” Pp. 103-116 in Uncertainty in Risk Assessment, Risk Management, and Decision Making, edited by Vincent T. Covello, Lester B. Lave, Alan Moghissi, and V.R.R. Uppuluri. New York and London: Plenum Press.

______. 1989. “Communication of Emergency Warning: A Cyclical Process.” Disaster Management 1:23-32.

______. 1992. “Aspects of Risk Communication in Two Cultures.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 10:437-464.

______. 1994. “The Timing of Emergency Decisions By Community Officials During Chemical Accidents.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 37:353-373.

______. 1997a. “Dynamic Risk Perception in Two Communities: Risk Events and Changes in Perceived Risk.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 40:59-79.

______. 1997b. “The Dynamics of Risk Perception: How Does Perceived Risk Respond to Risk Events?” Risk Analysis 17:745-757.

______. 1998. “Siting Potentially Hazardous Facilities: What Factors Impact Perceived and Acceptable Risk?” Landscape and Urban Planning: An International Journal of Landscape Ecology, Landscape Planning and Landscape Design 39:265-281.

Rogers, George O. and John H. Sorensen. 1988. “Diffusion of Emergency Warnings.” The Environmental Professional 10:281-294.

______. 1989. “Warning and Response in Two Hazardous Materials Transportation Accidents in the U.S.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 22:57-74.

______. 1991. “Adoption of Emergency Planning Practices for Chemical Hazards in the United States.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 27:3-26.

Rogers, George O., John H. Sorensen, John F. Long, Jr., and Denzel Fisher. 1989. “Emergency Planning for Chemical Agent Releases.” The Environmental Professional 11:396-408.

Rogers, George O., John H. Sorensen, and Jonathan A. Morell. 1991. “Using Information Systems in Emergency Management.” Advances in the Implementation and Impact of Computer Systems 1:161-181.

Rogers, G.O., A.P. Watson, J.H. Sorensen, R.D. Sharp, S.A. Carnes. 1990. Evaluating Protective Actions for Chemical Agent Emergencies. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Rohrmann, Bernd. 1995. “Effective Risk Communication for Fire Preparedness: A Conceptual Framework.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 10 (No. 3):42-46.

______. 1996. “The Conceptualisation of Risk: Some Social Science Perspectives.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 11 (No. 3):5-7.

Rosenbaum, Chava. 1993. “Chemical Warfare: Disaster Preparation in an Israeli Hospital.” Social Work in Health Care 18:137-145.

Rosenthal, Uriel. 1986. “Collective Behavior Research in the Netherlands: From Residual to Partnership.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 4:91-115.

______. 1988. “Studies in Holland Flood Disaster 1953: An Essay on the Proto-Sociology of Disaster.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 6:233-251.

Rosenthal, Uriel and Paul ‘Hart. 1990. “Riots without Killings: Policy Learning in Amsterdam 1980-1985.” Contemporary Crisis 14:357-376.

Ross, James L. 1970. “The Salvation Army: Emergency Operations.” American Behavioral Scientist 13:404-414.

Rossi, Ino. 1993. Community Reconstruction After an Earthquake: Dialectical Sociology in Action.. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.

______. 2000. “Post-Disaster Reconstruction and Economic Development: A Methodology for the Utilization of Public Information Data.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 15 (No. 2):2-7.

Rossi, Peter H., James D. Wright and Eleanor Weber-Burdin. 1982. Natural Hazards and Public Choice: The State and Local Politics of Hazard Mitigation. New York: Academic Press.

Rossi, Peter H., James D. Wright, Eleanor Weber-Burdin and Joseph Pereira. 1983. Victims of the Environment. New York: Plenum Press.

Rossi, Peter H., James D. Wright, Eleanor Weber-Burdin and Joseph Pereira. 1983a. “Victimization By Natural Hazards in the United States, 1970-1980: Survey Estimates.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:467-482.

______. 1983b. Victims of the Environment: Loss from Natural Hazards in the United States, 1970-1980. New York: Plenum Press.

Rossi, Peter H., James. D. Wright, Sonia R. Wright and Eleanor Weber-Burdin. 1978. “Are There Long Term Effects of American Natural Disasters?” Mass Emergencies 3:117-132.

Rossman, Edwin J. 1993. “Public Involvement in Environmental Restoration: Disaster Research and Sociological Practice in Superfund Community Relations Plans.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:123-133.

Roth, Robert. 1970. “Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Disaster Response.” American Behavioral Scientist 13:440- 451.

Rottman, Steven J. 2000. Individual and Community Disaster Education Course. Emmitsburg, Maryland: Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Ruberg, George and John F. Keeling III. 1993. “Structured Meeting Techniques that Identify Emergency Management Issues Practitioners Really Want to See Addressed.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:75-84.

Rubin, Claire B. 1985. “The Community Recovery Process in the United States after a Major Natural Disaster.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 3:9-28.

______. 1991. “Recovery From Disaster.” Pp. 224-259 in Emergency Management: Principles and Practice for Local Government, edited by Thomas E. Drabek and Gerard J. Hoetmer. Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association.

Rubin, Claire B. and Daniel G. Barbee. 1985. “Disaster Recovery and Hazard Mitigation: Bridging the Intergovernmental Gap.” Public Administration Review 45:57-63.

Rubin, Claire B., William R. Cumming, Irmak Renda-Tanali and Thomas Birkland. 2003. “Major Terrorism Events and Their U.S. Outcomes (1988-2001). (Natural Hazards Research Working Paper #107). Boulder, Colorado: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center.

Rubin, Claire B. and Irmak Randa-Tanali. 2001. Disaster Time Line: Selected Milestone Events (1965-2001). Arlington, Virginia: Claire B. Rubin & Associates.

Rubin, Claire B. and Irmak Renda-Tanali. 2002a. “Effects of the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001 on Federal Emergency Management in the U.S.” Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 9:1-18.

Rubin, Claire B. and Irmak Randa-Tanali. 2002b. Terrorism Time Line: Major Milestone Events and Their U.S. Outcomes (1988-2001). Arlington, Virginia: Claire B. Rubin & Associates.

Rubin, Claire B., Martin D. Saperstein and Daniel G. Barber . 1985. Community Recovery From a Major Natural Disaster. Boulder, Colorado: Program on Environment and Behavior, University of Colorado.

Rubington, Earl and Martin S. Weinberg. 2003. The Study of Social Problems: Seven Perspectives, 6th edition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Ruch, Carlton. 1984. “Human Response to Vertical Shelters: ‘An Experimental Note.’ International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 2:389-401.

Ruch, Carlton, H. Crane Miller, Mark Haflich, Nelson M. Farber, Philip R. Berke, and Norris Stubbs. 1991. The Feasibility of Vertical Evacuation: Behavioral, Legal, Political, and Structural Considerations. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

Ruchelman, Leonard. 1988. “The MGM Grand Hotel Fire.” Pp. 101-114 in Crisis Management: A Case Book, edited by Michael T. Charles and John Choon K. Kim. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publisher.

Russell, Gordon W. and Robert K. Mentzel. 1990. “Sympathy and Altruism in Response to Disasters.” Journal of Social Psychology 130:309-317.

Sale, Ian and Peter Hessman. 1998. “Port Arthur: Lessons for Early Disaster Management.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 13 (No. 2):35-38.

Salter, John. 1995. “Disasters as Manifestations of Vulnerability.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 10 (No. 1):9-10.

______. 1995/96. “Towards a Better Disaster Management Methodology.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 10 (No. 4):8-16.

Sattler, David N., Charles F. Kaiser and James B. Hittner. 2000. “Disaster Preparedness: Relationships Among Prior Experience, Personal Characteristics, and Distress.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 30:1396-1420.

Sattler, David N. and Amanda L. Marshall. 2002. “Hurricane Preparedness: Improving Television Hurricane Watch and Warning Graphics.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 20:41-49.

Saunders, Sarah Lee and Gary A. Kreps. 1987. “The Life History of the Emergent Organization in Times of Disaster.” The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 23:443-462.

Scanlon, T. Joseph. 1977. “Post-Disaster Rumor Chains: A Case Study.” Mass Emergencies 2:121-126.

______. 1981. “Coping With the Media: Police-Media Problems and Tactics in Hostage Takings and Terrorist Incidents.” Canadian Police College Journal 5:129-148.

______. 1982 “The Roller Coaster Story of Civil Defence Planning in Canada.” Emergency Planning Digest 9:2-14.

______. 1988a. “Disaster’s Little Known Pioneer: Canada’s Samuel Henry Prince.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 6:213-232.

______. 1988b. “Winners and Losers: Some Thoughts About the Political Economy of Disaster.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 6:47-63.

______. 1994. “The Role of EOCs in Emergency Management: A Comparison of American and Canadian Experience.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 12:51-75.

______. 1995. “Federalism and Canadian Emergency Response: Control, Co-operation and Conflict.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 10 (No. 1):18-24.

______. 1996a. “Changing a Corporate Culture: Managing Risk on the London Underground.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:175-194.

______. 1996b. “Not on the Record: Disasters, Records and Disaster Research.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:265-280.

______. 1997. “Rewriting a Living Legend: Researching the 1917 Halifax Explosion.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 15:147-178.

______. 2002. “Helping the Other Victims of September 11: Gander Uses Multiple EOCs to Deal with 38 Diverted Flights.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 20:369- 398.

Scanlon, T. Joseph and Suzanne Alldred. 1982. “Media Coverage of Disasters: The Same Old Story.” Emergency Planning Digest 9:13-19.

Scanlon, T. Joseph, Suzanne Alldred, Al Farrell, and Angela Prawzick. 1985. “Coping with the Media in Disasters: Some Predictable Problems.” Public Administration Review 45:123-133.

Scanlon, T. Joseph and John Handmer. 2001. “The Halifax Explosion and the Port Arthur Massacre: Testing Samuel Henry Prince’s Ideas.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 19:181-208.

Scanlon, T. Joseph and Robert Hiscott. 1994. “Despite Appearances, There Could Be a System: Mass Casualties and the Edmonton Tornado.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 12:215-239.

Scanlon, T. Joseph and Conrad McCullum. 1999. “Media Coverage of Mass Death: Not Always Unwelcome.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 14 (No. 3):55-59.

Scarth, Alwyn. 2002. La Catastrophe: The Eruption of Mount Pelee, the Worst Volcanic Eruption of the Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press.

Scawthorn, C. 1984. The Locational Approach to Seismic Risk Mitigation: Applications to San Francisco. Proceedings of the Eighth World Congress on Earthquake Engineering. Berkeley, California: Earthquake Engineers Research Institute (as cited in Stephenson and Anderson 1997, p. 333).

Schilderman, Theo. 1993. “Disasters and Development: A Case Study from Peru.” Journal of International Development 5:415-423.

Schlenger, William E., Juesta M. Caddell, Lori Ebert, B. Kathleen Jordan, Kathryn M. Rourke, David Wilson, Lisa Thalji, Michael J. Dennis, John A. Fairbank, and Richard A. Kulka. 2002. “Psychological Reactions to Terrorist Attacks: Findings from the National Study of Americans’ Reactions to September 11.” Journal of the American Medical Association 288:581-588.

Schmuck, Hanna. 2000. “’An Act of Allah’: Religious Explanations for Flood in Bangladesh as Survival Strategy.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 18:85-95.

Schneider, Saundra K. 1992. “Governmental Response to Disasters: The Conflict Between Bureaucratic Procedures and Emergent Norms.” Public Administration Review 52:135-145.

______. 1995. Flirting With Disaster: Public Management in Crisis Situations. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe.

______. 1998. “Reinventing Public Administration: A Case Study of the Federal Emergency Management Agency.” Public Administration Quarterly 22:35-37.

Schorr, John K. 1987. “Some Contributions German Katastrophensoziologie Can Make to the Sociology of Disaster.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 5:115-135.

Schuster, Mark A., Bradley D. Stein, Lisa H. Jaycox, Rebecca L. Collins, Grant N. Marshall, Marc N. Elliott, Annie J.Zhou, David E. Kanouse, Janina, L. Morrison, and Sandra H. Berry. 2001. “A National Survey of Stress Reactions After the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks.” The New England Journal of Medicine 345:1507-1512.

Schware, Robert. 1982. “Official and Folk Flood Warning Systems: An Assessment.” Environmental Management 6:209-216.

Scott-Villiers, Alastair, Patta Scott-Villiers, and Cole P. Dodge. 1993. “Repatriation of 150,000 Sudanese Refugees from Ethiopia: The Manipulation of Civilians in a Situation of Civil Conflict.” Disasters 17:202-217.

Segerstahl, Boris (ed.). 1991. Chernobyl: A Policy Response Study. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Seitz, Steven Thomas and Morris Davis. 1984. “The Political Matrix of Natural Disasters: Africa and Latin America.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 2:231-250.

Seligson, Hope, Ronald Eguchi, and Kathleen Tierney. 1992. “A Methodology for Assessing the Risk of Hazardous Materials Release Following Earthquakes--A Demonstration Study for the Los Angeles Area.” Pp. 437-450 in Proceedings of the 4th U.S.-Japan Workshop on Earthquake Disaster Prevention for Lifeline Systems. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Selves, Michael D. 2003. “The Politics of Disaster: Principles for Local Emergency Managers and Elected Officials.” Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 10:77-82.

Selznick, Phillip. 1949. TVA and the Grass Roots. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.

Senior Executive Policy Center. 1984. Managing the Disaster Response--A Search for Theory. Emmitsburg, Maryland: Senior Executive Policy Center, National Emergency Training Center, Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Seydlitz, Ruth, J. William Spencer, Shirley Laska and Elizabeth Triche. 1991. “The Effects of Newspaper Reports on the Public’s Response to a Natural Hazard Event.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 9:5-29.

Seydlitz, Ruth, J. William Spencer and George Lundskow. 1994. “Media Presentations of a Hazard Event and the Public’s Response: An Empirical Examination.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 12:279-301.

Shahar, Illana Ben. 1993. “Disaster Preparation and the Functioning of a Hospital Social Work Department during the Gulf War.” Social Work in Health Care 18:3-4, 147-159.

Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Sandy Smith and Patricia Obst. 2002. “Trauma, Coping Resources, and Family Functioning in Emergency Services Personnel: A Comparative Study.” Work & Stress 16 (3):275-282.

Shamgar-Handelman, Lea. 1983. “The Social Status of War Widows.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:153-170.

Shefner, Jon. 1999. “Pre- and Post-Disaster Political Instability and Contentious Supporters: A Case Study of Political Ferment.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 17:137-160.

Shelton, R.E. 1984. “Emergencies and Rationality: The Case of Three Mile Island.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 2:41-60.

Shipman, Marlin, Gil Fowler and Russ Shain. 1993. “Whose Fault Was It? An Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of Iben Browning’s New Madrid Fault Earthquake Prediction.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:379-389.

Short, James F., Jr. 1984. “The Social Fabric at Risk: Toward the Social Transformation of Risk Analysis.” American Sociological Review 49:711-725.

______. 1989. “On Defining, Describing and Explaining Elephants (and Reactions to Them): Hazards, Disasters, and Risk Analysis.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 7:397-418.

______. 1993. “Prognostication of Doom: An Earthquake Prediction’s Effect on Four Small Communities.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:279-292.

Shrivastava, Paul. 1987a. “A Cultural Analysis of Conflicts in Industrial Disaster.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 5:243-264.

______. 1987b. Bhopal: Anatomy of a Crisis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger.

______. 1987c. “Preventing Industrial Crises: The Challenges of Bhopal.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 5:199-221.

Shrivastava, Paul, Danny Miller and Anil Miglani. 1991. “The Evolution of Crises: Crisis Precursors.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 9:321-337.

Siegel, Judith M., Linda B. Bourque and Kimberly I. Shoaf. 1999. “Victimization after a Natural Disaster: Social Disorganization or Community Cohesion?” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 17:265-294.

Silberbauer, George. 2003. “Structural and Personal Social Processes in Disaster.” Australian Journal of Emergency Management 18 (3):29-36.

Silke, Andrew. 2003. Terrorists, Victims and Society: Psychological Perspectives on Terrorism and Its Consequences. Hoboken, New Jersy: Wiley.

Simpson, David M. and Paul Freibert. 2003. “Role of Advanced Technology in Disaster Response: Observations and Practitioner Issues.” Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 10:23-31.

Simpson, David M. and Gregory A. Howard. 2001. “Issues in the Profession: The Evolving Role of the Emergency Manager.” The Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 8:63-70.

Simpson, Robert, Richard Anthes, Michael Garstand and Joanne Simpson. 2003. Hurricane! Coping with Disaster: Progress and Challenges since Galveston, 1900. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union.

Simpson, Robert H. and Herbert Riehl. 1981. The Hurricane and Its Impact. Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press.

Simpson-Housley, Paul and Peter Bradshaw. 1978. “Personality and the Perception of Earthquake Hazard.” Australian Geographical Studies 16:65-72.

Sims, John H. and Duane D. Baumann. 1972. “The Tornado Threat: Coping Styles of the North and South.” Science 176:1386-1392.

Skertchly, Allan and Kristen Skertchly. 2000. “Human Aspects of the Katherine-Daly Flood Disaster.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 15 (No. 1):47-52.

Skidmore, Mark and Hideki Toya. 2002. “Do Natural Disasters Promote Long-run Growth?” Economic Inquiry 40:664-687.

Slovic, Paul. 2000. The Perception of Risk. Sterling, Virginia: Earthscan Publications Ltd.

Smart, David. 1997-98. “Royal Hobart Hospital: Emergency and Medical Management of Port Arthur Victims.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 12 (No. 4):11-14.

Smith, Denis. 1990. “Beyond Contingency Planning: Towards a Model of Crisis Management.” Industrial Crisis Quarterly 4:263-275.

______. 1991. “The Kraken Wakes: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Political Dynamics of the Hazardous Waste Issue.” Industrial Crisis Quarterly 5:189-207.

Smith, Dennis. 2002. Report From Ground Zero. New York: Viking, Penguin Putnam Inc.

Smith, D.I., J.W. Handmer, J.M. McKay, M.A.D. Switzer and B.J. Williams. 1996. The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 11 (No. 2):51-56.

Smith, Keith and Graham Tobin. 1979. Human Adjustment to the Flood Hazard. London and New York: Longman.

Smith, Martin H. 1978. “American Religious Organizations in Disaster: A Study of Congregational Response to Disaster.” Mass Emergencies 3:133-142.

Smithson, Michael. 1990. “Ignorance and Disasters.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 8:207-235.

Sorensen, John H. 1987. “Evacuations Due to Off-Site Releases from Chemical Accidents: Experience from 1980 to 1984.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 14:247-257.

______. 1988. Evaluation of Warning and Protective Action Implementation Times for Chemical Weapons Accidents. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

______. 1991. “When Shall We Leave? Factors Affecting the Timing of Evacuation Departures.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 9:153-165.

______. 2001. “Hazard Warning Systems: Review of 20 Years of Progress.” TsuInfo Alert 3:14-20.

Sorensen, John H. and Philip J. Gersmehl. 1980. “Volcanic Hazard Warning System: Persistence and Transferability.” Environmental Management 4:125-136.

Sorensen, John H. and Dennis S. Mileti. 1987. “Decision-Making Uncertainties in Emergency Warning System Organizations. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 5:33-62.

______. 1988. “Warning and Evacuation: Answering Some Basic Questions.” Industrial Crisis Quarterly 2:195-209.

Sorensen, John H., Dennis S. Mileti and Emily Copenhaver.” 1985. “Inter and Intraorganizational Cohesion in Emergencies.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 3:27-52.

Sorensen, John H. and George O. Rogers. 1988. “Local Preparedness for Chemical Accidents: A Survey of U.S. Communities.” Industrial Crisis Quarterly 2:89-108.

______. 1989. “Chemical Fears: The Social Effects of the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program.” The Environmental Professional 11:385-395.

Sorensen, John H. and Barbara M. Vogt. 1988. “Emergency Planning for Nuclear Accidents: Contentions and Issues.” Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 78:210-225.

Sorensen, John H., Barbara M. Vogt, and Dennis S. Mileti. 1987. Evacuation: An Assessment of Planning and Research. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Sorokin, Pitirim A. 1942. Man and Society in Calamity: The Effects of War, Revolution, Famine, Pestilence Upon Human Mind, Behavior, Social Organization and Cultural Life. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.

Sowder, Barbara June (ed.). 1985. Disasters and Mental Health: Selected Contemporary Perspectives. Rockville, Maryland: National Institutes of Mental Health.

Spies, Steven C. 2000. “Planning for WMD Terrorism Response: Factors to Consider.” The Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 7:1-15.

Spignesi, Stephen J. 2002. The 100 Greatest Disasters of All Time. New York: Kensington Publishing Corp.

Sprang, Ginny. 2000. “Coping Strategies and Traumatic Stress Symptomatology Following the Oklahoma City Bombing.” Social Work & Social Sciences Review 8:207-218.

Stallings, Robert A. 1978. “The Structural Patterns of Four Types of Organizations in Disaster.” Pp. 87-103 in Disasters: Theory and Research, edited by E.L. Quarantelli. Beverly Hills, California: Sage.

______. 1984. “Evacuation Behavior At Three Mile Island.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 2:11-26.

______. 1986. “Reaching the Ethnic Minorities: Earthquake Public Education in the Aftermath of Foreign Disasters.” Earthquake Spectra 2:695-702.

______. 1988. “Conflict in Natural Disasters: A Codification of Consensus and Conflict Theories.” Social Science Quarterly 69:569-586.

______. 1990. “Media Discourse and the Social Construction of Risk.” Social Problems 37:501-516.

______. 1991. “Ending Evacuations.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 9:183-200.

______. 1995. Promoting Risk: Constructing the Earthquake Threat. Hawthorne, New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Stallings, Robert A. and E.L. Quarantelli. 1985. “Emergent Citizen Groups and Emergency Management.” Public Administration Review 45:93-100.

Stallings, Robert A. and Charles B. Schepart. 1987. “Contrasting Local Government Responses to a Tornado Disaster in Two Communities.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 5:265-284.

Stehr, Steven and David Simpson. 2002. “Victim Identification and Management Following the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers” (Quick Response Report #148). Boulder, Colorado: Natural Hazards Research and Information Center, University of Colorado.

Steinberg, Theodore. 1997. “Do-It-Yourself Deathscape: The Unnatural History of Natural Disaster in South Florida.” Environmental History 2:414-438.

______. 2000. Acts of God: The Unnatural History of Natural Disaster in America. New York: Oxford University Press.

Stephens, Hugh W. 1993. “The Texas City Disaster: A Re-Examination.” Industrial and Environmental Crisis Quarterly 7:189-204.

Stephenson, Robin and Peter S. Anderson. 1997. “Disasters and the Information Technology Revolution.” Disasters: The Journal of Disaster Studies, Policy and Management 21:305-334.

Stevens, Jill D. 1993. “An Association of Circumstance: The 1990 Browning Earthquake Prediction and the Center for Earthquake Research and Information.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:405-420.

Stevenson, L. and M. Hayman. 1981. Local Government Disaster Protection (Final Technical Report). Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association (as cited in Auf der Heide, Erik. 1989, p. 30).

Stever, Max. 2003. The Scientific Study of Society. Boston, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Stockdale, Geoffrey P. and Rahul Sood. 1989. Emergency Public Information: A Quick Response Study of Coalinga. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

Streeter, Calvin L. 1991. “Redundancy in Social Systems: Implications for Warning and Evacuation Planning.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 9:167-182.

Suiter, Lacy and Tom Durham. 1991. “Pp. 101-127 in Emergency Management: Principles and Practice for Local Government, edited by Thomas E. Drabek and Gerard J. Hoetmer. Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association.

Sullivan, Mark. 2003. “Communities and Their Experience of Disasters.” Australian Journal of Emergency Management 18 (No. 1):19-26.

Sutphen, Sandra and William L. Waugh, Jr. 1998. “Organizational Reform and Technological Innovatuion in Emergency Management.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 16:7-12.

Sweet, Stephen. 1998. “The Effect of a Natural Disaster on Social Cohesion: A Longitudinal Study.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 16:321-331.

Sylves, Richard T. 1991. “Adopting Integrated Emergency Management in the U.S.A.: Political and Organizational Challenges.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 9:413-424.

______. 1998a. “How the Exxon Valdez Disaster Changed America’s Oil Spill Emergency Management.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 16:13-43.

______. 1998b. Political and Policy Basis of Emergency Management. Instructor Guide. Emmitsburg, MD: Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Sylves, Richard and William R. Cumming. 2004. “FEMA’s Path to Homeland Security.” Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management: 1979-2003. 1 (Article 11):1-21 (accessed March, 2004 at: http://www.bepress.com/jhsem/vol1/iss2/11).

Takuma, Taketoshi. 1972. “Immediate Responses at Disaster Sites.” Pp. 184-195 in Proceedings of the Japan-United States Disaster Research Seminar: Organizational and Community Responses to Disaster. Columbus, Ohio: Disaster Research Center, Ohio State University.

Tapsell, S.M. and S.M. Tunstall. 2000. “The Health Effects of Floods: The Easter 1998 Floods in England.” Pp. 172-187 in Floods (Vol. 1), edited by Dennis J. Parker. London: Routledge.

Taylor, A.J.W. 1987. “A Taxonomy of Disasters and Their Victims.” Journal of Psychomatic Research 3:535-544.

______. 1989. Disasters and Disaster Stress. New York: AMS Press.

______. 1990. “A Pattern of Disasters and Victims.” Disasters 14:291-300.

______. 2003. “Bringing ‘Complex Terrorism’ and ‘Corporate Malfeasance’ into a Classification Schema for Disasters.” Australian Journal of Emergency Management 18 (1): 27-34.

Taylor, James B., Louis A. Zurcher and William H. Key. 1970. Tornado: A Community Responds to Disaster. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Taylor, Verta. 1977. “Good News about Disaster.” Psychology Today 11:93-94, 124, 126.

Telg, Ricky. 2000. Getting the News Out in Times of Disaster. Gainsville, Florida: Department of Agricultural Education and Communication, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. (accessed 3/24/03 http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/body_wc034). t’Hart, Paul. 1993. “Symbols, Rituals and Power: The Lost Dimensions of Crisis Management.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management. 1:36-50.

Thomas, Deborah. 2004. “Converging Themes: Educational Opportunities for the Hazards Manager of the 21st Century.” Natural Hazards Observer 28:9-10.

Thompson, James D. 1967. Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Thompson, Paul M. and Edmund C. Penning-Rowsell. 1991. Socioeconomic Impacts of Floods and Flood Protection: A Bangaladesh Case Study. Enfield, United Kingdom: Flood Hazard Research Centre, Middlesex Polytechnic.

Thompson, Vivian L. 1988 (original publication date: 1966), Hawaiian Myths of Earth, Sea, and Sky. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press.

Ticehurst, Stephen, Rosemary A. Webster, Vaughan J. Carr and Terry J. Lewin. 1996. “The Psychosocial Impact of an Earthquake on the Elderly.” International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 11:943-951.

Tierney, Kathleen J. 1981. “Community and Organizational Awareness of and Preparedness for Acute Chemical Emergencies.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 4:331-342.

______. 1985. “Emergency Medical Preparedness and Response in Disasters: The Need for Interorganizational Coordination.” Public Administration Review 45:77-84.

______. 1989. “Improving Theory and Research on Hazard Mitigation: Political Economy and Organizational Perspectives.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 7:367-396.

______. 1992a. “Emergency Medical Care Aspects of the Loma Prieta Earthquake.” Pp. 225-250 in International Symposium of Building Technology and Earthquake Hazard Mitigation. Buffalo, New York: National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.

______. 1992b. “Organizational Features of U.S. Lifeline Systems and Their Relevance for Disaster Management.” Pp. 423-436 in Proceedings of the 4th U.S. Japan Workshop on Earthquake Disaster Prevention for Lifeline Systems. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

______. 1994a. “Emergency Preparedness and Response.” Pp. 105-128 in Practical Lessons From the Loma prieta Earthquake. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

______. 1994b. “Making Sense of Collective Preoccuptations: Lessons From Research on the Iben Browning Earthquake Prediction.” Pp. 75-95 in Self, Collective Behavior and Society: Essays Honoring the Contributions of Ralph H. Turner, edited by Gerald Platt and Chad Gordon. Greenwich, Connecticut: JAI Press.

______. 1994c. “Property Damage and Violence: A Collective Behavior Analysis.” Pp. 149-173 in The Los Angeles Riots: Lessons for the Urban Future, edited by Mark Baldassare. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.

______. 1997. “Business Impacts of the Northridge Earthquake. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 5:87-97.

______. 1999. “Toward a Critical Sociology of Risk. Sociological Forum 14:215-242.

Tierney, Kathleen J., Michael K. Lindell and Ronald W. Perry. 2001. Facing the Unexpected: Disaster Preparedness and Response in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press.

Tierney, Kathleen J., Joanne M. Nigg, and James M. Dahlhamer. 1996. “The Impact of the 1993 Midwest Floods: Business Vulnerability and Disruption in Des Moines.” Pp.214-233 in Disaster Management in the U.S. and Canada. Richard T. Sylves and William L. Waugh eds. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.

Tierney, Kathleen J., William J. Petak, and Harlan Hahn. 1988. Disabled Persons and Earthquake Hazards. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

Tierney, Kathleen and E.L. Quarantelli. 1989. “Needed Innovation in the Delivery of Emergency Medical Services in Disasters: Present and Future.” Disaster Management 2:70-76.

Torry, William I. 1979a. “Anthropology and Disaster Research.” Disasters 3:43-52.

Trainer, Patricia and Robert Bolin. 1976. “Persistent Effects of Disasters on Family Activities: A Cross-Cultural Perspective.” Mass Emergencies 1:279-290.

Turner, Barry A. 1976a. “The Development of Disasters--A Sequence Model for the Analysis of the Origins of Disasters.” The Sociological Review 24:753-774.

______. 1976b. “The Organizational and Interorganizational Development of Disasters.” Administrative Science Quarterly 21:378-397.

______. 1994. “Flexibility and Improvisation in Emergency Response.” Disaster Management 6:84-89.

______. 1995. “The Role of Flexibility and Improvisation in Emergency Response.” Pp. 463- 475 in Natural Risk and Civil Protection. Tom Horlick-Jones, Aniello Amendola and Riccardo Casale (eds.). London: E & F N Spon/Chapman & Hall.

Turner, Ralph H. 1964. “Collective Behavior.” Pp. 382-425 in Robert E. L. Faris (ed.) Handbook of Modern Sociology. Chicago, Illinois: Rand McNally and Company.

______. 1976. “Earthquake Prediction and Public Policy: Distillations from a National Academy of Sciences Report.” Mass Emergencies 1:179-202.

______. 1978. “Earthquake Prediction Volunteers: What Can the United States Learn From China?” Mass Emergencies 3:143-160.

______. 1983. “Waiting For Disasters: Changing Reactions to Earthquake Forecasts in Southern California.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1:307-334.

______. 1989. “Taxonomy as an Approach to Theory Development.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 7:265-275.

______. 1993. “Reflections on the Past and Future of Social Research on Earthquake Warnings.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:453-468.

Turner, Ralph H. and Lewis K. Killian. 1972. Collective Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Turner, Ralph H., Joanne M. Nigg, and Denise Heller Paz. 1986. Waiting for Disaster: Earthquake Watch in California. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.

Turner, Ralph H., Joanne M. Nigg, Denise Heller Paz, and Barbara Shaw Young. 1979. “Earthquake Threat: The Human Response in Southern California.” Los Angeles: Institute for Social Science Research, University of California, Los Angeles.

Underwood, Lamar. 2002. The Greatest Disaster Stories Ever Told. Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press.

U.S. Department of State. 2002. Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Coordinator for Counter-Terrorism, U.S. Department of State.

Urbanik, Thomas II. 1994. “State of the Art in Evacuation Time Estimate Studies for Nuclear Power Plants.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 12:327-343.

Ursano, Robert J., Carol S. Fullerton and Ann E. Norwood. 2003. Terrorism and Disaster: Individual and Community Mental Health Interventions. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Useem, Michael. 1998. The Leadership Moment: Nine True Stories of Triumph and Disaster and Their Lessons for Us All. New York: Three Rivers Press.

Van Belle, Douglas A. 1999. “Race and U.S. Foreign Disaster Aid.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 17:339-365.

Van Willigen, Marieka. 2001. “Do Disasters Affect Individuals’ Psychological Well-Being? An Over-Time Analysis of the Effect of Hurricane Floyd on Men and Women in Eastern North Carolina.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 19:59-83.

Vaughan, Elaine and Brenda Nordenstam. 1991. “The Perception of Environmental Risks among Ethnically Diverse Groups.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 22:29-60.

Vogt, Barbara Muller. 1991. “Issues in Nursing Home Evacuations.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 9:247-265.

Vogt, Barbara Muller and John H. Sorensen. 1994. Risk Communications and the Chemical Stockpile Emergency-Planning Program. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Wachtendorf, Tricia. 2000a. Interaction Between Canadian and American Governmental and Non- Governmental Organizations During the Red River Flood of 1997. Historical and Comparative Disasters Series. Newark, Delaware: Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware.

______. 2000b. “When Disasters Defy Borders: What We Can Learn From the Red River Flood About Transnational Disasters.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 15 (No. 3):36-41.

Waelde, Lynn C., Cheryl Koopman, Jill Rierden and David Spiegel. 2001. “Symptoms of Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Exposure to Disastrous Flooding.” Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 2:37-53.

Wagman, David. 2003. “Does Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Work?” Homeland Protection Professional 2 (April):42.

______. 2003. “Get Out of Town.” Homeland Protection Professional 2(September):20-27.

Walker, Peter. 1990. “Coping with Famine in Southern Ethiopia.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 8:103-116.

Wallace, Anthony F. C. 1956. Tornado in Worcester. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council Disaster Study #3. Washington: National Academy of Sciences.

______. 1957. “Mazeway Disintegration: The Individual’s Perception of Socio-Cultural Disorganization.” Human Organization 16:23-27.

Wallace, William A. and Frank DeBalogh. 1985. “Decision Support for Disaster Management.” Public Administration Review 45:134-146.

Wallenius, Claes. 2001. “Why Do People Sometimes Fail When Adapting to Danger? A Theoretical Discussion From a Psychological Perspective.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 19:145-180.

Walsh, Edward J. 1981. “Resource Mobilization and Citizen Protest in Communities Around Three Mile Island.” Social Problems 29:1-21.

______. 1984. “Local Community vs. National Industry: The TMI and Santa Barbara Protests Compared.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 2:147-163.

Walsh, Edward J. and Rex H. Warland. 1983. “Social Movement Involvement in the Wake of a Nuclear Accident: Activists and Free Riders in the TMI Area.” American Sociological Review 48:764-780.

Walter, Louis S. 1990. “The Uses of Satellite Technology in Disaster Management.” Disasters 14:20-35.

Walters, Lynne Masel, Lee Wilkins, and Tim Walters (eds.). 1989. Bad Tidings: Communication and Catastrophe. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Wamsley, Gary L., Aaron D. Schroeder and Larry M. Lane. 1996. “To Politicize is Not to Control: The Pathologies of Control in Federal Emergency Management.” American Review of Public Administration 16/3)263-285.

Wang, Juju, C.S. 1992. “Cultural Gap and Public Involvement: The Case of Lan-yu Radwaste Storage Site, Taiwan.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 10:465-476.

Warheit, George J. 1970. “Fire Departments: Operations During Major Community Emergencies.” American Behavioral Scientist 13:362-368.

______. 1985. “A Propositional Paradigm for Estimating the Impact of Disasters on Mental Health.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 3:29-48.

Warren, Roland. 1963. The Community in America. Chicago, Illinois: Rand McNally.

Waugh, William L., Jr. 1990. Terrorism and Emergency Management: Policy and Administration. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.

______. 1999. Public Administration and Emergency Management: An Instructors Guide. Emmitsburg, MD: Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Management Agency.

______. 2000a. Living With Hazards, Dealing With Hazards: An Introduction to Emergency Management. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe.

______. 2000b. Terrorism and Emergency Management: Instructor Guide. Emmitsburg, Maryland: Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Waugh, William L., Jr. and Ronald John Hy (eds.). 1990. Handbook of Emergency Management: Programs and Policies Dealing with Major Hazards and Disasters. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Weber, Max. 1947. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Trans. by Alexander M. Henderson and Talcott Parsons. New York: The Free Press.

Wedel, Kennth R. and Donald R. Baker. 1998. “After the Oklahoma City Bombing: A Case Study of the Resource Coordination Committee.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 16:333-362.

Weick, Karl E. 1993. “The Collapse of Sensemaking in Organizations: The Mann Gulch Disaster.” Administrative Science Quarterly 38:629-652.

Weinstein, Neil D. Judith E. Lyon, Alexander J. Rothman and Cara L. Cuite. 2000. “Changes in Perceived Vulnerability Following Natural Disaster.” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 19:372-395.

Wenger, Dennis E. 1978. “Community Response to Disaster: Functional and Structural Alterations.” Pp. 17-47 in Disasters: Theory and Research, E. L. Quarantelli (ed.). Beverly Hills, California: Sage.

Wenger, Dennis E., James D. Dykes, Thomas D. Sebok, and Joan L. Neff. 1975. “It’s a Matter of Myths: An Empirical Examination of Individual Insight Into Disaster Response.” Mass Emergencies 1:33-46.

Wenger, Dennis E. and Barbara Friedman. 1986. “Local and National Media Coverage of Disaster: A Content Analysis of the Print Media’s Treatment of Disaster Myths.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 4:27-50.

Wenger, Dennis E., Thomas F. James and Charles F. Faupel. 1980. Disaster Beliefs and Emergency Planning. Newark, Delaware: Disaster Research Project, University of Delaware.

______. 1990. “Is the Incident Command System a Plan For All Seasons and Emergency Situations?” Hazard Monthly 10:8-9, 12.

Wetzel, Christopher G., Edward Hettinger, Robert McMillan, Monroe Rayburn and Andrew Nix. 1993. “Methodological Issues in Studying Response to the Browning Prediction of a New Madrid Earthquake: A Researcher’s Cautionary Tale.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11:437-452.

Whelan, Janet. 1998. “A Social Work Perspective on the Response to the Port Arthur Crisis.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 13 (No. 3):52-54.

White, Gilbert F. 1945. Human Adjustment to Floods: A Geographical Approach to the Flood Problems in the United States. (Research Paper No. 29). Chicago, Illinois: Department of Geography, University of Chicago.

White, Gilbert F. and J. Eugene Haas. 1975. Assessment of Research on Natural Hazards. Cambridge, Mass. and London, England: The MIT Press.

Whitney, David J. and Michael K. Lindell. 2000. “Member Commitment and Participation in Local Emergency Planning Committees.” Policy Studies Journal 28:467-484.

Whittaker, David (ed.). 2003. Terrorism Reader. New York: Routledge.

Wiegman, Oene, Egli Komilis, Bernard Cadet, Henk Boer and Jan M. Gutteling. 1992. “The Response of Local Residents to a Chemical Hazard Warning: Prediction of Behavioral Intentions in Greece, France and the Netherlands.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 10:499-515.

Wilkins, Lee. 1986. “Media Coverage of the Bhopal Disaster: A Cultural Myth in the Making.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 4:7-33.

______. 1987. Shared Vulnerability: The Media and American Perceptions of the Bhopal Disaster. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood.

Wilkins, Lee. 1993. “The Mass Media, Disasters and Risk: Entwining Communication and Culture.” Pp. 118-130 in Proceedings of the United States—Former Soviet Union Seminar on Social Science Research on Mitigation For and Recovery From Disasters and Large Scale Hazards, edited by E.L. Quarantelli and Konstantin Popov. Newark, Delaware: Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware.

Wilkins, Lee. 2000. “Searching For Symbolic Mitigation: Media Coverage of Two Floods.” Pp. 80- 88 in Floods (Vol. 1) edited by Dennis J. Parker. London: Routledge.

Wilkins, Lee and Philip Patterson. 1990. “Risky Business: Covering Slow-Onset Hazards as Rapidly Developing News.” Political Communication and Persuasion 7:11-23.

Willigen, Marieka Van. 2001. “Do Disasters Affect Individual’s Psychological Well-Being? An Over-Time Analysis of the Effect of Hurricane Floyd on Men and Women in Eastern North Carolina.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 19:59-83.

Wilson, Jennifer. 1999. “Women and Local Emergency Management.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 17:111-122.

Wilson, Jennifer L. and Arthur Oyola-Yemaiel. 2000. “The Historical Origins of Emergency Management Professionalization in the United States.” The Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 7:125-153.

______. 2002. “An Emergency Management Profession: Will We Make It?” Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 9:74-81.

Wisner, Ben. 2001. “Capitalism and the Shifting Spatial and Social Distribution of Hazard and Vulnerability.” Australian Journal of Emergency Management 16:44-50.

______. 2003. “Tepeyac: Case Study of Institutional and Social Learning Under Stress.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 21:57-65.

Wolensky, Robert P. 1983. “Power Structure and Group Mobilization Following Disaster: A Case Study.” Social Science Quarterly 64:96-110.

Wolensky, Robert P. and Edward J. Miller. 1981. “The Everyday Versus the Disaster Role of Local Officials - Citizen and Official Definitions.” Urban Affairs Quarterly 16:483-504.

Wolensky, Robert P. and Kenneth C. Wolensky. 1990. “Local Government’s Problem with Disaster Management: A Literature Review and Structural Analysis.” Policy Studies Review 9:703-725.

Wood, James M., et al. 1992. “Effects of the 1989 San Francisco Earthquake on Frequency and Content of Nightmares.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101:219-224.

World Tourism Organization and World Meteorological Organization. 1998. Handbook on Natural Disaster Reduction in Tourist Areas. Madrid, Spain: World Tourism Organization.

Wright, James D. and Peter H. Rossi (eds.). 1981. Social Science and Natural Hazards. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Abt Books.

Wright, James D., Peter H. Rossi, Sonia R. Wright and Eleanor Weber-Burdin. 1979. After the Clean-Up: Long-Range Effects of Natural Disasters. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Wright, Walter E. 1997. “Incorporating Military Civil Affairs Support into Domestic Disaster Management.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 15:283-292.

Wright, Walter (Ned). 2002. “How Emergency Management Programs Support Local Economic Development.” Journal of the American Society of Professional Emergency Planners 9:82-84.

Wyatt, Hugh W. 2000. “The Role and Responsibility of the Media in the Event of a Bioterrorist Act.” Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 6:63-67.

Wyner, Alan J. 1984. “Earthquakes and Public Policy Implementation in California.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 2:267-284.

Yamamoto, Yasumasa and E. L. Quarantelli. 1982. Inventory of the Japanese Disaster Research Literature in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Columbus, Ohio: Disaster Research Center, The Ohio State University.

Yates, Julian. 1999. “Improving the Management of Emergencies: Enhancing the ICS.” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 14 (No. 2):18-24.

Yelvington, Kevin A. 1997. “Coping In a Temporary Way.” Pp. 92-115 in Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity, Gender, and the Sociology of Disasters edited by Walter Gillis Peacock, Betty Hearn Morrow and Hugh Gladwin. London: Routledge.

Yin, Robert K. 1984. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.

Yin, Robert K. and Gwendolyn B. Moore. 1985. The Utilization of Research: Lessons From the Natural Hazards Field. Washington, D.C.: Cosmos Corporation.

Yoshii, Hiroaki. 1985. “Simulation Study of Confusion at Terminal Train Stations Caused by Earthquake Warnings.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 3:67-85.

Yutzy, Daniel. 1970. “Priorities in Community Response.” American Behavioral Scientist 13:344- 353.

Zeigler, Donald J., Stanley D. Brunn and James H. Johnson Jr. 1981. “Evacuation From a Nuclear Technological Disaster.” Geographical Review 71:1-16.

Zebrowski, Ernest. 2002. The Last Days of St. Pierre: The Volcanic Disaster that Claimed Thirty Thousand Lives. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.

Zelinsky, Wilbur and Leszek A. Kosinski. 1991. The Emergency Evacuation of Cities. Savage, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.